Air Quality Updating and Screening Assessment Second Round Review and Assessment under Part IV, Environment Act 1995

Bolton Metropolitan Borough Council

January 4 Final Report 9P1194 A COMPANY OF

POSFORD HASKONING LTD ENVIRONMENT

Globe Park Moss Bridge Road Kingsway West, Rochdale OL16 5EB United Kingdom +44 (0)1706 714575 Telephone 01706 714574 Fax [email protected] E-mail www.royalhaskoning.com Internet

Document title Air Quality Updating and Screening Assessment Second Round Review and Assessment under Part IV, Environment Act 1995 Document short title Updating and Screening Assessment Status Final Report Date January 2004 Project name Bolton Updating and Screening Assessment Project number 9P1194 Client Bolton Metropolitan Borough Council Reference 9P1194 02

Drafted by John Drabble

Checked by John Clark Date/initials check Approved by John Clark Date/initials approval SUMMARY

An Updating and Screening Assessment of potential air pollution sources in and around the district of Bolton was undertaken in accordance with the requirements placed on all local authorities to undertake a ‘second round’ review, following submission of a ‘first round’ review in 2001. The methodology and procedures followed those in the DEFRA statutory technical guidance note LAQM.TG(03), which lays down a checklist approach to screen potential sources and determine those that will require further detailed assessment.

The first round of review and assessment in Bolton had concluded with the designation of an air quality management area (AQMA) on the basis of predicted exceedences of the annual mean Objective for nitrogen dioxide by 2005, and in more isolated hot-spots of the 24-hour PM10 Objective. The findings of this updating and screening assessment essentially confirm that, of the seven air pollutants reviewed, these two pollutants are the most likely to exceed their respective Objectives.

Recent monitoring data and screening of traffic-related and industrial sources of benzene, 1-3-butadiene, carbon monoxide, lead and sulphur dioxide indicated that emissions were not significant in terms of their respective health-based future Objectives, and no further assessment of these pollutants is required.

The screening procedures have resulted in the necessity to proceed to a detailed assessment of traffic-related nitrogen dioxide sources around busy roads and junctions, and on one additional road not currently within the AQMA boundary. Similarly traffic- related PM10 emissions are required to be assessed in detail for road links which were previously close to the 24-hour Objective. Screening of industrial air pollutant sources concluded that fugitive dust emissions from two adjacent quarries will also need to be considered in the detailed assessment.

Updating and Screening Assessment 9P1194 Final Report January 2004 CONTENTS

Page

1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Legislative Background 1 1.2 Review and Assessment 2 1.3 Public Exposure 4 1.4 Updating and Screening Assessment 4 1.5 Bolton Metropolitan Borough 6 1.6 Findings of the First Round Review and Assessment in Bolton 6

2 BENZENE 7 2.1 Introduction 7 2.2 The National Perspective 7 2.3 The Local Perspective 8 2.4 Background Benzene Concentrations 8 2.5 Monitoring Data 8 2.6 Very busy roads or junctions in built up areas 10 2.7 Industrial sources 10 2.8 Petrol stations 11

3 1,3-BUTADIENE 12 3.1 Introduction 12 3.2 The National Perspective 12 3.3 The Local Perspective 12 3.4 Background 1,3-Butadiene Concentrations 13 3.5 Monitoring Data 13 3.6 Industrial Sources 13

4 CARBON MONOXIDE 14 4.1 Introduction 14 4.2 The National Perspective 14 4.3 The Local Perspective 15 4.4 Background Carbon Monoxide Concentrations 15 4.5 Monitoring Data 15 4.6 Road Traffic Sources – ‘very busy roads or junctions in built-up areas’. 16

5 LEAD 17 5.1 Introduction 17 5.2 The National Perspective 17 5.3 The local perspective 17 5.4 Background Lead Concentrations 18 5.5 Monitoring Data 18 5.6 Industrial Sources 18

6 NITROGEN DIOXIDE 20 6.1 Introduction 20 6.2 The National Perspective 20

Updating and Screening Assessment 9P1194 Final Report January 2004 6.3 The Local Perspective 21 6.4 Background Nitrogen Dioxide Concentrations 22 6.5 Monitoring Data 24 6.6 Narrow congested streets with residential properties close to the kerb. 27 6.7 Junctions 27 6.8 Busy streets where people may spend 1 hour or more close to traffic. 29 6.9 Roads with high flow of buses and/or HGVs 31 6.10 New roads constructed or proposed since the first round of review and assessment 32 6.11 Roads close to the Objective during the first round review and assessment 32 6.12 Roads with significantly changed traffic flows 32 6.13 Bus Stations 32 6.14 New Industrial Sources 33 6.15 Industrial sources with substantially increased emissions 34 6.16 Aircraft 35

7 SULPHUR DIOXIDE 36 7.1 Introduction 36 7.2 The national perspective 36 7.3 The local perspective 36 7.4 Background Sulphur dioxide Concentrations 37 7.5 Monitoring Data 37 7.6 New Industrial Sources 39 7.7 Industrial sources with substantially increased emissions 40 7.8 Domestic sources 40 7.9 Small boilers <5MWth 41 7.10 Shipping 41 7.11 Railway Locomotives 42

8 PM10 PARTICULATE MATTER 43 8.1 Introduction 43 8.2 The national perspective 43 8.3 The local perspective 45

8.4 Background PM10 Concentrations 45 8.5 Monitoring Data 45 8.6 Junctions 46 8.7 Roads with high flow of buses and/or HGVs 48 8.8 New roads constructed or proposed since the first round of review and assessment 48 8.9 Roads close to the Objective during the first round review and assessment 48 8.10 Roads with significantly changed traffic flows 49 8.11 New Industrial Sources 49 8.12 Industrial sources with substantially increased emissions 50 8.13 Domestic sources 51 8.14 Quarries, landfill sites, opencast coal, dusty cargo handling at ports etc 51 8.15 Aircraft 51

Updating and Screening Assessment 9P1194 Final Report January 2004 9 DISCUSSION 53 9.1 Road traffic sources of nitrogen dioxide 53

9.2 Road traffic sources of PM10 53 9.3 Industrial sources of PM10 53 9.4 Discussion 54

REFERENCES

APPENDIX I Detailed Dispersion Modelling Study Areas

TABLES

1.1 The Air Quality (England) Regulations 2000 and amendments 3 2.1 Benzene Monitoring Data 2000-2002 9 2.2 Benzene Annual Mean Concentrations Projected to 2003 and 9 2010 2.4 Part A Processes in Bolton 10 2.5 Petrol Filling Stations >2m litres per annum 11 4.1 Carbon Monoxide Monitoring Data 2000-2002 15 5.1 Lead Monitoring Data 2001-2002 18 6.1 Nitrogen Dioxide Annual Means, Bolton AUN Station, 2000-02 24 6.2 Nitrogen Dioxide Monitoring Data, within AQMA, 2000-2002 25 6.3 Nitrogen Dioxide Monitoring Data, outside AQMA, 2000-2002 26 6.4 DMRB Screening Assessment of Busy Road Junctions 28 6.5 DMRB Screening Assessment of Busy Roads, outside AQMA 29 6.6 DMRB Screening Assessment of Busy Roads, within AQMA 30 6.7 Bus Stations and Bus Movements in Bolton 33 6.8 Potentially Significant Industrial Sources of NOx in Bolton 34 7.1 Sulphur Dioxide Monitoring Data, Bolton AUN Station, 2000-02 37 7.2 8-Port Bubbler Measurements of Sulphur Dioxide, 2001-2002 38

7.3 Potentially Significant Industrial Sources of SO2 in Bolton 40 7.4 Screening Assessment of Boiler Plant 41 7.5 Stationary Diesel Locomotive Periods 42

8.1 PM10 Monitoring Data, Bolton AUN Station, 2001-02 45

8.2 DMRB Screening Assessment of PM10 at Busy Road Junctions 47

8.3 Potentially Significant Industrial Sources of PM10 in Bolton 50

Updating and Screening Assessment 9P1194 Final Report January 2004 1 INTRODUCTION

This report constitutes the Updating & Screening phase of the second round air quality review and assessment for Bolton Metropolitan Borough Council (Bolton MBC), as required by the Environment Act 1995.

1.1 Legislative Background

Part IV of the Environment Act 1995 introduced new responsibilities for Local Authorities relating to Local Air Quality Management (LAQM). The Act also laid the foundations for a policy that eventually led to the publication of the National Air Quality Strategy in March 1997. The new Government later that year endorsed the Strategy, but committed to review it at the earliest opportunity. The second edition, The Air Quality Strategy for England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, was published in January 2000 (DETR, 2000a), which accounted for the devolved administration in a joint approach with common objectives but allowing for different policies of implementation.

The original Strategy identified eight air pollutants associated with effects on human health, and laid down future Objectives for health protection. The revised Strategy introduced further Objectives for the protection of vegetation and ecosystems. The pollutants covered by the Strategy are as follows:

· benzene · 1,3-butadiene · carbon monoxide · lead · nitrogen dioxide · ozone · particles (as ‘PM10’) · sulphur dioxide

The Strategy on air quality has a number of guiding principles, including · the aim to provide the best practicable protection to human health and the environment; · the recommendations of the Expert Panel on Air Quality Standards (or World Health Organisation guidelines) should be the basis for the Objectives; · there should be compliance with EU Air Quality Daughter Directives, but stricter national measures for some pollutants should be allowed; · the Objectives should reflect the practicability of the measures needed to reduce pollutants, their costs and benefits and other social and economic factors; · the Strategy to take account of developments in European legislation, technological and scientific advances, improved air pollution modelling techniques and increased understanding of economic and social issues.

An Addendum to the Strategy was published in February 2003 which tightened the Objectives for particles, introduced variations in Objectives for carbon monoxide and benzene, and initiated an Objective for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (‘PAH’) in line with EU daughter directives (DEFRA, 2003a).

Updating and Screening Assessment 9P1194 Final Report - 1 - January 2004 1.2 Review and Assessment

All local Authorities had to undertake a formal Review and Assessment of air quality within their areas of jurisdiction to determine the likelihood of compliance with health- based Objectives by the end of the relevant target year. If any pollutant concentrations were predicted to exceed the relevant Objective, this would lead to the designation of an Air Quality Management Area (AQMA), within and around which an Action Plan to address the elevated pollutant levels had to be prepared.

The system for Local Air Quality Management (LAQM) was formalised when the Air Quality Standards Regulations were laid in December 1997, placing the Objectives onto a statutory footing. As the new Strategy had introduced changes to the Objectives, the revised Air Quality (England etc) Regulations 2000 came into force in April 2000 (DETR, 2000b). The Regulations were amended to account for the revision of the Strategy, and the Air Quality (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2002 came into force in December 2002, (although the PAH Objective was not prescribed and the new particles Objectives remain provisional) (DEFRA 2003b). The current version of the Objectives is provided in Table 1.1.

