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The Pakistan Diary: 22 Years of Kargil

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The Pakistan Diary: 22 Years of Kargil No. 297 July 2021 Lieutenant General (Dr.) VK Ahluwalia, PVSM, AVSM**, YSM, VSM (Retd), is The Pakistan Diary: 22 presently Director, CLAWS. The General superannuated as Army Commander, Central Command in March 2012. Years of Kargil Thereafter, he served as a Member, Armed Forces Tribunal (AFT). The General commanded an infantry brigade, mountain division and corps in Uri-Baramulla, Kargil and Leh-Ladakh sectors respectively. He has also served in North East India and in the states critically affected by the Maoist insurgency in India. He has co-written and co-edited many books. Introduction Key Points Twenty two years ago, on 13 July 1999, the This paper highlights primarily the Pakistani side of the story, narrated Indian Army had pushed back Pakistani largely by their authors, and gathered intruders from a number of main dominating from other means; and gives briefly India’s response and operational heights that were occupied by them in different preparedness beyond Kargil. sub sectors in Kargil, such as Tololing The dismemberment of Pakistan in 1971 and pre-emptive occupation of Complex, Tiger Hill, Pt 4875 (Batra Top) the Siachen Glacier in April 1984 had a deep effect on the Pakistani psyche. Complex, Bajrang Post, Khalubar, Jubar, Although several plans and / or Muntho Dhalo, Kukarthang, and Haneef Uddin attempts were made to occupy the dominating heights in the Kargil Point 5990 (almost 19900 feet). About 95 sector, it was General Musharraf who decided to execute the plan in 1999 percent of the areas were cleared of Pakistani with the ‘clique of four’ by employing intrusions. At the behest of Pakistan, the regular troops. He maintained total secrecy, in which Director General Military Operations (DGMOs) even the Prime Minister, other service of both countries had met on 11 July at the chiefs and other organisations were not kept informed. Attari Border. Further withdrawals by Pakistan's military leadership failed to analyse the Indian response; thus, Pakistan’s Army commenced from 14 July failed miserably. Although there are onward. several takeaways, it was a political, diplomatic, and military victory for India. While the genesis of Pakistan undertaking the National Outlook for National Security. misadventure of occupying the dominating heights in Kargil lies in more reasons than one, Shuja Nawaz, the acclaimed author of Pakistan, suggests that there are clearly many sides to the story of the ‘Kargil Battle 1999’. The stories are from: the Indian side, the Pakistani The Centre for Land Warfare Studies (CLAWS), New Delhi, is an independent Think Tank dealing with national security and conceptual aspects of land warfare, including conventional & sub-conventional conflict and terrorism. CLAWS conducts research that is futuristic in outlook and policy-oriented in approach. Website: www.claws.in Contact us: [email protected] CENTRE FOR LAND WARFARE STUDIES (CLAWS): ISSUE BRIEF side, and within the Pakistani side – the story told by General Musharraf and his supporters on one hand and Prime Minister Sharif and his supporters on the other hand.1 The article aims to highlight the Pakistan side of the story, narrated largely by their authors, and statements by the prisoners and captured documents, and briefly looks at operational preparedness beyond Kargil. Pre-emptive Actions After the humiliating defeat in the Indo-Pak War of 1971 and the dismemberment of Pakistan, the Pakistani Army further suffered yet another setback. This was when the Indian Army pre-empted the occupation of main passes and heights of the Saltoro Ridge in the Siachen Glacier (Sia La and Bilafond La) on 13 April 1984. It also resulted in the loss of face in front of their populace. Nasim Zehra, the celebrated Pakistani author, justifiably stated in her Book that Pakistan’s 1971 surrender in East Pakistan had inflicted the deepest of cuts on the Pakistani psyche. Further, she states, “For some, the shame and anger had lingered”.2 Three years later, in September 1987, Nasim Zehra mentions that ‘Pakistan lost the Quaid post, strategically located on the Siachen Glacier, to the Indians.3 This was followed by operations in Dalunang and Qamar sectors. The Siachen Glacier had been a bone of contention, as the delineation of territories beyond the last demarcated Point along the LoC - NJ 9842 - was not clearly defined. While Pakistan’s interpretation was that their territory continued northeast from Point NJ 9842 to the Karakoram Pass, India maintained its position in letter and spirit based on the Shimla Agreement which gave the alignment beyond NJ 9842, as "thence north to the glaciers”. Operation Badr. General Zia-ul-Haq, the President of Pakistan between 1978 and 1988, could not do anything to prevent Indian Army from occupying the Siachen Glacier in April 1984. Although he felt helpless at that point of time, he did not leave it at that. He gave instructions “to reclaim Siachen and met the army’s request for military equipment”. 