PETUNJUK TEKNIS PENANGANAN BENIH DAN PENANAMAN KAYU BAWANG (Dysoxylum Mollissimum Blume)

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PETUNJUK TEKNIS PENANGANAN BENIH DAN PENANAMAN KAYU BAWANG (Dysoxylum Mollissimum Blume) “Improving Forest Functions in Bengkulu Province through Community Participation in Rehabilitation of Degraded Forest by Using Local Prospective Commodities” PETUNJUK TEKNIS PENANGANAN BENIH DAN PENANAMAN KAYU BAWANG (Dysoxylum mollissimum Blume) Y a n s e n Agustus 2016 i Staff teknis dan keilmuwan Yansen1 Kamboya2 Rustama Saepudin1 Heri Gusmara1 Gunggung Senoaji1 Nyoman Mudiarte3 Ahmad Mawardi3 Merli Dwi Santri4 Irsa Awalia4 Institusi: 1. Universitas Bengkulu 2. Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan 3. Kesatuan Pengelolaan Hutan (KPH) Produksi Bengkulu Utara 4. Dinas Kehutanan Kabupaten Seluma Bengkulu, Agustus 2016 ii Judul kegiatan/proyek: “Improving Forest Functions in Bengkulu Province through Community Participation in Rehabilitation of Degraded Forest by Using Local Prospective Commodities” Nomor kegiatan/proyek: ITTO PD 477/07 Rev.4 (F) Negara pelaksana: Indonesia Institusi pelaksana: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Koordinator kegiatan/proyek: Mr. Kamboya Waktu dimulainya kegiatan/proyek: Oktober 2015 Lama kegiatan/proyek: 12 (dua belas) Bulan iii DAFTAR ISI HALAMAN JUDUL i DAFTAR ISI iv DAFTAR TABEL v DAFTAR GAMBAR vi 1. PENDAHULUAN 1.1 Latar belakang 1 1.2 Maksud 3 1.3 Tujuan 4 2. KAYU BAWANG 2.1 Penyebaran geografis-ekologis dan taksonomi 5 2.2 Karakteristik morfologi 6 2.3 Aspek budidaya 6 3. PENUNJUKAN SUMBER BENIH KAYU BAWANG 3.1 Penunjukan sumber benih 12 3.2 Sumber benih Kayu Bawang 19 4. PENGUMPULAN BUAH/BIJI DAN PERKECAMBAHAN 4.1 Pengumpulan buah/biji 21 4.2 Seleksi buah/benih 23 4.3 Ekstraksi biji, pembersihan dan sortasi benih 24 4.4 Penyimpanan benih 26 4.5 Perkecambahan 26 4.6 Penyapihan dan perkembangan anakan 28 5. PENANAMAN DAN PEMELIHARAAN TANAMAN 5.1 Penanaman 31 5.2 Pemeliharaan tanaman 32 6. PENUTUP 37 DAFTAR PUSTAKA 38 iv DAFTAR TABEL Tabel 1. Sebaran Kayu Bawang di Propinsi Bengkulu 6 Tabel 2. Hasil pengukuran beberapa parameter (jumlah pohon, 10 kerapatan, luas bidang dasar (LBDS) dan volume) pada pola tanam Kayu Bawang kombinasi kopi dan Kayu Bawang kombinasi kopi dan karet terdiri dari Tabel 3. Matriks Identifikasi Sumber Benih 18 Tabel 4. Pengaruh periode simpan terhadap daya berkecambah, 26 kecepatan berkecambah dan keserempakan tumbuh benih Kayu Bawang v DAFTAR GAMBAR Gambar 1. Tegakan Kayu Bawang di tanah milik masyarakat di 8 Karang Tinggi, Bengkulu Tengah Gambar 2. Kurva pertambahan diameter tegakan pada pola 9 agroforestry Kayu Bawang + kopi (a) dan multi jenis (b), dimana N adalah jumlah individu Kayu Bawang per hektar Gambar 3. Tegakan Kayu Bawang di Dusun Penyangkak, Lubuk 20 Durian, Kecamatan Kerkap, Bengkulu Utara Gambar 4. Buah Kayu Bawang yang dikumpulkan dengan cara 22 memungut dari lantai tegakan (a) dan dari pohon (b). Gambar 5. Buah Kayu Bawang yang telah dikumpulkan dengan 24 metode memungut dari lantai tegakan yang harus diseleksi untuk mendapatkan benih yang baik. Gambar 6. Buah Kayu Bawang direndam dengan air (atas) dan 25 kemudian diekstraksi (bawah). Gambar 7. Biji Kayu Bawang yang sudah mulai berkecambah 28 Gambar 8. Semai