The key to the Review and Assessment procedure was a phased approach, such that the complexity and detail was consistent with the risk of the Objectives not being achieved. After a Stage 1 screening process, a second Stage entailed estimations of ground level pollutant concentrations and identification of potential local 'hotspots'. A third Stage, where required, was to use emissions inventories and atmospheric dispersion modelling to identify potential areas of exceedence.

This so-called ‘first round’ of review and assessment resulted in the declaration of around 121 AQMAs in the UK (as at October 2003). A ‘second round’ commenced in 2003, and DEFRA laid down a programme of ongoing updating and reporting air quality assessment up to 2010. Initially an Updating and Screening Assessment (USA) is required to be produced by all local Authorities in 2003. The aim of the Updating and Screening Assessment is to identify those matters that had changed since the first round of review and assessment was finished, and which may require further assessment.

Revised DEFRA guidance (DEFRA 2003c) also included new information on potential sources of some pollutants following further studies undertaken since the previous guidance notes had been issued. Where the Updating and Screening Assessment identifies a risk that an air quality objective will be exceeded at a location with relevant public exposure, the authority is then required to undertake a Detailed Assessment, to identify with reasonable certainty whether or not a likely exceedance will occur. Where a Detailed Assessment indicates that any of the air quality objectives are likely to be exceeded, an air quality management area (AQMA) must be designated, or the geographical boundaries of an existing AQMA must be confirmed.

For local authorities that identify the need for a more detailed assessment, this needs to be completed by April 2004. A rolling programme of Updating and Screening Assessment and detailed assessment based on a three-year cycle, with interim annual progress Reporting, has been laid down by DEFRA in its revised policy guidance (DEFRA 2003d).

Updating and Screening Assessment 9P1194 Final Report - 2 - January 2004 Table 1.1 The Air Quality (England) Regulations 2000 as amended by the Air Quality (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2002

Pollutant Objective Date to be achieved by Concentration measured as

Objectives for the protection of human health

Benzene 16.25mg/m3 running annual mean 31 December 2003

5mg/m3 annual mean 31 December 2010

1,3-Butadiene 2.25mg/m3 running annual mean 31 December 2003

Carbon Monoxide 10mg/m3 maximum daily running 8- 31 December 2003 hour mean

Lead 0.5mg/m3 annual mean 31 December 2004

0.25mg/m3 annual mean 31 December 2008

Nitrogen dioxidea 200mg/m3 not to be hourly mean 31 December 2005 exceeded more than 18 times a year

40mg/m3 Annual mean 31 December 2005

3 Particles, PM10 50mg/m not to be 24 hour mean 31 December 2004 (gravimetric)b exceeded more than 35 times a year

40mg/m3 annual mean 31 December 2004

Sulphur Dioxide 350mg/m3 not to be hourly mean 31 December 2004 exceeded more than 24 times a year

125mg/m3 not to be 24 hour mean 31 December 2004 exceeded more than 3 times a year

266mg/m3 not to be 15 minute mean 31 December 2005 exceeded more than 35 times a year

a) The Objectives for nitrogen dioxide are provisional.

3 b) A provisional Objective for PM10 in England & Wales (outside London) has been set at 50mg/m as a 24 hour mean with the exceedences allowed reduced to 7 days, to be achieved by 2010, and an annual mean in the same areas of 20mg/m3 to be achieved by the end of 2005. Within London, the number of daily exceedences of the 24 hour mean has provisionally been reduced to 10, and the annual mean to 23mg/m3 by the end of 2005, and 20mg/m3 by 2015. (Table continued overleaf)

Updating and Screening Assessment 9P1194 Final Report - 3 - January 2004 Table 1.1 (continued)

Pollutant Objective Date to be achieved by

Concentration measured as

Other Objectives NOT in Regulations:

PAH (Polycyclic aromatic 0.25ng/m3 annual mean 31 December 2010 hydrocarbons)

Ozone 100mg/m3 , not to be 8 hour mean 31 December 2005 exceeded more than 10 times a year

Objectives for the protection of vegetation and ecosystems (prescribed in Air Quality Limit Values (England) Regulations 2001):

Nitrogen dioxide (as NOx) 30mg/m3 annual mean July 2001. Apply only at a

Sulphur dioxide 20mg/m3 annual mean distance >20km from an agglomeration, and >5km 20mg/m3 winter mean (Oct – Mar) from Part A regulated processes, motorways and built-up areas of more than 5000 people.

1.3 Public Exposure

The Regulations make clear that likely exceedences of the Objectives should be assessed in relation to ‘the quality of the air at locations which are situated outside of buildings or other natural or man-made structures, above or below ground, and where members of the public are regularly present’. Reviews and assessments should thus be focussed on those locations where members of the public are likely to be regularly present and are likely to be exposed over the averaging period of the objective. Authorities should not consider exceedences of the objectives at any location where relevant public exposure would not be realistic.

1.4 Updating and Screening Assessment

The methodology used in this Updating and Screening assessment followed that recommended in the DEFRA Technical Guidance Note LAQM.TG(03), (DEFRA, 2003c). The USA is based on a checklist approach, and sections 2 to 8 of this report present the checklist criteria for each pollutant with the information collected, and a conclusion as to whether a further detailed assessment is required. Each section introduces the relevant pollutant Objective(s), reviews the national perspective for the individual pollutant, then summarises the local perspective for Bolton. The assessment stages follow those in LAQM.TG(03), and a conclusion is reached as to whether there is a need to proceed to the Detailed Assessment for that particular pollutant.

Updating and Screening Assessment 9P1194 Final Report - 4 - January 2004 Traffic data were provided by the Greater Manchester Transportation Unit (GMTU), as GIS layers and spreadsheet files classifying road links and nodes (junctions), with detailed AADT flows for each in 2001, 2005 and 2010. To enable a robust screening assessment in accordance with LAQM.TG(03), the following data were made available for the Bolton district:

A Link A-Node B Link B-Node C A-Node Easting D A-Node Northing E B-Node Easting F B-Node Northing G Link Type H Link Length (kilometres) I Two-way Average Link Travel Time (minutes) J Two-way Average Link Speed (kph) K Two-way Average Annual Daily Car Flow L Two-way Average Annual Daily Light Goods Vehicle (LGV) Flow M Two-way Average Annual Daily Heavy Goods Vehicle (HGV) Flow N Two-way Average Annual Daily Bus Flow O Two-way Average Annual Daily Motor Cycle Flow P Two-way Average Annual Daily Traffic Flow (AADT, vehicles) Q Percentage of Buses R Percentage of HGVS S Percentage of Other Vehicles T One Way Link Flag

A total of 411 two-way links and 109 one-way links (including motorway carriageways classified separately) were assessed.

Updating and Screening Assessment 9P1194 Final Report - 5 - January 2004 1.5 Bolton Metropolitan Borough

Bolton MBC lies on the edge of the West Pennine Moors and is bounded to the north by Lancashire and on the remaining edges by the Greater Manchester districts of Wigan, Salford and Bury. The total area of the Borough is 140 square kilometres with 45% of the area being urban. With a population of approximately 266,100 the Borough covers the towns of Blackrod, Farnworth, Horwich, Little Lever, Westhoughton and the villages of South Turton. The M61 motorway crosses the south of the Borough and the proximity to Manchester makes the area attractive to commuters.

1.6 Findings of the First Round Review and Assessment in Bolton

Bolton MBC published its Third Stage Review & Assessment report in April 2001 (Bolton MBC, 2001), and this proposed the designation of an AQMA as a result of likely breaches of the nitrogen dioxide (NO2) annual mean Objective by 2005. Following a joint consultation with the other Greater Manchester Authorities, Bolton formally declared its AQMA on 8th March 2002.

Figure 1 Bolton Air Quality Management Area

© Crown Copyright. Based on the Ordnance Survey mapping with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationary Office © Crown Copyright. Unauthorised reproduction infringes Crown copyright and may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings. Bolton Metro Licence No LA076112/2001

Updating and Screening Assessment 9P1194 Final Report - 6 - January 2004 2 BENZENE

Objectives:

· 16.25mg/m3 running annual mean by December 2003;

· 5mg/m3 annual mean by December 2010 (England and Wales);

· 3.25mg/m3 annual mean by December 2010 (Scotland).

2.1 Introduction

The Government and the Devolved Administrations have adopted a running annual 3 mean concentration of 16.25µg/m as the air quality standard for benzene, with an Objective for the standard to be achieved by the end of 2003. However, in light of the health advice from EPAQS and the Department of Health’s Committee on Carcinogenicity of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products and the Environment (COC) to reduce concentrations of benzene in air to as low a level as possible, additional tighter objectives have also been set. The additional Objective is for an annual mean of 3 5µg/m to be achieved by the end of 2010 in England and Wales. In Scotland and 3 Northern Ireland, a running annual mean of 3.25µg/m has been adopted as an additional Objective, to be achieved by the end of 2010.

The second Air Quality Daughter Directive also sets a limit value for benzene, which has been transposed into UK legislation. The Directive includes an annual mean of 5 µg/m3 to be achieved by 1 January 2010.

2.2 The National Perspective

The main sources of benzene emissions in the UK are petrol-engined vehicles, petrol refining, and the distribution and uncontrolled emissions from petrol station forecourts without vapour recovery systems.

A number of policy measures already in place, or planned for future years, will continue to reduce emissions of benzene. Since January 2000, EU legislation has reduced the maximum benzene content of petrol to 1%, from a previous upper limit of 5%. The European Auto-Oil programme will further reduce emissions for cars and light duty vehicles, and emissions of benzene from the storage and distribution of petrol are controlled by vapour recovery systems.

Measured concentrations at all urban background and roadside national network sites between 1999 and 2001 were significantly below the 2003 running annual mean objective of 16.25 µg/m3. In more recent years (2001) the concentrations measured at urban background locations were also below the tighter 2010 Objectives, although there is a reduced number of monitoring locations due to restructuring of the network. The elevated concentrations at a London kerbside site indicate the important contribution of traffic emissions, and current levels there remain above the 2010 Objectives.

Updating and Screening Assessment 9P1194 Final Report - 7 - January 2004 Forecasts based on national mapping suggest that the policy measures currently in place will achieve the 2003 Objective at all urban background and roadside/kerbside locations. Whilst the 2010 objectives are expected to be met at all urban background, and most roadside locations, there is the possibility for some remaining exceedences which will require additional measures at a local level.

The potential impact of emissions arising from petrol stations has been recently investigated by DEFRA and the Devolved Administrations. A 12-month study of concentrations of benzene in the vicinity of petrol stations concluded that the presence of a petrol station is unlikely to have a significant influence on the concentrations of benzene close to residential properties, where:

· The petrol throughput is less than 2000m3/annum;

· The petrol distribution pumps are more than 10m from residential properties, either horizontally or vertically. Petrol stations located immediately below residential properties may result in elevated concentrations of benzene in the vicinity of the residential property;

· The petrol station is fitted with a canopy. The presence of a canopy seems to have little effect on the concentration of benzene in the immediate vicinity of petrol stations.