4 Gen Zia-ul-Haq conceived ‘Operation Badr’ in mid-eighties to sponsor a proxy war, with the aim to destabilise India in general and Jammu and Kashmir in particular. Although Gen Zia-ul-Haq was killed in a mysterious plane crash near Bahawalpur on 17 August 1988, Pakistan resorted to a full-blown proxy war and cross border terrorism from 1989. It may be of interest to note that the name ‘Operation Badr’ had been used in 1973 by the Egyptian in the successful crossing of the Bar-Lev Line in the Yom Kippur War against Israel. 2 CENTRE FOR LAND WARFARE STUDIES (CLAWS): ISSUE BRIEF Earlier Plans Many reasons have been advanced for launching operations in the Kargil sector by different authors. Interestingly, besides the weakening of insurgency in Kashmir, “the idea that civilian leadership should make the decision to overhaul Pakistan’s Kashmir policy worried these generals”.5At different points of time, Pakistan had made several plans and attempts to occupy dominating heights along the LoC and Siachen Glacier to avenge the pre-empted occupation of the Siachen Glacier. Having studied the large gaps in the defences in Kargil sector, one of the aims of occupying the dominating heights of Kargil was to cut off the National Highway 1A joining Srinagar- Zoji La- Dras- Kargil- Leh. In 1990, Maj Gen Zaheer ul- Islam Abbasi was the Force Commander Northern Area (FCNA). As the FCNA, he made a failed attempt to occupy the heights of Kargil. ‘Maj Gen Abbasi, a dedicated Islamist, had earlier been expelled from India as Defence Attache after he was implicated in a botched attempt to gather information from a double agent’. 6 He had launched an attack on the LoC without taking clearance from the Army Chief General Mirza Aslam Beg. Due to the botched-up operation, ‘Pakistan lost some 50 men and 10 officers in that encounter, and Maj Gen Abassi was removed from command’.7 In 1996, Mrs Benazir Bhutto was the Prime Minister of Pakistan, and General Musharraf was the DGMO. According to a written account, General Musharraf had suggested to her a military operation to resolve the Kashmir dispute. His fundamental argument was: “The time window for the resolution of Kashmir dispute is short. Because, with passage of time, the India-Pakistan equation, military equation, and economic equation is going against us. Therefore, if at all, we have to do anything, we should be planning to do it in a short while. [..] She did not like that”.8 During an interview, in the summer of 2006, Mrs Benazir Bhutto recalled, “[…] I was opposed to the idea on the concrete grounds that it was not a political reality to think that you could go into Srinagar and put a flag…”9 Perhaps, she had realised the consequences of a military operations to seize Kashmir by force. Pakistan feared that it could result in an all-out war. In August 1965, General Ayub Khan had launched ‘Operation Gibraltar’ to foment an insurgency amongst the Muslim-majority population in the Kashmir Valley to finally annex J&K, and failed miserably. Both India and Pakistan had tested their nuclear weapons in May 1998 and were declared nuclear weapon states. The nuclear test bomb explosions at Pokhran had resulted in a variety of sanctions against India by a number of major states, including the United States. Many military leaders in Pakistan saw an excellent opportunity to draw political mileage from it. 3 CENTRE FOR LAND WARFARE STUDIES (CLAWS): ISSUE BRIEF Significantly, the new Chief of General Staff, Lt General Aziz Khan, who had successfully launched the important Dalunang Operation (Kargil Sector) across the LoC in 1988 was a strong proponent of Pakistani troops crossing the LoC and occupying heights on the Indian side. Having been the Director in Pakistan’s spy agency, the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), he was an experienced hand on Kashmir and Afghanistan. The self-proclaimed geopolitical strategist, Lt Gen Aziz Khan, proposed a plan to General Jehangir Karamat to occupy the Kargil heights that Indians would have vacated during the winters. General Karamat, an apolitical and professional military leader, was the Army Chief during 1996-98. General Karamat is said to have asked two key questions on the proposed plan: First, what would be the expected reaction of India? Second, what is Pakistan’s capability and preparedness to deal with such like situation? He did not accept the proposed plan. Although a highly professional and balanced Army Chief, General Karamat was dismissed from service by Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif on 6 October 1998. Sartaz Aziz, Pakistani economist and former Minister of Foreign Affairs, maintained: "Blunder of firing of General Karamat; others will blame Nawaz Sharif for many mistakes he made. But in my view, the most serious of these mistakes was Nawaz Sharif's decision to remove General Jehangir Karamat as Chief of Army Staff in October 1998 ".10 General Musharraf Arrives With General Musharraf taking over as the Army Chief on 7 October 1998 and his preconceived plans to occupy the heights in Kargil, the Army leadership was fully convinced that despite India’s conventional superiority, the Indians will not fight back.
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