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Textbooks, Museums and the Debates Over History

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Textbooks, Museums and the Debates Over History 博士学位論文（東京外国語大学） Doctoral Thesis (Tokyo University of Foreign Studies) 氏 名 鄒 怡 学位の種類 博士（学術） 学位記番号 博甲第 270 号 学位授与の日付 2019 年 3 月 12 日 学位授与大学 東京外国語大学 博士学位論文題目 日本における戦争記憶と日中関係の変容：教科書、博物館と歴史に関 する議論 (1972-2017) Name Zou Yi Name of Degree Doctor of Philosophy (Humanities) Degree Number Ko-no. 270 Date March 12, 2019 Grantor Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, JAPAN Title of Doctoral Japanese War Memories and Sino-Japanese Relations from 1972 Thesis to 2017: Textbooks, Museums and The Debates over History -DSDQHVH:DU0HPRULHVDQG6LQR-DSDQHVH5HODWLRQV IURPWR7H[WERRNV0XVHXPVDQG7KH 'HEDWHVRYHU+LVWRU\ =RX<L 3HDFHDQG&RQIOLFW6WXGLHV 7RN\R8QLYHUVLW\RI)RUHLJQ6WXGLHV $WKHVLVVXEPLWWHGIRUWKHGHJUHHRI 'RFWRURI3KLORVRSK\ +XPDQLWLHV 7RN\R Japanese War Memories and Sino-Japanese Relations from 1972 to 2017: Textbooks, Museums and the Debates over History Table of Contents Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................... 4 Abbreviations and Glossary............................................................................................... 5 Abstract .............................................................................................................................. 6 Prologue ............................................................................................................................. 8 Chapter 1. Literature Review and Theoretical Framework ............................................. 15 1.1 Between History and Memory ............................................................................................. 15 1.2 Reconsidering War Memory and Historical Consciousness .................................................. 18 1.3 Textbook Attacks and Ienaga Saburō’s Textbook Lawsuits ................................................... 27 1.4 Japanese Museums: Contestations between War Exhibits and Peace Memorials ................... 34 1.5 Spectrum of Judgmental War Memory ................................................................................. 39 1.6 Theoretical Framework ........................................................................................................ 41 Chapter 2. Sino-Japanese Relations and Debates over History ....................................... 43 2.1 Features of Sino-Japanese Relations in the 1970s ................................................................. 43 2.2 Features of Sino-Japanese Relations from 1980 to 1989 ....................................................... 45 2.3 Features of Sino-Japanese Relations from 1990 to 1999 ....................................................... 48 2.4 Features of Sino-Japanese Relations from 2000 to 2009 ....................................................... 50 2.5 Features of Sino-Japanese Relations from 2010 to 2017 ....................................................... 52 2.6 Historical Controversies in the National Press in China and Japan........................................ 55 2.6.1 Japanese History Textbooks in 1982, 1986 and 2001 in China and Japan ........................... 55 2.6.2 Japanese Prime Ministerial Worship at Yasukuni Shrine in 1985 and the 2000s ................. 60 2.6.3 The ‘Comfort Women’ Issue in the 1990s.......................................................................... 66 2.6.4 The Senkaku (Diaoyu) Islands and National Defense Policy in the 2010s .......................... 70 Chapter 3. War Narratives of Japanese History Textbooks (1972 – 2017) ...................... 75 3.1 The Nature of War ............................................................................................................... 77 3.2 The Causal Interpretations ................................................................................................... 79 3.3 The Responsibility for the Expansion of the War .................................................................. 81 3.4 The Narratives of Chinese Victimhood................................................................................. 82 3.5 The Narratives of Japanese Victimhood ............................................................................... 87 3.6 The Introspective Narratives ................................................................................................ 89 3.7 The Narrative Analysis of Japanese History Textbooks in High School (2013 to 2017) ......... 90 3.8 Spectrum of Judgemental War Narrative and Conclusion ..................................................... 93 Chapter 4. War Narratives in Japan’s War-Related Museums ......................................... 