2.3 The Local Perspective for Bolton

There have been no AQMAs declared from the first round of reviews and assessments in respect of the 2003 benzene Objective, which supports the studies carried out at a national level. The Bolton MBC first round review and assessment concluded that there were no significant sources of benzene in or around Bolton, and there was therefore no requirement to proceed beyond a stage one screening review.

UPDATING AND SCREENING ASSESSMENT FOR BENZENE

2.4 Background Benzene Concentrations

Estimated annual mean background benzene concentrations for the Bolton district were obtained from the UK air quality archive (www.airquality.co.uk/archive/laqm/tools.php). The average annual mean across Bolton (2001) was 0.7mg/m3, with a range of individual 1km2 grid values of 0.5-0.8mg/m3. Values for 2003 gave an average of 0.6mg/m3 (range 0.5-0.7mg/m3), and by 2010 the average background concentration values reduce to 0.4mg/m3 (range 0.4-0.6mg/m3).

2.5 Monitoring Data

Ambient benzene concentrations are routinely measured at four locations in Bolton using passive diffusion tubes exposed for monthly periods, and analysed at a UKAS- accredited laboratory by thermal desorption and gas chromatography.

Updating and Screening Assessment 9P1194 Final Report - 8 - January 2004 The results as annual mean concentrations are presented in Table 2.1 for the three most recent complete years of 2000-2002, together with a data capture as a percentage of the number of months with valid data in the year. It is noted that for comparison with the 2003 benzene Objective, LAQM.TG(03) states that the measured annual mean concentration may be assumed to be equivalent to the running annual mean.

Table 2.1 Benzene Monitoring Data, Annual Means 2000-2002, mg/m3

Site OS Ref Location 2000 2001 2002 Urban 1.69 1.89 1.56 Bankfield St 703, 081 background (85%) (73%) (100%) 3.51 3.61 2.47 AB Traffic 714, 116 Roadside (92%) (82%) (100%) Urban 2.21 2.21 1.43 Manley Terr. 713, 117 background (92%) (82%) (100%) 1.69 2.18 1.17 Drummond St 712, 117 Roadside (85%) (64%) (75%)

Pumped sampling tubes are not used in Bolton, but a national monitoring station operated under the auspices of the National Physical Laboratory has been established in the city centre of Manchester. Co-located pumped sorbent tube and passive diffusion tube data were used to derive a bias correction factor for the diffusion tubes of 1.15 (Manchester City Council, 2003), and as the same laboratory and analytical method is used for tubes exposed by Bolton and Manchester councils, this bias correction factor has been assumed to be applicable. Table 2.2 gives the bias-corrected annual mean data for 2002, projected to 2003 and 2010 for comparison with the benzene Objective values (in accordance with the factor given in box 3.4 of LAQM.TG(03)).

Table 2.2 Benzene Annual Mean Concentrations Projected to 2003 and 2010, mg/m3

2002 2003 2010 (bias corrected) (projected) (projected) Objective 16.25 5 Bankfield St 1.79 1.67 1.24 AB Traffic 2.84 2.66 1.97 Manley Terr. 1.64 1.53 1.14 Drummond St 1.35 1.26 0.94

Table 2.2 indicates that at representative roadside and urban background locations in Bolton the running annual mean benzene concentration is well below the 2003 Objective value, and the projected annual mean concentrations for 2010 are also well below the future Objective and Limit value.

Updating and Screening Assessment 9P1194 Final Report - 9 - January 2004 2.6 Very busy roads or junctions in built up areas

The LAQM.TG(03) screening assessment approach requires the identification of very busy roads or junctions where the 2010 background concentration is expected to be above 2mg/m3.

As stated in section 2.4, the estimated annual mean background benzene concentrations for the Bolton district obtained from the UK air quality archive indicated that the maximum 1km2 grid value in 2010 would be 0.5542mg/m3. Therefore it is unlikely that 2010 roadside benzene concentrations will be at risk of exceeding the 2010 Objective, and no further assessment is required.

2.7 Industrial sources

LAQM.TG(03) sets out a list of industrial processes with the potential to emit significant quantities of benzene in 2003 and 2010 in Annex 2, Appendix E, as Part A and Part B/A2 regulated activities.

Information on all authorised and permitted processes are maintained and updated annually in the Greater Manchester Atmospheric Emissions Inventory (‘EMIGMA’). Of the six Part A processes in Bolton, none were deemed to be potentially significant emitters of benzene:

Table 2.4 Part A Processes in Bolton

Operator EPA/PPC sector sector ref Bettix Ltd 4.4 Halogen process CMP Batteries Ltd 4.5 Inorganic Chemical Process Mondi Paper Ltd 6.1 Paper & Pulp manufacturers GM Waste Ltd 5.1 Incineration Rethmann UK Ltd 2.2 Non ferrous metals VIL Resins Ltd 4.2 Manufacture of organic chemicals

For Part A2/B processes, the list in LAQM.TG(03) indicates that only activities covered by Process Guidance note PG1/13, ‘the storage, loading and unloading of petrol at terminals’, are associated with potentially significant emissions of benzene. There are currently no such processes in Bolton.

The Bolton district is bordered by the districts of Bury, Salford and Wigan, and a similar search was undertaken within the EMIGMA database for significant benzene industrial sources. In these three neighbouring districts there are no Part A processes listed in Annex 2, Appendix E of LAQM.TG(03) as being significant benzene emitting activities, and there are no Part A2/B processes permitted under PG1/13.

There are therefore no processes in or around Bolton with the potential to release significant quantities of benzene, and no further assessment is required.

Updating and Screening Assessment 9P1194 Final Report - 10 - January 2004 2.8 Petrol stations

LAQM TG(03) Box 3.2 sets out a methodology for assessing the impact of benzene emissions from petrol filling stations. Box 3.2 states that benzene emissions need only be considered where the annual throughput of petrol exceeds 2 million litres per annum, where the petrol station is located on a road with a vehicle flow in excess of 30,000 vehicles per day, and if there is also relevant public exposure within 10m of the petrol pumps.

The EMIGMA database was searched and in Bolton a total of 25 petrol filling stations had a throughput of more than 2 million litres per annum (in 2001). The location of each station was then compared with the AADT traffic flow on the nearest road, and only two stations were located close to roads carrying greater than 30,000 AADT (2001), as detailed in Table 2.5.

Table 2.5 Petrol Filling Stations (throughput > 2m litres per annum) and nearest road AADT > 30,000 (2001)

Petrol station X Y Nearest road AADT, 2001 Mercury Filling Manchester 366790 406210 A6 39,266* Station Road Manchester Rd 38,959* Canning Canning 371530 410830 A666 31,183 Service Station Street Blackburn Rd * Flow in each direction of the carriageway given.

In neither location is there residential accommodation within 10m of the filling station pumps, indicating that relevant benzene exposure is unlikely and no further assessment is therefore required.

This completes the updating and screening assessment of potential benzene sources in Bolton in accordance with LAQM.TG(03), and a detailed assessment is not required.

Updating and Screening Assessment 9P1194 Final Report - 11 - January 2004 3 1,3-BUTADIENE

Objective:

· 2.25mg/m3 maximum running annual mean by December 2003

3.1 Introduction

The Government and the Devolved Administrations have adopted a maximum running annual mean concentration of 2.25 µg/m3 as an air quality standard for 1,3-butadiene. The objective is for the standard to be achieved by the end of 2003.

3.2 The National Perspective

The main source of 1,3-butadiene in the United Kingdom is emissions from motor vehicle exhausts. 1,3-butadiene is also an important industrial chemical and is handled in bulk at a small number of industrial premises. Concentrations of 1,3-butadiene are measured at a limited number of UK national network sites. Maximum running annual mean concentrations of 1,3-butadiene measured at all urban background/centre and roadside locations are already well below the 2003 objective of 2.25 µg/m3.

The increasing numbers of vehicles equipped with three way catalysts will significantly reduce emissions of 1,3-butadiene in future years. Recently agreed further reductions in vehicle emissions and improvements to fuel quality, including those as part of the Auto- Oil programme, are expected to further reduce emissions of 1,3-butadiene from vehicle exhausts. These measures are expected to deliver the air quality objective by the end of 2003, and no further measures are thought to be needed. Only those authorities with relevant locations in the vicinity of major industrial processes which handle, store or emit 1,3-butadiene, are expected to proceed beyond the updating and screening assessment.

Studies at a national level, based on both measured and modelling data, suggest that there is little likelihood of the objective for 1,3-butadiene being exceeded by 2003, and it is highly unlikely that any authority will be required to proceed beyond the Updating and Screening Assessment.

3.3 The Local Perspective for Bolton

There have been no AQMAs declared from the first round of reviews and assessments in respect of the air quality objective for 1,3-butadiene. This conclusion supports the studies carried out at a national level. The Bolton MBC first round review and assessment concluded that there were no significant sources of 1,3-butadiene in or around Bolton, and there was therefore no requirement to proceed beyond a stage one screening review.

Updating and Screening Assessment 9P1194 Final Report - 12 - January 2004 UPDATING AND SCREENING ASSESSMENT FOR 1,3-BUTADIENE

3.4 Background 1,3-Butadiene Concentrations

Estimated annual mean background 1,3-butadiene concentrations for the Bolton district were obtained from the UK air quality archive (www.airquality.co.uk/archive/laqm/tools.php). The average annual mean across Bolton (2001) was 0.27mg/m3, with a range of individual 1km2 grid values of 0.21-0.34mg/m3. Values for 2003 gave an average of 0.21mg/m3 (range 0.16-0.27mg/m3).

3.5 Monitoring Data

No 1,3-butadiene monitoring is carried out in Bolton.

3.6 Industrial Sources

The criteria in Box 4.2 of LAQM.TG(03) for assessment of industrial 1,3-butadiene emissions were used to determine the significance of releases.

The checklist in Annex 2, Appendix E indicated that only one Part A process was in a sector listed as a potential source, VIL Resins Ltd (Authorisations AK7647 and BK4103). The site was assessed during the first round of review and assessment and there were no known releases of 1,3-butadiene. The company’s total VOC emissions have fallen from 16.9 tonnes in 1999 to 1.6 tonnes in 2001, and there are no new 1,3-butadiene sources.

There are no Part A2/B rubber processes in Bolton, regulated under Process Guidance Note PG6/28, nor are there any other significant industrial sources of 1,3-butadiene within 1km of the Bolton boundaries with the neighbouring boroughs of Bury, Salford and Wigan.

This completes the updating and screening assessment of potential 1,3-butadiene sources in Bolton in accordance with LAQM.TG(03), and a detailed assessment is not required.

Updating and Screening Assessment 9P1194 Final Report - 13 - January 2004 4 CARBON MONOXIDE

Objective:

· 10mg/m3 maximum daily running 8-hour mean by December 2003

4.1 Introduction

The Government and the Devolved Administrations have adopted a maximum daily running 8-hour mean concentration of 10 mg/m3 as the air quality standard for carbon monoxide, in line with the second Air Quality Daughter Directive limit value.

4.2 The National Perspective

The main source of carbon monoxide in the United Kingdom is road transport, which accounted for 67% of total releases in 2000. Annual emissions of carbon monoxide have been falling steadily since the 1970s, and are expected to continue to do so. Current projections indicate that road transport emissions will decline by a further 42% between 2000 and 2005.

