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70 Beneficial Effects of Green Tea on Age Related Diseases Juan Chen1

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70 Beneficial Effects of Green Tea on Age Related Diseases Juan Chen1 [Frontiers in Bioscience, Scholar, 12, 70-91, Jan 1, 2020] Beneficial effects of green tea on age related diseases Juan Chen1, Zhi Zhang1, Ping Yu1, Wen-Tao Gan1, Kai-Han Ren1, Fang Zhang1, Feng Chen2, Ming-Wei Wanga1, Jun-Zhe Bao3, Tengfei Wang4 1Department of Cardiology, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China, 2Department of pharmacy, Nanjing Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China, 3Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China, 4Department of Pharmacology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Abstract 2. Introduction 3. Effect of green tea on human diseases 3.1. Obesity 3.2. Hypertension 3.3. Insulin resistance and diabetes 3.4. Plasma cholesterol 3.5. Atherosclerosis and metabolic syndrome 4. Conclusions 5. Acknowledgments 6. References 1. ABSTRACT Green tea (Camellia sinensis, Theaceace), worldwide, surpassed only by water. As early as 4000 has been extensively studied for its putative effects to 5000 years ago, the Chinese were aware that tea in prevention of age related diseases. Here, we could promote health and prevent some human discuss the increasing evidence that consumption of diseases, which was recorded in ancient medical green tea has preventative effects in obesity, books, such as Shen Nong’s Herbal Classics. In hypertension, insulin resistance, type II diabetes, recent years, the health benefits (1) of tea have been atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease and under investigation, including prevention of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS). The catechins in green cardiovascular diseases (2) and cancer (3), as well tea has been found to be beneficial in obesity induced as its antiarthritic (4), anti-inflammatory (5), by a high-fat diet. These effects are mainly antioxidative (6), antiangiogenic (7), antibacterial (8), attributable to the gallate esters of catechins, (-)- cholesterol-lowering (9), neuroprotective (10), and epicatechin gallate (ECG) and (-)-epigallocatechin-3- antiviral (11) effects. Actually, antioxidative, gallate (EGCG). antiinflammatory, antiproliferative, and antithrombotic effects on the vasculature, as well as 2. INTRODUCTION beneficial effects on endothelial function, at least in part, account for the anti-atherogenic effects of green Green tea and tea planting originated in tea (4-7). China and have spread throughout the world since the middle of the Tang Dynasty. At present, tea ranks The definition of metabolic syndrome as the second most frequently consumed beverage (MetS) was first put forward by the World Health 70 Green tea and age-related diseases Figure 1. Chemical structures of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and related compounds. Organization (WHO) in 1999. MetS is defined by a practice in identifying high-risk populations (14). multitude of pathophysiological disorders composed Diagnosing MetS early and taking appropriate of abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, high blood treatment can lower the risk of diabetes, pressure, and dyslipidemia. MetS has become a atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease significant public health problem, affecting millions of (Figure 1). people all over the world (12). The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Adult Over the last decades, several Treatment Panel III (ATP III) guidelines highlight the epidemiological studies have been carried out to key features of this syndrome and propose a clinical investigate the beneficial effects of green tea definition to facilitate diagnosis and preventive ingredients and derivatives in MetS and interventions (13). Major challenges still remain for atherosclerosis. However, the results have not the integration of the key MetS features into clinical always been consistent. For example, some studies 71 © 1996-2020 Green tea and age-related diseases found that EGCG may ameliorate MetS by regulating polysaccharides, caffeine, and a complex of the rhythmic expression of circadian clock genes polysaccharide and polyphenol, a dosage of 400 or (15,16), whereas another study found that green tea 800 mg/kg was given to rats on a 6-week high-fat extract did not improve MetS significantly (17). diet. The results indicated that polyphenols and Therefore, this review is aimed to provide an polysaccharides could reduce rat serum leptin levels, overview of the effect of green tea ingredients and inhibit the absorption of fatty acids, and then derivatives on atherosclerosis and MetS. suppress body weight increase and fat accumulation (26). Many studies in humans confirm that GTE can 3. EFFECT OF GREEN TEA ON HUMAN cause weight loss. An open study (27) demonstrated