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CRrflcAL THTNKING 1. Re(ognizing Points of View Thomas caryle, a scottish writer of the 1800s, defined history as "the biography of great men." lbn Khaldun, a Muslim historian of the I 300s, wrote that history was "info.mation about human social organizations." (a) What it the marn drtlerence between lhaldun's definition of history and Carlyle's? (b) How might their viewpoints have affected the way each man wrote about history? (c) Which of these two points of view do you support? Explain. 2. Applying Information (a) Des(ribe the ANALYztNG PHorocRAPHs area where you live in terms of each of the U5e this photograph ol the lceman, as wellas tive themes of geography. (b) Explain two the text description on page 2, to answef the ways that geography atfects your own way following questions. of life. l. Where dnd whe1 wa5 the l(Fman found) 3. Recognizing Causes and Effects Make a list 2. What role did climate play in the preseNa- ol five major social or technological develop- tion of the lceman's body? ments of the Old Stone Age and the New 3. What can scjentists learn about prehi5toflc Stone Aqe. Then, for ea(h development times the belongings of the lceman? identify one short-term and one long{erm from effect. 4. Linking Past and Present (a) Describe three ANALYZTNG Pnrnnlnv Sounces ways that cultural diffuslon (b) Give occurs. LJse the quotation on page 14 to answer the fol- three examples of cultural ditfusion in today's lowing questions. world. (c) Why do you think that cultural 'l. What did the man ask the god Varuna to do? changes occur more quickly today than ever 2. What miqht the "House of Clay" represent? 3. Why did th€ man ask for fofgiveness of FoR YouR PoRrFoLro whatever sins he had committed, rather than list specific sins? CoNDucrrNG aN lNTERvrEw Together with a classmate, prepare a segment for a television news magazine on major archaeological discover ies. tirst select a well known archaeologist and research hi5 or her life and work. Then write a sefi€s ol question5 that an interviewer might ask the archaeologist, along with answers. Prepare lrvnrrrNG ar Ai(HA[o!ocr Chopter 1 19 CHAPIER First Civilizotions: Africa ond Asio (3200 B.c.-50O B.c.) CHAPTER OUTLINE tkns oflif! and dcxth. Through thc spells in thc 1 Ancient Kingdoms of the Nile llook olthe Dead, thel tricd t() or'crcome exrth- 2 EgFtion Civilizotion lv mortxlitv and llair i blissful a{icrlift. 3 City-Stotes of Ancient Sumer Eltptian civilization cnrcrgcd more than 4 Invoders, Troders, ond Empire Builders 5,000 r'ears ago. At aborrr rhc samc rimc, anodr 5 Ihe world of the Hebrews cr ccntcr olcivilization cmcrgccl in thc Middl€ Fl.rst. in Sumer Both rosc irr rircr vallevs and had thc basir fcatures of ci\iliziti(n) thar rou read 'Trhc d\ing m.rr li\tcncJ rnrcnrll a' rhc rtribc about in Chaptcr l Whilc drev diffcrcd fronr I rr.rd rhc $orJ\ \vrittur on the siroll. Th( crch othcr in signilicint wilys, both mrde dis scroll containcd thc Book of the Dcad, rvbiclr tinct contributiurs to oUr *rrrlcl tochv. Eg,vptians bclievcd urruld prepare them fbr thc p(rilou\ journcr rlicr dclh. Withour kro$ir)$ FOCUS ON these questions irs vou rcad: the righr rnagical spclls, the dead soul could not Geography and History defiat fiarsonrc nx)nstcrs, cross a lalc oftirc, or r \\'h.u rolr did nrcn phr llr rhrprng rhr 6nr out\\'it thc sinistcr fcrrvnr.rn \'ho pilotcd thc civilizations ol Egivpt and Nlcsoportrnia; dead througlr thc unclcrNorld- one mistakc and the journev las ovcr. r Global Interaction Yct a still grcrtcr ordcal lav ahead. lvith Hos did tradc, sarl.rrc,.rnd migration dread. the dccexscd cntcrcd the hall of Osiris, sprcad ideas and invcnti(nrs anDng carl), god rnd irrJge,,lthr Jcr,l. o.iri\ rnJ hi\ rri civilizations) bLrnal Neighed thc coDsciencc of cach soul. Impact of th€ Individual Etcrnal happincss.rlritcd all lho passed thc r Horv did porvertul rulcrs influcncc poliric.rl, test. To lail mcint ()rturc rnd €)itinction. nrrlir.rrt..rnd rcligious dcrclopnrcnr. rn Egr pr Fcartullr; the clcccrscd oftlred his delensc: and the Fertile Crescnt: 33I have nrrdc no n)an to sutltr hunger. I . Diversity hare madc no onc ro rvccp. I halc What corrriburions to l:nilizrrion Ncrc madc donc no nrurdcr. . . . I hate not en- by small groups such rs thc Phocnicians and croachcd upon thc ficlds ofurothcr thc HcbreNs) I havc not rdclcd () thc weights ofthe scales to chclt thc sellcr I havc not misrcad thc pointcr ofthe scales to cheit thc bnycr. TIME AND PLACE I havc not turncd birck rvater $hen it should tlorv. I hivc not cut a cufting in d (rnrlul runrirlr $rtcr. . . . I rnr purc. I am pure. I am purc.tt Likc pcoplc i,t cvcrv societl throughout his' tor\', thc ancicnt Elxptians grappled \ith qacs- 20 Chapter 2 Cr \ t) :6lt: rtr t \ Egyt'Iiot Tomb Poit'tntg Painting\ Iaund ln the k nb\ at tgypt's rulers pravtde evidPnce af Lgyption religiou\ bcliets He.e, th. godders Hothat, pftne.bt ot lavert, \it\ next to the howk' lp.t(led tun god R. Hotokhti. h] his righL hond, Re Harckhtt hold\ an ankh, symbol al eternol hle neligiont ond Votue Syttemt What athet tynibols oPpeot ta hore been inPonont in t1n.ffit Egyption rehgian? Whot ore some inpattont symbals in prc\..t doy reliqian\l TIUMANITIES I-INK lr-l llirtorr Queen N€fertiL (paqe l0). I ileruture l. th6 .hapter, you wi I encounter passage5 trom the lollow ng works of liteF ar!rer Eook ol th€ Dead (page 20); ,xlru.ltonj oI rhe Vnter Ptoh hotep (page 23); The fole al J,nlr.(paqe l0); Ihe tpic af Citgone\h lpage5 31,31); Bookol Exodls (page a5). Cltet)tt 2 21 sirosc littrs rvcrc uscd fi)r cl()thing. l|\'thc tinrc Ancient Kingdoms of Hcft)dotus, t:g\!t had bccn protltrcing largc anx)unts of tixxl fi)r thousirrds ()fvc.rrs. It had of the Nile hcc(,mc knrntn rt .r 'brc.1dh.rskct.' c\Pi)rting fixxl ro othcr paris oithc Nlcditcrrancan \'orld. Yeorly floods. Thc Nilc riscs irr thc higb culdc tor nendlng lorrcls ofErhiopia and thc lakcs ofccntral Afiicr' r How did geography intluence Egyptian F:\crv spring, rains io this intcnor rcgi()n scnd fccd life? \vatcr racing dotn strcams thtr tlrc ^{ilc Itrlcr. In nn(i(rrl tr cs. F.g\'pri.urs cr$crl\' .rt\ rit' r What were the main periods ol early annual tkx)d. It so:rked thc lancl \\-ith lifa- Egyptian history? cd thc giving Natcr rnd dcpositcd x la)'cr olrich 'ill. or r How did trade and warfare affect the soil. An F:Fprirn h|mn crprc..c.l thc h.rppinc.. Egyptians? ofthc pcoplc during this scason: I Vocabufary silt, (otoro.t, delto, dynosty, 66lfthc Nilc snrilcs, thc l:rrth is jo)'ous, pltotooh. vizier llvcr\. siomach is firll ofrcj()icing, F)r'crv spinc is happY crushcs its fix)d.tt ! vcrr vcrr, rhr grcrr Nilc Rilcr in n,'rthc.rst' Elcrv ir\\'[Xnrc Alii!.r tl.x c.l its b.rrrks. Ac thc s.rtcrs -|'icm Pcoplc had to crxrperatc to control thc ^r_ilc rrsc, thc pcople of rncicnt !,gvpt ofltrcd tl(x{l\. Thcr huih .likcr. rc.crrorn, rnd irrig.r thinks: "Hiil t() thec, () Nilc, thrt issucs fion) ti()n ditchcs () chrn cl thc rising rilcr and storc thc carrh and comcs to gi\c lift to l:gvpt." Thcv rvatcr tirr rhc drv scason. priiscd tlrc n-ilc lbr Dourishing thcir land irnd Uniting the lond. Amcicnt Etivpt hud n(o crttle rrrd tirr filling thcir storchouscs sith ltxrd. rcgi(rls, Uppcr l:!r'pt in drc s()!rth rnd 'lhc disdnct flrtilc l.rrrris ofthe rivcr \.allc) attrrct_ Ilrvcr F.gYFt in thc o(,rth. t ppcr F.gt pt (d 5R,r)c Agc hrn)crs. I prchi\n)ri( rimcs. mi- strctchcd fion thc first ..rt.rr.r.r. or sxtcrf:ll. of grrrting pcoplc rcachcd EgYpr tionr thc thc Nilc nortlNvrrd ro \\ithin 100 milcs (160 tcrrancan arcir, fiorn hills and dcscrts rk ^{cdi-g thc knr) of rhc Mcdircrrancan. L-dvcr F:!s'pt co\'- Nilc, and tlonr ()thcr parts of Afiicx. As thcsc crc,l rhc dch.r rcgiorr s hrrc thc -\"ilc cnptics crrh trrDrcr' pr,,Ltr(cd nr,'rc lix'rJ. grpul.ttiort. into thc Mcditcrrancirr. A d.lr.r is u rritngulcr Erc$ ln rhc \-ilc \.rll(\. J p('\rcrlirl cililii/Jti(nr rrc:r of nrarshland firrmcd bv dcposits of silt ar crncrgcd rh.rr .lcpcndtd on th( (r,rrtr()l ol ntcr rhc nxnrth ofsomc rilcrs. About .3100 $.( ., Mcncs, thc king ofUpPcr llgvpt, unitcd rhc t$o rcgi(nrs. He rnd his stlc_ ccs()rs u$cd drc highsxr linking norrh Geography: The Nile Valley ^_ilc:rs.r .rn.l srurh. Thcl could scnd r)ili(irl\ or rrnrics t(, (ircck t(ntns aknrg thc rilcr. 