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Saline Minerals of the Green River Formation

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Saline Minerals of the Green River Formation Saline Minerals of the Green River Formation GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 405 Saline Minerals of the Green River Formation By JOSEPH J. FAHEY With a section on X-RAY POWDER DATA FOR SALINE MINERALS OF THE GREEN RIVER FORMATION By MARY E. MROSE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 405 A study of the mode of occurrence of the saline minerals, their paragenetic relationship, and the economic importance of the trona UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1962 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR STEW ART L. UDALL, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan, Director For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D.C. CONTENTS Page Page Abstract. _________________________ 1 Saline Minerals Continued Introduction- ___--_-______----_-__ 2 Northupite __ __________________ 31 Location. ___--__-_____-_---__- 2 Occurrences. __ __--_----_-__-- 31 Exploration- _--_-____-_-_-____ 3 Crystallography ______________ 31 Acknowledgments. ____ _ ____________ 3 Optical and physical properties. 32 Drill core of the John Hay, Jr., well !_ 5 Chemical properties.__________ 32 Description ___________________ 5 Spectrographic analysis. _______ 32 Continuity.. _ _________________ 5 Genesis. ______.____.-_____-_. 32 Mining operation. -_-_____--_____-_ 12 Bradleyite _____._-.-_--_-_-____-. 34 Development of mine. _________ 12 Name of mineral.____---_____- 34 Soda ash __ _________-___-_-- 12 Occurrences. __-_----------__- 34 Rocks containing the saline minerals. 13 Optical and physical properties- 34 Definition __ _ ________________ 13 Chemical properties. ___._____. 35 Selection of samples _ _ -_-__-__ 14 Spectrographic analysis_______- 35 14 Pirssonite... _._________-_---_-__- 35 Chemical analysis _ _ _ ________________ 14 Name of mineral.____________ 35 Spectrographic analysis. __-_-_-________ 15 Occurrences. ______--___--_--- 35 Particle size. _ ________________________ 15 Crystallography -------------- 36 Mineral analysis.. _-__-_-_-__-____-___ 15 Optical and physical properties- 36 Organic matter. ______._...____.______ 17 Chemical properties. __________ 36 Saline minerals. __________________________ 18 Spectrographic analysis......-- 36 Distribution___________.__ ____________ 18 Shortite. _ -_---__-____---____________ 22 Gaylussite. ________--_---_-_____- 36 Name of mineral __ ______________ 22 Name of mineral__.__-___-.- 36 Occurrences. _____________________ 22 Occurrences.. __-_-_-_-_____- 36 Crystallography __________________ 23 Crystallography _----------__- 36 Optical and physical properties. ____ 23 Optical and physical properties. 37 Chemical properties _ _ ___________ 23 Chemical properties.-__-_-__-- 37 Spectrographic analysis. __ _________ 24 Spectrographic analysis... 38 Industrial use. ___________________ 24 Paragenesis of the saline minerals_-__-_- 38 Genesis. _ ________________________ 24 Gosiute Lake__._-____-______.-- 38 Composition of sediments. _____ 24 Shortite to northupite._-______-__- 39 Compaction of sediments. 25 Shortite to pirssonite to northupite.. 39 Flow lines. __________________ 25 Shortite to pirssonite._____________ 40 Size of crystals. _-_-_____.____ 26 Shortite to gaylussite to northupite . 40 Consolidated shortite aggregate. 26 Shortite to gaylussite._____________ 41 Pyrite inclusions.... __________ 27 Shortite to trona plus dolomite.___. 41 Temperature of formation. 27 Trona to northupite...------------ 41 Trona. ______________________________ 28 Shortite to bradleyite_____--_----_ 42 Occurrences. __ ___________________ 28 Main trona bed.___________-_-_-____-- 42 Crystallography. _________________ 28 Areal extent.______---_---_-__---------_-----_ 42 Optical and physical proper ties. -___ 28 Composition. _ ________-___-____-----_._-_------ 43 Chemical properties .---__-________ 29 Chemical.____-__-____--___-_--_-_-____-___ 43 Spectrographic analysis _ _ ________ 29 Mineralogical. _____________________________ 43 Industrial use. __---___-__________ 30 Organic matter.____________________________ 44 Nahcolite.. _________________________ 30 44 Name of mineral. _.__--______-.__ 30 Length of time of deposition. ________._.________-_-_- Occurrences. _____________________ 30 X-ray powder data for the saline minerals of the Green Optical and physical properties. 30 River formation, by Mary E. Mrose. _______________ 45 Chemical properties.. _____________ 31 Experimental techniques_______________________ 45 Spectrographic analysis _ . ________ 31 Literature cited.