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Nikhil-Astronomy-Book.Pdf To my Father RADHEY SHYAM GUPTA With Love Tum na hote to ek bhi kadam me to chalta nhi Tumse hi mili hai muje aaj ek nayi Jindagi Sachh me kahta hu es jahan me tumsa koi nhi Ek pal ke liye tumhare bin mujko jina nhi Meri jaan ho tum PAPA mere bhagwan ho tum PAPA I WILL BRING YOU BACK PREFACE It is for the young students who are wondering about the cosmos creation and what’s happening there in accelerating universe. I have purposely made the content within so that reader unfamiliar with the universe can catch the physics behind it. May the book bring someone a happy hours of love for the cosmos. By reading the book everyone will come to know the magic going in universe and with the help of physics we will prove these that they are not magic but the science that rules the universe. We are one on this blue dot known as our home and are imagining the infinity of the infinite cosmos. Where cosmos came from or it was always there. A Universe with no edge in space, no beginning or end in time, and nothing for the creator to do. With the help of physics we can find every answer to the curiosity emerging in brain. The two sides of Astronomy GENERAL RELATIVITY VS QUANTUM MECHANICS rule the entire universe. Now a day’s latest theory “The String Theory” coming out that joins both Relativity and Quantum with 11 dimensions to the new level called Multi Universe. REASON TO LOVE ASTRONOMY Astronomy puts you in your place as because of astronomy “I know we are standing on a sphere of molten rock and metal 13000km across with the hussy atmosphere of 100 of km high surrounding by a magnetic field protect us from the sun flare of sub atomic particle from the sun 150 million km away which also flowing in space with light that reached across space to eliminate the asteroid, planet, dust and comet racing pass the kuiper belt through the oort cloud into interstellar space pass the nearest star which orbit along the gas cloud and dust lens in gigantic spiral galaxy we called the Milky Way that has supermassive Black Hole in the centre and is surrounded by 150 globular cluster and hallow of Dark Matter, dwarf galaxy all of which can be seen by other galaxy in our local group like Andromeda and Triangulum and our group is on outskirt of virgo galaxy cluster which is part of virgo super cluster which is one of many other gigantic structure that stretches across most of the way across observable universe which is 90 billion light year across and expanding everyday even faster than the yesterday due to mysterious Dark Energy and even all that might be part of infinitely multiverse that extends forever both in time and space ------------------------------ that’s the astronomy that puts you in your place. It tells the meaning the order of universe we live in, to predict the movement of stars. It is the study of star, galaxy, black hole and all non-earthy bodies moving out in the space. It is divided as Theoretical Astronomy – use mathematical model of what is described in universe and to describe the event that we can’t understand by current technology. Observational Astronomy – observing celestial object in outer space such as star galaxy planets. They used light such as x-ray, gamma ray, infrared rays, microwave rays and ultraviolet observation. CONTENTS Interesting facts Basic terminology in Astronomy Light Power of Quantum World Origin of Universe End of Universe Geometry of Universe Scale of Universe Moon Earth Star Quasar Black Hole Telescope Hubble Law Big Bang Galaxies Chunks of ice Higgs Particle Parallel Universe String Theory Planck amazing value Dark Matter Dark Energy We are not Alone Scientist Law and there Research The Cosmic Calendar InteREStING FACTS o Andromeda galaxy coming toward our Milky Way galaxy with speed of 110km/s. o Sun is moving roughly circular orbit with speed 220km/s. o Law of conservation of energy is not applied in accelerating universe. It’s the property of Newtonian universe as in accelerating universe energy can be lost or gain from nothing. o The more massive the star the shorter its lifespan. o If General Relativity is correct and energy density is positive, TIME TRAVEL is Not possible. o If space time does not change in time – Energy is conserved. o If space time looks same at different point in space - Momentum is conserved. o There are particles in vacuum called as Casimir particles i.e. there are fluctuations in between plates placed in vacuum. o We are moving round the sun at 30km/s. o Earth