Measured maximum daily running 8-hour mean carbon monoxide concentrations at UK national network sites indicates that there were no measured exceedences of the objective at any site between 1999 and 2001. In general, concentrations at kerbside or roadside sites were higher than at urban background or urban centre sites. However, under certain meteorological circumstances, pollutant emissions within urban areas may accumulate, resulting in higher concentrations at urban background or urban centre sites. This effect was noted during December 2001, when the objective was approached (within 20%) at 4 sites nationally, one of which was Bolton.

Carbon monoxide concentrations adjacent to major roads have also been modelled at a national level. The results of this assessment suggest that existing policies will be sufficient to reduce maximum daily running 8-hour mean concentrations of carbon monoxide below 10 mg/m3 by about 2003.

Studies at a national level, based on both measured and modelling data, suggest that there is little likelihood of the new objective for carbon monoxide being exceeded by 2003. Whilst the maximum daily running 8-hour concentrations in December 2001 approached the objective at some urban background and urban centre sites, levels by 2003 are expected to continue to decline, and the likelihood of any exceedence is considered to be low. In addition, any consideration of these urban scale episodes would require a level of detail beyond that expected within the review and assessment process.

LAQM.TG(03) states that it is highly unlikely that any authority will be required to proceed beyond the Updating and Screening Assessment.

Updating and Screening Assessment 9P1194 Final Report - 14 - January 2004 4.3 The Local Perspective for Bolton

There have been no AQMAs declared from the first round of reviews and assessments in respect of the previous 2003 air quality objective (11.6 mg/m3, as defined in the Regulations 2000). This conclusion supports the studies carried out at a national level.

The Bolton MBC first round review and assessment stated that whilst there were potentially significant sources of carbon monoxide in Bolton, the stage two review concluded that there was no significant risk of the Objective being exceeded.

UPDATING AND SCREENING ASSESSMENT FOR CARBON MONOXIDE

4.4 Background Carbon Monoxide Concentrations

Estimated annual mean background carbon monoxide concentrations for the Bolton district were obtained from the UK air quality archive (www.airquality.co.uk/archive/laqm/tools.php). The average annual mean across Bolton (2001) was 0.38mg/m3, with a range of individual 1km2 grid values of 0.32-0.44mg/m3.

4.5 Monitoring Data

There is one affiliated AUN national network monitoring station in Bolton, located at the Bolton Institute, College Way, (Grid Ref. 371000 408500). Established in 1997, the station is classified as an urban background location, and monitoring equipment measures ambient concentrations of CO, NO2, PM10, SO2 and O3.

The analysers are calibrated in accordance with the UK Automatic Urban Network Site Operators Manual every two weeks, daily automatic zero/span checks are carried out, and site and operator audits are undertaken on a six-monthly basis by the national QA/QC Unit.

In addition there are two roadside carbon monoxide analysers operated by the Bolton Engineers’ section, and summary data for all three stations are given in Table 4.1.

Table 4.1 Summary Carbon Monoxide Monitoring Data, 2000-2002

Site location 2000 2001 2002 Maximum daily running 8-hour mean, mg/m3 Bolton AUN Urban 4.7 7.4 3.5 station background B6199 Roadside 2.7 4.8 3.1 Plodder lane A58 Moss roadside 4.9 5.6 3.4 bank Way

Updating and Screening Assessment 9P1194 Final Report - 15 - January 2004 LAQM.TG(03) Box 2.2 procedures state that the screening assessment should be based on current monitored levels, as there is no straightforward way of projecting future concentrations. Table 4.1 indicates that there are currently no maximum daily 8-hour concentrations of carbon monoxide greater than 10mg/m3 at town centre background or major roadside locations.

(The anomalous higher value for 2001 at the AUN station was measured on the 12th December 2001, and in fact for a four-day period between the 8th and 12th December the maximum daily running 8-hour mean values were elevated above ‘normal’ levels. The data were fully ratified by the national QA/QC Unit, and are regarded as true measurements. However these levels of CO are not normally measured, even at the roadside monitoring locations, but even accounting for this period of elevated measurements, the Objective was not breached).

On the basis of recent measured data, no detailed assessment is therefore required.

4.6 Road Traffic Sources – ‘very busy roads or junctions in built-up areas’.

For the screening assessment of significant road traffic sources, LAQM.TG(03) Box 2.2 procedures require the identification of ‘very busy’ roads and junctions in areas where the 2003 background concentration is expected to be above 1mg/m3. As detailed in section 4.4, the maximum background 1km2 grid carbon monoxide concentration in Bolton in 2001 is 0.44mg/m3. When calculated to 2003 in accordance with correction factors given in Box 2.3, the estimated 2003 background concentration is 0.36mg/m3, well below the 1mg/m3 threshold. Therefore no further assessment of road traffic sources is required.

This completes the updating and screening assessment of potential carbon monoxide sources in Bolton in accordance with LAQM.TG(03), and a detailed assessment is not required.

Updating and Screening Assessment 9P1194 Final Report - 16 - January 2004 5 LEAD

Objectives:

· 0.5mg/m3 annual mean by December 2004; and

· 0.25mg/m3 annual mean by December 2008.

5.1 Introduction

The Government and the Devolved Administrations have adopted an annual mean concentration of 0.5 µg/m3 as the air quality standard for lead, with an objective for the standard to be achieved by the end of 2004. In addition, a lower air quality objective of 0.25 µg/m3 to be achieved by the end of 2008 has also been set.

5.2 The National Perspective

The agreement reached between the European Parliament and the Environment Council on the Directive on the Quality of Petrol and Diesel Fuels (part of the Auto-Oil Programme) has led to the ban on sales of leaded petrol in the United Kingdom with effect from 1 January 2000. Emissions of lead are now restricted to a variety of industrial activities, such as battery manufacture, pigments in paints and glazes, alloys, radiation shielding, tank lining and piping.

Concentrations at all national background and kerbside lead monitoring sites between 1999 and 2001 are well below the objectives for 2004 and 2008. Detailed assessments of the potential impact of lead emissions from industrial processes have been undertaken by the Government and the Devolved Administrations, based upon both monitoring and sector analysis studies. The former has included a 12-month monitoring survey in the vicinity of 30 key industrial sites in the UK, which has been used to supplement information already provided from the non-automatic monitoring networks. These monitoring data have generally indicated no exceedances of the 2004 or 2008 objectives, although locations in proximity to non-ferrous metal production and foundry processes were deemed to be at risk, and further monitoring is under way.

5.3 The local perspective for Bolton

There have been no AQMAs declared in respect of the 2004 or 2008 Air Quality Objectives, as a result of the first round of review and assessment. Only those authorities with relevant locations in the vicinity of major industrial processes that emit significant quantities of lead, are expected to need to progress beyond the Updating and Screening Assessment.

The Bolton MBC first round review and assessment included detailed dispersion modelling of lead emissions from four industrial sources, reported in the Sage Four review and assessment report, and the conclusions were that there was no significant risk of the lead Objective being exceeded in the vicinity of these sites.

Updating and Screening Assessment 9P1194 Final Report - 17 - January 2004 UPDATING AND SCREENING ASSESSMENT FOR LEAD

5.4 Background Lead Concentrations

Estimated annual mean background concentrations for lead are not available on the UK air quality archive (www.airquality.co.uk/archive/laqm/tools.php), and local background concentrations are derived from monitoring data.

5.5 Monitoring Data

Lead is monitored in Bolton in the vicinity of two potential point sources, a Part A regulated battery manufacturing process, and a part B regulated clinical waste incinerator. Monitoring results for 2001 and 2002 are given in Table 5.1.

Table 5.1 Lead Monitoring Results, 2001-2002

Annual mean Pb, mg/m3 2001 2002 A6 Salford Road (CMP Batteries) 0.040 0.110 Minerva Road (Bolton Hospital CWI) 0.018 0.013

LAQM.TG(03) Box 5.2 procedures state that the screening assessment for lead should be based on current monitored levels, as there is no straightforward way of projecting future concentrations. Table 5.1 indicates that there are currently no annual mean lead concentrations than either the 2004 or 2008 Objectives values at representative monitoring locations.

5.6 Industrial Sources

Potential industrial sources of lead were assessed using detailed dispersion modelling during the first round review and assessment. The Stage 4 report details ADMS-Urban model inputs and results for four industrial point sources, at Horwich Castings, Royal Bolton Hospital, Sandusky Walmsley and Shakespeare Foundary. The report concluded that there was no significant risk of the lead Objectives being exceeded in the vicinity of these sites as a result of their lead emissions.

There are no new industrial sources of lead in Bolton since this Stage 4 review and assessment. The EMIGMA database indicates that only one of the sources identified during the first round as potentially significant, in Bolton or in the three neighbouring authorities of Bury, Salford and Wigan, have ‘substantially’ (>30%) increased emissions. This is the CMP Batteries site on Salford Road, Over Hulton, which had an allocated total lead emission in 1997 of 57kg per year, and which had an equivalent emission of 84kg in 2001 (64kg in 2000). Emissions from the site are from six stacks, and the screening nomograms for point-source lead emissions in LAQM.TG(03) can not be used. However, lead monitoring has been carried out at the nearest residential property to the site for a number of years. Table 5.1 shows that the ground level annual mean

Updating and Screening Assessment 9P1194 Final Report - 18 - January 2004 lead concentration is well below the Objective for 2004 (and is less than half of the more stringent Objective set for 2008). At the conclusion of the first round of review and assessment, the Monitoring Helpline confirmed that this monitoring was sufficient to determine the significance of the emissions from the process (EREF 0155 Help Desk Query), and releases at that time were not deemed to be significant. Monitoring at this most sensitive receptor location will therefore be continued, and updated annual mean data will be presented at each stage of the rolling programme of review and assessment in future years.

This completes the updating and screening assessment of potential lead sources in Bolton in accordance with LAQM.TG(03), and a detailed assessment is not required.

Updating and Screening Assessment 9P1194 Final Report - 19 - January 2004 6 NITROGEN DIOXIDE

Objectives:

· 200mg/m3 1-hr mean (18 exceedences) by December 2005; and

· 40mg/m3 annual mean by December 2005.

6.1 Introduction

The Government and the Devolved Administrations have adopted two Air Quality Objectives for nitrogen dioxide, as an annual mean concentration of 40 µg/m3, and a 1- hour mean concentration of 200 µg/m3 not to be exceeded more than 18 times per year1. The objectives are to be achieved by the end of 2005.

The first Air Quality Daughter Directive also sets limit values for nitrogen dioxide, which has been transposed into UK legislation. The Directive includes a 1-hour limit value of 200 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more than 18 times per year, and an annual mean limit value of 40 µg/m3, both to be achieved by 1 January 2010.

6.2 The National Perspective

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and nitric oxide (NO) are both oxides of nitrogen, and are collectively referred to as nitrogen oxides (NOx). All combustion processes produce NOx emissions, largely in the form of nitric oxide, which is then converted to nitrogen dioxide, mainly as a result of reaction with ozone in the atmosphere. It is nitrogen dioxide that is associated with adverse effects upon human health.

