sign in sign up
<<
Home , Galactic year

To my Father RADHEY SHYAM GUPTA

With Love

Tum na hote to ek bhi kadam me to chalta nhi

Tumse hi mili hai muje aaj ek nayi Jindagi

Sachh me kahta hu es jahan me tumsa koi nhi

Ek pal ke liye tumhare bin mujko jina nhi

Meri jaan ho tum PAPA mere bhagwan ho tum PAPA

I WILL BRING YOU BACK

PREFACE

It is for the young students who are wondering about the cosmos creation and what’s happening there in accelerating universe. I have purposely made the content within so that reader unfamiliar with the universe can catch the physics behind it. May the book bring someone a happy of love for the cosmos. By reading the book everyone will come to know the magic going in universe and with the help of physics we will prove these that they are not magic but the science that rules the universe. We are one on this blue dot known as our home and are imagining the infinity of the infinite cosmos. Where cosmos came from or it was always there. A Universe with no edge in space, no beginning or end in , and nothing for the creator to do. With the help of physics we can find every answer to the curiosity emerging in brain. The two sides of GENERAL RELATIVITY VS QUANTUM MECHANICS rule the entire universe. Now a ’s latest theory “The String Theory” coming out that joins both Relativity and Quantum with 11 dimensions to the new level called Multi Universe.

REASON TO LOVE ASTRONOMY

Astronomy puts you in your place as because of astronomy “I know we are standing on a sphere of molten rock and metal 13000km across with the hussy atmosphere of 100 of km high surrounding by a magnetic field protect us from the flare of sub atomic particle from the sun 150 million km away which also flowing in space with light that reached across space to eliminate the asteroid, , dust and comet racing pass the kuiper belt through the oort cloud into interstellar space pass the nearest which along the gas cloud and dust lens in gigantic spiral we called the that has supermassive Black Hole in the centre and is surrounded by 150 and hallow of Dark Matter, dwarf galaxy all of which can be seen by other galaxy in our like Andromeda and Triangulum and our group is on outskirt of virgo galaxy cluster which is part of virgo super cluster which is one of many other gigantic structure that stretches across most of the way across observable universe which is 90 billion light across and expanding everyday even faster than the yesterday due to mysterious Dark Energy and even all that might be part of infinitely multiverse that extends forever both in time and space ------that’s the astronomy that puts you in your place.

It tells the meaning the order of universe we live in, to predict the movement of . It is the study of star, galaxy, black hole and all non-earthy bodies moving out in the space. It is divided as Theoretical Astronomy – use mathematical model of what is described in universe and to describe the event that we can’t understand by current technology. Observational Astronomy – observing celestial object in outer space such as star galaxy . They used light such as x-ray, gamma ray, infrared rays, microwave rays and ultraviolet observation.

CONTENTS

 Interesting facts  Basic terminology in Astronomy  Light  Power of Quantum World  Origin of Universe  End of Universe  Geometry of Universe  Scale of Universe  Moon   Star  Quasar  Black Hole  Telescope  Hubble Law   Chunks of ice  Higgs Particle  Parallel Universe  String Theory  Planck amazing value  Dark Matter  Dark Energy  We are not Alone  Scientist Law and there Research  The Cosmic

InteREStING FACTS

o coming toward our Milky Way galaxy with speed of 110km/s. o Sun is moving roughly circular orbit with speed 220km/s. o Law of conservation of energy is not applied in accelerating universe. It’s the property of Newtonian universe as in accelerating universe energy can be lost or gain from nothing. o The more massive the star the shorter its lifespan. o If General Relativity is correct and energy density is positive, TIME TRAVEL is Not possible. o If space time does not change in time – Energy is conserved. o If space time looks same at different point in space - Momentum is conserved. o There are particles in vacuum called as Casimir particles i.e. there are fluctuations in between plates placed in vacuum. o We are moving round the sun at 30km/s. o Earth time slows down because of tidal interaction with moon. o Mass of hydrogen atom is less then combined mass of electron and proton this is because potential energy can be negative. o The line between earth atmosphere and space is set at 100km called as KARMAN LINE. Once you cross this you are astronaut. o Heliocentric – Sun is centre of . o Geocentric – Earth at centre of solar system. o Our Universe is Homogenous and Isotropic o Homogenous – no matter which part of the universe you reside in you will see universe same in all direction. o Isotropic – no matter which direction you look you are going to see the same structure.

Distances are calculated in Mass are calculated as

1 light year = 9.46 x 1012 Km Solar mass (푀푂) 1 푀푂 = 2x 1033 g

1AU = 1.5 x 108Km Solar (퐿푂) 1 퐿푂 = 4 x 1033 erg/sec 1 parsec = 3x 1013 km

Measurement is taken as 3600 in a circle 60 arc min in a degree

60 arc sec in an arc So, 1 degree = 3600 arc BASIC teRMS RELATED to AstRONOMy

1) STAR – star are the burning flames of fire that burnt out due to hydrogen and helium fusion going in them. There are around 300 sextillion star in the entire universe that makes our night sky so beautiful. The closest star to us is our sun.

2) BIG BANG – beginning of universe and its growth into large scale from high density and temperature. The four fundamental forces were one super force and they split within trillionth of a second. The CMB is crucial evidence of big bang.

3) – these star are formed when massive star 8-10 of mass of sun dies. They are dense and billion tons heavy and have very strong magnetic field million times that of the earth.

