-{>. --\o CRrflcAL THTNKING 1. Re(ognizing Points of View Thomas caryle, a scottish writer of the 1800s, defined history as "the biography of great men." lbn Khaldun, a Muslim historian of the I 300s, wrote that history was "info.mation about human social organizations." (a) What it the marn drtlerence between lhaldun's definition of history and Carlyle's? (b) How might their viewpoints have affected the way each man wrote about history? (c) Which of these two points of view do you support? Explain. 2. Applying Information (a) Des(ribe the ANALYztNG PHorocRAPHs area where you live in terms of each of the U5e this photograph ol the lceman, as wellas tive themes of geography. (b) Explain two the text description on page 2, to answef the ways that geography atfects your own way following questions. of life. l. Where dnd whe1 wa5 the l(Fman found) 3. Recognizing Causes and Effects Make a list 2. What role did climate play in the preseNa- ol five major social or technological develop- tion of the lceman's body? ments of the Old Stone Age and the New 3. What can scjentists learn about prehi5toflc Stone Aqe. Then, for ea(h development times the belongings of the lceman? identify one short-term and one long{erm from effect. 4. Linking Past and Present (a) Describe three ANALYZTNG Pnrnnlnv Sounces ways that cultural diffuslon (b) Give occurs. LJse the quotation on page 14 to answer the fol- three examples of cultural ditfusion in today's lowing questions. world. (c) Why do you think that cultural 'l. What did the man ask the god Varuna to do? changes occur more quickly today than ever 2. What miqht the "House of Clay" represent? 3. Why did th€ man ask for fofgiveness of FoR YouR PoRrFoLro whatever sins he had committed, rather than list specific sins? CoNDucrrNG aN lNTERvrEw Together with a classmate, prepare a segment for a television news magazine on major archaeological discover ies. tirst select a well known archaeologist and research hi5 or her life and work. Then write a sefi€s ol question5 that an interviewer might ask the archaeologist, along with answers. Prepare lrvnrrrNG ar Ai(HA[o!ocr<a! Lo6 vlsua aids, such as maps, photographs, and Us€ the Internet to research archaeologjcal dis- drawing5, to show during the interyiew. Then covedes of human ancestors, such as "Luqy'' or conduct the interview with one of you playing disco/eries at Oldwai Corge, in Africa. Then the part of the archaeologist. imagine that you were present when a site was first discovered. write an archaeological log describang what you found. Chopter 1 19 CHAPIER First Civilizotions: Africa ond Asio (3200 B.c.-50O B.c.) CHAPTER OUTLINE tkns oflif! and dcxth. Through thc spells in thc 1 Ancient Kingdoms of the Nile llook olthe Dead, thel tricd t() or'crcome exrth- 2 EgFtion Civilizotion lv mortxlitv and llair i blissful a{icrlift. 3 City-Stotes of Ancient Sumer Eltptian civilization cnrcrgcd more than 4 Invoders, Troders, ond Empire Builders 5,000 r'ears ago. At aborrr rhc samc rimc, anodr 5 Ihe world of the Hebrews cr ccntcr olcivilization cmcrgccl in thc Middl€ Fl.rst. in Sumer Both rosc irr rircr vallevs and had thc basir fcatures of ci\iliziti(n) thar rou read 'Trhc d\ing m.rr li\tcncJ rnrcnrll a' rhc rtribc about in Chaptcr l Whilc drev diffcrcd fronr I rr.rd rhc $orJ\ \vrittur on the siroll. Th( crch othcr in signilicint wilys, both mrde dis scroll containcd thc Book of the Dcad, rvbiclr tinct contributiurs to oUr *rrrlcl tochv. Eg,vptians bclievcd urruld prepare them fbr thc p(rilou\ journcr rlicr dclh. Withour kro$ir)$ FOCUS ON these questions irs vou rcad: the righr rnagical spclls, the dead soul could not Geography and History defiat fiarsonrc nx)nstcrs, cross a lalc oftirc, or r \\'h.u rolr did nrcn phr llr rhrprng rhr 6nr out\\'it thc sinistcr fcrrvnr.rn \'ho pilotcd thc civilizations ol Egivpt and Nlcsoportrnia; dead througlr thc unclcrNorld- one mistakc and the journev las ovcr. r Global Interaction Yct a still grcrtcr ordcal lav ahead. lvith Hos did tradc, sarl.rrc,.rnd migration dread. the dccexscd cntcrcd the hall of Osiris, sprcad ideas and invcnti(nrs anDng carl), god rnd irrJge,,lthr Jcr,l. o.iri\ rnJ hi\ rri civilizations) bLrnal Neighed thc coDsciencc of cach soul. Impact of th€ Individual Etcrnal happincss.rlritcd all lho passed thc r Horv did porvertul rulcrs influcncc poliric.rl, test. To lail mcint ()rturc rnd €)itinction. nrrlir.rrt..rnd rcligious