Kayu Bawang yang telah disapih dan tumbuh di 29 polybag Gambar 9. Ilustrasi laju pertumbuhan semai Kayu Bawang 30 Gambar 10. Perkembangan anakan Kayu Bawang. Gambar (a) adalah 34 anakan yang sudah ditanam 1,5 tahun, dimana ketika ditanam bibit berumur 4 bulan dan lahan tanam dilakukan pembersihan gulma. Sedangkan gambar (b) dan (c) adalah anakan Kayu Bawang yang telah ditanam selama 4 bulan, dimana ketika ditanam, bibit berumur 4 bulan dan lahan belum dibersihkan gulmanya vi BAB I PENDAHULUAN 1.1 Latar belakang Propinsi Bengkulu mempunyai luas daratan sebesar 2.007.223,9 ha. Berdasarkan Surat Keputusan Menteri Kehutanan No. 784/Menhut-II/2012,luas kawasan hutan di Propinsi Bengkulu adalah seluas 924.631 ha, atau sekitar 46.1% dari luas daratan Propinsi Bengkulu. Hutan di Propinsi Bengkulu ini terdiri dari hutan lindung (luas 250,750 ha), hutan produksi (luas 210,916) dan konservasi (luas 438,095 ha) (Dinas Kehutanan Propinsi Bengkulu, 2013). Dalam kawasan hutan produksi tetap, hutan primer hanya tinggal sekitar 13% dan hutan sekunder sebesar 52%. Hutan produksi terbatas telah kehilangan tutupan hutan 50% dengan menyisakan 10% area hutan primer dan 40% hutan sekunder Secara umum, dari total kawasan hutan di Propinsi Bengkulu yang tutupan masih relatif baik adalah taman nasional, dengan tutupan hutan primer masih berkisar 76% dan hutan sekunder sebesar 16% dari luas yang ada. Namun, kawasan konservasi yang lain seperti cagar alam dan taman wisata alam mengalami degradasi tutupan yang signifikan. Dari luas cagar alam sebesar 4.300 ha, hanya tinggal sekitar 31% yang masih merupakan hutan. Ini pun hanya dalam bentuk hutan sekunder. Tutupan sisanya sudah berupa non hutan. Sedangkan tutupan hutan taman wisata alam hanya tinggal sekitar 33%. Kawasan hutan lindung yang tutupannya masih berupa hutan primer adalah sekitar 42% dan berbentuk hutan sekunder sebesar 33%. Ini berarti luas hutan lindung yang tutupannya bukan hutan mencapai hampir 25% dari 250.750 ha. Perubahan lahan hutan menjadi tak berhutan ini sebagian menjadi area non vegetasi, semak belukar, perkebunan ataupun lahan pertanian lainnya. Akibat berkurangnya tutupan hutan tersebut, jumlah keanekaragaman hayati hutan diperkirakan mengalami penurunan yang signifikan. Fungsi jasa lingkungan hutan sebagai pengatur tata air (hidrologi), pemberi keindahan alam, penjaga kelembaban udara, pemelihara iklim lokal, habitat satwa liar, dan sumber plasma nutfah serta penyedia bahan untuk 1 kepentingan rekreasi dan ilmiah juga mengalami degradasi (Dinas Kehutanan Propinsi Bengkulu, 2013). Kawasan hutan yang tersisa di Propinsi Bengkulu juga semakin terancam keberadaannya akibat meningkatnya perambahan dan penebangan liar, serta beroperasinya beberapa perusahaan besar non-kehutanan. Kawasan hutan ini tidak hanya dirusak oleh masyarakat sebagai peladang berpindah atau yang menetap, tapi juga rusak akibat dampak dari adanya beberapa perusahaan besar yang bergerak di sektor pertambangan dan perkebunan. Untuk perusahaan pertambangan misalnya, adanya pembukaan hutan untuk pembuatan jalan telah membuka akses bagi para perambah untuk masuk hutan, bahkan dibeberapa tempat kegiatan reklamasi bekas tambang juga tidak dilakukan dengan baik. Adanya perkebunan besar sawit di Bengkulu juga memacu masyarakat untuk memperluas