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Earthen Architectural Heritage Preservation? Correia, M Updated and edited by Valéria De Almeida Gomes, intern at ICOMOS Documentation Centre, with the help of Lucile Smirnov. This bibliography refers to documents and materials available at ICOMOS Documentation Centre. It does not intend to be a comprehensive list of scientific literature on earthen architecture. Any reference can be consulted or scanned, subject to the limits of copyright legislation. Actualisé et mis en page par Valéria De Almeida Gomes avec l’aide de Lucile Smirnov. Cette bibliographie fait référence à des documents et ouvrages disponibles au Centre de documentation de l’ICOMOS. Elle ne prétend pas constituer une bibliographie exhaustive de la littérature scientifique sur l’architecture en terre. Toutes ces références peuvent être consultées ou scannées dans la limite de la loi sur le copyright. Contact ICOMOS Documentation Centre / Centre de Documentation ICOMOS http://www.icomos.org/en/documentation-center [email protected] © ICOMOS Documentation Centre, Septembre 2014. ICOMOS - International Council on Monuments and sites Conseil International des Monuments et des Sites 11 rue du Séminaire de Conflans 94 220 Charenton-le-Pont France Tel. + 33 (0) 1 41 94 17 59 http://www.icomos.org Cover photographs: Photos de couverture : Angkor Wat. © Staffan Scherz/Flickr; Chan Chan, Peru. © Carlos Adampol Galindo/Flickr; Moulding the earth. © Julien Harneis/Flickr Index Introduction .........................................................................2 Architectural typology .........................................................3 Building techniques and Materials ....................................37 Earth architecture by geographic regions .........................75 Africa ......................................................................................... 75 Arab States ............................................................................... 91 Asia and the Pacific ................................................................. 106 Europe and North America ...................................................... 130 Latin America and the Caribbean ............................................ 161 Conservation/Restoration projects - Case Studies ........179 Risk management ...........................................................217 Introduction ’architecture de terre est une des expressions les plus fortes et les plus originales de la capacité de l’homme de façonner son environnement en valorisant au mieux les ressources locales. Elle comprend une grande variété de créations : de simples maisons, « desL greniers, des palais, des bâtiments religieux, des greniers, mais aussi des centres urbains, des paysages culturels et des sites archéologiques. L’évidence de son importance à travers le monde a conduit à sa prise en compte en tant que patrimoine commun de l’humanité qui, de fait, mérite d’être protégé et conservé par la communauté internationale. Cependant, l’architecture de terre apparaît de plus en plus menacée. Les causes sont à la fois naturelles et humaines : changement climatique, inondations, tremblements de terre, industrialisation, urbanisation, technologies de construction moderne, disparition des pra- tiques traditionnelles de conservation, etc. » (source : site du Centre du Patrimoine mondial : Programme du patrimoine mondial pour l’architecture de terre [WHEAP] http://whc.unesco.org/fr/architecture-de-terre/) arthen architecture is one of the most original and powerful expressions of our ability to create a built environment with readily available resources. It includes a great variety of structures, ranging from mosques, palaces and granaries, to historic city centres, “Ecultural landscapes and archaeological sites. Its cultural importance throughout the world is evident and has led to its consideration as a common heritage of humankind, therefore deserving protection and conservation by the international community. In 2011, over 10% of the World Heritage properties incorporate earthen structures. The availability and economic quality of the material mean it bears great potential to contribute to poverty alleviation and sustainable development. However, increasingly threatened by natural and human impacts (e.g. floods and earthquakes, industrialization, urbanization, modern building technologies, disappearance of traditional conservation practices, etc.) earthen structures deserve particular attention in terms of conservation and maintenance (source : World Heritage Centre website : site du Centre du Patrimoine mondial : World Heritage Earthen Architecture Programme [WHEAP] http://whc.unesco.org/en/earthen-architecture/) Architectural typology 000360 - Preservation of historic adobe buildings. Office of Archeology and Historic Prevention. Washington, U.S Department of the Interior, 1978. p. 1-8, illus. (Preservation Briefs. 