'Ihe thus hclpcd Egvpt, s:rid rhc rncicnt hist()ri! ^_ilc \r'hollr Nilc." mrkc Figrpr thc srrrld's first uniticd srrrc. Hcr(xloius, "is thc gili of thc 'I Without rhc r-ilc, F)gpt srruld bc srvalkrscd up hc rir cr .rkr .crr c.l s r lrrdc r,,('tc. Flb^ l_ br tbc harrcn dcscrts that slrrround it. whilc thc riiD Drcrchrnrs tralclcd up ilnd rkrs rr thc Nilc dcsert protectcrl F:glpt tion irrvasiorr, it also in srilboats and bargcs, enchingi g thc producrs linritcd \'hcrc pcoplc could scttlc. of Afiica. rhc Middlc F:ast, and drc ,\'lcditer- In rncicnt tinrcs, rs t(xla\', f:rmin8 \'ilhgcs dottcd thc narrrxl band ofhDd wrrcrcd b! thc Ilc\'(nrd thc rich, irrigatcd 'lllack l-rnd," The Pyramid Age gcrrcrrlh^'ilc. no rrxrrc rhan l0 milcs (16 km)tidc, liv thc *Rcd Land," a sun'brkcrl dcscrt thrtt Thc historY of.rncicnt !l$pt is dnidcd int() strctchcs rcross Afiicr. rhrcc main pcriods: thc OId Kingdonr (xbout ^{orth Frrnrcrs trxrk advrntagc ofrhc ftrtilc soil of 2700 8...-2200 D.(:.), thc Middlc Kingdom lhc Nilc Vallcv to groN Nhcat and tlar, a phnt {about 2050 B.(:.-1800 D.(:.), and thc l.-c\' Chapter 2 Kirrg(lorD (ibout 1550 R.( . I 100 B.( . r. Durinq thc\r t)criods. p(^\cr Fi55cd li{,D (mc or ruling timih. ro .rnothcr. l)ur rhc h d gcrlcr ilh r.rrrrillcd unitcd. Old Kingdom. I)r,rir)g thc Old Kingdo,rr, (|,AIR ohz), ils Iig|pri.rn rulers \clc c.rllcd. orgnoizcd .1 stf()rr$. ccotrirlired st.ue. I'hrrr Chopter 2 23 The Middle Kingdom Thc H{ksos dominated F)g1pt for nrore than 100 yean- Finally', ne$ Egyptian lcadcrs Power strugglcs, crop f'ailures. and the cost arose, drovc out the foreigners, and sct up the ofbuildilg thc p!,ramids contributed to the col- Ncw Kingdom. lapse of the Old Kingdom. After more than a ccntury of disuniq', ne$ ph::raohs eYentually The Egyptian Empire cmerged to rcunirc thc land, ushcring in thc Middlc Kingdom. During the New Kingdoln, poncrirl arrd The Middlc Kingdom Na\ a rurbul(nr peri- ambitious pharaohs crcated a large empirc. At od. Tbe r"ile did not rist as regularly as it had. its height, the Egyptirn empirc reached thc Eu' (brruption and rebellions were common. Still, phrares River. This age of conquest brought rtro'rg rulcr\ did organizc a largc drain.rgc proj- Egypt in greater contdct widr the Middlc Easr as cct, creating vr.st nc\v strctches of arable, or well as other parts ofAfrica. tarmable, land. E$ptian armi€s occupied part Queen Hotshepsut. Among rhc our- of Nubia, thc gold rich land to rhe south. standing rulers ofthe Ne\' Kingdom Nas Har Trxders also had grextcr contacts with the peo- shepsut (hat sHEHp soor), daughter of one plcs ofthe Middle Easr and the Mediterranean pharaoh and l\idorv ofanothcr. Like somc carli- island ofCrctc. er Egrptian queens, Hatshepsur bcgan bY ruling Catastrophe sEuck abour 1700 B.c. when in thc namc ofa malc hcir too young ro rakc rhc fbreign invadcrs, the Hyksos (HrH( sohs), occu- throne. Hou ei'cr, shc then took the bold stcp of picd lhe delta region. Thc! a$ed lhc tglporns declariDg herselfphiraoh and won the support sith tieir hone-drasn uar (harior,'. In rimc, of ke,v oflicials. Because Eg1'ptians sarv kirrg thc E$prirns \r'ould masrer thrs ncs milirarr ship as a malc tcchnology. The Hyksos. in rurn, $crc so im- pririlegc, she prcssed by Egyptian civilizatioD that $cy soor donned a fals€ @era Sphtn, ot clzo fha gErdt adoptcd Egyptian customs, belief's, and even bcard as a sign Cteot Sphkx sllen[y the names, ofauthorit\'. Wnnid tonlbt ol Egyption photoohs. Otigitvlly pointed in vW cobrs, thit frgurc of o ctouding lion bears the foce of l 24 Chopter 2 ()n thc nrlls ofher bcrutilirl hrref.rl tcnrplc, I l \hcp\ut lcri .r r.r(,rd ol hrr rcign iio l50.l rj.( r) I182 R.(. (.rninsr .rn(l \ririr)g\ pr() rl.rinr her prrro .rrrd ight to nr1.: aal.(,, rhc go(i kn(nr\ nrc \c11. Anr(rr. Lof(l ()f Ihroncs ()l:thc 'l\vo l.rrIls. Hc rrudc r\r( rulc lllick l-ind.rud llcd Lrnd .rs.r rcs rrol. N{) olrc rchcls.rg.rinst mc in .rll l.!rds.!t Orhcr c.rnirr!r.\ dcscribc h,rv shc encoLrr .rgcd tnde rith (rstclr trlc(iitcfr.rncin l.nds. Ilcr gr.rtrst rriunrfh \!is rn c\pc(lirxnr \cnt rlr l\rrrr. do\\ n rhc ltcd Sc.r corst oi .\liic;r. \\t cir nrn knr\\ r\.r(t\ \\hrrc lunr \.rs. bLrt ships rc nrnrc.l ftrrc]cd lirh ebor\. n1n \, spi.c\.lcotrtu1 skirrs, rlrcl lirr- rronkcvs tirr fri\.llc rix)r. ll1e\ .rlw, brougbr b.rek incerrse. ,rrcdi.iocs. .urd rr\rfh rfc(\. rr.r(h \.rl.r(J li'r rlr(u I'crir Ir( I l \h.psut h.rd th. tiigrrnt rrcr:s pl.rttcci ncrr hcr terrplc. Romses IL;\ lrtcr phrr.roh. lhnrscs II, \\()n iimc ti)r his Drilit.lry \i.t(nics. llct\\ccn I l'rlr . , . .,fl.r | :l.l ., , . ,f l'I.hi'l FF\ t'r..Ir CEOCRAPHY aND HISTORY rulc nortlxrrd rhr(iLrgh Prlt\tinc rnd.u iir:rs S\rir. O t.rrr|l(\ .rn.l othcl nrrrruruclrts. ht The Deriod of the l)(),rsred of hrr L(,rrqLrrsts. th(nrFh hrs g,rerlcn A New Kingdon hot \ict()rr rr),]\ n()t h.r\c l.tuill! tikfn t)l.r.c. In.r sonetimes been l).rrrlc rliiinst rhc Hiritcs ol Asir iuinor, onlr cdlled the Emqire rhe Jc1'< .rLr hf..'("\ ,'r turF(. lt tr.rlt 1.'. Aqe. Duing thot icnrcd r crushing.tcl.:rt. B.rck h(nrre, ho$elcr. tine, tgwtion the I{.rnrscs h.rl inrcfiptxrns.ir\(d (nr .r nnrlurlcnr weolth ond influence spreod throughout rl.,r r),.r,k lr( n(.u ,lrt(. lrlr.r rrrrrrrrrnu eostern Mediteffonean. ''.r,.i ,. Locottol on the map, locote (o) cizo, (b) Assur, (c) sai\, (d) UWer Egypt, .\licr vc.y\ ()l iiglrring. thc Ilg\ptiins rnd llitritc\ tinill\. sig,ncd i pril:( trc.xr. drc firsr 2. Hoye.ncna whot orcos were reoched by nr(h d()c nrcrrt ro h.l\c sllnircri irr hist(,rv. Ih( a6l:BvPt. $ilh thc l.ud of Ll li ihe Hii rircsl. slr.rll L)c ,rt pc,r(c .rr(l in t)rothcr hixxl ibrcr,:r. H()stiliric\ shxll rr()t ().cLrr bltseen thcrn Ii)rt\ rr.tt Decline. .\ltcf lt.rlrscs ll. l:gt pli.ttr port cr Egypt and Nubio ,1,"\ ' ,lffli,)f.i. lr\...i(,'. \.,fl r. t re.\*rrrrr' .rrr(l l'(lrirns. conqLrcrt.l rhc Nilc fctlion. (Scc 'li) the \(,l|Ih. thc Nilc king(1(Jm of \Lrhrir rlr( nrip on p:rgc .i9.I l-ircr, (;rcck r).1 llonr.rrr (llst) kno$,) rs Kusb) de!cl(4)cJ irr rhc shrd,tr\ xfnrics In.rr.hc(t irrro the riclt \ilc \illcr. Lr(h ' 'r l !\ t\. \',,u $, l ,..ri ,rr, 'rr .,l',trr \rrh.:rt . r, r)f\ ("r \t'rrlir $.,\ ...r('r" .r.lLl t rL L,pt"rr lil]rx)n in ( lh.rDter l2. Her.. \. \ ill look it d1c brc.(tll\kct t() .r rf( irrg !nrpifc rcl.rtrrrnshrp t'crrccn thc t\o hrtgdonrs. ^\ Chapter 2 25 For ccnturics, Eg\'priaos rradcd or foughr $ith their southern ncighbor. From Nubia, rho tgyptian Civilization r,:quirrJ irorr. .rtl(.. rnd rlarcs. tgrpti.rn .rrnrics eorrqucrrJ Nuhir Junne rhc N(\ Kints dom. Thc phrraoh lLlmses II usccl liold lrom Guide for Reading Nubia to pay lbreign ch.rriotccrs in his armr r How did religious beliefs shape the lives Nubians scr\cd in Egvprian armies r d lcli thcir of Egyptians? mark on figvptian culturc. Mrch Eglprian art ofthis prn,rLl shorrs NLrhrrn .oldrcrs. nru\r(rrns. r How wa5 Egyptian society organized? I What advances did Egyptians make in As Elrpt dcchrcd, n-ubia cd irs ird€- regri learning and the arts? pcDdcncc. In about 750 B-c., Nubian kilgls marchcd norrh, trdding Eglpt t() thcir o$n r Vocabufary nuntntificatian lands. For 100 years, Nubian kings rulcd an cm, hieroglyph ics, denroti(, pa py t us pire thit sircichcd fion $hat is rodty Sudan to thc Medirerrinean. crrlt agc. F.grpuan (hilJrcn h(rrd Thc Nuhi.rrs sn thcnrrchc. rxrr .rs forcig,n f,ront.rn storicr .rhout thcir godr .rnd gr'.ldcssc.. .\ conquenrrs but as restorcrs of Egvptian glor\'. -|. popular talc concerncd the Osiris (oh sI They rulcd Epxpt likc thc pharaohs of errlicr 8od rihs), who hrd rulcd L)gpt Lrntil hc \\'as killed centuriesr rcspecting incicnt Egvprian rradi- bv his brother, Scr- Thc Nickcd Set then tions. About 650 !.(:.. Assvrian!, arrncd Rith icakrtrs cut Osiris irlto picccs, \rhich hc tosscd dl o\'cr iron sc.rpons. desccnded on Thcr !-!tpt. Egtpr pushcd thc Nubians back into rhcir original Osiris *as savcd by his faithfi'l c homeland. r'here Nubian monlrchs ruled lbr llif-c, goddcss Isis (i sihs). reassemblcd I,000 ycars morc. She her hus band's bodv and brought him brck io lit'i. Sincc Osiris could no longcr rlle o\'er thc liling, hc sEcrroN [7 nrvEw bccamc god ofthc dcad and judgc ofthc souls seeking adnlission to rbc rlierlift. r.ld€ntlfy (a) Menes, (b) Ptah-horep, 'Ibc s1'mbol of thc goddcss lsis $is rhc (c) Ciza, (d) Hatshepsut. (e) Punt, ankh, a cross rvith a krop aboe drc br ?r (f) Ramses ll. Egvptians. an ankh placcd on a dc.rcl pcrson as. 2. Detlnc (a) silt, (b) cataract, (c) delta, sured thc soul of ctcrnal lift. *Thc bloocl of (d) dynasty, (e) pharaoh, (0 vizier. Isis," thcv pri]ed, "thc ch.rrms oflsis, rhe pow- 3. Cive two examples of how the Nile shaped cr or-l\i\ Jrc J prorcljti,rr Lrnlo nlc." Thc tgtp ancient Egypt- tians' belicfin eternil lili hid a profbund effict 4. Des(ribe one maior achievement of Egyptrdn on their ci\ilizatiolr. civilization during each ofthe three ancient kingdoms. 