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A Free Union?: the Sexual Politics of Progressive-Era Socialist Novels

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A Free Union?: the Sexual Politics of Progressive-Era Socialist Novels A FREE UNION?: THE SEXUAL POLITICS OF PROGRESSIVE-ERA SOCIALIST NOVELS by Alicia Dell Williamson B.A. in English, University of Puget Sound, 2005 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2013 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH DIETRICH SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES This dissertation is presented by Alicia Dell Williamson It was defended on April 11, 2013 and approved by Jonathan Arac, Andrew W. Mellon Professor, English Nancy Glazener, Associate Professor, English Susan Harris Smith, Professor, English Ronald Zboray, Professor, Communications Chair: William Scott, Associate Professor, English ii Copyright © by Alicia Dell Williamson 2013 iii A FREE UNION?: THE SEXUAL POLITICS OF PROGRESSIVE-ERA SOCIALIST NOVELS Alicia Dell Williamson, PhD University of Pittsburgh, 2013 “A Free Union?” is the first comprehensive critical study of novels written by members of the Socialist Party of America (SP) from 1901 to 1917. Published mostly by mainstream presses at the height of the Party’s public influence, this set of novels predates the formal theorization of a coherent radical aesthetic but offers an apt case study of the profound interplay between radical and popular imaginaries in the early twentieth-century U.S. While critics often dismiss the politics and literature of the early SP as hopelessly inconsistent, “A Free Union?” asserts that their radical potential lies precisely in their accommodation of ideological and aesthetic diversity. Specifically, this study focuses on the dynamic intersections of sexual, political, and economic discourses in SP novels, tracing their influences on ongoing debates about Party theory and strategy as well as on public understandings of sexuality. The SP, with its patriotic and electoral orientations, often posed socialism as the means for the final achievement of a “more perfect union.” Hence, “A Free Union?” invokes the multiple forms of purportedly voluntary and legal unions—conjugal, economic, and political—that factor into this nationalistic socialist imaginary as well as the metaphorical and discursive overlaps among them. Contending that popular SP novels offered a unique site for interrogating and imagining alternatives to such unions, this project likewise interrogates the ideological ramifications of the means and ends of socioeconomic transformation posed by and figured in these narratives. iv Starting with the predominant genre of the socialist marriage plot, the chapters consider the ways in which the conventions of both popular culture and socialist theory are taken up and revised by subsequent novels that foreground evolutionary tropes, prostitution, and free love. In doing so, this project argues for seeing gender, sexuality, and literature—all of which tended to be marginalized in official Party politics—as key arenas in which contemporary understandings of socialism were being contested and articulated. “A Free Union?” further concludes that socialist novelists produced innovations in literary and sexual representation that ultimately challenged authoritarian and orthodox modes of socialism in favor of more feminist and dialectical models. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS…………………………………………………………………………. viii I. INTRODUCTION: A FREE UNION?: THE SEXUAL POLITICS OF U.S. SOCIALISTS’ NOVELS, 1901-1917……………………………………………… 1 II. CHAPTER 1. FREE UNIONS?: SOCIALIST MARRIAGE PLOTS………………... 19 A. CROSS-CLASS MARRIAGES AND “NEW” SOCIALISM………………….. 27 B. “OUTGROWING” THE WORKING CLASS: AUTHORITARIAN SOCIALISM AND CROSS-CLASS LOVE TRIANGLES……………………. 36 C. THE RADICAL POTENTIAL OF MARRIAGE PLOTS…………………… 58 D. CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………....... 69 III. CHAPTER 2. SEXUAL SELECTION FOR SOCIALISM: (R)EVOLUTIONARY ROMANCES…………………………………………………… 73 A. EVOLUTIONARY THEORY, SEXUALITY, AND RACE IN SP NOVELS…………………………………………………………. 80 B. NEW IMMIGRANT NOVELS……………………………………………….. 108 C. CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………. 121 IV. CHAPTER 3. WHITE SLAVES AND WAGE SLAVES: GENDER AND CLASS IN SOCIALIST PROSTITUTION NARRATIVES………………….. 124 A. WHITE SLAVERY, GENDER, AND THE “ECONOMIC EXPLANATION” OF PROSTITUTION……………………………………. 128 B. UNDOING COURTSHIP CONVENTIONS: PROSTITUTION AND MARRIAGE……………………………………………………………… 137 vi C. THE PROSTITUTE IS (NOT) THE WORKER……………………………. 154 D. THE PROSTITUTE AND (THE LIMITS OF) SOCIALIST THEORY AND PEDAGOGY…………………………………………………. 160 E. CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………….. 172 V. CHAPTER 4. “STRUGGLING FOR A BETTER FORM”: SOCIALISM, FEMINISM, AND SEXUALITY IN THE PRE-WAR NOVELS OF UPTON SINCLAIR AND ARTHUR BULLARD…………………….. 176 A. SEX EXPLOITATION TO SEX EMPANCIPATION…………………........ 