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Televizyon Gazeteciliği TELEVİZYON GAZETECİLİĞİ ORTAK DERS PROF. DR. ŞEBNEM ÇAĞLAR İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ AÇIK VE UZAKTAN EĞİTİM FAKÜLTESİ İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ AÇIK VE UZAKTAN EĞİTİM FAKÜLTESİ ORTAK DERS Prof. Dr. Şebnem ÇAĞLAR İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ AÇIK VE UZAKTAN EĞİTİM FAKÜLTES Yazar Notu Elinizdeki bu eser, İstanbul Üniversitesi Açık ve Uzaktan Eğitim Fakültesi’nde okutulmak için hazırlanmış bir ders notu niteliğindedir. ÖNSÖZ I İÇİNDEKİLER ÖNSÖZ ....................................................................................................................... I İÇİNDEKİLER .......................................................................................................... II KISALTMALAR .......................................................................................................V YAZAR NOTU ........................................................................................................ VI 1. HABER NEDİR? ................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Haber ve Dolayımlama (Medyaya Uygun Hale Getirme) .................................... 10 2. UYDULAR VE YAYINCILIK ............................................................................ 14 2.1. Uydularımız ...................................................................................................... 20 2.1.1. Türksat 1A ............................................................................................... 20 2.1.2. Türksat 2A ............................................................................................... 20 2.1.3. Turksat 3A ............................................................................................... 21 2.1.4. Göktürk 2 ................................................................................................ 21 2.2. Clarke Yörüngesi .............................................................................................. 22 3. TELEVİZYON YAYINCILIĞI (1) ...................................................................... 28 3.1. Dünyada İlk Televizyon..................................................................................... 33 3.2. Televizyon Yayıncılık Sisteminin Türkiye'deki Gelişimi ................................... 35 3.3 Teknik Düzenlemeler ......................................................................................... 36 3.3.1. İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Bünyesindeki Televizyon Yayıncılığı .......... 36 3.3.2. İTÜ Televizyonu'nun Teknik Düzeni ....................................................... 36 3.3.3. Deneme Yayınlarının Teknik Düzeydeki Başarısı .................................... 37 3.3.4. Televizyon Yayıncılığında TRT'nin Teknik Düzeni ................................. 37 4. TELEVİZYON YAYINCILIĞI (2) ...................................................................... 43 4.1 1972-1982 Yılları Arasında TRT'nin Teknik Düzeni ........................................... 48 4.2 1982 Tarihinden Günümüze Kadar TRT'nin Teknik Düzeni ............................... 48 4.3.Türkiye'de Renkli Televizyon ............................................................................. 49 4.3.1 Birinci Kanal ............................................................................................ 50 4.3.2 İkinci Kanal .............................................................................................. 50 4.3.3 Üçüncü Kanal-GAP TV ............................................................................ 50 5. TÜRKİYE'DE RADYO-TV YAYINCILIĞINDA YASAL DÜZENLEMELER .. 56 5.1. 1961 Anayasası Dönemi .................................................................................... 61 5.2 1971 Anayasa Değişikliği Sonrası Dönem .......................................................... 62 II 5.3 1982 Anayasası Dönemi ..................................................................................... 62 5.4. 1993 Anayasa Değişikliği Sonrası Dönem ......................................................... 64 6. KİTLE İLETİŞİM SİSTEMLERİ ......................................................................... 70 6.1. Dünyada Kitle İletişim Sistemleri ...................................................................... 75 6.2 Türkiye'de Kitle İletişim Sistemleri .................................................................... 77 6.2.1 İngiltere'de Kamusal Yayıncılık Sistemi ................................................... 79 6.2.2 Almanya'da Kamusal Yayıncılık Sistemi .................................................. 81 6.2.3 Fransa'da Kamusal Yayıncılık Sistemi ...................................................... 83 6.2.4. İtalya'da Kamusal Yayıncılık Sistemi ....................................................... 