98 4.1 The Development of War-Related Museums in Post-War Japan.......................................... 102 4.2 The First Sino-Japanese War .............................................................................................. 110 2 Japanese War Memories and Sino-Japanese Relations from 1972 to 2017: Textbooks, Museums and the Debates over History 4.3 The Mukden Incident and the Marco Polo Bridge Incident ................................................. 115 4.4 Chinese Victimhood and Japanese Victimhood .................................................................. 118 4.5 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 130 Chapter 5. Conclusion ................................................................................................... 132 5.1 Arguments and Structure of the Dissertation ...................................................................... 132 5.2 Sino-Japanese Relations and the Results of the Textbook Analysis (1972 to 2017) ............. 135 5.3 Results of Museum Analysis .............................................................................................. 138 5.4 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 139 Appendix 1. Coding the War Narratives in History Textbooks ..................................... 141 Appendix 2. Junior High School History Textbooks (1972-2017) ................................ 142 Appendix 3. Senior High School History Textbooks (2014-2017) ............................... 147 Bibliography .................................................................................................................. 149 3 Japanese War Memories and Sino-Japanese Relations from 1972 to 2017: Textbooks, Museums and the Debates over History Acknowledgements Six years ago when I began my doctoral program, an older colleague told me that writing a doctoral dissertation is like going on a long journey; it involves an enormous amount of reading and creating for oneself a well-planned schedule, yet even with much forethought and preparation, accidents still occur after one has raised the sails. The journey of writing is not like a trip in which people can relax and enjoy sightseeing. My writing journey has taken a long time, and fixing problems and overcoming obstacles has become the primary work in the journey. The most invaluable lesson on this writing journey has not come from seeing how beautiful the ‘landscape’ has been along the way, but lies in the capacity and confidence that I have built up through dealing with troubles, dilemmas, and mental stress. In this painful, arduous, but significant journey, I have received great encouragement from my main supervisor Professor Iwasaki Minoru, and my sub-supervisors Professor Lee Hyoduk, Professor Yonetani Masafumi, Professor Philip A. Seaton and Professor Hashimoto Yūichi. Without their patient guidance and supervision through the years of my doctoral research, this dissertation would never have been completed. My parent’s unwavering support, both financially and mentally, and warm encouragement from friends and family members have been the spiritual power that kept me going even during those nights when I never got to see the stars in the sky, and through those days sailing through storms, insuring that I never gave up. Thank you to all of you for standing by my side from the beginning to the end. November 30, 2018, Tokyo, Japan. 4 Japanese War Memories and Sino-Japanese Relations from 1972 to 2017: Textbooks, Museums and the Debates over History Abbreviations and Glossary AWF Asian Women’s Fund DPRK Democratic People’s Republic of Korea ECSADIZ East China Sea Air Defense Identification Zone GHQ General Headquarters JSDF Japan Self-Defense Forces JSHTR Japan Society for History Textbook Reform JTU Japan Teacher’s Union LDP Liberal Democratic Party MEXT Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan MOE Ministry of Education POW Prisoner of War PRC People’s Republic of China ROK Republic of Korea SCAP Supreme Commander of Allied Powers 5 Japanese War Memories and Sino-Japanese Relations from 1972 to 2017: Textbooks, Museums and the Debates over History Abstract Since diplomatic relations between China and Japan were normalized in 1972, cooperation in economic and cultural spheres have grown continuously. However, the historical issues between China and Japan are yet to be resolved and still affect bilateral relations today. Trends in Sino-Japanese relations have changed between 1972 and 2017, and historical consciousness and war memories in Japan have transformed accordingly. This thesis traces the relationships between Sino-Japanese relations, Japanese historical consciousness and Japanese war memories. The theoretical framework of this thesis is constructed based on memory studies. Memory studies
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