4) – A small hot low intensic brightness star and density many times higher than sun. It is a star that is fusing hydrogen into helium. Its surface temperature is between 7500-10000k.

5) CHANNDRASEKHAR LIMIT – it is upper mass limit of dwarf star beyond this it collapse and become neutron star. It is supported against the gravitational collapse by electron that hate being crushed.

6) WIEN’S LAW – it explain the curve of black body radiation. The black body is the one which is perfect absorber and emitter of light. This law tells that temperature is inversely proportional to wavelength.

7) SUPER CLUSTER – is a massive group of smaller galaxy cluster and are among the largest known structure in the universe. They indicate that mass isn’t distributed uniformly in the universe but is drawn in groups.

8) EXOPLANETS – extra solar planet that orbit the star other than sun. The largest one is 69 times Jupiter. It is estimated that Milky Way itself has billions of them. There are many with water on their surface giving a possibility for life.

9) EMISSION NEBULA – it is an interstellar cloud of dust that glow due to ionisation they are the region where take place. High energy photon from these star are responsible for ionization of gases.

10) Ia – it occur in in which one is white star, when the mass of core exceed a critical limit the core of white star reignite and released enormous amount of energy the core resulting in type Ia supernova.

11) X-RAYS – are electromagnetic wave that have very small wavelength of about 0.01nm to 10 nm. Black hole, supernova and are some of the source of X-ray in universe.

12) BARYCENTRE – it’s the point around which two bodies orbit. It’s the centre of mass of bodies. In earth sun system barycentre is inside the sun, so to an outside observer earth appear to revolve and sun appear to wobble around the barycentre.

13) INTERFERENCE – is the phenomenon in which two wave super impose to form a resulting wave of greater, same or lower altitude. This effect disclose the wave nature of light.

14) ESCAPE VELOCITY – it is a minimum speed that a less massive object such as space craft require to escape completely from gravitational influence of more massive object. This value is 11.2km/sec for earth.

15) SINGULARITY – it is a place in space time where many physical quantities blow up. Where all physics law breaks. They doesn’t exist in real world but they may exist in black hole.

16) COSMIC VOIDS – it’s a region which contain few or no galaxy, it account for 98% of the cosmos. They may contain most of the mass of the universe in the form of dark matter.

17) WHITE HOLES – these are those region of space and time which cannot be entered from outside although matter and light can escape from it. They are opposite to black hole and are very unstable and there existence is speculative.

18) WORMHOLES – they are theoretical shortcut in space and time that connect long distances of billion light year. The first wormhole was Schwarzschild wormhole that exist in Einstein Field Equation.

19) TACHYONS – they are the hypothetical particles that travel faster than light. A study says that tachyonic fluid must be present inside the black hole. And follow a space life trajectory.

20) GAMMA RAYS – are the most energetic and shortest wavelength type of EM radiation. They are extremely penetrating and are billions time more energetic than visible rays. Solar flare, supernova, emit gamma rays.

21) GALACTIC YEAR – is the time duration in which sun complete 1 revolution around the Milky Way galaxy. Estimated time is 250 million year. Sun completed 18 revolution since birth. appeared at 13 revolution ago and human .001 revolution.

22) 21-cm LINE – is a spectral line emitted when an electron flips itself to make its spin anti parallel to that of proton if it was somehow knocked to parallel direction. This flip emit radiation of 21cm. it is widely studies by astronomers.

23) REDSHIFTED – it happens when light shifted to red end of spectrum i.e. wavelength increase. This happen when light move away from observer. Galaxy are seeing to be red shifted means universe is expanding.

24) NUCLEOSYNTHESIS – it begin 3 min after big bang when the temperature and density of the universe were perfect for the protons to capture the neutrons and form deuterium. It last for 17 min around. 25) GRAVITON – it is a particle that act as an exchange particle for the gravitational force. Its discovery will unite quantum theory with . They are consider to be the particles behind gravitational force.

26) DOPPLER EFFECT – is apparent shift in the wavelength of light due to relative movement between source and observer. If the source is coming toward it is blue shift and if it receding away it is redshift.

27) NEBULA – is a region of interstellar cloud of dust hydrogen, helium. They are the region of star formation. They shine because of ionised radiation from the young star forming in that region.

28) WHITE DWARF – formed after death of mid-sized star there energy output is very less and that is the reason they aren’t visible in the sky. Our sun will also convert into white dwarf at its last . It composed of C and O mid-sized star.

29) ANTIMATTER – for every matter there exist anti matter and has similar property but opposite charge. The biggest mystery is where all the anti-matter of the universe?? As big bang produced both matter and anti-matter in equal quantity.

30) SUNSPOT – they are the dark patches on the solar surface which appear black because they are at lower temperature then the surrounding. They are the region of intense magnetic activities. 31) CMB RADIATION – Cosmic Microwave Background radiation is the left over radiation from the time of the recombination . The wavelength is order of microwave. The temperature of CMB is 2.725k and is strong evidence of big bang.

32) SCHWARZSCHILD RADIUS – it is the radius of the sphere such that if all its matter is placed in that sphere then the object will become a black hole. And the escape velocity will be that of speed of light.

33) BLACK HOLE – is the region of space time where the gravitational effect are so strong that not even light can escape. The collapse is so catastrophic that even the neutron degeneracy fails. It represent the victory of gravity over mass. The boundary called as Event Horizon from which no escape is possible.