dcrclopnrcnr. rn Egr pr Fcartullr; the clcccrscd oftlred his delensc: and the Fertile Crescnt: 33I have nrrdc no n)an to sutltr hunger. I . Diversity hare madc no onc ro rvccp. I halc What corrriburions to l:nilizrrion Ncrc madc donc no nrurdcr. I hate not en- by small groups such rs thc Phocnicians and croachcd upon thc ficlds ofurothcr thc HcbreNs) I havc not rdclcd () thc weights ofthe scales to chclt thc sellcr I havc not misrcad thc pointcr ofthe scales to cheit thc bnycr. TIME AND PLACE I havc not turncd birck rvater $hen it should tlorv. I hivc not cut a cufting in d (rnrlul runrirlr $rtcr. I rnr purc. I am pure. I am purc.tt Likc pcoplc i,t cvcrv societl throughout his' tor\', thc ancicnt Elxptians grappled \ith qacs- 20 Chapter 2 Cr \ t) :6lt: rtr t \ Egyt'Iiot Tomb Poit'tntg Painting\ Iaund ln the k nb\ at tgypt's rulers pravtde evidPnce af Lgyption religiou\ bcliets He.e, th. godders Hothat, pftne.bt ot lavert, \it\ next to the howk' lp.t(led tun god R. Hotokhti. h] his righL hond, Re Harckhtt hold\ an ankh, symbol al eternol hle neligiont ond Votue Syttemt What athet tynibols oPpeot ta hore been inPonont in t1n.ffit Egyption rehgian? Whot ore some inpattont symbals in prc\..t doy reliqian\l TIUMANITIES I-INK lr-l llirtorr Queen N€fertiL (paqe l0). I ileruture l. th6 .hapter, you wi I encounter passage5 trom the lollow ng works of liteF ar!rer Eook ol th€ Dead (page 20); ,xlru.ltonj oI rhe Vnter Ptoh hotep (page 23); The fole al J,nlr.(paqe l0); Ihe tpic af Citgone\h lpage5 31,31); Bookol Exodls (page a5). Cltet)tt 2 21 sirosc littrs rvcrc uscd fi)r cl()thing. l|\'thc tinrc Ancient Kingdoms of Hcft)dotus, t:g\!t had bccn protltrcing largc anx)unts of tixxl fi)r thousirrds ()fvc.rrs. It had of the Nile hcc(,mc knrntn rt .r 'brc.1dh.rskct.' c\Pi)rting fixxl ro othcr paris oithc Nlcditcrrancan \'orld. Yeorly floods. Thc Nilc riscs irr thc higb culdc tor nendlng lorrcls ofErhiopia and thc lakcs ofccntral Afiicr' r How did geography intluence Egyptian F:\crv spring, rains io this intcnor rcgi()n scnd fccd life? \vatcr racing dotn strcams thtr tlrc ^{ilc Itrlcr. In nn(i(rrl tr cs. F.g\'pri.urs cr$crl\' .rt\ rit' r What were the main periods ol early annual tkx)d. It so:rked thc lancl \\-ith lifa- Egyptian history? cd thc giving Natcr rnd dcpositcd x la)'cr olrich 'ill. or r How did trade and warfare affect the soil. An F:Fprirn h|mn crprc..c.l thc h.rppinc.. Egyptians? ofthc pcoplc during this scason: I Vocabufary silt, (otoro.t, delto, dynosty, 66lfthc Nilc snrilcs, thc l:rrth is jo)'ous, pltotooh. vizier llvcr\. siomach is firll ofrcj()icing, F)r'crv spinc is happY crushcs its fix)d.tt ! vcrr vcrr, rhr grcrr Nilc Rilcr in n,'rthc.rst' Elcrv ir\\'[Xnrc Alii!.r tl.x c.l its b.rrrks. Ac thc s.rtcrs -|'icm Pcoplc had to crxrperatc to control thc ^r_ilc rrsc, thc pcople of rncicnt !,gvpt ofltrcd tl(x{l\. Thcr huih .likcr. rc.crrorn, rnd irrig.r thinks: "Hiil t() thec, () Nilc, thrt issucs fion) ti()n ditchcs () chrn cl thc rising rilcr and storc thc carrh and comcs to gi\c lift to l:gvpt." Thcv rvatcr tirr rhc drv scason. priiscd tlrc n-ilc lbr Dourishing thcir land irnd Uniting the lond. Amcicnt Etivpt hud n(o crttle rrrd tirr filling thcir storchouscs sith ltxrd. rcgi(rls, Uppcr l:!r'pt in drc s()!rth rnd 'lhc disdnct flrtilc l.rrrris ofthe rivcr \.allc) attrrct_ Ilrvcr F.gYFt in thc o(,rth. t ppcr F.gt pt (d 5R,r)c Agc hrn)crs. I prchi\n)ri( rimcs. mi- strctchcd fion thc first ..rt.rr.r.r. or sxtcrf:ll. of grrrting pcoplc rcachcd EgYpr tionr thc thc Nilc nortlNvrrd ro \\ithin 100 milcs (160 tcrrancan arcir, fiorn hills and dcscrts rk ^{cdi-g thc knr) of rhc Mcdircrrancan. L-dvcr F:!s'pt co\'- Nilc, and tlonr ()thcr parts of Afiicx. As thcsc crc,l rhc dch.r rcgiorr s hrrc thc -\"ilc cnptics crrh trrDrcr' pr,,Ltr(cd nr,'rc lix'rJ. grpul.ttiort. into thc Mcditcrrancirr. A d.lr.r is u rritngulcr Erc$ ln rhc \-ilc \.rll(\. J p('\rcrlirl cililii/Jti(nr rrc:r of nrarshland firrmcd bv dcposits of silt ar crncrgcd rh.rr .lcpcndtd on th( (r,rrtr()l ol ntcr rhc nxnrth ofsomc rilcrs. About .3100 $.( ., Mcncs, thc king ofUpPcr llgvpt, unitcd rhc t$o rcgi(nrs. He rnd his stlc_ ccs()rs u$cd drc highsxr linking norrh Geography: The Nile Valley ^_ilc:rs.r .rn.l srurh. Thcl could scnd r)ili(irl\ or rrnrics t(, (ircck t(ntns aknrg thc rilcr. 'Ihe thus hclpcd Egvpt, s:rid rhc rncicnt hist()ri! ^_ilc \r'hollr Nilc." mrkc Figrpr thc srrrld's first uniticd srrrc.