176 B. FEMINISM AND SOCIALISM………………………………………………... 178 C. FREE LOVE AND SOCIALISM………………………………………………. 182 D. RADICAL MEN REPRESENTING (NEW) NEW WOMEN…………......... 189 i. Love’s Pilgrimage………………………………………………………. 193 ii. A Man’s World………………………………………………………….. 206 iii. Comrade Yetta………………………………………………………….. 214 E. THE REALITY OF LOVE……………………………………………………... 218 F. STRUGGLING FOR A “BETTER FORM”………………………………….. 221 G. CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………….. 236 VI. BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………………………... 240 A. BIBLIOGRAPHIC ESSAY…………………………………………………….. 240 B. CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF NOVELS WRITTEN BY MEMBERS OF THE SOCIALIST PARTY OF AMERICA, 1901-1917…………………………………………………....... 243 C. BIBLIOGRAPHY……………………………………………………………….. 246 vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First off, let me thank my wonderful committee: William Scott, Jonathan Arac, Nancy Glazener, Susan Harris Smith, and Ronald Zboray. I am not only grateful for all their help and feedback throughout this process but also for the amazing models that each has provided for me both in terms of scholarship and civic engagement. Thank you to my amazing teacher Jonathan for spurring my interest in big, thick American novels. Thank you to Nancy for your trenchant insights and for writing me many a whiz-bang recommendation—I so appreciate all your encouragement and advocacy on my behalf! Thank you to Slu for our many heady conversations and all your miraculously prompt and thoughtful feedback along the way. And many thanks to Ronald for signing on to work with me and being such a good resource for my scholarship. This project would never have gotten off the ground without Bill whose course on Great-Depression-era radical novels provided a badly-needed Calling for a recovering high modernist with myriad intellectual enthusiasms. In countless dialogues that have taken place everywhere from the august halls of the Cathedral of Learning to the great horizontal commons of OWS, Bill has proved a generous and invaluable friend and mentor. I could not have completed this research without financial support from many organizations. Thank you to both the Richard C. and Barbara N. Tobias Memorial Fund and the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation for providing predoctoral fellowships that allowed me to work exclusively on my dissertation for two glorious years. Generous grants from the University of Pittsburgh College of Arts and Sciences and the Women’s Studies Program allowed me to do archival research at the Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor viii Archives at New York University. I feel blessed for past and ongoing support from Pitt’s English Department and the Women Studies Program and the many faculty members from both who have made profound contributions to my intellectual formation, including Don Bialostosky, Troy Boone, Jean Carr, Debbie Gould, Marah Gubar, Shalini Puri, Todd Reeser, and Courtney Weikle-Mills. My work on this project has been enriched and informed by my participation in grassroots community organizing and activism. Thank you to my many collaborators in these efforts who constantly inspire me to keep up the hard work of putting theory into practice: in particular members of Pittsburghers for Public Transit, the Thomas Merton Center, and the Occupy Movement. I have benefitted from sharing my work over the past few years with many like-minded folks in the Working Class Studies Association community along with my favorite conference crew: Nick Coles, Katherine Kidd, Matthew Kendrick, Bill Scott, and Ken Boas. Thanks a million to all my friends who have been my dear comrades in work and play: Robert Bailey, Schuyler Chapman, Brianne Cohen, Amy Cymbala, Joanna Collins, Robin Hoffman, Kristy Fallica, Maura McAndrew, Liam O’Laughlin, Javier O’Neil-Ortiz, Molly Nichols, and Alexandra Valint. I also owe a heap of love and gratitude to my partner for many a year, Jonathan Edward. Between the countless cups of coffee hand-delivered to my desk and countless reminders of his staggeringly unwavering faith in me, he helped this manuscript come to fruition more than anyone. Thank you so much to my whole extended family whose support and pride in my work has been an ongoing source of encouragement. My brilliant brothers, with their practically encyclopedic knowledge, have given me something to aspire to. My parents have made a point of helping me towards and being there for every milestone along the way—I was particularly touched that they downloaded my dissertation onto their e-reader and drove out from Minnesota to see me defend it! Lastly, I would like to dedicate this ix dissertation to my grandfather, the labor relations professor who read me Poe and Longfellow every summer on the screened porch at our cabin. An old cardboard poster from his office that reads, “It’s my opinion, and it’s very true,” has graced my desk from the very first day
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