34) – it is highly magnetised, rotating neutron star that emits a beam of EM radiation. When core of massive star is compressed during a supernova which collapse to neutron star. It spin 1000 times a sec on its axis.

35) - is a group of star forming outline of meaningful pattern in the sky. Mostly they are of animal or a mythological figure. There are 88 covering all sky. Hydra is the largest constellation in the night sky.

36) QUASAR – is a highly energetic core of a remote active galaxy. They are capable of radiating trillion times of sun. It has high value of redshift and most luminous object in universe.

37) – is a type of neutron star having strong magnetic field of 1011 Tesla. It act as a colossal electromagnetic generator. It has the strongest magnetic field in the entire universe.

38) VISUAL BINARY – is gravitationally bound pair of star that orbit around the common centre. They can be seen through optical telescope and hence the name visual binary.

39) SYZYGY – is a straight line configuration of three celestial bodies in a gravitational system. In 1982 it occurred when planets were in same side of sun but not in perfect straight line.

40) SOLAR WINDS – is the stream of the charged particles that originate from the upper atmosphere of the sun. The sun loses one billion kg of mass every second due to solar winds. They interact with magnetic field of planet and forms magnetosphere.

41) QUANTUM ENTANGLEMENT – it occur when a pair of particle interact in such a way that quantum state of any one of them cannot be determined independently of the state of other even if the particle are separated by distance.

42) DOUBLE STAR – is a pair that appears close to each other. They may be physically bound to each other like binary star or fall in line of sight of each appearing close to each other but separated by large distances.

43) LUMIONSITY – is total energy emitted by star, galaxy or other celestial body per unit time. It is directly related to brightness of object. For star it is directly proportional to square of radius.

44) QUARKS – they are the particle that makes up the matter in the universe. They can never exist in free state. Quarks has six flavour top, bottom, up, down, strange and charm.

45) EDDINGTON LIMIT – is the maximum luminosity a body can achieve such that there is balance between outer radiation pressure and inward gravitational collapse. This is mostly used to explain tremendous luminosity of black hole and quasar.

46) OLYMPUS MONS – is the largest volcano in the solar system situated on mars. This beast is 2.5 times taller than Mount Everest. It is result of thousands of balastic lava flow that poured from volcanic vents over a long period of time.

47) HAWKING RADIATION – is a black body radiation that is predicted to be released by black hole near event horizon one view of this radiation is that vacuum fluctuation cause particle-antiparticle pair to appear close to event horizon.

48) SUPPER BUBBLE – is very large cavity filled with hot gases of about 1 million K. Massive star undergo rigorous fusion and enormous amount of energy releases via stellar winds that pushes the plasma out in space.

49) WORLD LINE – is a path traced by object in 4-D space-time. The y axis represent time and x axis represent space. World line represent the series of event in the space and time. A vertical line represent a stationary particle.

50) STANDARD MODEL – it enlist all the elementary particles in the cosmos. Is a theory that describe three out of four fundamental forces. It has so far been successful in explaining many aspect of universe. Still there is no mention of graviton, dark matter and neutrino oscillations in the Standard model.

LIGHT

It is fastest wave-particle in the entire universe. Its speed is 186282 miles per second and NASA Parker Solar Probe accelerating to 125 miles per second becoming the fastest manmade object. On comparing speed parker speed just .067% to the light speed. Light can be Transmitted Reflected, Absorbed, Refracted, Polarized, Diffracted or Scattered.

Light has one colour WHITE which can be divided in 7 components colour (VIBGYOR) Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange and Red

BLUE RED Short wavelength high wavelength High frequency High energy low energy Maximum scatter less scatter

Light referred as electromagnetic radiation of any wavelength visible or not. The dual wave like and particle like nature of light is called wave-particle duality. Wave nature of light has the ability to produce interference pattern. Particle nature of light has photoelectric effect i.e. electron being emitted from the surface of metal given the incidence of radiation of sufficient high frequency.

PowER OF QUANTUm WORLD

The basis of all quantum world comes from HEISENBERG UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE That says that both momentum and position of any object can’t be calculated at a single time.

The space is place where Energy E = 0 Quantum fluctuation create particles [matter (m) and anti-matter (am)]. But in Quantum Mechanics due to Quantum fluctuation something is made from nothing.

A Theory that governs this

Black hole am m

It just develop outside Sc. Radius Universe (Both goes in opposite direction and never meet)

Universe get the additional energy with matter. But since everything should be balance so anti-matter must have negative energy. Point to remember – 1) In this way our universe exist as it has only positive energy. 2) This negative energy goes in black hole making black hole evaporate. ORIGIN OF UNIVERSE

The universe is everything from tiniest particles to the largest galaxy to the very existence of space time and life. How did it all begin? The most widely accepted theory is the Big Bang. Universe begin as infinitely hot and dense point, it was similar to a super charged black hole. About 13.7 billion year ago this singularity exploded and from this bang all Matter, Time and Energy is created. 0 – 50.000 Radiation Dominated 50,000 – 9 billion light year Matter dominated 9 billion – present Dark Energy dominated