5. Explain how Egypt was affected by its con- Egyptian Religion tacts with each of the following groups: (a) Hyksos, (b) Hittites, (c) Nubians. E! ptians inheritcd liom rhcir carliesr an. 6. Critical Thinkin4 Diawtng 26 chapter 2 Onl,r' the pharaoh could conduct ccrtain ccrc' rlx)st ro)'al tombs Nere stripped of thcir rrcas' nx)nics ft)r thc sun god. urcs krng ago. Then, in 1922, the British rr Most F-gvptians identified more casilv with chicok)gist Hovard Cartcr uncrrthcd drc tomb ()siris and lsis, \'hosc ston touched hum:u of thc pharaoh Tutankhamen (too trhng L{ll cnrotions such as lore, jealousr', and fiar of muhrr), thich had remdned almost untouchcd dcrtlr. According to the mlth of Osiris rnd Isis, tirr nrorc than 3,000 years. The tomb and its thcir Kln, Horus, latcr took rcrcngc on thc trcasurcs halc prolidcd a scalth of clidcncc \\ick.d god Sct, killing his unclc. ib('ur Fl8\'ptian cililization To E$ptians, ()siris !r'as cspcciallv inrpor- Thc bodl of the l8-\'ear-old "KiDg Tut" t.rnt. Not onl\ djd hc rule oter the undcrNorld, hacl bccn placed in a solid gold coflin, ncst€d but he s:rs also god ofthc Nile. ln that rolc, hc \r'ithin richh decorated outer coffins. Todi'', thc conrrollcd the annuel flood that madc thc hnd clazzling irrrav ofobjects fbund in the tomb lills tcrtile. lsis hrd spccial appcal for rvomcn, rvho \ctcrJl r(x,ms in thc Fglptian Ml|s(un) r'] fulieved that she had 6rst taught womcn to ( riro. The\ in.luJe ch;riorr. qeipon\. lirrni- grind corr, spin flax, ucavc cloth, and carc lbr turc, jcwclry, toys, gimes, and food. Tut childrcn. Likc Osiris, lsis prorniscd thc fiithfirl ankhamcn u,as a minor king. Imrgine the treas- thcy would have lif! alier death. urcs that mlrst havc fillcd dre tombs of grcat A fqteful test. B€licfin thc iftcrlilt pharaohs likc Ramses ll. atli:ctcd all Eglptians, fiom the highest A religious rebel. About 1380 noblc to thc lol,cst pcasant. To rvin !.c., a youDg pharaoh challcDgcd thc ctcrnal lifc, cxch soul hed to pass a porvcrtirl priesrs of Amon Rc. Hc dc' Icst. ()siris \\'eighed a soul's hcart toted his life to the Norship ofAton, r ngiinst rhc Larhcr of truth. Those hc minor god {'hose slmbol \[?s drc judgcd to bc sinners lerc fcd to rhc sun's disk. The pharaoh took thc crocodilc-shapcd Eater of thc Dcad. nanrc Akhenaton (ah kuh :.'AH tuhn), lVorthv souls cntcred drc Happv mcaning *hc rlho serves Aton." lvith Ficld of Food. Eg\?tians belie\ed the support of his \ifc, Quccn r-cltrtiti, that thc afterlife \r'ould be much Aklcnaton tried to sseep arvat all othcr likc lifc on Errth, so thev buried go Chapter 2 THROUCH T I M E WPARALLE LS ry Boord Gomes A benefit that accompanied the ris€ of civilization was an increase in leisure tirne- People invented games of ski and chance to occupy their free time. Many bodrd games today are similar to their ancient ancestors. Linking Post ond Present What game5 today resemble the ancient Egyptian game of "twenty 5quares"? Explain the similarities. aAST rhe ts\pLon sone ot. al speciatly shaped gome pie@s thal we.e stored in o built in drowe.. Plofe\ threw sIt(kt ta determine haw they might move thei pieces We da nat know the exoct ru|es ol the gone, bul ployes probobly needed bath lud ond ski to win fhe game baord shown here wot t.\ntd n the tolnb of PRESENT rodoy. baanl 90nes .onLinue to entertoin ond cho enge us. Here, twa oppanenls pondel thelt up@min7 naves in o @nkn of Chinese chess ln th8 gome, skill is morc inponont Egyption Society .tttrt goddcsscs. \c\t .inrc thc ntnncs. sho ii'ught thc phrrr()h's \rrrr. A turv cl:rss ot nrcr I-ikc otlrrf c.r'1\ ri\ihr.rr(rrs. Lg\pr h.rrt irs ch.nrt\. 5.dbcs. .rnLl .rnis.rns 28 Cllapter 2 and $omen spent thcir davs working drc soil llicr()gl\phi.\ (hi cr oh (;r rHF ihkr) \\'crc uscd rrd repriring the dikes. In the ofl:season, pcas- to keep important records. Errlv on, priests and ants wcre expected to scrvc thc pharaoh, libor reribcr crrrcd hicrogltphicr or \ronc. Ins(rip. irrg on palaces, templcs, lnd tombs. Besidcs tions on temples a|d othcr monuments prc- ryorkiog in the fi€lds, wonrcr also spcnt much scrved rccords of E$,piian culturc fbr thou- timc raising children, collccting \\'ater, and sands of_vears. prcpirring food-similer k) thc tasks of pcasant Scritres. Brsrdcs lc.rrning to rcad rnd $rirc. scribes also acqnired skills in Drarh€matics, mcd- An ancient rccord dcscribcs rhc lif-c ofa np iciDc, and enginccring. Tcmple scribes kcpt ical E g\-ptian peasant: records of ceremonics, taxcs, aDd gifts. Othcr scribcs scrved loblcs or the phxraoh. With skill the watcr is he irrigates 33[4rcn lill lthe md luck, a scribe fronl a poor familv might bc- and rcpairs lieldsl his cquipmcnt. He corrrc rich and powcrfi'1. spcnds the dav cuttil)g tools lbr culti Over time, siribc:i tl$clopcd d chapter 2 29 changcs, this ancient Eg-vptian calendar became the basis fbr our modern calendar. Mothemotics. Nilc flood. tbrccd Eglp- tians to redraw the boundaries of ficlds each year. To do this, thcy devclopcd practical gcom- €trv to survev the land. Eglptian enginccrs also used geomctry to calculatc thc €xact sizc and lo- cation oicach block of stone to be placcd in a pyramid or tcmple. Huge building protccts such as p_vramids and irrigation svstems requircd con' siderable skills in dcsign rnd engineering. Literature and the Arts Literaturc and art tell us much about Egypt im ralurr rnJ rttitudcr. Th( oldeJr litcratrrr( in- cludes hvmns and pravers to thc gods, proverbs, and lovc pocms. Othcr $,ritings tcll ofro\al \ic- tories in battfe or, like lhttructiont ofth. V;z;e/ Ptth'hotep, g|e p"actical The Tole of Sinuhe.^d\ice. Folk tales wcrc popu- far, especiallv The Toh oJ Sinthe. It rclatcs the wanderings ofsinuhc (sihn (x) rr^y), an Eglpr ian oflicial ibr(ed to flee inro what is rodry Syrir. He 6ghts his way to famc amongthe dcscrtpeo- Qucet ,lef.rtlal fhis pointd limestone ple, whom the Egyptians consider uncivilized. s@lpture of Neleftiti, ttlile ot the pl$r@l1 As he gets oldcr, Sinuhc longs to rcturn home. Akhenoton, tdlects o chonge in Egqtbn ott. For Thc story cnds happilv whcn the pharaoh $'el centu et, Egwtion ottists hod been u$.upied comes him back to court. As Sinuhe shcds the with scenes of deoth dnd the ofte ile, Dwing the lifc ofrhc dc\( nomad li,r thrr ofrn F$prirn Nerv Kngdoe onitB tumed toword porttoits noble, he savs: otd tqresentotions ol living pqle. fhis likeness of the queen oho slrows UE ortist's concept of an 65Years rvcrc made to pass arla)' from ml ideol of beouty. M d a,[,,!'',,. Hon did bod,v. I was shaved, m) hair'$?s the ortist use exoggerotbn to enfrosize the combed. . . . And I rvas dressed in rhe filcst lincn and anointed with thc best oil. I slcpt olr a bcd, and gave up thc kinds ofmagic. Ycr, through their kno$ledgc of sand to those \\'ho li\'c [in the desert].tt mummification, thcy lcarn€d a lor about the hu- man body. They also bccame skilled at observ- The story helps us scc how Egyptians viewed ing symptoms, diagnosing illncsscs, and finding both thcmsclves and thc people of the sur- curcs. D(xtors pcrlbrmed complcx surgical op- rounding desert. crations, $hich thcv describcd on papyrus Pointing ond sculpture. Thc arrs ofan- scrolls. Manv mcdicines that Eg.vptien doctors (rent Eg|pt intludcd st.uucs, sall p.rrnrings in prescribcd ar€ still used, including anise, casor tombs, and car\ings on temples. Somc show beans, and saflion. c\cryd.ly i.:cnc\ oftradc, farmrng, family litl, or Astronomy. Egyptian pricst,astronomcrs religiou\ (crcnrutues. Orhers boasr ol' viclonrs studicd the heavcns, mapping consrcllations and in baftles. charting the mo\cmcnG of thc planets. With Printing snles remained almost unchaDged this knowledgc, thcy developed r calcndar that for thousands of years. Thc pharaoh and gods had 12 months of 30 days each and 5 days wcre always much larger than any othcr hufiafi addcd at the end of each vear. With a few figurcs. Artists usually drew people with thcir 30 Chapter 2 hcads iDd linrtrs in protilc but rhcir clcs rnd shouldcrs faci g tlrc lic\\ cr. City-States of Statucs oftcn depictcd pc()plc iD stifi st.rn drnl poscs. Sonrc hunran figurcs h.rlc rninrrl Ancient Sumer hcads thrt rcprcsent spccial qualitics. 