The principal source of nitrogen oxides emissions is road transport, which accounted for about 49% of total UK emissions in 2000. Major roads carrying large volumes of high- speed traffic (such as motorways and other primary routes) are a predominant source, as are conurbations and city centres with congested traffic. Within most urban areas, the contribution of road transport to local emissions will be much greater than for the national picture. For example, road transport is estimated to account for around 56% of nitrogen oxides emissions in Greater Manchester.

The contribution of road transport to nitrogen oxides emissions has declined significantly in recent years as a result of various policy measures, and further reductions are expected up until 2010 and beyond. For example, urban traffic nitrogen oxides emissions are estimated to fall by about 20% between 2000 and 2005, and by 46% between 2000 and 20102.

Other significant sources of nitrogen oxides emissions include the electricity supply industry and other industrial and commercial sectors, which accounted for about 24% and 23% respectively in 1999. Emissions from both sources have also declined dramatically, due to the fitting of low nitrogen oxides burners, and the increased use of natural gas plant. Industrial sources make only a very small contribution to annual mean nitrogen dioxide levels, although breaches of the hourly nitrogen dioxide objective may occur under rare, extreme meteorological conditions, due to emissions from these sources.

Updating and Screening Assessment 9P1194 Final Report - 20 - January 2004 National monitoring data for 1999 to 2001 shows that the annual mean objective of 40µg/m3 is currently widely exceeded at roadside sites throughout the UK, with exceedences also reported at urban background locations in major conurbations. The number of exceedences of the 1-hour objective show considerable year-to-year variation, and are driven by meteorological conditions which give rise to winter episodes of poor dispersion and summer oxidant episodes. In recent years, exceedences of the short-term objective have generally only been recorded at roadside or kerbside sites in close proximity to heavily-trafficked roads in major conurbations.

In practice, meeting the annual mean objective in 2005, and the limit value in 2010, is expected to be considerably more demanding than achieving the 1-hour objective. National studies have indicated that the annual mean objective is likely to be achieved at all urban background locations outside of London by 2005, but that the objective may be exceeded more widely at roadside sites throughout the UK in close proximity to busy road links. Projections for 2010 indicate that the EU limit value may still be exceeded at urban background sites in London, and at roadside locations in other cities.

6.3 The Local Perspective for Bolton

Of the 121 AQMAs that have been declared the first round of the review and assessment process (as at October 2003), the vast majority are related specifically to road traffic emissions, where attainment of the annual mean Objective is considered unlikely. Of the anticipated AQMAs, 95% have traffic emissions as the main, if not only, component. Exceedences of the Objective have been identified within major conurbations, within smaller town centres with congested traffic, and alongside dual carriageways and motorways in more rural areas.

Bolton MBC published its Third Stage Review & Assessment report in April 2001 (Bolton MBC, 2001), and this proposed the designation of an AQMA as a result of likely breaches of the nitrogen dioxide (NO2) annual mean Objective by 2005. Following a joint consultation with the other Greater Manchester Authorities, Bolton formally declared its AQMA on 8th March 2002, and a contiguous AQMA has been declared across the ten constituent districts of Greater Manchester on the basis of predicted nitrogen dioxide annual mean exceedences.

Updating and Screening Assessment 9P1194 Final Report - 21 - January 2004 UPDATING AND SCREENING ASSESSMENT FOR NITROGEN DIOXIDE

Technical Guidance note LAQM TG(03) outlines a checklist approach to the Updating and Screening assessment for nitrogen dioxide, and the sources, locations or data that need to be assessed are as follows:

A Monitoring data outside an AQMA, B Monitoring data within an AQMA, C Narrow congested streets with residential properties close to the kerb, D Junctions, E Busy streets where people may spend 1-hour or more close to traffic, F Roads with a high flow of buses and / or HGV's, G New roads constructed or proposed since the first round of review and assessment, H Roads close to the objective during the first round of review and assessment, I Roads with significantly changed traffic flows, J Bus stations, K New industrial sources, L Industrial sources with substantially increased emissions, M Aircraft.

It should be noted, however, that in a joint working arrangement with all ten Greater Manchester authorities, a detailed dispersion modelling study across the conurbation was commissioned in 2002/03. The objective of this study was to utilise an updated emissions inventory (2001 base year) and the latest set of emission factors to predict nitrogen dioxide and PM10 concentrations in relevant future years, in anticipation of the requirement for most if not all ten authorities to undertake a ‘detailed assessment’ in accordance with DEFRA procedures laid down in LAQM.TG(03).

The study areas for Bolton are shown in Appendix 1, as a series of nominal 2km2 grids, incorporating the existing AQMA and the major road network. As this modelling work will be undertaken in accordance with the guidance relating to detailed assessment, for the purposes of this screening assessment, modelling using DMRB1 where required has been undertaken for a representative series of locations both inside and outside the existing AQMA.

6.4 Background Nitrogen Dioxide Concentrations

Estimated annual mean background nitrogen dioxide concentrations for the Bolton district were obtained from the UK air quality archive (www.airquality.co.uk/archive/laqm/tools.php). The average annual mean across Bolton (2001) was 32.3mg/m3, with a range of individual 1km2 grid values of 26.7–41.2mg/m3. Values for 2005 gave an average of 28.8mg/m3 (range 23.9-36.5mg/m3), and by 2010 the average background concentration values reduce to 24.7mg/m3 (range 20.7–36.9mg/m3).

1 Design Manual for Roads and Bridges, version 1.01 (Highways Agency, 2003).

Updating and Screening Assessment 9P1194 Final Report - 22 - January 2004 Figure 2 Background Nitrogen Dioxide Concentrations (2005), and the existing Air Quality management Area in Bolton.

415500

414500

413500

412500

411500

410500

409500

408500

407500

406500

405500

404500

403500

360500 365500 370500 375500 (Not to scale) Key Background nitrogen dioxide concentration < 27mg/m3 (2005) Background nitrogen dioxide concentration 27-30mg/m3 (2005) Background nitrogen dioxide concentration 30-33mg/m3 (2005) Background nitrogen dioxide concentration >33mg/m 3 (2005)

Existing Air Quality Management Area

© Crown Copyright. Based on the Ordnance Survey mapping with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationary Office © Crown Copyright. Unauthorised reproduction infringes Crown copyright and may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings. Bolton Metro Licence No LA076112/2001

Updating and Screening Assessment 9P1194 Final Report - 23 - January 2004 6.5 Monitoring Data

There is one affiliated AUN national network monitoring station in Bolton, located at the Bolton Institute, College Way, (Grid Ref. 371000 408500). Established in 1997, the station is classified as an urban background location, and monitoring equipment measures ambient concentrations of CO, NO2, PM10, SO2 and O3.

The analysers are calibrated in accordance with the UK Automatic Urban Network Site Operators Manual every two weeks, daily automatic zero/span checks are carried out, and site and operator audits are undertaken on a six-monthly basis by the national QA/QC Unit. Recent nitrogen dioxide annual mean concentration values measured at this AUN station, which is located within the designated AQMA, are given in Table 6.1.

3 Table 6.1 Bolton AUN Station, NO2 Annual Means, mg/m , 2000-2002

Site Classification 2000 2001 2002 Bolton AUN station U4 urban background 29.2 35.3 34.8

In addition to this automatic analyser, nitrogen dioxide is measured at a number of other locations in Bolton using passive diffusion tubes. The monitoring procedures are

consistent with those recommended in the national NO2 tube monitoring network. The tubes are prepared (using the 10% triethanolamine in water method) and analysed by Casella Ltd, a UKAS accredited laboratory in Trafford Park, Salford.

Co-location of a diffusion tube at the automatic monitoring station is not possible, as the sampling inlet passes out through a roof to which access is restricted, and so no local bias factor can be determined. Smith et al (1999) assessed diffusion tube bias and precision in a study of the UK National NO 2 Diffusion Tube Survey data, and concluded that NO2 tubes generally tend to overestimate ambient NO2 when compared with a chemiluminescent analyser; an overall uncertainty of around 24% (equivalent to ± 6ppb (11.46mg/m3) at a concentration of 25ppb (47.75mg/m3)) was determined. For an assessment of local procedures and methodology for Bolton, comparison was made with the bias correction factor determined by Manchester City Council for background stations, given that the same procedures, tube preparation method and analytical laboratory are used by Manchester Council.

Tables 6.2 and 6.3 present available monitoring data from site locations within and outside the currently designated AQMA respectively. Bias-corrected values are given for the highest annual mean measured over the most recent three year period, (as LAQM.TG(03) recommends that the highest projected values should be utilised as a basis for further consideration), and these values are projected to 2005.

Updating and Screening Assessment 9P1194 Final Report - 24 - January 2004 Table 6.2 NO2 Monitoring Results for Sites Within the AQMA, 2000 - 2002

Site Ref Classification 2000 2001 2002 2002 2005 Bias Projected2 Uncorrected results corrected 1 Astley Bridge BO5 Roadside 47.8 47.8 n 38.0 33.9 Farnworth TH BO14 Roadside 17.4 18.3 28.2 22.4 20.6 Bolton / Mcr Rd BO40 Roadside 42.5 48.2 42.8* 38.4 34.3 Manley Terr. BO4 Intermediate 36.3 34.4 n 28.9 25.6 Le Mans Cres. BO8 Background 26.5 29.4 33.5 26.7 24.9 Drummond St BO16 Background 28.7 28.7* n 22.8 20.7 Bolton / Mcr Rd BO41 Background 34.8* 39.1* 29.8* 31.1 28.2 Ainsworth Rd BO48 Background 40.5 n 40.0 32.2 28.5 Area Office (1) BO49 Background 30.4 33.0 26.0 26.3 23.9 Area Office (2) BO50 Background 34.3 34.0 31.4 27.3 24.2 Area Off. rear BO51 Background 31.9 30.9 25.9 25.4 22.5 1 Bias correction factor of 0.796 applied to the highest annual mean measured between 2000 and 2002. 2 Bias-corrected highest annual mean values projected in accordance with LAQM.TG(03), boxes 6.6 and 6.7. n no data available · data capture < 75%

Figure 3 Annual Mean NO2 Values, 2005, locations inside the existing AQMA

45

40

35

30 3 , ug/m 2 25

20 Annual Mean NO 15

10

5

0 Astley Farnworth Bolton / Mcr Manley Terr. Le Mans Drummond Bolton / Mcr Ainsworth Area Office Area Office Area Off. Bridge TH Rd Cres. St Rd Rd (1) (2) rear

Updating and Screening Assessment 9P1194 Final Report - 25 - January 2004 Table 6.3 NO2 Monitoring Results for Sites Outside the AQMA, 2000 - 2002