First stage referred as Radiation Era which begin with inflation giving rise to plank , quarks, electron etc. in this atoms are so closely packed that it is also called as opaque universe. Then comes Matter Era it defines as presence of matter in the universe. In this temperature cools down for electron to attach to nuclei called recombination. This converted to clouds from where galaxies born and within these galaxies star begin to born. Heat within star generated all the element that we know on a periodic table. And finally these element become building block for planets, moon life everything we see today. Last era in which we are living now is referred as Dark Energy Era in which universe is expanding all galaxies are moving away from one another. END OF UNIVERSE

The universe is expanding with the rate of roughly 74.2 km/sec/mpc. (1mpc = 3.26 million light year) i.e. if there is a galaxy 1 mpc away that galaxy is moving away from us at 74.2 km/sec and if 10 mpc away it would be traveling 742km/sec. Scientist came to four conclusion of this expansion :-

1) BIG FREEZE there is infinite amount of dark energy in universe and universe will keep expand and the running star will run out of hydrogen and helium, the universe will be darker leaving behind black holes which themselves disappear due to hawking radiation and universe will reach a temperature of absolute zero and everything will be over. 2) BIG RIP its similar to big freeze where universe will expand faster and the only difference in this scenario dark energy will stretch the universe in infinite distance in finite time this will overcome gravitational force result in galaxy, star and even atoms to torn apart in approximated 22 billion years. 3) BIG CRUNCH in this dark energy will lose to gravitation and then expansion will stop and galaxies will start to contract. The contraction will generate heat exponentially as it comes inward this will result in galaxy, star, planet to explode and even atoms to break apart into subatomic particle. In 100 billion year universe will collapse in single point called Singularity known as Big Crunch. 4) BIG BOUNCE it’s the condition after Big Crunch that from that singularity again big bang will happen and new universe will be born.

The only way to escape the death of universe is to leave the universe.

GeOMETRy of UNIvERSe

Positive Negative Zero Curvature Curvature Curvature

Tangent touching same tangent the plane surface surface at only touching twice has zero curvature one point on one surface

α + β + γ > π α + β + γ < π α + β + γ = π

α,β and γ are angle of triangle drawn on curvature in all 3 case

Geometry of universe can be explained by a Friedman Robertson Walker formula

2 8휋퐺 휌(푡) (−푘) 퐻 = + H= Hubble constant 3 푎(푡)2 ρ (t) = density (A) (B) a (t) = scale factor Case I -k > 0 A + B always positive Universe always expand A = COSMOLOGICAL CONSTANT Case II -k < 0 A less positive B more negative Universe will stop expansion and will compress Case III -k = 0 energy balanced (KE = PE) Flat universe

MODEL PARABOLA FLAT HYPERBOLIC Curvature positive zero negative Circumference of circle < 2휋푟 = 2휋푟 > 2휋푟 Future Finite infinite Infinite Expansion Expand then collapse Expand forever Expand forever Sum of angle of triangle > 1800 = 1800 < 1800 No of galaxy finite infinite Infinite Start with Big bang Big bang Big bang SCALE OF UNIVERSE

Everything ever known is located here on our Mother planet Earth. Let’s start from our neighbour MOON. The moon is very close to us as it dominate our night sky but it’s not so close. EARTH to MOON distance 384400 km EARTH to MARS 400 million km On zooming out further away we found Voyager 1 farthest away manmade object currently distance is 138 AU from earth. Closest star proxima 4.24 light years. Our galaxy from end to end is 100,000 light years. There are over 100 billion star and same 100 billion planet is in our galaxy. Zooming out further we reach to local group of galaxy a collection of 54 galaxy which is 10 million light year across. Zooming out even further we see Virgo Super cluster which contain around 100 local group of galaxy and the distance from one end to other is 110 million light years. On further zooming out gives Laniakea Super cluster contain 100,000 galaxy and the distance point to point is 520 million light year. Further zooming out to entire observable universe we see that Laniakea Super cluster is just a tiny and insignificant part of everything. The observable universe is home to around 2 trillion individual and different galaxy that contain more star then the combined grains of sand on the entire earth. The distance from earth to any side of observable universe is 46.5 billion light year which means entire width is 93 billion light years. This is the universe we can see and it is entirely possible that the rest of the universe outside is extremely larger and more fantastic which we can possible ever imagine. We can’t see them because light doesn’t have that time to reach us from that part. And light from some places will never reach us at all because some part are expanding with speed faster than speed of light. According to great scientist ALAN GUTH Size before = present age X speed of light And this seems to suggest that at present day the entire universe is 150 sextillion (150,000,000,000,000,000,000,000) times larger than the observable universe That means there is lot of to be discovered together.

TOTAL ENERGY OF UNIVERSE IS ZERO

The positive energy of repulsive material was compensated by negative energy of gravity. Hence total energy is constant i.e. universe is stable.

Matter

and

Radiation Total energy = …………………… + ……………… = 0 (constant)

Gravity

Forces in Universe

There are 4 forces that govern the universe:

FORCES STRENGTH OPERATION FORCE CARRIER STRONG NUCLEAR 1 10−15m Gluon ELECTROMAGNETIC 0.0073 infinite 훾 WEAK NUCLEAR 10−6 10−18 m 푤+, 푤−,z GRAVITATION 10−38 Infinite Graviton

MOON

Moon orbital period = 27 days Earth orbital period = 30 days Moon rotate 1 rotation = 1 revolution Hence at a Synchronous rotation we always see same side of the moon.