time slows down because of tidal interaction with moon. o Mass of hydrogen atom is less then combined mass of electron and proton this is because potential energy can be negative. o The line between earth atmosphere and space is set at 100km called as KARMAN LINE. Once you cross this you are astronaut. o Heliocentric – Sun is centre of solar system. o Geocentric – Earth at centre of solar system. o Our Universe is Homogenous and Isotropic o Homogenous – no matter which part of the universe you reside in you will see universe same in all direction. o Isotropic – no matter which direction you look you are going to see the same structure. Distances are calculated in Mass are calculated as 1 light year = 9.46 x 1012 Km Solar mass (푀푂) 1 푀푂 = 2x 1033 g 1AU = 1.5 x 108Km Solar luminosity (퐿푂) 1 퐿푂 = 4 x 1033 erg/sec 1 parsec = 3x 1013 km Measurement is taken as 3600 in a circle 60 arc min in a degree 60 arc sec in an arc minute So, 1 degree = 3600 arc second BASIC teRMS RELATED to AstRONOMy 1) STAR – star are the burning flames of fire that burnt out due to hydrogen and helium fusion going in them. There are around 300 sextillion star in the entire universe that makes our night sky so beautiful. The closest star to us is our sun. 2) BIG BANG – beginning of universe and its growth into large scale from high density and temperature. The four fundamental forces were one super force and they split within trillionth of a second. The CMB is crucial evidence of big bang. 3) NEUTRON STAR – these star are formed when massive star 8-10 times of mass of sun dies. They are dense and billion tons heavy and have very strong magnetic field million times that of the earth. 4) DWARF STAR – A small hot low intensic brightness star and density many times higher than sun. It is a main sequence star that is fusing hydrogen into helium. Its surface temperature is between 7500-10000k. 5) CHANNDRASEKHAR LIMIT – it is upper mass limit of dwarf star beyond this it collapse and become neutron star. It is supported against the gravitational collapse by electron that hate being crushed. 6) WIEN’S LAW – it explain the curve of black body radiation. The black body is the one which is perfect absorber and emitter of light. This law tells that temperature is inversely proportional to wavelength. 7) SUPER CLUSTER – is a massive group of smaller galaxy cluster and are among the largest known structure in the universe. They indicate that mass isn’t distributed uniformly in the universe but is drawn in groups. 8) EXOPLANETS – extra solar planet that orbit the star other than sun. The largest one is 69 times Jupiter. It is estimated that Milky Way itself has billions of them. There are many with water on their surface giving a possibility for life. 9) EMISSION NEBULA – it is an interstellar cloud of dust that glow due to ionisation they are the region where star formation take place. High energy photon from these star are responsible for ionization of gases. 10) Ia SUPERNOVA – it occur in binary star in which one is white star, when the mass of core exceed a critical limit the core of white star reignite and released enormous amount of energy the core resulting in type Ia supernova. 11) X-RAYS – are electromagnetic wave that have very small wavelength of about 0.01nm to 10 nm. Black hole, supernova and white dwarf are some of the source of X-ray in universe. 12) BARYCENTRE – it’s the point around which two bodies orbit. It’s the centre of mass of bodies. In earth sun system barycentre is inside the sun, so to an outside observer earth appear to revolve and sun appear to wobble around the barycentre. 13) INTERFERENCE – is the phenomenon in which two wave super impose to form a resulting wave of greater, same or lower altitude. This effect disclose the wave nature of light. 14) ESCAPE VELOCITY – it is a minimum speed that a less massive object such as space craft require to escape completely from gravitational influence of more massive object. This value is 11.2km/sec for earth. 15) SINGULARITY – it is a place in space time where many physical quantities blow up. Where all physics law breaks. They doesn’t exist in real world but they may exist in black hole. 16) COSMIC VOIDS – it’s a region which contain few or no galaxy, it account for 98% of the cosmos. They may contain most of the mass of the universe in the form of dark matter. 17) WHITE HOLES – these are those region of space and time which cannot be entered from outside although matter and light can escape from it.
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