84 7. TELEVİZYON DİLİ VE TELEVİZYON HABERCİLİĞİ KAVRAMI ................ 90 7.1 Televizyon Dili ................................................................................................... 95 7.2 Televizyon Haberciliği Kavramı ......................................................................... 97 8. TELEVİZYON HABERCİLİĞİ UYGULAMA BİÇİMLERİ ..............................106 8.1. Televizyonda Üç İletişim Biçimi ......................................................................111 8.1.1. Görüntü-Metin Uyumu ...........................................................................115 9. TELEVİZYON HABERCİLİĞİNDE HABER ÜRETİM SÜRECİ ......................121 9.1. Televizyon Haberlerinin Etkisi (8.1’in Devamı) ...............................................122 9.1.1 Televizyon Haberciliğinde Kullanılan Terimler .......................................123 9.2 Televizyon Haberciliğinde Haber Üretim Sürecine Katılan Kişiler ....................125 9.2.1. Genel Yayın Yönetmeni .........................................................................125 9.2.2. Haber Müdürü-Editörler: ........................................................................125 9.2.3. Muhabir: .................................................................................................126 9.2.4. Yapımcı: .................................................................................................126 9.2.5. Writer: ....................................................................................................128 9.2.6. Arşivci: ...................................................................................................128 9.2.7. Canlı Yayın Bağlantıları: ........................................................................129 10. TELEVİZYON HABERLERİNDE SUNUM YÖNTEMLERİ ..........................130 10.1 STD .................................................................................................................131 10.2 DSF ya da V/O ................................................................................................132 10.3 SOT (Sound on Track).....................................................................................134 10.4 4Paket/Beta/VTR/Perfore ................................................................................135 10.5 Time Code .......................................................................................................139 11. TELEVİZYON HABERLERİNİN ETKİSİ .......................................................142 III 12. SEYİRCİ VE YENİDEN ÜRETİMİ ..................................................................161 13. HABER BÜLTENLERİ (1) ...............................................................................175 14. HABER BÜLTENLERİ (2) ...............................................................................188 Bölüm Soruları ........................................................................................................201 KAYNAKÇA ..........................................................................................................202 IV KISALTMALAR V YAZAR NOTU VI 1. HABER NEDİR? 1 Bu Bölümde Neler Öğreneceğiz? 1.1. Haber Nedir? 1.2. Medya İle Haber İişkisi 1.3. Haber İle Hedef Kitle İlişkisi 1.4. Haberin Üretim Öğeleri 1.5. Haber Ve Dolayımlama 2 Bölüm Hakkında İlgi Oluşturan Sorular 1) Dolayımlama neye göre gerçekleşir? 2) Haber kavramsal olarak neyi ifade eder? 3) Haber ile medya ilişkisi nedir? 3 Bölümde Hedeflenen Kazanımlar ve Kazanım Yöntemleri Konu Kazanım Kazanımın nasıl elde edileceği veya geliştirileceği . 4 Anahtar Kavramlar Haber Hedef Kitle Medya 5 1.1.HABER NEDİR? Haber, insanoğlunun yakın ve uzak çevresiyle iletişiminde ilgisini çeken olayları öğrendiği bir olgudur, bir yazı biçimidir, bir ifade şeklidir. Bu bağlamda haberin, bir iletişim olgusu olarak açıklanması gereği bulunmaktadır. Haber, Arapça kökenli bir sözcüktür. Haberin öztürkçe karşılığı “salık”, “duyuk” gibi sözcükler önerilmiş ancak toplum tarafından benimsenememiştir. Haber, kişileri bilgilendiren, haberdar eden, eğiten, eğlendiren, sevindiren ya da üzen bilgilerdir. Haber, insanların genelini ilgilendiren, belirli bir zamanda olan, bir fikri, olayı ya da sorunu aktaran yazıdır. Başka bir tanımlamayla haber; belli bir zamanda ve yerde gelişen olayları, merakı giderecek düzeyde ayrıntılı ve anlaşılır bir dille aktaran yazılardır. Haber; bir olayla ilgili olarak zamanında verilen, toplumda çok sayıda kişiyi ilgilendiren ve etkileyen, anlaşılır bir dille anlatılan yazıdır. Habere konu olacak olayın; yeni, yakınlık, heyecan vericilik, alışılmadık, beklenmedik, hayret verici, çok önemli, ciddi ve ilginç unsurlarından bir ya da birkaçına sahip olması gerekir. Habere yönelik yapılan ilk tanımlamalarda; “varolan her şey haberdir”, “haber, dün bilmediğimiz, ama bugün öğrendiğimiz şeylerdir”, “insanların
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