'l-hc Sphiru, \iich crouchcs ncrr thc plranids rt Gulde for Readlng Gizi, portrirs rr crrlv phar,roh as i po\\'crtlrl liorr. (Scc thc photograph on p.rgc 24.) r How did geographic features encourage Ilcsilcs thc prr.rnrids, F:g1'ptians crcctcd the rise of civilization in the Fertile othcr grc.u brrildings. l-hc mr8Diliccnt tcnrplc Crescent? of l{anrscs II at lGrnrk c()ntxills i \lst hall Nith I How were Sumerian government and Il0-1(x)r colurrrns. Nluch latcr, rhc Ro- towcrinli society organized? nrrns nould ad()pt building tcchniqucs likc dxrsc usccl at lftrrr.rk. r What were the main achievements of Sumerian civilization? Looking Aheod r Vo<.bufa.y ziggut oI, hieror(h\, t.ong rlicr irs po$cr dcclincrl. Figlpt rc- nrxincd r ccntcr ()f lcarning xnd culturc in thc Aliican and Mcdircrri'1can \()rlds. lt rls() rc_ r tlrc rrorrlrt.rst ('l th( \ilc l.rr rhc.ruc\.,1 t.rinc.l cer,rrornic inrp, rt.r \.'ur.t ,,l grri,1 '-Fr, 'rtrncc I srrnrcr. in thc.ruricnr Mid.ilc F.rst. lhcrc, .rrtl ,rrhcr richcr. In l.lcr rgcs, tl(\\ F:g\l\irn pcoplc p.rsscd clot'rr stt)rics alxnrt I hcro natrcd citics likc Alcrrnclrir .rnd (l.riro $()uld ittract cihonlcsh. In tnDc, rhcsc storics $crc collcctcd scholrrs. tratlcrs. ind ()thcr risitors. ltt, fion) int Chopter 2 37 GEOCRAPHY aND HISTOryrl in tgypt, the n Tigris and Eu- ,Nen moale the lond lettile ond prcvidec! ove- 2. ,. Lo.oato,, On the nmp, Iocote @) figtis River, (b) Euphtot s RiveL G) Feftite Oescent, (d) Suner, (e) Akkod, (0 Mesopotomio, @) Egypt. 2. Ptd.. Whot phythol feotutes may hove helped linit the exponsion of /*kod? ::rtl".", I | .* ln'*- =:*rr"r- Ceogrophy: fhe Fertile Crescent .tgo. bLrsl citicr cnrcrgcrl in thc sourhcr.n prn oi' trlcsolotanri.r. ll vou look ar thc nr.rp.rborc, rou sill notiet Floods ond irrigotion. lust .rs .(nrrr()l ()f' rn.rr,: oflal]d drat currc:i ti(nn rhc tcrsi.u (lull thr Nilc \txs lirrl t() fluvpt. control ofrhc l igris ro thc cisrcrn l\ledircrnncrn.o.rsr. Thc (hrk. .)r.l Luphr.,r(' $.r\ l(\ r,, .lerrl,1'n1111. .rl rich soils lrrcl goldco *het firlds earnctl ir rhc Nlcsoporanir. l hc dvcrs fiequcndv ()sc in t(r ninrc thc Ircrrile Crescc|r. ri6ing floocis thrr l.xhcd rsav rqrsoil rnd dc Norr.rtiic hcrdcls, rnrtritious inaders, rrnd stt-ored rrucl brick \illigcs. To snni\c irnd pr() rr(i{r' (.r\ilr,"(r'J k rlrc nrru hrrfl(r. ri$ Ji tcct thcir firnlrntl. \illillrcli rlorrg thc i\(rl)rnks .rcrixs rhe fcrrilc (lrcsfenr..\ri r rcsult. thc Ic. h.rd to sork 1()scrhcr. F:\cn dnrhS thc drr' gr(xr L)cc.nnc e .ftx\r()i(l\ rhcrr pcoplc .rntt scrson. drc nlers hrd to bc comrollcd ro .h.nr iclc.ts nrtt.rncl minglcrl. I.lich ncw sroup rhJt .u. r)cl $rt€r ro rhc ficldr. ri\cd rnidc irs ()\trl conlflburi(ns () the rurbu -Itnrplc pricsts or rovrlolicirk pfr\idcd rhc lcnt histrxv ofdrc rcgion. lc.r(lcrslip to cr)rurc c(x)pcrrti(xr. lhct org.rn The lond between the rive$. lhe firs! izcd villagers ro t)uild dikcs ilr hold brck tl(x)d kn()wn ci\ilization in rhc Fcrrilc Crcsccnr s.r' tt.tttIr and irrig.rriorr tiitchcs ro c.rrrr rrtcr t Chopter 2 Initci.rls, srch.rs rinrl)cr or storrc. sl) rhcv built Economic life. lrx(lc broLr!$t richcs t{) $'idr rxfth ,rnd witcr. l hcv madc Lricks oicl,rr. rhc cities. h.r(lcIr srilcd rlortg the ri\cls or sl pcd ir uoodcn nr()l(ls.rnd (lric.l in thc snn. riskcd thc il.rngcrs ol-d(scrl trircl to (xnr lhcsc bricks \crL rhc building lll()cks iix grc)t goo.ls to dist.rnt rcgions. tAlthougdr thc shccl citicr like Ur anil F]cch. hJd llccn in\cr)tcd b! sonrc crrlier unkn(\\rr The nrst cities. Suorcrian citics $efc oRcr) pcople, thc S|rrcriins n1.tui( rhe first \\hcclcd rccr.rngulrr in sh.rpc, surroLrrdcd trl high, rvidc rchiclcs.) r\rch.rcologists hlc lbund grxxls Nrlls. lnsidc drc citv g.rtcs \.\crc bro.td Nenucs fiorr as fir.rrr.\'!s ligrl)t.Ir(l Indi! in thc ruL) scd ii)r religiou5 pro.essiors {)r. victorv Pi lrlc ol Sumcrinu citics. rrdc:. Thc l.rrgcst buildirlgs \trc , !' ,1. Government. SLrn]er inclLrdctl mrr in.tt (zrtrLi uh rits). Pvrrn)id rcmPlcs drrt s():rrcd () pc|dcnr cit\'-strtcs. Ri\al titics olicn b.rttlttl iirr Nrtul thc hcalcns. lheir sloping siclcs had ter courrol oflrrrd ind wxtcr. Iit Protectiur, fc() rr((.. ,,f srJr.,rcp'. rlrrt r.r't ''nrtitrt.. plc tlLrncd t(' cr)urrgcous irrd rcsourccfirl \rf plxntccl $itlr trccs .rnd sirrubs. on ()p of cach Iriders. O\cr rime, thesc \\.rr lcxd€rs c\ohcd ziLqurit srood x shriDc ro the chict go.l or god irim hcrcdilxrr r!lcrs. dcss ()l-thc cit\. ln citch.itl srltc. th. rulcf $as rcsPrrrsiblc I{ulcrs li\rd in nrrgniliccnr p.rhc,:s rvith sp:r ti,r rrrJi rJiD )!. rl\( iir\ s.rllr.rrrtl the rrn$.rr,'n ci,,us coutlards. Nl()sr p€ople. dn)ugh, lned in tinv h()Lrscs p.tckLd irr .r t.rnglccl *cb of narrorv Stoitwoy lo the Codt tuneion ziggutot\Lete .rllcrs rnd hncs. Arrisiurs \\ho pr.r.ritcd thc ortiliciol mountoint rcoching skryotd toword the s.rrlc tr.rclc, sr-rcb .r:i $crvcrs or trf|cntcrs. li\cd heovens. Al the summit of each wos o thine where god gddest. ind \\orkcd iD drc $nrt srr€et.-lhcst shoP lDed prietts honored thet city's diet ot The reconsttucts a 2iggurot to the goddets lnonno sire.rs riJnned i biz.t.rr. rbc in.Lst( ( )f ()d iY's sketch 'r' in the city of Ut. Conatnutaf ond Chonge Are shr4)Ping n]all. there religiout structutes of todoy thot oho seen to rcoch to the heavens? Exqloin. i.:- r-rt i svstcms- Hc lcd its armacs in sar and enfbrced life, cspcciallr the fbrces ol narurc. Sumcrians thc laws. As goYernmenr grerv more complcx, believcd thar gods and goddcsscs behaled like hc cmplotcd scribcs ro carry out funcrions such ordinary pcoplc. f hcy ate, drank. marrjcd, and rs collecting taxes aDd kceping records. The raised firlilies. Although the gods favorcd truth rulcr also had rcligious durics. Hc \\.as seen as and iusticc, rhc! \r'crc ai\o rc{pon\ible tbr \ io rh( (hi(f\crl.rnt ofthc $(ltls tnd IcJ (cr(monics lencc and suffering. dcsigncd ro plcase rhem. To Sunrerians, thcir highcst dutv wxs ro Sociol closses. Erch Sumerian city sratc keep these divine beings happy and thcrcbv cn- had a distinct social hief.if.h\' (Hi uh rahr kee), sure thc safcn ofdrcir ci6' srarc. Each cir\-srare or system of r:rnks. The highest class includcd had its orrn special god or goddcss ro vhom thc ruling f'amily, lcading ofticials, and high peoplc pravcd and ollircd sacrifices ofaDimals. pricsts. A small middlc class was made up of grain, and winc. mcrcharts, artisans, and lesser pricsts and Peoplc celebrated rnanv hol! davs with ccre- scribes. monies and processions. Thc rnost important At the basc of socieo $ere the majoriN oi ceremonv occurred ar rhe new vcar it4rcn thc pcople, peasanr farm€rs. Some had their orvn king sought and won the favor of Inanna, the land, but nrost [orkcd land bclonging to thc life-gi\inB Bodde\\ (,t lo\e. Thc bng prrri(iprr- king or tenrplcs. Sumcri.ns also c\'ned slaves. cd in a svmbolic marrieg€ \'irh the goddcss_ Mort sllcs h.rd bccn oprurcd in uer. Somc, This ritual, Sumerians belieYed, would makc thc though, had sold rhemseh,es into slavery to pav ncl year fruittul anci prosperous. their dcbts. Likc the Egvptians, rhe Sumerians belicvcd Women. In rhe edicsr Sumerian m|ths, r in an aftcrliti. Ar dcarh, thc! bclicved, a pcrson morhcr goJdcsr $rs the ccnrrrl figurc r,t crcation. dcscended into a grim underlorld liom rvhich Shc mav have rcflected thc honorcd rolc ofmoth- therc was no rclcasc.ln The Epic of Gilgamuh, (r\ c,rJ\ (.'nrnru,trEics 'i) firn)i,,ts An ,:nc(nr which vou rcad abour on pagc 31, a clraractcr prorcrb rJvncJ. "P hccrl ro rhe $I)rd ofrour dcscribcs thc underu.orld as mi,ther r\ $ough ir $crc thc \ord of.r god.'i (irhe house sherc one goes in As hrge ciq.\tale\ cmcrgcd uith *arrior- and never comes out againj lcaders at thcir hcad, malc gods who rcscmbled thc road that, ifonc talcs carl! kings repb(ed rhc older morhcr.Bodde\\ ii, onc nevcr comesback..., Still, In dre crrh cin sr.ucr. sircs ot ruler1 en rhc placc \r.hcrc rhcl lirc on dust, joycd special pou,ers and duties. Some supcr- their food is mud; viscd palacc [orkshops and ruled firr the king . . . and they scc no light,living whcn hc uas absenr. Onc woman, Ku,Baba. be- in blacknessl ermc r rulcr hcrsclf. rising from thc l Sumeria'n Religion In Sumer, as in Egypt, rulers fut- lilled important religious duties. Likc mosi encienr pcoples, thc Sumerians How do religiousvalues and institu- werc polytheisti(. wor\hiFing mJny 8rds. t hes< tionr inf luence governmentT gtrdr uere rhoughr ro crrnrrol everr aspecr of 34 Chapter 2 School for Scribes School doys. Suorcrirn scribes had t() B() 'l'hc throrrgh vears ofstricr scbooling to rcqLrirc thcir scribe b€nt ovcr skills. On€ scribc \r'rorc in cssay describing his tbc cl:rv txblct. His school days in the dlrrd, or "tablet housc." hild held a stllus, or "When I arosc crrlf in rhe morning," hc rc- rccd pcn, and morcd ..rllcd, "l faced mv mothcr ind said to her: 'Givc s\\'ilil) rcross thc $ct.lav,lcaring small serlgc- nr€ mv lunch, I w:rnt Rr go to schooll'" He thcn shxpcd mtrrk. \Mrcn hc had 6nishcd, hc rcacl hurried to school, koo$ing thrt if hc \\crc htc orcr thc terit and then.rllcd tln assistant to phcc hc could bc bcatcn t'ith ;r cane: rhc trblct to drr. The frrst writing. ll\ 3200 B-(:., thc 55The fello$, in clrrrgc oipunctualiN Sumcrians had irr\cntcd drc carlicst known fornt srid: 'Wh-v arc you latc?'Afraid and ofwriting. This qrpc ofwriting wes later callcd $ith pounding hcrrt, I cntcrcd bcforc trrrreil,'r-nr (k-voo rr.t uh fi)rm) from the Litirl mv tcxchcr and m.rdc x respectful rvord crrrzr for '\,edgc. " bow.tt Cuneifbrm grcs oLrt of a svstem of pic priests rrscd to record lvith that hurillc clcarcd. thc bov rvorkctt togrirplrs that Soods *school-hthcr" t'roug,ht to remplc sr<'rch,'u.es. Latcr, pric'tr hxrd copYing his tablcts. Ihe dc|clopcd s_r'mbols to rcprcscnt more compli_ (tcrchcr) and "big brothcr" (.rssistrnr tcrchcr) citcd thoughts. (Sec thc chart bclol.) As thcir rlonitored his NorkNith r sh,rrp c\'€. lfhc \\'rote rvritirrg evolved, thc Su,ncrilns \\'ere able to usc untidilv or talked withoLrt pcrmission, hc coulcl it to rccord not only grain hirvcsts but als() bc "caned." oncc hc cvcn bcggcd his fathcr trr rurlrlrr. prrverr. l.rrrr. rrc.rtic.. rnJ brr.irrrs pdy thc tcacher nx)rc so thirt hc would bc trcit- cd more kindlv Outllne Bqby- lonton 3(XXl a.