5) (eng). Incl. bibl. PRIMARY KEYWORDS: adobe; historic monuments; building techniques; conservation; coatings; deterioration; structural damage; erosion; capillary flow; maintenance; repairs; USA. ACCESSION NO: K-157. 000473 - The Palace of Leh in Laddokh: an example of Himalayan architecture in need of conservation. Jest, Corneille; Snay, John. York, Butterworth Scientific Limited, 1982. p. 179-1978, illus. (Monumentum. 25,3) (eng). PRIMARY KEYWORDS: historical surveys; adobe; palaces; descriptions; building materials; building techniques; interior spaces; deterioration; India. SECONDARY KEYWORDS: guidelines; conservation. // Palace of Leh, Laddokh (India) ACCESSION NO: K-130. 000623 - Rekonstrukcija i konzervacija baze "Centar" u Vrbasu. Mikitisin, Grozdana. Novi Sad, PIPCMSAPV, 1978-1979. p. 422-429, illus. (Materials for the study of the cultural monuments of Voyvodina. 8-9) (scr). Reconstruction and conservation of the partisan base "Centar" at Vrbas. eng. PRIMARY KEYWORDS: vernacular architecture; houses; restoration works; earth architecture; walls; reroofing; Yugoslavia. // The Provincial Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments in the Socialist Autonomous Province of Voyvodina (Yugoslavia) // Vrbas, Voyvodina (Yugoslavia) ACCESSION NO: 6615. 000830 - O Locuinta-bordei apartinînd culturii Starcevo-Cris din asezarea de la Suplacu de Barcau (j. Bihor). Une Chaumière appartenant à la culture Starcevo-Cris de Suplacu de Barcau (fre). Ignat, Doina. Oradea, Muzeul Tarii Crisurilor, 1980. p. 521-531, illus. (Crisia. 80,x) (rom). PRIMARY KEYWORDS: archaeological sites; prehistoric art; earth architecture; domestic architecture; pottery; Romania. // Suplacu de Barcau, Bihor, Transilvania (Romania) ACCESSION NO: K-450. 001322 - Nessèbre. Vol.1, Vol.2. Ognenova-Marinova, L. Institut d'Archéologie, Académie bulgare des Sciences. Sofia, Ed. Académie bulgare des Sciences, 1969-80. 2 v.(234 p, 257 p), illus. (fre). 1= Vol 1; 2= Vol 2; Incl. index, photos, plans. PRIMARY KEYWORDS: world heritage list; town archaeological sites; ancient architecture; medieval architecture; Bulgaria; historical surveys; archaeological excavations; fortifications; ramparts; towers; dating; archaeological finds; brick; pottery; tiles; terra cotta; inscriptions; bas- reliefs; coins; underwater archaeology; domes; restoration works. // Ancient City of Nessebar, Bulgaria (WHC 217) ACCESSION NO: WHC 217 (11) 1/2. 001391 - Mohendjo-Daro : cinq mille ans d'histoire en péril. Tupper, Patricio. Paris, Unesco, 1983. p. 1-6, illus. (Informations Unesco. 787- 788) (fre). PRIMARY KEYWORDS: international campaigns; world heritage list; historical surveys; archaeological sites; archaeological excavations; 1- Djingareyber Mosque, restoration works; adobe; public and civic architecture; houses. Timbuktu. © David Lanther/Flickr SECONDARY KEYWORDS: Pakistan. // Unesco // Mohendjo-Daro (Pakistan) 3 ACCESSION NO: K-109. 002191 - Glimt af boligteknologiens udvikling i middelalderen. Resultater af en nodudgravning i Koge. Pedersen, Lisbeth. Fredningsstyrelsen, Copenhagen, 1982. p. 138- 149, illus. (Antikvariske studier. 5) (dan). Evidence of the development of building technology in the middle ages. Results of a rescue excavation in Koge, Zealand. eng. Incl. drawings. PRIMARY KEYWORDS: archaeological sites; houses; historical surveys; building techniques; wood; half- timberings; posts; adobe; Denmark. // Koge (Denmark) ACCESSION NO: K-250. 002263 - Houses of Upper Volta. Bourdier, Jean Paul. Singapore, Eurasia Press, 1982. p. 9-18, illus., map. (Mimar. 4) (eng). PRIMARY KEYWORDS: vernacular architecture; houses; adobe; typological analysis; descriptions; Burkina Faso. SECONDARY KEYWORDS: plans; interior architecture; african art; architectural surveys; natural environment. // Tangassoko (Burkina Faso) // Yuka (Burkina Faso) // Valiou (Burkina Faso) // Niemo (Burkina Faso) // Poa (Burkina Faso) ACCESSION NO: K-226. 002267 - Magnificent mud : mosques in Mali. Bourgeois, Jean Louis. Singapore, Eurasia Press, 1982. p. 9- 15, illus., map. (Mimar. 3) (eng). PRIMARY KEYWORDS: vernacular architecture; religious architecture; mosques; adobe; wood; Islamic architecture; natural environment; Mali. // Mosque, San (Mali) // Mosque, Niono (Mali) // Great mosque, Djenné (Mali) // Mosque, Titama (Mali) ACCESSION NO: K-226. 002356 - Underground houses. Sun, Paul. Singapore, Concept Media, 1982. p. 42-47, illus., plans. (Mimar. 3) (eng). PRIMARY KEYWORDS: vernacular architecture; cave dwellings; houses; plans; underground houses; soil properties; courtyards; earth architecture; China. // Loess Region (China) // West Village, Kunghsien, Henan (China) ACCESSION NO: K-226. 002600 - The Restoration of the small
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