In future there will be no as earth moon distance is increasing (3.8cm annually). It’s due to tidal friction caused by the movement of tidal bulge around the Earth. Do you know? Diameter Distance from earth Sun 864000 miles Sun 93000000 miles Moon 2000 miles Moon 240000 miles THEN ALSO BOTH LOOKS SAME SIZE FROM STATIONARY POINT ON EARTH…?? It’s due to Size of sun = 400 times the moon Distance of sun = 400 times the moon 푠𝑖푧푒 표푓 푠푢푛 Hence apparent size of Sun = (small angle formula) 푑𝑖푠푡푎푛푐푒 표푓 푠푢푛 400 푥 푠𝑖푧푒 표푓 푚표표푛 = = apparent size of moon 400 푥 푑𝑖푠푡푎푛푐푒 표푓 푚표표푛

EARTH

Coordinates

Zenith - Directly overhead Meridian - Line crossing through zenith due north south Altitude - It is how many degree about the horizon [zenith = 90 horizon = 0]

Azimuth - How many degree along the horizon it is [0 North 90 East 180 South 270 West]

Ecliptic - The yearly path that the sun traces through constellation. The constellation that lies along the ecliptic are called the Zodiacal Constellation. Elliptical orbit change the size of moon but not of the sun because of distance.

Earth axis is tilted 23.5 degree. Hence earth celestial equator and ecliptic never lines up because earth is 23.50 degree tilted. In the same way plane of earth and sun never line up.

Solar eclipse

Lunar eclipse

SPEED OF EARTH AROUND THE SUN Earth – sun distance = 1 AU (astronomical unit) = 1.5 x 108 km

Circumference = 2휋r = 2 x 3.14 x 1.5 x 108

퐷𝑖푠푡푎푛푐푒 2 x 3.14 x 1.5 x 108 Now Speed = = ≈ 30Km/sec 푇𝑖푚푒 60 푥 60 푥 24 푥 365 (That’s how fast we are going around the sun right now)

STAR

Star fuse Hydrogen for billions of year. They sustain fusion that make them not collapse against gravitation. 퐻+ + 퐻+  D + 푒− + Ʋ (neutrino) This equation i.e. fusion of Hydrogen makes sun shine and D + 퐻+  3He + ꙋ (photon of light) formation of star. 3He + 3He  퐻+ + 퐻+ + 4He (Lots of energy is released) They undergo hydrostatic equilibrium (a balance between gravity and pressure) Star classified as HOT STAR = BLUE O (25000 K) essential feature presence of ionised helium. COLD STAR = RED

B (11000- 25000 K) neutral helium, strong hydrogen lines. OUR SUN comes at G2 A (7500-11000 K) hydrogen lines dominate ionised calcium. F (6500- 7500 K) hydrogen line weekend, prominent lines of ionised calcium. G (5000- 6500 K) Metal stronger, first traces of molecule. K (3500 – 5000 K) strong metallic line. M (<3500 K) metallic bond of titanium oxide strong line of neutral calcium.

WHY STAR SO STABLE It’s due to Hydrostatic equilibrium (pressure outward Gravity inward)

STAR CONTRACT

FUSION RATE DECREASE DENSITY & TEMP goes up

DENSITY & TEMP goes down FUSION increase

STAR EXPAND

This makes star (SUN) stable for billions of years. The rate of fusion depend on the pressure in the star core. More massive star can squeeze there core harder, so they fuse faster and get hotter than low mass star. The star spend most of life fusing hydrogen in helium which is why the main sequence has most of the star in it. LOW MASS STAR (mass less than 8 times sun mass) Interstellar cloud Main sequence star White Dwarf

HIGH MASS STAR (mass more than 8 times sun mass) Interstellar gas/dust Big main sequence star red giant Type II supernova Neutron star OR Black hole (90% of its life star spent in main sequence)

QUASAR (Brightest object known till yet which is most energetic)

Quasar are powered by super massive black hole. Since black hole are highly dense at the event horizon so has the temperature million degree that generate Quasar.

Galaxy collide

Black hole collide

Super massive black hole develop Gas spiral in (millions of degree)

Galactic core light up

QUASAR BORN

Quasar formation behave as a cycle

They blow gas/energy outward

It stop process of star formation

But if they continue ejecting gas they will permanently shut off star birth killing the galaxy luckily they will stop causing fatal damage QUASAR OFF

Quasar blow away its fuel

Quasar dies

Gas cloud cool

Star begin to form again

But cool gas fall back to super mass black hole providing new fuel to Quasar to regenerate. Hence star and Quasar are dependent. Quasar activity is essential for galaxy development so that equilibrium is generated by quasar activity.

BLACK HOLE

If mass of core is greater than 3 solar masses. Neutron degeneracy is no longer enough strong to hold star apart. The star collapse to the point mass an infinite small and dense Black Hole. Dead star depend on mass of leftover

White dwarf / Neutron star / Black hole

WD < 1.4 푀푂 < NS < 3 푀푂 BH

Radiation allowing us to predict that some particle can in fact escape Black Hole, so black hole are not black at all but glow with heat radiation. The steady emission of heat energy causes black hole to loose mass and eventually they disappear in a spectacular explosion. So first a star vanish into a black hole and then black hole itself vanish.