<. 20OO a.c. 7(xt B.c. 5OO r.(. 5rn , ilountaln ?< ,< { r-R Ot + r-1./ r--l( tlsh { 4 fi( I.KM lnaefirettno o Chort Su|n?rion wilinq developecl gtoduolly, lrcm timple outtin. Ptclutet to thc ;edoedlvmbots ol cuneilorm. Lotet Mesopotomion peoples li*e the scibes shown herc' odoDkdsun;etion cuneiform lo lhen own nAds a Eoted on thit dott' desc be how tunbtom chonqed between 2000 B-( . ond 500 s c =ffiChapter 2 35 Each day hid its routinc, drc student latcr on Sumcriu knowledgc of thc constellati(Ds rccalled: and planets, latcr Mesopotrmian astronotrcrs dcrelopcd rvaYs to prcdict cclipscs of drc sun aaI rccited n)Y rrbler, ate mr lunch, prepared nrv rablct, rvrotc ir, Inc$l Later pcoplcs rlso rlrhor.rtcd orr Sunrr.ri.rn finished it . . . rnd in the afternoon mv literature, irrchding Tb Epi oJ Gilgawuh. ht cxercisc tablcts \lcre brought to mc. other episodcs, Gilgamesh rravels the \r'orld in Wlen school $'as dismissed. I \r'cnr scarch ofctcrnal life. Or his jourrc\', hc mcds hom€, cDrcrcd drc housc, and found the sole surviror ofa grert tln)d thar destroycd nn frrh(r \iiring rh(rc I r\thineJ m! rhc rorlJ. rArrh.reologi'rs h.rre lirrnd crirjcure excrcisc rablcts to my f'athcr, rccitcd suggesting thar a catasrrophic flood devastircd my tablct R) him. and he wrs Mcsopotanrii some*'hcrc about 4,900 ycars delightcd.tt ago.) B! the end ot' thc sror)', cilginresh Advonces in leoming. li,ung \cribc\ in- has learncd thc greatcsr truft ofall rhar c\.cn training learncd bv cop\in8 and rcciting. Mosr heroes musr die. smdents Ncrc bovs, bur a Fw girls fiom wcahhy By mcans ofthc f Cilgonesh holdinq o lion trmilics learncd to rcad and wrirc. Some sru- various peoplcs $ho rlcrrts lrn schrrrl aticr lc;rning rinrplc ;rrthrnctir conqucrcd thc Mid so that they could keep accounrs. Gifted stu- dle East, Sunrerian dcnts went ol to gain a l.idc rangc of kno\r1- klorvlcdgc passcd t.lgc :bout rcligiun. nredicinc, malhcmJriL\. on to rhc Grccks gcography, astronoml', and lirernrrrre. .rnd Romans. They, Orer thc tcnturic.. in!(ntrlc \umcriars in turn, hacl a pol madc advanccs il) l)larhematics, To measure and crful impact on rhe sohe problems of calculation, thcv devclopcd developmcnt of the basic algebra and gcomerrr. Thcv based thcir numbcrsvstenr on six, di\iding thc hour inro 60 minutes and thc circle into 360 dcgrees, as $c sEcTIoN still do today. f?r/ l- nrvrrw Pricsts srudicd the skies, rccording rhc nro\cment of hervcnlv bodics. This krro\lledge L fdentfttr (a) The Epic ot jilgomesh, cnablcd them to meke accurate c.lcndars. \'hich (b) Inanna, (c) Ku-Baba. rrc \o esrenrirl io.l firming ro(ict\. In Sumcrirn 2. Definc (a) ziggura! (b) hierarcht s()cictv. as in most earlv civilizations, educared (c) cuneiform. stnbcr enjoycd rc'pccr rnd (('uld somerinrc\ 3. How did geography influence the city-states rcach high posirions. Such bcncfits made rhe of Sumer? Iorrg, difhcult vcan ofschooling $'orthq'hitc. I 4. (a) What were the duties of Sumerian rule.s? (b) How were religion and qovernment Looking Ahead linled? 5. Describe three a((omplishmentr of Sumerian Ar'mies ofconquering peoplcs swept across civilization and explain how each influenced Mc'olotamra and ovcrrrhelmrd lhc Sumcrirn later peoples. cin.states. ()ften the newcomcrs scttled in thc e. Criticol Thinkin4 comp..tng com- rcgion and adoptcd idcas liom rhc Sumerirns. pare schoollife in ancient Sumer to life in your Thc mlths and gods of th€sc pcople becamc school. How are they similar? How are they minglcd with thosc of Sumcr. In thc proccss, different? nrmc\ (hrrBcJ. Th( Sumrri.rn gr'Jdcs Inann,r. T.ACTMTY Review the chart on page 35. firr cxrmple, bccante lslrt,rr. Then, create pictographic and cuneiform sym- The nc[comcrs adapted cuncifbrm to tlcir bols for three obiects orconcepts rn\n langurgcs.rnd (prcad that are hrlped sumcrirn important in your own life. learning across ihe Middle Fllrsr. Building 36 Chapter 2 inro the \\'i.lc v.rllev betrrccn rhe rivcrs. nrnt Invaders, Traders, blirg his cmpirc into ruin. ln time. dre Surncrirn citr st;rtcs rcrirccl. and Empire Builders rnd thcir poNLl strugglcs rcsurr)c.l- E\cntrr.rlh. l)o$clcr. ncs c(xrquerors fi,liltcd in the fix)t- incl imposcd unitl ovcr thc F.f culde for Readlng steps ofS.rrgon !ilc Crcsccrlt. r How did strong rulers shape the Homrnurobi. About 1790 R.(.. Ihnr civilizations of the Fertile Crescent? nrur:rbi (h.rh nr(r' R'\H bcc), kirrg ot Babvk,r). (,f trtcsoPoun)i.r undcr his cort- r What advances in government and l)rcughl much lhc l],tb)lonian cnr technology did early civilizations make? rrol. He tcxrl stcps to unitc pirc bv publishiog :r rcmrlrk.rblc sct of l.rr|s. r How did warfare and trade influence the knoun rs thc (ixle ofHanrnrLrr.rbi. ancient l\4iddle East? H.rmmur.rbi rr.rs not thc iLrthor oithc Lodc. r vocabulary Il()st ofth( Lnvs hrd been.rrourtd sirrce Sunrcr l ( r,rorrrf i rii,rrrl irn timcs. Hiul)Drunbi, hoscrcr. l.rnrcd PcoPlc to knoq thc leg.rl princiflcs his governntcnr roLrld finlorv. So hc had rrtislns crne thc 3(X) f l\,'Lr hr.r \i\rI(J r're 1'rlric, r rlr(.rrr\itr'' \. h\5 on i 5r( c pilhr fbf .Il1 t() scc. OI) it, hc Pro Irrn.rrr Ung.\$url'rrprl '.rh *"'r t,t,t rrLrlt cl.rinred his go.tls: p.rbl). fou \oul(t h.Nc tbund tht \rlls dccor.tttll jurticc \irh or.lgniliccnt crr\ings. ()nc sccnc shoss As' aa'fo..rrsc to prc\iil io thc lind. (,ri,,\irrr To dcstn,r rhc licked .rnd cvil. r,r|l',rrrrqul rIJ l)i. 'l,r((,r ., fiJIrtr irr thcir'lush p rcc grrrclcn. rr_carbv, rrusicirns cn_ Thirt thc str(ng nr.N n()t oPPrcss thc rrrtrn the ro).rl couple. rverk.!t 'l hr: sccnc is rclsccl rntl elcgrnt. Look carc' firlh, drough, .rnd for' \ill sec s(nncdrirrg st.rr rlillg. HiI)!iog li(n r trcc brinch, jusr bchind.r h.rfp pla|er, is thc bcrd ofa cietc.rtcd king In drc.lncicnr Middle Eist. irs clsewhcrc. bl Ruling a Lorge Emqire lnv.rsbn .rnd c(nrqLrcst \\crc Ptlnninent t-c,1 rurcs in thc hi:it('rr of rh€ 3ncitr)r trlidclle E.lst At.rn JrJ rq.ri,r. rxnrrJJ:. l\1'ln(' i{ rrrrllt'rr\ Nrrriors dcsccndcci on the i.h citics ot the Fcr tilc (lrcscenr. Whilc |ninI invrdcrs sinrylv ltxrtcil .rn.l ['Lrlned, sornc sr.r|ctl to rulc l'trrvcrtirl lerct aode of Hdnmurcbi "lf o mon breaks into o crs clc.rtcd hrgc, rrcll org.rnizctl cnrpircs, bring house, he sho be killed in front ot' that breok'in ond ing pe.rce r d |rospclitv to thc rcg,ion buned therc." This lotr' ond the rest of Hammutobi\ The first empire builder. Ai)out 2300 code were cut into o sevenJoot-loll pillor nearlv yeo6 the ol the pillot. thi &Ning R.( ., Sirgon, drc rLrlcr ofncighboling Akkad, itt 4,000 ogo. AI lop god r.rric.i r J.,,rrqtrrrr.i lh( (,r\ \l.Lt(\ i'l \r'rrr,r shows King Hommurabi stonding beforc the potrcn ot justice. PdLkd and Soctot Hc tlrilt tlrc tlrtt (nr|ire kro\\1r (' histor\. His Shomosh, Sftaent Why do you think Hommwobi displayed ttitl nor l.rsr k)lrg. ho\ .r\toDisbrrg rchic\tnrcnr his laws in such o pubic woY? r\cr. S(l Chopter 2 37 Crime ond punishment. Hanrmurabi's Warfare and the Spread of ldeas (',dc ur\ rhc lirsr mrjor rollccrion (,r ld$\ in hisrory. It listcd both crinrinal laws, dcaling wirh I-ater empires shafcd rhc Middlc Easr in dif- nurdcr and thcli, and .i\it l.rrls. dcaling with fcrcnt lavs. Oftcn. conr:;uerors uprooted drc prilate rights rnd matten, such as brrsirress con, peoplcs thev deftatcd. Bv fbrcing peoplc to tracts, propcrtv inheritancc. raxes, m.rrriager and molc clscuhcrc, thcsc in\aders helped spread divorcc. idrr.. ()ther (onqu(ror\. hkc rhc Hirrrrc., Bv todar's standards, the la\rs olicn seerr brought r1€\r, skills ro thc regi('r. crucl, follo\\'iDg rhe priDciplc of "an cve for an The secret of ironworking. The Hirrrrcs cvc rn.l a lifi' ti,r a lift " For cxanplc, ifr housr pushcd out oi Asir Minor int(' M.