Site Ref Classification 2000 2001 2002 2002 2005 Bias Projected2 Uncorrected results corrected 1 Beehive Hotel BO43 Roadside 44.3 49.9 44.0 39.0 34.8 Turton Rd kerb BO52 Roadside 39.5 45.1 37.2 35.9 32.0 Chorley N Rd 1 BO44 Intermediate 33.8 28.4 30.8 26.9 23.2 Chorley N Rd 2 BO45 Intermediate 34.8 36.9 30.5 29.3 26.1 Turton Rd rear BO53 Intermediate 28.6 26.6 25.4 22.8 19.8 Bankfield St BO10 Background 28.7 24.8 n 22.8 20.2 Horwich BO11 Background 12.1 19.3 17.1 15.4 14.0 Crowborough Cl BO46 Background 22.1 24.0 18.5 19.1 17.3 Laburnham Pk BO54 Background 22.1 17.0 17.1 17.6 15.6 1 Bias correction factor of 0.796 applied to the highest annual mean measured between 2000 and 2002. 2 Bias-corrected highest annual mean values projected in accordance with LAQM.TG(03), boxes 6.6 and 6.7. n no data available · data capture < 75%

Figure 4 Annual Mean NO2 Values, 2005, locations inside the existing AQMA

45

40

35

30 3 , ug/m 2 25

20 Annual Mean NO 15

10

5

0 Beehive Hotel Turton Rd kerb Chorley N Rd 1 Chorley N Rd 2 Turton Rd rear Bankfield St Horwich Crowborough Laburnham Pk Cl

Updating and Screening Assessment 9P1194 Final Report - 26 - January 2004 Tables 6.2 and 6.3 and the corresponding Figures 3 and 4 show that there are eleven NO2 diffusion tube monitoring sites within and nine outside the AQMA. When corrected for tube bias, and projected forward to 2005, the recent monitoring data indicate that the annual mean Objective will not be exceeded at any of these locations. During the first round of review and assessment the AQMA boundary was agreed by all Greater Manchester authorities to be drawn on a precautionary basis at 19ppb (36.3mg/m3)2, and this concentration is shown on Figures 3 and 4. As would be expected, the roadside monitoring locations indicate the highest annual mean values, but the diffusion tube monitoring data indicate that these locations are not in breach of the annual mean NO2 Objective.

The AUN station is located close to the AQMA boundary, to the south-west of the town centre, and Table 6.1 shows that annual mean concentrations for 2000-2002 were below the Objective. Hourly data from the automatic NO2 analyser allows a comparison with the hourly Objective (200mg/m3 by December 2005, with 18 exceedences per year allowed). The data show that there were no exceedences of the short-term Objective value in the three most recent years. There were no measured hourly average values greater than 200mg/m3 in 2002 or 2000; in 2001 the highest hourly mean was recorded at 268mg/m3, but concentrations exceeded 200mg/m3 for only four hours in the year. In summary, the recent monitoring data presented indicate that the area of exceedence may not be as extensive as the current AQMA.

6.6 Narrow congested streets with residential properties close to the kerb.

The LAQM.TG(03) Guidance Note provides screening criteria for areas not fully considered in the first round of review and assessment, where traffic is slow moving with stop/start driving, and where buildings close to the road reduce the dispersion of traffic pollutants.

Such areas in Bolton are essentially those in and around the town centre, and some main arterial routes around the centre. The updating and screening thresholds are roads carrying greater than 10,000 vehicles per day, where the average speed is 50kph or less, and where there are residential properties within 5m of the kerb. Outside the existing AQMA, the district of Westhoughton is characterised by such properties, and the above thresholds are met along the A58 Market Street / Wigan Road.

All major roads were fully considered in the first round of review and assessment using detailed dispersion modelling techniques, but screening DMRB assessments were nevertheless undertaken for these road links as part of this Updating and Screening stage. DMRB assessments including these in the Westhoughton area are fully reported in section 6.9.

6.7 Junctions

The LAQM.TG(03) Guidance Note requires the consideration of major road junctions where there was no specific assessment undertaken in the First Round against the 2005

2 The conclusion of the first round review and assessment undertaken jointly by the ten Greater Manchester authorities was that the modelling uncertainty was ±2ppb (36.3mg/m 3), and on a precautionary basis the AQMA boundary was drawn at the Objective value minus one SD.

Updating and Screening Assessment 9P1194 Final Report - 27 - January 2004 Objectives. The screening criteria are ‘busy’ junctions with more than 10,000 vehicles per day passing through (where flows are added at intersections), and where there is relevant exposure within 10m of the kerb, or up to 20m in major conurbations. Seven such junctions were assessed using the DMRB screening model, three outside and four inside the existing AQMA. The results are summarised in Table 6.4.

Table 6.4 DMRB Screening Assessments of Busy Road Junctions

Junction Background Link Speed, kph AADT, 2005 Receptor o NOx & NO2, N Annual mean 3 3 2005, mg/m NO2, mg/m Junctions outside existing AQMA Plodder La/ NOx 60.4 1 39.2 7741

Bradford Rd NO2 32.5 2 30.9 16912 38.8 3 42.0 900 4 41.2 4721 St Helens Rd/ NOx 57.0 1 53.7 15169

Hulton La NO2 31.2 2 37.7 12106 40.7 3 39.6 3200 Bradshaw Brow/ NOx 48.3 1 25.1 24330

Turton Rd NO2 27.9 2 24.6 21319 37.7 3 32.7 14096 Junctions inside existing AQMA Bolton Rd/Market St, NOx 63.6 1 34.2 15479

Farnworth NO2 33.7 2 24.8 37594 50.8 3 34.6 17923 Blackburn Rd/ NOx 63.6 1 22.3 32584

Crompton Way NO2 33.7 2 31.6 36643 3 58.8 15990 47.2 4 45.6 31002 5 37.3 8521 St George’s Rd/ NOx 56.2 1 35.4 19709

Chorley New & Old Rd NO2 31.0 2 37.6 16353 42.1 3 35.0 25394 Moor Lane/ Deane Rd/ NOx 57.5 1 34.2 17866

Trinity St NO2 31.4 2 31.0 18256 43.7 3 36.0 16915

The screening assessment indicates predicted annual mean concentrations greater than 40mg/m3 at all four junctions inside the existing AQMA, and at one junction (St Helens Road / Hulton lane) outside the AQMA. The assessment of nitrogen dioxide concentrations at these junctions should therefore proceed to a Detailed Assessment, as defined in LAQM.TG(03). The Detailed Assessment should include the junction St Helens Road / Hulton lane junction outside the AQMA.

Updating and Screening Assessment 9P1194 Final Report - 28 - January 2004 6.8 Busy streets where people may spend 1 hour or more close to traffic.

The LAQM.TG(03) Guidance Note states that there will be some street locations where members of the public may regularly spend one hour or more, such as shopping streets and areas with outdoor cafes/bars. Where there was no specific assessment of such locations undertaken in the First Round assessments, the screening criteria now require consideration of ‘busy’ streets (>10,000 vehicles per day) where members of the public may be exposed within 5m of the kerb.

A significant proportion of the main shopping areas in Bolton Town Centre are pedestrianised, so distancing the public from direct road traffic emission sources. There are however three significantly-sized markets, in Farnworth, Westhoughton and in the town centre. There are a number of other roadside shopping areas across the town, and for a robust screening assessment of public exposure, representative locations at busy roads were evaluated using the DMRB screening model. The results for locations outside and inside the existing AQMA are given respectively in Tables 6.5 and 6.6.

Table 6.5 DMRB Screening Assessments of Busy Roads Outside the AQMA with Potential Public Exposure.

Road link Background Speed, AADT, Receptor mg/m3 kph 2005 Annual mean 3 NOx NO2 NO2, mg/m A6027 Mansell Way 47.5 27.6 79.4 24990 31.1 A673 Chorley New Rd nr Austins La 47.5 27.6 51.4 25883 32.3 A673 Chorley New Rd nr Victoria Rd 46.6 27.2 33.2 14236 30.6 A6 Manchester Rd / Scot Lane End 46.4 27.1 28.6 12314 31.2 A6 Manchester Rd, Westhoughton 52.2 29.4 47.3 11199 33.4 A58 Market St/Library St, Westhoughton 53.2 29.8 34.4 16402 35.5 A58 Wigan Rd/Southfields Rd, 53.2 29.8 34.1 14437 40.1 Westhoughton B5325 Leigh Rd/Washacre, Daisy Hill 53.2 29.8 32.7 17212 34.5 A579 Umberton Rd/New Brook Rd, Hulton 55.8 30.8 40.6 18507 35.7 Park A666 Manchester Rd/Roscow Rd, 63.6 33.7 37.7 17384 39.1 Kearsley A667 Market Street/Stoneleigh Dr, 63.6 33.7 34.0 12358 39.1 Stoneclough A58 Bury Rd/Garstang Ave, Breightmet 55.7 30.7 38.9 22310 36.9 A58 Crompton Way/Tintern Ave, Tonge 51.5 29.1 60.1 16011 33.2 Moor A676 Tonge Moor Rd/Castleton St, Tonge 53.1 29.7 33.7 15121 35.1 Moor A666 Blackburn Rd/Staveley Ave, Eagley 46.1 27 33.4 38289 33.9 A58 Moss Bank Way/Thorns Rd, centre 50.1 28.6 47.2 25079 33.4 A6099 Halliwell Rd/Raglan St, centre 49.3 28.3 29.8 13630 34.0 B6226 Chorley Old Rd/Marsh Fold lane 56.2 31 35.4 19709 35.2 B6199 Plodder Lane/Beech Ave, Dixon 60.4 32.5 30.9 16912 37.3 Green

Updating and Screening Assessment 9P1194 Final Report - 29 - January 2004 Table 6.6 DMRB Screening Assessments of Busy Roads Inside the AQMA with Potential Public Exposure.