Magical calculation related to black hole Since energy is conserved in a process on Earth KINETIC ENERGY = POTENTIAL ENERGY

1 2 퐺푀푚 푚푣 = G = Gravitational constant 2 푟2

2 2퐺푀 푣 ……… (1) M = mass of earth = 푟ퟐ

On putting the approximate constant value r = radius of earth −11 24 2 2 푥 6.67 푥 10 푥 6 푥 10 푣 = c = speed of light 6 푥 106 푥 6 푥 106 V = 11km/sec

V <<< C So Earth can never become Black hole

From equation 1 as radius decrease velocity increase

2퐺푀 2퐺푀 푟2 = = (taking velocity as speed of light) 푣2 퐶2

2 푋 6.67 푋 10−11푋 60푋1024 = 9 푋 1016 r = 8 mm So compressing earth to size of 8mm and retaining all the mass of earth in that small spot than……. Earth will become Black Hole. Now calculating force on small marble 퐺푀푚 We know F = M = mass of earth 푟2

6.67 푥 10−11푥 6 푥 1024 푥 1 F ≈ m = mass of marble (1 Kg) 8 푥 10−3 푥 8 푥 10−3 ≈ 1019N r= radius of marble (8mm)

Till now no known force can withstand this. I.e. gravity pulling in with force 1019N then nothing can stop gravity. Hence finally it will reach dimension less point SINGULARITY. This radius of singularity where escape velocity > c is called Schwarzschild radius. Point to remember – if Sun and Earth become black hole then Earth and Moon will not fall in it respectively.

TELESCOPE

It is regarded as 3rd eye of human. They can be regarded as Time Machine as they shows the past to the origin of universe to the origin of life. Without them we even can’t think of Space Exploration. The best telescope till now is Hubble telescope it help us to discover many celestial bodies, planets, nebula etc. far very far away. The present and most updated is JAMES WEBB SPACE TEELSCOPE (JWST). It will be 100 times more powerful to the Hubble then what can it discover….!!!! JWST will create the future for cosmos lover it will let us see the first star and galaxy from the big bang. It will be the successor to the Hubble Space Telescope. It is a group combination of NASA, CANADIAN, and EUROPIAN space agencies to build it. Its launching is getting bit late due to testing of its equipment for all condition but soon in 2021 finally it will be launched.

JAMES WEBB SPACE TEELSCOPE Focal length - 431 feet Wavelength - mid infrared to orange

HUBBLE SPACE TESLESCOPE Focal length – 189 feet Wavelength - visible, ultraviolet,

near infrared

HUBBLE LAW

Great scientist Edwin Hubble once looked through and on calculation of wavelength he calculated that galaxies are moving far i.e. universe is expanding and he explain with a formula that the farther the galaxy it moving away with more far speed. V= HD

V= velocity of recession (m/s) H= Hubble constant (value) ((푠푒푐−1) D = galaxy distance (measure in standard candle) (m)

Now a days H = 75 Km/sec/M Parsec 1 M parsec = 3.6 light years Or H = 3 x 10−18 per second Hubble constant change with time so it is constant in space not in time. Now at 10-12 billion light year

V ≈ c as D = 10-12 billion So galaxy will move at speed of light then light will not long reach us. Hence, once those galaxy cross horizon we won’t be able to see them.

BIG BANG

The biggest evidence of Big Bang is CMB. Looking in any direction sees back in time to foggy wall. The entire sky gloves with microwave coming from hot gasses of early universe called COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND (CMB)

Opaque universe Cosmic Microwave Background Transparent Universe

IF THE UNIVERSE IS INFINITE THEN WHY IS SKY DARK AT NIGHT?? The universe may be infinite in space but it is finite in Time. It has a beginning about 13.8 billion year. Because light has finite speed and there are many star and galaxies so far away that light has just not had the time to reach us in those 13.8 billion year. This set a COSMIC HORIZON a boundary to the observable universe beyond which we can’t see.

GALAXIES

Spiral Elliptical

 Bluer Redder  Younger Older  Most are currently Not much gas Forming star to form star

OMEGA IN COSMOLOGY Critical density - density of universe so that gravity and expansion will balance one another. OMEGA is the ratio of the density to the universe to critical density. 푎푐푡푢푎푙 푑푒푛푠𝑖푡푦 휌 8휋퐺푃

Ω = = = 2 푐푟𝑖푡𝑖푐푎푙 푑푒푛푠𝑖푡푦 휌푐 3퐻

Ω > 1 Closed Universe Ω = 1 Flat Universe Ω < 1 Open Universe

DISTANCE BETWEEN GALAXY Nearest galaxy to Milky Way is Andromeda

Diameter of Andromeda galaxy 100,000 light years Distance between Milky Way and Andromeda 2.5 million light year.

2500,000

So no of galaxy between them = = 25 galaxies 100,000

DISTANCE BETWEEN STAR Nearest star to sun is Proxima Centauri

Diameter of Proxima Centauri 4 light second Distance to Proxima Centauri 4 light year

4 푙𝑖푔ℎ푡 푦푒푎푟

So no of star can fit = 4 푙𝑖푔ℎ푡 푠푒푐표푛푑 = 60 x 60 x 24 x 365 = 30 million star

CHUNKS OF ICS (COMETS)

Kuiper Belt Scattered disk Oort cloud

(just outside Neptune) (overlap kupier belt) outer most of extend to 4.5 to 7.5 extend to 150 billion solar system billion km from sun km from the sun 300 billion km out

Comet is a collection of large no of rocky and metallic particle, small solar system body coated with frozen ice of water, carbon, ammonia and methane. From sun it get warm up and produce a visible atmosphere or coma. The coma may be 15 times Earth diameter while tail may stretch up to 1 Astronomical unit.