\,p,,rrnril collapsed becarrse ot' poor construui()n and rhc about 1400 B.c. Whilc rhev werc lcss advanccd homeowncr was killcd. thc buildcr ofrhe house than thc pcoples of Mesopotanria, thev h.rd could be put to death. Srill, such a lcgal codc lcarned r(, (xtracr iron fiom orc. The Hilri(c! was morc ordcrh rhan oldcr rradid()ns, \r'hich heatcd irorr orc and pounded out impurities bc- pcrmitted uDrcstrict€d pcrsonal vcngeancc, fbre plunging it into cold rvater. The rools and -fou lV Scc l)ecide,"How Should Socicty Deal weapons thcv madc with iron wcrc hardcr and lvirh La\r'brcakcrsf " prAcs 72-7 3.) had sharper edges thao thosc mrde our of Lows forwomen. Hammurabi's Code did bronzc or coppcr. Bccausc iror \'as plenritirl, tr\' to protr(r ihc po$crlc\\. in,:ludrng uomcn thc Hittircs $ere ablc ro arm nrorc people it lcss rnJ \h\c\. (hc lr$ \pcllcd our rhc ri!,hr, ol a Thc Hitrircs tricd ro keep this valuablc rech nologv sccret. Bur as rheir cmpire collapscd 55Ifa \oman so hated hcr husband that ebout 1200 8.c., Hirtitc ironsmirhs migrated ro she has dcclarcd,'You rnav nor hrvc serve customers elscwhere. The nc{' kno\Llcdge mc,'her rccord shall be investjlixtcd ar thus sprcad across Asia, Africa, and Europr:, her citv couDcil, and ifshc . . . \'as not at ushering in the Iron Age. fauh . . . dtar Noman, \{thour incurring Fierce woifore. The l\ssvrians, who livcd an) blrmc ar all, may rakc her dourv ard on the upFer T'gns. hrrncd io ti'rg( ir(nr go offto her hther's house.!! weapons. Bv ll00 !.c., thev bcgarr cxpandirrg If thc woman rvas not found blanrcless. shc across Mcsopotamix, lor 500 lelrs. thev terror could be thro$n inro rhc ri\.er Still, under ized thc rcgion, earning a rcpuration as onc of Himmurabi's Code. di\'()rcc la$s lr,crc f'airer ro the most \'irlike peoplc in h;storv. !r()men than thos€ fould in many counrries un No onc kno* s why warfarc u,as so ccnrral ro til recenr timcs. Orher laws allo$'ed r $,oman ro Assvrian culture. Wrs ir ro keep odrers frolD dt osn propern'and pass it on to hcr childrcn. t.t(krng or to pler\c dr(ir god Ajsur bf brirr8inB In grncral. rhe (odc \tricd\'rcgulrrrd rhc peace and order ro $e regionl Assyrian rulcrs bch:rior ol rrr,nrcn lt crpc,:rcd I $onrrn ro rc hrr.rcd r't rhcrr bnrt.rl lrcrrmcnr,,t ronq(rcrcil mrin in her hu\hrnd's home rnd bc dcpcndenr lands. One told ofcrfrurinA Brbvlon: ,,n him. A hushrnd. hoscrcr. had a lcgJ dun aaThc cin and its h(mses, fronr rop ro t(, snpport his $,ifi- Thc code also grve a father bottom, I destrovcd and burncd rvirh ncarll unlimircd aurhority o\€r his childrcn. fire. Thc walls, rcmplcs and gods, tcm Thc Babylonians believcd that an orderly plc to*crs ofbrick and earrh, as manv hourrhold hc.rtltd b! a \rrong f:rhcr \as rc{ xs thcrc r{erc, I dcstroved.tt csser\' lor a stible empirc. Other occomplishments. Although most Assyrion society. Despitc thcir bruralin, firnxrus lor his la$ codc, Hamnrurabi rook Assvrian rulcr\ encoLrrr!,ed a wcll-orJ(rcd \r)(r- othcr steps to unirc his cmpirc. Hc improved cn'. 'fhc\' \r'crc thc first rulcrs ro dcvclop exrc (,rgrnizcd irrigalion lnd r \\.(ll.trrnc\i rrm\' Hc si\e la\\'s regulating lift Nithin thc roval housc- had remples r(prircd rnd promorcd rhc chicf hold. Richcs tiom rrdc rnd \\.rr loot prid tbr ll.rbylonr.rn g,rd. Marduk, orer oltlcr Sumerirn thc rplcndrd prlaLC\ rn !Lell-pl.rnncJ cilic\. thc gods. lr,omen of th€ palacc, though, wcrc confincd 38 Chopter 2 The A';tyions Md Pe6Tnts btift huge enPirt in ttl€ on ient Middk Eost. flv Petsb/t|s ddministeld their q tu-tury enlp e q buiuitg turr @pitd chbt- . t. t,''',ot On the nop, locotet (o) Ats|fim enPte, (b) Pd*tn enpift' (c) Assv, (A Suso, G) lsio Minor. ; 2 ,,pffif,,''what lond ond wgtd.outes mwr o Frson lve token to travet hon Mem\his to Nine!*? I crld.d thrn.ht!t tfrr,lr'',/',',g t fro,'nra,o.t L@k at the mopon We 32. Wllot tonds did dE Assqiont con]/ol in obout 625 Bc thot werc not convdled W the Bobyhnions in the 1700s 3.c? irr sccludcd qLrarters and had to be veilcd whcn Nebrrchadnczzar rebuilt thc cinils. tcnr- thcv.rppcdrccl in public. plcs, u,rlls, and palaccs of Babvlon. n-crr his At Nincvch (NIHN uh vuh), King Assurbrni- chicfprl.rcc \\'erc the t'amous Har!dn!! Grrdcrrs, p.rl f chapter 2 39 Uniting mony peoples. I hc real unific.r tion ofthc Pcrsi.m rmpire s .1! ;rccorrr plished un der the Pcrsi.Il cnlperor Drrius, \tho rulcd t'ronl 522 B.(:. to 486 r... A skillecl orgirnizer, DariLrs set up ir 8o\crnnent rha! bccinrc.r modcl li:r lJlcr ruler\. Hc Ji\iJcd rhc Ilr\riD ljmtrft rri' prolinccs. circh hcaded br'.r lr(^crnor callcd ir '.rrr.rp. Erch s.lrrilp\', or pr(^illccl had to pav trrcs bascd on irs rcsources tnd lc.rhh. Speci;rl ofEcials, "thc l;rcs nnd EiIs ('frhc Kin!i." \isircd each prolincc to chcck on tlrc s.rrr.rps. Like Hrmnrurirbi, Drrius rchptcd l vs lrom thc peoplc hc conqucred and drcu up .r singlc .'od( ol lrs\ li,r th( cmprr(. li,c (,,urJBcunir\. hc had hundrcds of miles of ro.rtls built or rc IrlrCd RoJ,l\ rrl.rJc ir c.r\i(.r r(, (nr1rn)uniirrc $ith diftlrcnt prrts ol the cnrpirc. l)arius him sclf kept moviog fiom onc rovirl capital to .rn, othcr. ln c.tch, hc c€lebrated iInportinr fisri\.rls .rnd Nas sccn bv thc peoplc. Economic life. To improvc tradc, Dirius set Lrp ir comnx set ofscighrs and measurcs. Hc irlso cncourrged the usc oicoins,.rvhich tlrc I-!dians oi Asi:r Milor had firsr inrroduced. Royol Cuordlon This huge, bull.like figure quorded poloce l\tost pcople conrioued to bc p.rrt ofthc h.rrrcr the of on Atsytnn kinq. Such nythicol (.orr()in\. creoturcs stood in front ol all ksfion potoces os cri.hinsing onc sct of goods or scr protection ogoinst evil spiits. kutptots coryed the \ices tbr rrothcr. Coins, howcvcr, brouehr mcr, bull with five legs so thot, seen frcm the honL it .hants and rr.rdcrs inro:m carlv ti)rDr ofa monev opryted to be stonding, while seen from the side, it c.r,nornr. rcPl.rr'rng h,rrrrr r irh rhe cr,lr,rrgt ,,r oppeored to be wolking. Ara ond L/i.ro']ltlE Bosed ntonfl. Br rcrrinF ul' r \rnFlc I'(r\[r) LU r.rltr. on whot you hove rcod, how does this tculpture l)rriu\ (r(JrcJ ((r'numrc link\ rnr,'|lg t.i\ lrF rcflect the volues of Assydon tociety? tlung sublcrtr. A new religion. Religious trclicfi put fbr, Nllrd bv thc hcNens coDtriburcd ro the !iro\\ing krowlcdgc l,crsirn thinkcr Z,or()ls(cr (zoh roh .\. ruhr rlv' h(lf(J ro rr)ir( lh( cnrfirc Zoroaster lircd ilrout 600 B.c. Hc rcjected rhe old Pcrsi.ro grrls. The Persian Instcad, hc t,rught thar a singlc Empire Nise god, Ahura trlazdr (.lh Htx) ruh rr\trl Thc thick walls built br r-cbuchadnczzar duh). rulcd rhc rrorld..{hrrrr Il:rzth, hoscrcr, f:iled to hold back nc\ conqucrors. Ilr 539 l,.r.., \.rs;n consr.urt brrdc:rgrinsr Ahriman (rl rih Ilabvlon lill to rhe Pcrsi.rn.rnnics r)fCvrus thc lnLrhn), drc princt (,tlies rnd cvil. Erch indnict- (;reat. Clvrus.lnd his succcssors \r'cnt on ro con- u.rl. said Zoroistcr. hid to choose \\'hich side ro rlLr(r rhc lrr$C\t (mtrrc rll \c(IL fh( t(^iJll. supPort. ((nrrrUll(J c\(nruril\ r \rJ( \\\(.(F.,t rcrrir,,r! Zoroasrcr's tcrchings r'cre c(tlcctcd in i sr, lr,'rn.LiJ \l'n,,r 1,, IndiJ. i'r(lr'(lirg \\h i\ r,, crcd book, the Zrrrrl',4r'rrrr. lt tiluehr fiar in rhc Jrt furlcr'. lrio. t$Irr,.\tgh.rni\l.rn, rnd Prk. cnd Ahuri r\l:rzda Nould triun)ph o.r'cr rhc istan. lScc rhc rirp on prgc 39.) fbrccs ofcvil. ()n that dar', rll inetnfturls rorrlcl In licncrxl, the Pcrsians \crc t()lcrxnr ofthc be judgcd ri,r rhcir .rcrions. Ihosc *tro hrrd pcople thcy c(nqucred. Ihcv rcspcrted the cur donc goocl $(nrld cnrcr p.rridisc. Elildoers toms and rcligious tradirionr of the di!erse s,'ulJ hc r,,rr,irrnrncLl rncrL.rrrrl rrrrlcnng lsl groups ir thcir crlpirc. l.ttrr rrh$iorrr rh.rr crrrergcd rrr rhc \lrdJl( Fr\1, 40 Chapter 2 Conna(tlont Contrlbutlon People Dcr<.lptlon Todry transport qood5 in trade. wheeled vehicles ar€ used by billions today. Th€ Sumerian cuneiform Writing has developed was made up of wedge- from cuneiform to hand writing and mechanical printing to compute. about 100 symbolt rcP- generated imag€s and retentinq syllables. This alphabet contained Later peoples adapted 22 symbols stand ng for rhe Phoenician alphabet consonant sounds, writ- to produc€ our 26l€tler ten in verticalcolumns alphabet. trom right to left. Hitlites learned to exttact Today, iron i5 used to lron from ore and fath- make steel produ.ts on tools and weapons such as cars, building that were harder than mat€rial5, and utensils- bronze or.opper ones. and a few iron prod- u.ir su.h a! decorative railings. Eabylonians Using advan€€d geom- Today, asironomeff (ill etry, a(ronome6 could p.