DISEASES the activity of green tea extract AR25 (Exolise) in treating obesity. AR25 exerted a direct inhibition of 3.1. Obesity gastric and pancreatic lipases and stimulated thermogenesis in vitro. Body weight was reduced by Obesity is defined as a body mass index 4.6% and waist circumference decreased by 4.48% (BMI) equal to or greater than 30, which after using AR25 for 3 months. Catechins (the major approximates at least 30 pounds of excess weight component of GTE) reduce body fat through (18). It is associated with increased health-care inhibiting the malondialdehyde modified LDL (MDA- costs, premature death, and reduced quality of life. LDL). The data from 195 countries reveal that the prevalence of obesity has doubled in more than 70 Functional foods and nutraceuticals have countries since 1980, and over 600 million adults gained extensive acceptability from consumers. were obese in 2015, with a high BMI related to 4 Interestingly, one study (28) tested functional drinks million deaths globally (19). containing catechins and EGCG in experimental rat models (Sprague Dawley). Catechins contributed to During the past decade, the effects of green the prevention of various lifestyle-related diseases, tea and green tea polyphenols have been examined particularly obesity. Functional drinks T2 and T3 were in some animal models of obesity. Fat-rich diets not prepared by adding EGCG 550 mg/500 mL and only induce obesity in humans but also in animals. compared with control T1, without an active Therefore, animals that accumulate body fat in ingredient. Results showed that the functional drinks response to a high-fat diet (especially rodents) are with added EGCG can help treat obesity, commonly used in obesity research. To explain the hypercholesterolemia, and hyperglycemia beneficial properties of GTE in obesity, adult effectively. zebrafish in one study were allocated to four diet groups, and the results showed that a high-fat diet By assessing the impact of GTE on starch supplemented with GTE significantly suppressed digestion and absorption, we found that the use of increases in body weight, body fat volume, and body GTE was a viable alternative to pharmaceutical fat volume ratio in male and female zebrafish as inhibitors of glycoside hydrolase enzymes (29). GTE compared with those fed the same diet lacking in is widely available, inexpensive, and well tolerated. It GTE (20). In addition, studies of male and female is promising for weight control and diabetes rodents have shown that body weight and body fat treatment. accumulation induced by a fat-rich diet were suppressed by dietary GTE supplement (21-24). In one investigation (30) to see if GTE Meanwhile, studies in mice have shown that tea activates the lipolytic pathway, attenuates obesity, polyphenol extracts induced weight loss and had and reduces low-grade inflammation in mice fed a anti-inflammatory and angiogenic effects (25). high-fat diet, animals were randomized into four groups: CW (chow diet and water); CG (chow diet To investigate the anti-obesity effects of and water + green tea extract); HW (high-fat diet and green tea extracts, including polyphenols, water); HG (high-fat diet and water + green tea 72 © 1996-2020 Green tea and age-related diseases extract).The mice were fed ad libitum with chow or a inhibiting the absorption of lipids, second, by high-fat diet and concomitantly supplemented (oral strengthening the feedback regulation of the gavage) with 400 mg/kg bodyweight/day of green tea expression of de novo lipogenic genes, and third, extract (CG and HG, respectively). GTE promoted down-regulating carnitine palmitoyl transferase-1 weight loss and reduction in adipose tissue pads, (CPT1) expression in the liver (33). In addition, GT increased expression of lipases, decreased adipose helps to control and prevent obesity by stimulating mass, and reduced inflammatory molecules and hepatic lipid metabolism. Lee et al (34) postulated a cytokines. high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity pathway and validated it by investigating the key regulatory In spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR , enzymes of mitochondrial β-oxidation: carnitine model of metabolic syndrome with hypertension, palmitoyltransferase-1 and -2, acyl-coenzyme A insulin resistance, and overweight) treated with dehydrogenase, and acetyl-coenzyme A EGCG, after oral EGCG daily for 3 weeks, there was acyltransferase. The evidence showed that HFD- a modest reduction in body weight compared with a induced abnormal mitochondrial β-oxidation was control group (45). EGCG might have direct or moderated by the consumption of caffeine- and indirect pleiotropic effects to lower body weight that theanine-enriched GT. Results of metabolomic might be beneficial in the context of overweight. analysis of obese mice showed changes associated with abnormal lipid and energy metabolism,
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