SPACE TIME Gravity is space time itself. The moon is not kept in orbit due to earth pool or earth not in orbit around the sun due to a mysterious force rather because it roll along the curve in space time fabric.

ASTEROID They are referred as minor planets or parts of planets that are revolving inside the solar system. They are composed of minerals and are huge bump of rocks orbiting around the sun mainly between mars and Jupiter.

METEORS They are celestial bodies in sky that we see as a bright streak of light that flashes for a across the night sky. They are also called as shooting star. They are in form of dust in the size of grains of sand burning up by friction due to their high velocity into the earth atmosphere.

METEORITES When the meteors of larger lumps of rock and metal enter the earth atmosphere and reach ground they are called as Meteorites. They are recovered after being observed as they transit the atmosphere and impact the earth are called meteorite falls.

AURORAE They are referred as natural light displaced in earth sky on the poles due to magnetic field of earth. Sun flares reaching earth magnetic shell known as magnetosphere hitting the earth upper atmosphere causing oxygen and nitrogen atoms to glow colourfully.

HIGGS PARTICLE (GOD PARTICLE)

The question that arise is that smallest particle such as electron, quarks should be massless BUT from where they gain mass..?? And the answers lies here as – all elementary particle are massless as photon but HIGGS FIELD provide them with mass

When energy is given in Higgs field HIGGS BOSON develop that has mass. PHOTON doesn’t interact with Higgs field SO MASSLESS. ELECTRON less interaction LESS MASS. QUARKS more interaction with the Higgs field hence MORE MASS.

Point to remember Higgs field never has a zero value so once mass is created can never be destroyed.

HIGGS PATRTICLE (GOD PARTILCE)

PARALLEL UNIVERSE

Quantum world fussiness vanishes as thing increase in size. Some scientist believe that some detail are missing in equation of Quantum Mechanics. So even if there are multiple possibility in tiny world the missing details would adjust. So it become clear that all not but one of those possibility disappear result in single outcome. Other physicist believe that all the possibility that exist in quantum world they never do go away. Instead each and every possible outcome actually happen only most of them happen in other UNIVERSE PARALLEL to our own. This is frontier of quantum mechanics and no one knows where it leads.

Scientist are using the best way to prove many theory correct by using the concept of parallel universe as it has very much proved that gravity can exchange from one dimension to other.

STRING THOERY OR M- THEORY THEORY OF EVERYTHING

This theory take you before the big bang. It say there is multiverse. Additional dimension that the universe is going on. Vibrating energy produce different vibrating frequency and that produce different particles. All are made from these particle all are made under unified string that we called unified theory. On doing the mathematics of this unified theory it does not match 3 dimension of space, not 4 not 5 but it require 10 dimension of space and one dimension of 1 time. String theory reveals answer to many question of present world by giving extra dimension that take to multi universe.

The fundamental particles that we observe are not point like dot, but rather tiny string, that are so small that best instrument cannot tells that they are not point. With the help of String Theory only both “General Relativity and Quantum Mechanics” are united in one theory called as the “Theory of Everything”.

PLANK AMAZING VALUES

Plank the great scientist has given the most amazing values of physical quantities such as time distance density etc. beyond these value physics laws fails.

Shortest distance and time

Making very small

At least 1 wavelength (λ) must fit in clock

Distance between mirror and clock L

L = λ

푐 And we know λ = (small wavelength high frequency) 푣 And E = h v and E = m푐2 Frequency increase Energy increase so Energy increase mass increase

So as clock become smaller wavelength decrease, frequency increase so energy of photon goes up and mass increase. Eventually mass become so large and is compressed to small size L that it falls within its Schwarzschild radius and form a black hole.

Length of clock is about = 1.6 x 10−33cm It ticks once every = 5.4 x10−44 푠푒푐

This time is called as PLANK TIME (shortest time one can measure). The size of singularity at centre of Sc. radius is not zero it actually 1.6 x 10−33cm PLANK LENGTH (shortest length one can measure). Similarly mass of this fastest clock is PLANK MASS = 2.2 X 10−5g

And density of this little clock 5 x 1093g called as PLANK DENSITY And the temperature it can withstand called as PLANK TEMPERATURE = 1.41 X 1032K

As inflation ends, at about 10−35sec the vacuum state that filed the early universe with high density dark energy decay into thermal radiation.

And beyond these value of PLANK ----- PHYSICS LAWS FAILS .

DARK MATTER

Dark Matter does not absorb, reflect, emit or even interact with electromagnetic radiation but do interact with gravity. The ꙋ-rays coming from the galactic centre has given the stronger evidence that there is some other matter that governs the force of gravity.

Evidence of Dark Matter

A) Rotation Velocities The farther the planet or star slower they should rotate due to Newton law of Gravitation but this does not happen as there is some matter that govern make them rotate with the same orbital velocity or sometime larger called as dark matter.

B) X-Ray Detection Fig is what exactly where we see lot of matter in violet colour centre on two cluster.

Galaxy collide

Huge cluster build up

X-ray emit radiation

Extra matter is seen (other than gas)

Centre of mass is separated form centre

This extra matter is Dark matter

C) Observation by Gravitational Lensing

In general relativity light follow geodesics hence it bends when it passes through curve space time. Massive object can act as a lens. A gravitational lens can be consider as distribution of matter between distinct light source and observer. Hence gravitational lens is direct method to detect Dark matter.