€di.t eclipses of the study of the moon, sta6/ sun and moon and the and planets. They get positions of planets in much of their data from powerful teletcopes and Coins Early.oins were made of Coins replaced bartet, electrum, an alloY, or leading to the money natural mix, of gold and economy of today. Now 5ilver. The image on a we also u5e paper money, oa coin showed its value. pbnic crcdit ca.ds, and lrteryrcatng o Chort Ancient oilzalons of the Fettile Crescent mode brcdkthtoughs ir' wttinq, taience, ond le(hnology. Tnde ond wodote sprcod these deos to netqhbonng 1ond5.; whift Lonhbution on lhe chon do vou thtnr wos most impodont? ttplon Christianin' and Islam, srrcsscd similar idcas Later, drc Grecks adapred thc lthoeniciir clpha- :rbout hcalcn, hcll, and a fin:rljudgncnt da\'. bet and rdded srnlbols for rhc ro\\'el sounds. lronr thir Crcck .rlphrbcr e.rnre lhe lcrtcrs i Brave Sea Traders $hich this book is Nritrcn. (Scc rhe charr on pase I09.) Whilc poNcrlirl rulcrs srrbducd large em- pircs. nrrn\ \mrll n.rre\ m.r.ic rheir o$ D coniri Looking Ahead buti(ms to civiliz.uion. Thc Phocnicians (tuh NEu shuhns), fbr cxamplc, gained finre xs sailors Thc Middle East continucd to bc rr vital rn.l rrJder'. fhc\' o..uFicJ J \rring of irric, crossroads, sherc larriors and traders mer. Jong thc casrcrn Iledilcrr.rncrn toJsr. rn $ h.rr clashed, rnd minglcd. Undcr Pcnian rule, is bdry l,ebanon and Svriir. rchol.rn JrN trn 3.000 ycarr ofl\lesoporJnri.r Monufocturing qnd trode. Thc corstal learnirrg rnd addccl thcir orvn rdvalccs to this land. though nrrros,las furtile and supported rich heritagc. lD tinre, rhc achicvements of this f:rnring. Srill. thc resourccfll Phoenicians bc, culture dltered ers$\'rrd inro tndia and scsr .anrc hcrr knuurr rur rnrnuti!lrrrirg rnd lrnLic. *ard into Europc.-lhc chart on pag€ 4l sum- Thcr jn.iJe gla\\ tiom (oJ.rrl \rnJ Fr(nn r rirN madzes rhe impirct of some Middle ll.rstcm .c.r vnil. rhcl prr rrccd :'irrirrr r \\1Llch rdmircd furplc dvc. r.rllrd purf'lc- rricr rhc (in or' Othcr conqucrors r'ould overlhcln thc Tvrc. Phoenrci.rn' rl'o uitl p.rprrur ti,m Eglpr P€rsi.rn cmpirc, xlrhoLrgh diflcrent l€adcrs re, to makc scrols, or rolls ofpaper, fbr books. Thc vived Pcrsian powcr at various rimes down to nords Bi!/r antl bibliographv conrc fiom thc thc prcrcnr. t hc Middlc trsr rcmri ed r rcgron PhocDician cir! of BYblos. \hcr€ diverse p€oplcs ceme inro close contad. Phoenicians rradcd rvirh pcoplc .rll arorrntl though rhere pcoplc lived rhou\rnd\ ,,t vcrrs thc Mcditcrrancin Sea. To pronrore trrde, the.v rgo. \oorc or rhcir b(hef\.rnd iJrl. \ur\i\id ro set up colonies fionr r.\orrb Aliica ro Sicih and shapc our moderu torld- Sp o. A,,'1,'r'\ is a rcrrirorr.crihd rDd rujcd bv pcoplc fionr I distant land. (f Scc.slillslor Srrrr$, pxgc 46.) sEcTroN lZ nrv|Ew Doring voyoges. pho(niir.rn A tr$ 1.ldcntlfy (a) Sargon, (b) Hammurabi, tradcrs brarcd thc stormr Athnric and s:rilcd as (c)tusurbanipal, (d) Nebuchadnezzar, f.]r r\ !.u8lind. Thcrc. rhcr goods cr.h.r gcJ (e) Cyrus the (D lrunr thr M(Llir(rrJllcJ) CreaL Darius, (g) Zoroaster. li'r i r. AL\our o0O B.( .. 2, Deflne (a) civil (b) onc l)hocnicia law, satrap, (c) barter c\pediti(n mav harc sailed economy, (d) colony. dos'n the Red Sca aDd rhcn fbllolcd rhc Aliican 3. Describe how each of the following (oJ\t rri,rrrd lhc \oulhcrrr leaders rip. th,rr hisron.: unified has emphe: (a) Hammurabi, vovigc \\'as fbrg()ften lbr ccnrurics. lln thc latc (b) Darius. 1400s, Europcrns claimccl to bc thc firsr to 4. How did the Hittites introduce a new aoe round the sourhcrn tip ofAtiica.) of technoloqy? Th€ olphobet. Hisrorirrns havc collcd thc 5. Why are the Phoenicaans called ,.carier5 of Phoenicians "crrricrs of civilization" bccausc civilization"? thcv sprcad Middlc Easr€rn ci\.ilizari(nr around 6. Critical Thinking Mlktng Infc.enccs the l\'lcditerrancan. Yet thc Phocnicians mrdc Why do you think Darius supported the their r!\rll conrnlrurion ro our giring sorll. us spread of Zoroastrianism throughout our JIllhrb(r. the Persian empire? I'hG.nicir'r rrrJer\ nccrtctl .r quiek. r)oihlc 7.- ACTMTY Using information in this sec- lbrnt ,rf \nring to recorJ l,Isirrc\s dcrls. Thc tion and Section l, create a time line of the \redgcs of curcilbrm \\,erc roo clumsy. so thcv ancient Middle East. Include the rise and fall rJlptcLi the iJrr ot u\r'rB n, rcprcsc r \n)bot\ ot empires, importanl indNiduals, dnd turning rpokcn soun,ls. l'hcir s\srcnr srrrrtrotr of22 for poants in technology or religion. consonant sounds bccame rhc lirst re:rl alphabct. 42 chapter 2 A nomodic people. According to thc The World of 'lbrah. thc Hcbrers had lit'cd ncrr Ur in Mcsopor.rorir. Abort 2000 R.c., thcv migrrted, the Hebrews hcrdiDg their f) Chapter 2 43 l)Lrring thcir .ifri\irr. rhc Hcbrerrs bcc.rme knorr n .rs rhc lcrrs. l-crrs hrcr. rrhcn thc Prrsi,rn mlcr (rlus .r'n.lLrcr(.i l]rl)\li'Il. h! r(l(.sc.r rlrc ) ffi?]Il:! Jrsr In' (.rl'li\ir!. Al. r\ lrss rrrrrrnrJ tI l,,lf.l n(, \hcfc thcY rctrLrilt King Sokrrron's templc in lcnrs.rlcn. \tt. likc othcr snrill groLrps in thc fcgi(,n, dreY continncd to livc under a serics of lirrr:ign nrlcls. incluiling the Persirns, Greeks, A Covenant With God \\rh.ri roLr htrrc jusr rcrd is rn outline ofcrr It lcrish historr: To the HchrcNs, hisrorv and rclign'n rcrL. ir)rcri,,rn.u(J. f,r.tr <'crir re tlc(tcd (;(xl':i pl.ur lin. thc Het)re$ pcople. In Iinlc. Hctrrc\ belir:ti crohcd inro rhc rcligidr ttc knrx'tottl .rs loriiislrt. lLrci.iism dinired in iirntl.rnrcnr.rl $rrs tiorn rhc bclicli of ncrrbl Belief in one true God. hd.rism \\'as fhe forah Over time,lewish people mig@ted to r,,,rt,1li!i\r .. rc.rching:r bclief in olrc God. At dive6e londs. Nevertheless, Jewish communities thc tinrc. nx)st othcr Fr)plc Norshipcd |nrnr oround the world remoined uniaed by thei u,rls.rrr.iu,rl.lcscr \ rts rtlighrrs L,rJrrr. tit< common troditions ond foith in Cod. Hete, the 7-('r().rstLr in I'e|5ii .rod thc E$trian rulcr sosed forch scroll is elevoted for oll to see, \khcn.rton. bcliclcd in r single po\crirl dein. Gtobot tnterdctlon As shwm by itlusttotion, the Ho$c\cl, thcir xlc:rs diti not lrLrvc thc l orlcl whot othet elenent of lewlsh culturc hos hetped tt idc inrt.rct rhrr Hcbrcs br:licf-i d . unite lews of mony londt? 'I hc .rncicnt Hcbrcss priled ro (;od ro sr\c lhcrr r;,{n rlr(ir (n(n)rc,. \!rr)\ oth.jr r \i(nl pct4rlc hrd .rlso turDctt to p.rrricrrl.rr gotls or splcndid tcmplc (i(xl, dcdicrrcd n) rs \\.cll rs J|r goddcrscs .rs rhtir speci:rl prorcctors. But rhey cnoflnolls p:rl.rcc lbr hi rleli. Kiog S(,1(nrr(nr rhi,uull ,'i \r\lr r:,r1. .rr rrcJ r,r irn.:in pl.r.t- tron pr.risc fbr his l.isdom.rncl unclcrst.rrrdiug. <,r pcr4rlc. Ihc Hi:b.css bclic\ed in in rll He also tried to incrcrsc Isrrcl's intluc cc b! DC kn<,rvinu, ill po\crfil. Grd \\ho r.is pres€rt gurirrng $irh pusL.,ri'l crnf,r(. rr Fgrpi.rn.i Mcsopotamir. A chosen people. As vou rc.rcl, Iers bc Division ond conquest. Thc kirg&)nr ()i' licvccl th.rt (i 44 Chapter 2 6(l the Lortl rm God who brought on rhe rich and powerful to protect the poor -vour be- you out of the land of !lgr-Pt, the and w€rk. All PcoPlc, they said, wcrc equal house of bondage: You shall have fbre God. Unlikc ntany ancient societies wherc no odrcr gods besidc Mc - . thc ruler $as sccn irs r god, lews sarv thcir lcad_ Honor vour f'ather and !'ou nother, crs is t'ullv humaD rnd bound to obc!'(;od's la$'- as drc tord 1'our God has connunded. . - . Loaking Ahead You shall rot murdcr. 