lahan kebunnya dengan merambah kawasan hutan. Desakan ekonomi, tidak adanya kesadaran sosial dan lemahnya penegakan hukum membuat usaha menekan deforestasi semakin berat. Timbulnya konflik antara masyarakat dengan pemerintah maupun swasta dalam hal pengelolaan hutan antara lain karena terbatasnya ruang kelola yang mereka miliki. Masyarakat sering merasa dianaktirikan karena melihat pihak swasta bisa mengusahakan hutan, namun mereka tidak bisa. Dengan semakin berkembangnya skema-skema yang dapat melibatkan masyarakat, maka ruang kelola masyarakat dapat diperluas. Pengembangan program hutan tanaman rakyat, hutan kemasyarakatan ataupun hutan desa dapat menjadi sarana pelibatan masyarakat dalam pengelolaan hutan. Namun, masyarakat juga harus diedukasi bahwa pengelolaan hutan memiliki batasan-batasan. Karena itu, pemberian ruang kelola yang lebih besar kepada masyarakat harus juga diikuti dengan upaya pemberdayaan masyarakat itu sendiri. Karena itu, program rehabilitasi hutan harus memperhatikan banyak hal. Rehabilitasi hutan tidak hanya bertujuan untuk meningkatkan fungsi ekosistem secara ekologi, namun juga diarahkan untuk memberikan keuntungan ekonomis bagi masyarakat. Karena itu, untuk mencapai manajemen hutan berkelanjutan, dua hal pokok ini menjadi kuncinya, yakni rehabilitasi dan konservasi sumberdaya hutan, dan pemberdayaan sosial ekonomi masyarakat sekitar hutan. Karena 2 rehabilitasi hutan menjadi salah satu program prioritas Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan, berbagai aktivitas untuk menunjang hal tersebut terus dilaksanakan, baik melalui program kementerian maupun secara desentralisasi di daerah-daerah. Program “Improving Forest Functions in Bengkulu Province through Community Participation in Rehabilitation of Degraded Forest by Using Local Prospective Commodities” kerjasama ITTO dengan Kementerian LHK ini merupakan salah satu bentuk usaha rehabilitasi hutan yang telah terdegradasi. Rehabilitasi hutan dalam program ini adalah dengan penanaman jenis-jenis prospektif lokal. Jenis tanaman kayu yang dipilih adalah Kayu Bawang (Dysoxylum mollissimum Blume). Karena juga bertujuan untuk kepentingan sosial ekonomi masyarakat, maka komponen masyarakat banyak terlibat dalam program ini. 1.2 Maksud Untuk mencapai tujuan program, ada banyak hal yang harus dilakukan. Hal tersebut antara lain adalah implementasi teknologi yang cocok untuk memproduksi bahan tanam yang berkualitas. Kegiatan rehabilitasi hutan memang dimulai dengan penyiapan bahan tanam atau bibit tanaman hutan yang akan ditanam. Setiap spesies mempunyai karakteristik regenerasi dan perkembangan anakan yang berbeda. Informasi mengenai penanganan benih dan penanaman merupakan titik awal keberhasilan program. Maksud penyusunan Buku “Petunjuk Teknis Penanganan Benih dan Penanaman Kayu Bawang (Dysoxylum mollissimum Blume)” adalah mengumpulkan informasi mengenai karakteristik spesies Kayu Bawang dan praktik-praktik penanganan yang selama ini telah dilakukan. Informasi ini kemudian ditambah dengan hasil-hasil studi yang ada untuk menyusun petunjuk teknis penanganan benih dan penanaman Kayu Bawang yang lebih tersistematis. Harapannya informasi ini dapat menjadi petunjuk tambahan bagi semua pihak yang berkeinginan mengembangkan
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