Hence Galaxy must contain matter that we can’t see that matter not to be at the centre but spread throughout galaxy called as dark Matter.

DARK ENERGY

With so many galaxy and dark matter present in them universe should decrease the rate of expansion after big bang. But it was soon calculated that instead of slowing down universe is expanding fast accelerating fast.

So there has to be another energy which has to be more then dark matter which is making expanding of universe accelerating. This energy has name DARK ENERGY.

푃푟푒푠푠푢푟푒 In Dark Energy [w = ] 퐸푛푒푟푔푦

W = -1 Trapped in valley scenario Universe will double in size in future W > -1 Roll slowly down to sea Universe expand linearly level W < -1 Phantom energy Creating singularity (BIG RIP)

WE ARE NOT ALONE (DRAKe eqUATION)

Great scientist Drake develop an equation which tells that we are not alone in the galaxy.

푁푆 푥 푓퐻푃 푥 푓퐿 푥 푓𝑖 푥 푓퐶 푥 퐿퐶 푁 = 퐶 퐴퐺퐸 푂퐹 퐺퐴퐿퐴푋푌

푁퐶 = no of communicating civilization we could observe in galaxy today

푁푆 = no of star in the galaxy ≈ 300 billion

푓퐻푃 = fraction of star suitable with planet in habitable zone ≈ .006

푓퐿 = fraction of these planet where life develop ≈ 0.5

푓𝑖 = fraction with life that develop intelligent life ≈ (<0.1)

푓퐶 = fraction of intelligent life develop technology to communicate over distance ≈ 1

퐿퐶 = average lifetime of communicating civilization ≈ 12000 years

Age of Galaxy ≈ 10 billion year

On putting the values we get approximated

푁퐶 ≈ 100 civilization

100 civilization communicating with each other someway or the others. BEST LINES ON PLANET EARTH

“We succeeded in taking that picture, and, if you look at it, you see a dot. That’s here. That’s home. That’s us. On it, everyone you ever heard of, every human being who ever lived, lived out their lives. The aggregate of all our joys and sufferings, thousands of confident religions, ideologies and economic doctrines, every hunter and forager, every hero and coward, every creator and destroyer of civilizations, every king and peasant, every young couple in love, every hopeful child, every mother and father, every inventor and explorer, every teacher of morals, every corrupt politician, every superstar, every supreme leader, every saint and sinner in the of our species, lived there — on a mote of dust, suspended in a sunbeam.

SCIENTIST THERE LAWS AND ACHIVEMENT

Isaac Newton . Developed the three basic law of motion. . Invented the differential calculus. . Laid the foundation of classic mechanics. . Built the first ever reflection telescope. . Showed through prism that white light comprises 7 colour. . Developed the universal law of gravitation. . Contributed to power series and cubic plane curves.

Niels Bohr . Pioneer in the field of Quantum Mechanics. . Involved himself in establishment of CERN. . Winner of 1922 Nobel Prize in Physics. . Development in Bohr n=model of atom. . Element bohrium is named after him.

Nikola Tesla . Invented the alternating current system widely used now. . Invented the electric motor and Laser. . Invention of remote control is created by him. . Invented the tesla coil. . Contributed towards the use of X-ray in medical.

Albert Einstein . Postulated the General and Special . . Proved that the mass is not constant. . Discovered the law of photoelectric effect. . Winner of 1921 Nobel Prize in physics. . Showed the mass-energy equivalence. . Discovered the 10 Einstein Field equation in mathematics. . Regarded as the father of Atomic Age.

Stephen Hawking . Proved the existence of Hawking Radiation in black hole. . Discovered the basic laws of black hole thermodynamics. . Gave idea that universe was created by singularity. . Contributed in the field of quantum gravity, general relativity and cosmology. . Proposed a solution to information loss paradox in black hole.

KEPLER (1st Modern approach to Astronomy)

Law 1 Each planet orbit the sun in elliptical path with sun at one focus Law 2 the radius vector swept equal area in equal interval of time. Law 3 the square of period is proportional to cube of semi major axis of orbit.

Newton figured out If you have two mass point moving under influence of each other whether or not they actually stay together they always have a CONIC SECTION This comes in three case Potential energy > Kinetic energy = Orbit is Ellipse Potential Energy < Kinetic energy = Orbit is Hyperbola Potential Energy = Kinetic energy = Orbit is Parabola

EINSTEIN He presented two theory “SPECIAL RELATIVITY & GENERAL RELATIVITY”.

In the Special relativity there are long derivation without going in it we will see the conclusions: – a clock moving relative to you will appear to run slow. Length contraction – the only length seems correct is the length moving with you everything appears short. And the all-time favourite equation. E = m푐2 which made a relation between Mass and Energy.

In General Relativity “if you are accelerating with acceleration g (say) the shape of graph will be curve OR if we are subject to gravitation acceleration then passage through space time is also curve” is referred as CURVED SPACE TIME.

Reference (Sources)

- Wikipedia.org - NASA Space Place - Hubble Telescope - Pinterest.com - Space.com - Dailygalaxy.com - Earth.com - Insightobservatory.com - Youtube.com - Physicsoftheuniverse.com - Exploratorium.com - Slideplayer.com - Sciencenews.org - Researchgate.net

I give full respect and credits to every image taken and placed in the book.