2,000 ycars agol malr,'Jc\vs \\'ere You shill not stexl.tt Almost fbrccd to leave thcir hom€land in PJcstinc (Sc€ other lows. The Torah sct out many othcr (:hrpter 6.) Thrs.liNp,'r.r rdr rs pulrr uh). or laws. Somc dcal! $'ith fler1'dry nratters such as scrttcring ol ptoplc. \cnl lctls ro drlilrcnt Parl' cleanlincss ancl food pr€parrti(nr' Others rverc ('t rhr $orld. whcrclcr thct settlcJ. ,c\\'s mrin criminal la$s. Likc Hamnrurabi's Code, manl' hrncJ th(rr irlcnrit| as.r peoplc h\' liling in Hebrew la\r's rcquired an cyc for an eye. Yet cbsc-knit conrmunitics and obc,ving their reli lraditions scl such scvcrc iustice w3s often cascd by other lcgal r:iour l.Ns .rnrl rrrdition\. The\c principles. nrcrchcrs, too, urgcd rulcrs to en ic-r .rpart ti,rrr r,thcr pcoPlc Y(t thc\ al'o fbrcc larvs tith justice and merc,v. hclocd tlrcm surrir c,:rnruri<' oipcr'cctltion Some larvs [crc meant to protcct \r'omen. lurlaism i. nunrbered among thc worlJ'\ For c\amplc, the Ten Commandments madc re_ nlaior rcligions fbr its unique contribution to rc_ spect fbr mothcrs a basic lar\. Still, x in manl' liq,ious thought as ucll as irs influcncc on nvo other rcligi()ns, most la\r's trcatcd \r'omen xs I.rier retipons. (:hristiiflin and I'hm. B"rh subordinate n) men- The malc hcad ofa hmily thosc faiths, rvhich also emcrgcd in thc Middle arrangcd n.lrriag€s fbr his datrghtcrs Also, only East, w€re monotheistic. Jews, Christians, ar1d a man hacl thc right to seck a di\orcc. Muslims all honor Abraham, Moscs, and the \\t Earlv in Hebrew historl', a fe$ r'omcn prophctr, .rnd ihcv all leaih thc clhical 'rld leaders, such as the judge DctDrah, \'on honor vics dcteloped bv thr Hebress anJ rcspcat, L;tcr on. holr'cr'cr, \tomcn $crc nur rllo\\cd to prrtjciprte in mrny rcligious sEcrIoN l7l nrvrtw qnd morolity. ohen in lewish Justice (a)Torah, (b) Moses, (c) David, hisrorv, trr spirirull lc.rdcrs. emergcJ l.ldentlt t,r',rPlrcr.. (d) (e) Ten Commandments, to Inrirprct God's rqll. Thc slrncd Solomon, Pr(,fh(ri (0 Deborah. that failurc t() obey God's la\r' rvould lead rhcir 2, Ddlne (a) monotheistic, (b) covenanl pcoplc to rJisrsrcr. (c) prophe! (d) ethics, (e) diaspora. Pronhcts prcichcd a rtrong eulc of ethr"' 3, Whv did lsrael become d divided kingdom? n'.rat of bch.rvr,rr' Thcy urgcd *"i'Jrr.lt 4, Des;ribe three basic tea(hings of ludaism "r. personrl and social justice, calling both morrlity 5. whatwas the status of women under Hebrew law? 6. Critico', Thinking Lltklng P.tt .od Prascnt Compare the ethical beliefs of the Hebrews to those commonly accepted in our As a result of the diaspora, by A.D. 300 lewish society today. How are they similar? How are communiti€s existed aa tar east as lndia and as they different? The first settlers in the far west as Soain. lewish with a partner, act out a con- Americar aniv€d in Br.zil in the early 1500s. 7. ACTMTY parent and child Much eadier, a sepamte qroup had converted to versation between a Hebrew ludailm in Ethiooia. Thse African lewl, now - in Egypt or Babylon. The parent should try to ioow a! the Fal.sha, tttrctlv observ€d Jewish erplain why, even though they are in exile, In the | 980s, lrws and traditions foi centu;ies. the Hebrews believe they are "the chosen Falasha left their famine most of the sudkinq people." stricken homeland to settle in krael chapter 2 45 Cnnpren Revlew REVrcwtNG VocABuLARy 2. What were the links between Egypt and Nubia? Review the vocabulary words in thir chapler. 3. Why did the people I hen, use ten ol these vo(abulary words and of ancient Egypt mum- mify their their definitions to creat€ a matching quiz. dead? Exchanqe quiTTes with another studenr. Che.k 4. How did the Egyptians record events? each other'5 answerr when you are tinirhed. 5. Where did Sumerian civalization develop? 6. Explain the importance of Hammurabi,s Revrewrruc Fncrs Code. '1. 7. How did differ Why was the Nile River important to ancient ludaism from the belaefs of tgyptian civilization? other Maddle Eastern peoples? Srrus FoR SuccEss lrrenpnrltc a Txenaalc Mnp Thematic maps, such as population or battle mdps, 1. Use the tftle and kE/ to re.d the map. illustrate characteristjcs of a place othe. than ph),si- (a) What i5 the topic ot the map? (b) What do cal features and political boundades. The most the arrows on the map show? imponant pans of a thematic map are the title, 2. Analyze the map and draw conclusions. which tellt the topic of the map, and the tey, which (a) How does the map support the ctaim that the shows the symbols u5ed in the map. U5e the follow- Pho€nicians were skilled sailors? (b) wl)y might ing questions in interpreting the Inap ol phoenician the Phoenicians have had touble controlling trade and colonies below. their distnnt colonies? E;-".fl.:"*' + Pho.n .ian trade r.ur.r E I' ROPE . Phoenican row'sand A!NICA 46 Chapter 2 REVTEWTNG Cnaprrn Tuerues Review the "Focus On" questions at the start ol lhrr (hapter. Then \clect thrpP of lhose ques tions and answer them, using informalion from the chapter. Cnrrcnl THtrrntc l. Linking Past and Present (a) How was the building of the pyramids in ancient Egypt similar to public bLrildinq projects today? (b) How was it different? zxx)!r. l(mrr. rD l 2. Comparing Compare the view of the afterlife ^D.lql0 ^.D.2()0O in the Sumerian and Egyptian religions. (a) What differences do you see between the two views? (b) Why do you think they might ANALYZING GRAPHs have been so ditferent? Use the graph to answer the following quenions- 3. Drawing Conclusion5 One of Hammurabi's 1. Summarize the trend shown in the graph. collect in the house laws states, "lf outlaws 2. Roughly how much larger is the world's pop_ and she does not arrest of a wine-seller, ulation today than it was in 2000 B.c.? these outlaws and bring them to the palace, What you think the data line would look that wine-seller shall be put to death." l. do if it were extended in both directions, (a) What was the purpose of this law? like is, before 2000 B.c. and aftet A.D. 2000? (b) Would you consider this a harsh law? that why or why not? (c) What similar laws do we have in our society today? FoR YouR Pontrouo (a) what rights did 4. Analyzing Information CREATTNG a CHART Create a chart illustrating in Egyptian, Sum€rian, and women have the features of an eatly African or Asian civiliza_ societies? (b) How were these fights Hebrew lron. Fi15t, (noo5e one oi the (ivlll,,dlrons dii (c) do these facts suggest restricted? What cussed in this chapter. Then list the ways in women in ancient about the status ol whi(h the erght bdli( leature5 of (|vr|/ation5. civilizations? described in Chapter l, apply to this civilization- 5. Predicting Consequences Review the chart on page 41. Which present-day advances do you think will have the greatest conse- quences? Explain your choices- ANALYZTNG PRTMARY SouRcEs Wntlrl{c tN llrttoct"YPHt Chapter 2 47 Eorly Civilizotions in Indio ond Chino (2500 B.c.-256 B.c.) CHAPTER OUTLINE Likc lc:rders in other rncient citilizirrions. 1 Cities ofthe Indus Volley earlv Chincse rulcrs served m both pricsts and 2 Kingdoms of the Conges kings. Trrdirions likc thosc surrounding the Son 3 Eorly Civilizotion in Chino of Hc.rvcn conrrnrrcrl until A.l). Iqll. !_\cr\ Nes Ycar's D,l, .r ( hinerc rrrlcr plorvc,i ,r tui. ro\\ n(Jr rhc Tonplc ,,fHe.rrcn lo cn\urr filor /\r New Yc.ris [r.rv nrorr lhan 3.000 vcrr\ \-/ag", rnr king, brotn ro hir pcoptr rr rhc As ci\'ilizations took shapc in rhe Nilc ValleY Son of Heaven, mounted the high carth plat- Jnd I-crtilc Cres(cnr. \ crr,litllrcnr titiLz.rrion* fbrm ind entcrcd the brightly dccoratcd I'oott (mrrgcd in InJir.mJ (ihin.:. Lrkc ancicnt Eglpr cn irmple. HclpeJ bv pric.ts Nhrxc prrvrn ,rnd Srrmcr, Irxli.rn .lrrJ Lhinc.c (i\rlizrrion! cch"cd his. hc nredc offcrings of frrd ,rnd rinr rose in ftrtile rirer \rllevs and influcnccd ncarb\. to thc po$,erlirl tbrces ofHcar'en and Flarrh. As hnds. lhcsc nro rcnrarkablc ciriLzarionr greri cold rvinds rusilcd his brilliant grecn robcs, hc up in wideh seperrte are3s, one in South Asia dcsccnded to a ncarbv ficld, took up l plol, and rnd d)c orher in Easr Asil. In each, pcoplc cut r firrroN itlro rhe eardr. The pcoplc \r?rch etoh cd distinct wrys oflif! xnd rhought \'hosc ing drcse ceremonies fck rcassured. intlucncc can still bc sccn todav. Ncrv Ycar's Dxy in rhc (lhinese calcndar wlrs thc bcginning of spring. Tlrc kiDg\ pra)ers to FOCUS ON rhese questioDs rs vou reed: Shang Di, drc Suprcme Bcing, $ere e$scnri3l tur bringing good hartcsts. r G€ogrephy alrd History Horv did geographic 'l-() the ancicnr Chincsc, rhe king srood bc- fbrccs hclp shapc crll civilizitions in and (lhinrf nvec'r Heaver ind Eardl. His sacridccs alonc India coukl kccp thc po\erlirl firrc<'s ofnatrrrc in har- r Art and I-it€rature ( monr. An rnticnr lrincsc hi\rorr c\phin. rhc How do the grc$ cpics ofancicnt India er, link bcnrccn rhc king. rhc porrcr..rhorc,,:nJ prcss basic social aDd rcligious v3lucst the pcople belo$: a Continuity al|d Change aaH(.r\(n ind trrrh rrc rhe frrcols ot Hol did carlv (lhincse triditions forr the all creanrrcs, and ollll crcaturcs, basis fbr a long-l:rsting civilizarion? pcople are the most highlv endo$,ed. . . . Heavcn had to hclp drc inflrior pcoplc trr'providing rulers and rcach, ers that rhcv might bc able ro.rid TIME AND PLACE Shang Di .rnd \ecurc th( percc or'the kingdom. . . . Furthcrnorc. drc One Man Iking] bar.ing offcred sprcial srtnficc to Hc.len and pcr tbrmed drc due \crvi(cs ro Errrh. leads the people ro cxccurc thc will ofShang Di.!! 48 Chopter 3