______________-_______----_-____--__ 50 in IV CONTENTS ILLUSTRATIONS Page FIGURE 1. Index map showing location of the Green River formation in Wyoming, Colorado, and Utah----__---______-__ 2 2. Locations of exploratory wells and the Westvaco mine, Sweetwater County, Wyo____----_______-______-_-___ 4 3. Photograph of a working face in the Westvaco mine_ ____________________________________________________ 12 4. Closeup of face in figure 3_-_________________________-___-_--_-----_---_----------__-__-_-__--________ 13 5. Photograph of buildings of the Westvaco mine______________-_-_-_-____-_---__-_-_______-_____-_-_______ 13 6. PCo2-T diagram of the system Na_COrNaHCOrH20__ ------.---------------- ------------- -_---_____ 19 7. Histogram showing the percentages of shortite, trona, and northupite in the John Hay, Jr., well 1_--_________- 20 8. Diagrammatic representation of the pragenesis of six saline minerals- -_--_-____________-__--__----_----____ 21 9. Photomicrograph of the sequence shortite to bradleyite_--------_------------_-_------------------------_- 22 10. Photograph of bradleyite on low-grade oil shale_______-____-_-______---__-__________-----__-_------___-_ 22 11. Authigenic crystals of bradleyite_____________________________________________________________________ 22 12. Crystals of shortite. _-_-_-_______ __________________________________________________________________ 23 13. Large crystals of shortite in place__-_____-____---------------_-------------_-----------------------_--- 23 14. Photomicrograph showing flow lines around pseudomorphs after shortite__-_-______-__-_____--_-_-_--_____ 25 15. Photomicrograph showing flow lines around pseudomorphs after shortite____________________________________ 26 16. Polished section showing crystals of shortite cutting bedding____________-___________________--_-----______ 26 17. Photomicrograph showing crystals of shortite in matrix showing no bedding.________________________________ 26 18. Photomicrograph of massive shortite-___ _ ________ _ _- __-______-_______-______-_-__---_----______ 27 19. Photomicrograph of large crystals of shortite____________________________________________________________ 27 20. Photograph of pearly-white trona___________________-_____-___---__--__--_-_-___-_-_-_-__-_-------_____ 29 21. Photograph of radiating crystals of trona_______________________________________________________________ 29 22. Photomicrograph of interlocking crystals of trona_____________-_-___---_-_-___-----_---_____---------___- 29 23. Photograph of nahcolite_______________________________________________________________________ _ ______ 31 24. Photograph of euhedral crystal of northupite____-__-_-_-______-____-_-------_-----_-_.--_-------_-_-_-__ 32 25. Photomicrograph showing the symmetry of northupite_________-_-_______-._-______________-_-----_--_____ 33 26. Photograph of northupite with oolitic structure...------------------------------------------------------- 33 27. Photomicrograph of northupite with oolitic structure..--- --------------------------------------------- 33 28. Photomicrograph of liquid inclusion with gas and solid phase. ______-__--_-_-----_-____--_-------_--__-__ 33 29. Photomicrograph showing northupite replacing dolomitic shale. -___-______-_________--_____ _ - _____ 34 30. Phase-equilibrium diagram of the system Na2CO3 CaCOs H20__________________________________________ 37 31. Photomicrograph showing sequence shortite to northupite-__________-_____-_---__ _ -_ _----- -______ 39 32. Photomicrograph showing sequence shortite to pirssonite to northupite-____________________________________ 40 33. Photomicrograph showing sequence shortite to pirssonite-________________________________________________ 40 34. Photomicrograph showing sequence shortite to gaylussite to northupite_____________________________________ 41 35. Photomicrograph showing sequence shortite to gaylussite____--_____-___--_ -------__-_ ----- --------- 41 36. Photomicrograph showing sequence shortite to trona_-______-_----_-____-_________-_-___ _- -_-_-___-__ 42 37. Photomicrograph showing sequence trona to northupite-- ___________________________ _ ____________ _ _____ 42 CONTENTS V TABLES Page TABLE 1. Production figures and value of soda ash produced in the United States from 1948 through 1957.______________ 13 2. Color of samples from the drill core of the John Hay, Jr., well 1 matched to Robert Ridgway's Color Standards and Nomenclature, ___ __________________________________________________________________________________ 14 3. Chemical analyses of samples from the drill core of the John Hay, Jr., well l_________-___--_-_________-_-_-_ 15 4. Quantitative speetrographic analyses for minor elements in samples from the drill core of the John Hay, Jr., well 1_ 15 5. Particle-size analysis of 14 samples of oil shale from the drill core of the John Hay, Jr., well l____________-_____ 16 6. Semiquantitative estimation, by means of X-ray diffraction patterns, of the minerals present in the clay and silt fractions of samples from the John Hay, Jr., well
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