Road link Background Speed, AADT, Receptor mg/m3 kph 2005 Annual mean 3 NOx NO2 NO2, mg/m M61 J5-6, Chewmore Lane, 48.6 28.0 98.2 83777 31.7 Westhoughton A579 New Brook Rd, Hulton CPS 55.7 30.8 47.5 18295 32.7 A5082 Long Causeway, Farnworth 60.8 32.7 34.2 15479 39.2 A6053 Market St Farnworth 55.7 30.7 30.3 16992 37.3 A6053 Church Street, Little Lever 54.0 30.1 33.4 16265 35.4 A58 Bury Road/Long Lane, Breightmet 50.1 28.6 33.2 31846 35.1 A58 Crompton Way/Seymour Rd, Astley 50.1 28.6 58.8 15990 34.3 Bridge A666 Blackburn Rd, south of Crompton 50.1 28.6 22.3 32584 34.0 Way A675 Belmont Road 50.1 28.6 31.8 14335 34.7 A6099 Halliwell Rd/Draycott St 53.3 29.8 37.6 11650 33.5 B6226 Chorley Old Rd/Gaskell St 56.2 31.0 35.4 19709 35.2 A673 Chorley New Rd/Tudor St 56.2 31.0 36.3 18312 35.5 A676 Deane Rd/Bankfield St 57.5 31.4 32.2 22898 36.7 A579 Bradford Street/Castle Street, centre 57.3 31.4 26.4 28950 38.5 B6536 Bradshawgate/Bolton College 57.3 31.4 34.5 20414 36.5 A579 Trinity Street 57.5 31.4 35.6 27788 37.0 Deansgate, town centre 57.5 31.4 19.2 13352 35.2 B6202 College Way, Bolton Institute 57.5 31.4 36.7 17341 36.4 A666 Higher Bridge Street 53.3 29.8 31.1 26965 36.4

LAQM.TG(03) states that the ‘revised DMRB model is expected to provide a slightly conservative assessment of the impact in most cases’. Table 6.5 indicates a predicted breach of the Objective value of 40mg/m3 at one location outside the existing AQMA, on the A58 Wigan Road in Westhoughton (on the link close to its junction with Southfields Road). If the precautionary annual mean threshold of 36.3mg/m3 (applied in the initial AQMA designation) is considered, then the following 5 of the 19 locations assessed outside the AQMA would exceed this value:

· A58 Wigan Rd/Southfields Rd, Westhoughton · A666 Manchester Rd/Roscow Rd, Kearsley · A667 Market Street/Stoneleigh Dr, Stoneclough · A58 Bury Rd/Garstang Ave, Breightmet · B6199 Plodder Lane/Beech Ave, Dixon Green

Table 6.6 indicates no predicted breaches of the Objective value of 40mg/m3 at any of the 19 locations assessed outside the existing AQMA. If the precautionary annual mean

Updating and Screening Assessment 9P1194 Final Report - 30 - January 2004 threshold of 36.3mg/m3 (applied in the initial AQMA designation) is considered, then the following 8 of the 19 locations assessed inside the AQMA would exceed this value:

· A5082 Long Causeway, Farnworth · A6053 Market St Farnworth · A676 Deane Rd/Bankfield St · A579 Bradford Street/Castle Street, centre · B6536 Bradshawgate/Bolton College · A579 Trinity Street · B6202 College Way, Bolton Institute · A666 Higher Bridge Street

The conclusion from the traffic screening assessment for junctions and busy road links is that detailed assessment is required for nitrogen dioxide. The dispersion modelling study already underway (see Appendix I) will incorporate all the road links and junctions indicated by the DMRB modelling as locations where the Objectives are likely to be exceeded, with the exception of the A58 Wigan Road in Westhoughton. This road will therefore need to be subject to detailed assessment in accordance with the procedures detailed in LAQM.TG(03).

6.9 Roads with high flow of buses and/or HGVs

The screening assessment requires consideration of street locations where traffic flows are not high (less than 20,000 vehicles per day), but there is an unusually high proportion of buses and/or HGVs. Where such locations were not considered in the first round review and assessment, the screening criteria are roads with a proportion of such vehicles >25%, where there is relevant exposure within 10m (20m in major conurbations), and where the total flow of HGVs is greater than 2,500 vehicles per day.

Section 1.4 describes the traffic flow information provided by GMTU for the purposes of screening assessment. The data for 2001, 2005 and 2010 were analysed to determine the proportion of bus and/or HGVs on all links in Bolton, and the following maximum percentage values were found:

2001 2005 2010

Maximum percentage bus/HGV 23.54% 22.58% 22.32% flows on all links in Bolton

Therefore, there were no links with combined bus and HGV daily flows greater than 25% of the total traffic, and no further assessment is required. Planning consent has been granted for a new integrated bus depot on Weston Street. The air quality and traffic impact assessments accompanying the planning application employing the conservative DMRB model concluded that existing air quality on Weston Street was above the nitrogen dioxide Objective, and the additional impacts of generated bus traffic were presented. A condition requiring the developer to fund monitoring facilities should the

Updating and Screening Assessment 9P1194 Final Report - 31 - January 2004 operation of site eventually lead to the extension of the existing AQMA has been placed on the consent. This location will be included in the detailed dispersion modelling study already underway.

6.10 New roads constructed or proposed since the first round of review and assessment

There are no new major roads built or proposed in Bolton since the first round of review and assessment was completed that were not considered by that assessment.

6.11 Roads close to the Objective during the first round review and assessment

The updating and screening assessment requires consideration of the change in national traffic emission factors in 2002, which may have resulted in higher predicted nitrogen dioxide concentrations under certain circumstances had they been available during the first round of review and assessment. LAQM.TG(03) therefore requires that roads which were close to the Objective in the first round be screened to determine the need for further detailed assessment using the new factors. The criterion for roads is relevant locations where the predicted annual mean lay between 36mg/m3 and 40mg/m3. However in adopting a precautionary approach for the purposes of AQMA declaration across Greater Manchester following the first round, all such roads were included in the designated AQMA, and no further assessment is required.

6.12 Roads with significantly changed traffic flows

Roads with significantly changed traffic flows are required to be re-assessed following the first round review and assessment, and these are defined in LAQM.TG(03) as roads with more than 10,000 vehicles per day, and with more than a 25% increase in traffic flow.

No roads in Bolton had a greater than 25% increase in flows between the 1999 and 2001 emission inventory databases (1999 being the base year for the first round review and assessment, 2001 being the latest available updated database). Projected future traffic flows were also assessed, and no roads meeting these criteria were identified between the 2001 and 2005 datasets (the maximum link increase being 11.7%). Analysis of projected increases between 2001 and 2010 shows one major road link with an increase in daily traffic flows of 29%, the A667 Market Street, Stoneclough. This road link is incorporated into the dispersion modelling study already underway, and will be subject to detailed assessment in accordance with LAQM.TG(03).

6.13 Bus Stations

LAQM.TG(03) requires a screening assessment of potential public exposure at bus stations, against the one-hour nitrogen dioxide Objective. The screening criteria are bus movements in excess of 1000 movements per day, and potential exposure within 10m (20m in major conurbations). In outdoor bus station locations it is possible for any one

Updating and Screening Assessment 9P1194 Final Report - 32 - January 2004 person to be exposed over the short-term Objective averaging period of one hour, and so all bus station vehicle flows were considered.

Detailed information on bus movements was provided by the Greater Manchester Passenger Transport Executive (GMPTE), and of the three major bus terminals in Bolton, the main Bolton Bus Station generated more than 1000 movements per day and the DMRB model was used to determine the predicted impact. As detailed in table 6.7.

Table 6.7 Bus Stations in Bolton, bus movements and predicted NO2 impacts at 10m

Bus Station Daily Bus Movements Predicted NO2 Annual Mean, (GMPTE) mg/m3, 2005, at 10m Bolton Bus Station 2336 41.6 Bolton Interchange 325 No assessment required Farnworth Bus Station 294 No assessment required

The DMRB model does not calculate one-hour concentrations, but if the predicted annual mean is greater than 40mg/m3, then a detailed assessment is required. In this case the main Bolton Bus Station, between Moor Lane and Black Horse Street, is within the study areas already planned for detailed dispersion modelling.

6.14 New Industrial Sources

The overview of the potential impact of industrial sources provided in LAQM.TG(03) is that they are unlikely to make a significant local contribution to annual mean concentrations, but could be significant in terms of the one-hour Objective. The Technical Guidance (TG(03), Annex 2, Appendix E) note provides a list of potentially significant processes classified by industry sector, and any new processes since the first round of review and assessment included in this list should be screened to be determine the potential impact.

The Greater Manchester Authorities compile and since 1997 have annually updated an emissions inventory for the conurbation, and detailed information is therefore available on all Part A and Part A2/B regulated processes in Bolton. In the first round assessment, six Part A processes were considered, and other than company name changes these processes are those still in operation. In neighbouring authorities, one additional installation has been permitted. This is the Colins & Aikman Automotive Fabrics site in Salford, (Permit Reference AU8156), a di-isocyanate process which is not listed as a potentially significant source of NOx in LAQM.TG(03), and there are no allocated NOx emissions in the Environment Agency’s Pollution Inventory. No detailed assessment of this new site is therefore required.

There have been a number of revisions to the list of Part B (under EPA 1990) and Part A2/B (under LAPPC) regulated sites in Bolton since 1997. The 2001 emissions inventory was therefore searched for processes in the glass manufacturing sector, which is the only sector listed in LAQM.TG(03) as a potentially significant source of NOx, and

Updating and Screening Assessment 9P1194 Final Report - 33 - January 2004 no such sites are currently authorised or permitted. Hence there are no new potentially significant industrial sources of NOx in Bolton.

6.15 Industrial sources with substantially increased emissions

The screening assessment requires the identification of any industrial sources identified as potentially significant during the first round of review and assessment have substantially increased emissions, (defined as an increase of greater than 30%). Table 6.8 shows the regulated processes that were considered as potentially significant sources of nitrogen dioxide emissions during the first round, and gives the total tonnes of NOx released per year as initially assessed and in the 2001 emissions inventory.

Table 6.8 Potentially significant industrial sources of NOx in Bolton

Operator Part A/B NOx emissions, tonnes per annum Process 1997 (First round 2001 emissions assessment) inventory Mondi Paper Ltd A 32 38 VIL Resins Ltd A 2.8 10 GM Waste A 122 73.7 Rethmann UK Ltd A 1 10 CMP Batteries Ltd A negligible negligible Royal Bolton Hospital B 4.1* 4.1 Horwich Castings B 22 16.9 Overdale Crematorium B 9.12 2.84 * Fully assessed by dispersion modelling at the Stage 4 Review and Assessment, based on 2001 emissions data.

It should be noted that the above figures may reflect a change in emission factors or in methodology for determining the original emissions, rather than ‘real’ changes in emissions. Nevertheless, the two processes with a difference in emission rates between the stages of assessment of greater than 30% were assessed using the screening approach and nomograms in LAQM.TG(03).

[Note: The potentially significant increases are at VIL Resins Ltd and Rethmann UK Ltd, and in the Environment Agency’s 2001 Pollution Inventory both sites are allocated a NOx emission of less than 10 tonnes per annum. The Greater Manchester emissions inventory allocates an emission of this de minimus value of 10 tonnes. The apparent increase of 30% in NOx emissions may therefore reflect a change in recording methods for these sites].

LAQM.TG(03) requires the derivation of an equivalent emission based on the headroom between the hourly objective value and the local total oxidant concentration, and the

application of scaling factors (paragraphs 6.34 to 6.45). Given a local total oxidant (NO2 3 + O3) concentration of 163mg/m in 2001 (as measured at the Bolton AUN station), an annual emission rate of 10 tonnes per annum gives an equivalent emission rate of 2.16 tonnes per annum, and this is well below the relevant short-term threshold in the nomograms. Thus there is no requirement to proceed to a Detailed Assessment of the emissions from these two processes.

Updating and Screening Assessment 9P1194 Final Report - 34 - January 2004 6.16 Aircraft

There is no airport in the Bolton district or in its vicinity where there might be potential exposure within 1000m of the airport boundary.

This completes the updating and screening assessment of potential nitrogen dioxide sources in Bolton in accordance with LAQM.TG(03), and a detailed assessment of road traffic emissions is required.

The screening assessment and collation of local monitoring data presented in this review have indicated that it remains likely that there will be exceedences of the NO2 annual mean Objective by 2005, primarily at major roadside and junction locations. However the review also shows that the geographical area of exceedence may not be as extensive as the existing Air Quality Management Area. Conversely, the screening assessment has also indicated that some locations outside the existing AQMA need to be included in the detailed assessment (eg Wigan Road, Westhoughton).

A detailed dispersion modelling study across the Greater Manchester conurbation has already been commissioned, in anticipation of the requirement for most if not all ten authorities to undertake a ‘detailed assessment’ in accordance with the procedures laid down in LAQM.TG(03). The objective of the study is to utilise an updated emissions inventory (2001 base year) and the latest set of emission factors to predict nitrogen dioxide and PM10 concentrations in relevant future years, and the findings are due to be reported in time for the Detailed Assessment Report to be submitted to DEFRA in the spring of 2004.

Updating and Screening Assessment 9P1194 Final Report - 35 - January 2004 7 SULPHUR DIOXIDE

Objectives:

· 350mg/m3 1-hr mean (24 exceedences) by December 2004;

· 125mg/m3 24-hr mean (3 exceedences) by December 2004; and

· 266mg/m3 15-minute mean (35 exceedences) by December 2005.

7.1 Introduction

The Government and the Devolved Administrations have adopted a 15-minute mean of 266 µg/m3 as an air quality standard for sulphur dioxide, with an objective for the standard not to be exceeded more than 35 times in a year by the end of 2005. Additional objectives have also been set which are equivalent to the EU limit values specified in the First Air Quality Daughter Directive. These are for a 1-hour mean objective of 350 µg/m3, to be exceeded no more than 24 times per year, and a 24-hour objective of 125 µg/m3, to be exceeded no more than 3 times per year, to be achieved by the end of 2004.

7.2 The national perspective

The main source of sulphur dioxide in the United Kingdom is power stations, which accounted for more than 71% of emissions in 2000. There are also significant emissions from other industrial combustion sources. Domestic sources now account for only 4% of emissions, but can be locally much more significant. Road transport currently accounts for less than 1% of emissions.

Measurements of sulphur dioxide concentrations at UK national network sites have shown that concentrations have fallen at all sites in recent years, and the objectives were only exceeded at one site in Belfast during this period. This exceedence is associated with domestic coal burning which is still widespread in this area. Local exceedences of the objectives (principally the 15-minute mean objective) may occur in the vicinity of small combustion plant (less than 20 MW) which burn coal or oil, in areas where solid fuels are the predominant form of domestic heating, and in the vicinity of major ports.

7.3 The local perspective for Bolton

There have been a small number of AQMAs declared from the first round of review and assessment on the basis of predicted exceedences of the sulphur dioxide Objectives. These relate to emissions from coal-fired boilers at a cellophane process and a food processing plant, a coal-fired boiler at a hospital, domestic coal burning, and shipping at a major port.

The Bolton MBC first round review and assessment stated that whilst there were potentially significant sources of sulphur dioxide in Bolton, the stage two review concluded that there was no significant risk of the Objectives being exceeded.

Updating and Screening Assessment 9P1194 Final Report - 36 - January 2004 UPDATING AND SCREENING ASSESSMENT FOR SULPHUR DIOXIDE

Technical Guidance note LAQM TG(03) outlines a checklist approach to the Updating and Screening assessment for sulphur dioxide, and the sources, locations or data that need to be assessed are as follows:

A Monitoring data outside an AQMA, B Monitoring data within an AQMA, C New industrial sources, D Industrial sources with substantially increased emissions, E Areas of domestic coal burning F Small boilers (<5MWth) burning coal or oil G Shipping H Railway locomotives

7.4 Background Sulphur dioxide Concentrations

Estimated annual mean background sulphur dioxide concentrations for the Bolton district were obtained from the UK air quality archive (www.airquality.co.uk/archive/laqm/tools.php). The average annual mean across Bolton (2001) was 5.0mg/m3, with a range of individual 1km2 grid values of 3.8-9.3mg/m3.

7.5 Monitoring Data

There is one affiliated AUN national network monitoring station in Bolton, located at the Bolton Institute, College Way, (Grid Ref. 371000 408500). Established in 1997, the station is classified as an urban background location, and monitoring equipment measures ambient concentrations of CO, NO2, PM10, SO2 and O3. The station is inside the existing AQMA.

The analysers are calibrated in accordance with the UK Automatic Urban Network Site Operators Manual every two weeks, daily automatic zero/span checks are carried out, and site and operator audits are undertaken on a six-monthly basis by the national QA/QC Unit. Summary data for this station are given in Table 7.1 for 2001 and 2002, (expressed as percentile values and with the number of exceedences also given), showing compliance with the three objectives in both years.

Table 7.1 Summary Sulphur Dioxide Monitoring Data, Bolton AUN Station, 2000-2002

Period Statistic Objective 2001 2002 99.9th percentile 266 93 77 15-min mean No. hrs >266mg/m3 35 0 0 99.7th percentile 350 64 55 1-hr mean No. hrs >350mg/m3 24 0 0 99.2nd percentile 125 34 25 24-hr mean No. hrs >125mg/m3 3 0 0

Updating and Screening Assessment 9P1194 Final Report - 37 - January 2004 It should be noted that for sulphur dioxide the assessment against the future Objectives is based on current measured concentrations, as there is no straightforward way to predict future exceedences of the short-term Objectives.

Bolton MBC has also undertaken monitoring of black smoke and sulphur dioxide using the 8-port bubbler technique for a number of years. Three monitoring stations are part of the UK Black Smoke and SO2 network, and as such are audited by the QA/QC Unit and comply with the required sampling and analytical procedures.

LAQM.TG(03) recommends that for analysis by the net acidity titration technique, the measured maximum daily mean concentration should be multiplied by 1.25 to take account of the general tendency for bubblers to under-read at high concentrations. The factor may vary depending on location, and in most cases it will give an over-estimation and the derived results are therefore conservative estimates. The bubbler technique provides measurements of daily mean sulphur dioxide concentrations which can be directly compared to the 24-hour mean objective. For comparison with the 15-minute and 1-hour objectives, LAQM.TG(03) provides the following correction based upon empirical relationships with the measured maximum daily mean:

· 99.9th percentile of 15-minute means = 1.8962 x maximum daily mean

· 99.7th percentile of 1-hour means = 1.3691 x maximum daily mean

The measured data for 2001 and 2002 at these three stations are given in Table 7.2.

Table 7.2 8-Port Bubbler Measurements of Sulphur Dioxide, mg/m3

Location Farnworth 8 Horwich 1 Bolton 24 Inside/outside existing AQMA? inside outside inside

Objective 2001 2002 2001 2002 2001 2002 Max daily mean - 46.3 47.5 47.5 50.0 50.0 47.5 <80mg/m3?1 - ü ü ü ü ü ü <200mg/m3?2 - ü ü ü ü ü ü 99.9th %ile of 15-min means 266 87.7 90.1 90.1 94.8 94.8 90.1 99.7th %ile of 1-hr means 350 63.3 65.0 65.0 68.5 68.5 65.0 99.2nd %ile of 24-hr means 125 38.8 38.8 32.0 41.3 33.8 40.7 1 the 15-minute mean Objective is unlikely to be exceeded if the maximum daily mean concentration is less than 80µg/m3 (LAQM.TG(03), Box 7.3); 2 the 1-hour mean objective is unlikely to be exceeded if the maximum daily mean concentration is less than 200µg/m 3 (LAQM.TG(03), Box 7.3).

Table 7.2 shows that none of the Objective values were exceeded in 2001 or 2002 at any of the three 8-port monitoring sites, which are in locations representative of potential short-term public exposure.

Updating and Screening Assessment 9P1194 Final Report - 38 - January 2004 7.6 New Industrial Sources

The first round of review and assessment confirmed that the 15-minute objective was the most stringent for sulphur dioxide and that there are few sources nationally that cause exceedences. It is likely that large coal burning boilers may be significant. The new regulations limiting the sulphur content of fuel oil to less than 1% from 1 January 2003, mean that sources burning fuel oil are unlikely to be significant.

LAQM.TG(03), Annex 2, Appendix E provides a list of potentially significant processes in terms of SO2 releases classified by industry sector, and any new processes since the first round of review and assessment included in this list should be screened to be determine the potential impact.

The Greater Manchester Authorities compile and since 1997 have annually updated an emissions inventory for the conurbation, and detailed information is therefore available on all Part A and Part A2/B regulated processes in Bolton. In the first round assessment, six Part A processes were considered, and other than company name changes these processes are those still in operation.

In the neighbouring local authorities to Bolton there have been two additional Part A processes authorised. The first is in Bury, namely Georgia Pacific GB Ltd (Authorisation Reference AU8601), a paper and pulp process. The second is the Colins & Aikman Automotive Fabrics site in Salford (Permit Reference AU8156), a di-isocyanate process. Neither activity is listed as a potentially significant source of SO2 in LAQM.TG(03), Annex 2, Appendix E, and there are no allocated SO2 emissions in the Environment Agency’s Pollution Inventory. No detailed assessment of these new sites is therefore required.

There have been a number of revisions to the list of Part B (under EPA 1990) and Part A2/B (under LAPPC) regulated sites in Bolton since 1997. The 2001 emissions inventory was therefore searched for processes in the following sectors, which are those

Part A2/B processes listed in LAQM.TG(03) as a potentially significant sources of SO2.

· Combustion plant 20-50MWth · Reheat furnaces 20-50MWth · Hot and cold blast cupolas · Aluminium, zinc, or copper processes · Heavy clay and refractory goods manufacture · Glass (including lead glass) manufacture · Roadstone coating plant

Only one such site is currently authorised or permitted in Bolton, the Sandusky Walmsley foundry (which is authorised under the Process Guidance Note PG2/5 for hot

and cold blast cupolas). However SO2 emissions from this site were fully considered in the first round assessment, with the findings of detailed dispersion modelling presented in the Stage 4 report. Hence there are no new potentially significant industrial sources

of SO2 since the first round of review and assessment.

Updating and Screening Assessment 9P1194 Final Report - 39 - January 2004 7.7 Industrial sources with substantially increased emissions

The screening assessment requires the identification of any industrial sources identified as potentially significant during the first round of review and assessment, which have substantially increased emissions, (defined as an increase of greater than 30%). Table 7.3 shows the regulated processes and boiler plant that were considered as potentially significant sources of sulphur dioxide emissions during the first round, and gives the total tonnes of SO2 released per year as initially assessed and in the 2001 emissions inventory.

Table 7.3 Potentially significant industrial sources of SO2 in Bolton

Operator Part A/B SO2 emissions, tonnes per annum Process 1997 (First round 2001 emissions assessment) inventory Royal Bolton Hospital – coal- B 250.5* 2.52 fired boiler Horwich Castings B 24.02 17.18 Sandusky Walmsley B 57.97* 0.95 RMC ReadyPak B 13.27 0.03 Red Bridge Book Cloth – fuel oil B 23.7 0.41 fired boiler Ames Europe – fuel oil fired B 25.46 2.04 boiler * Fully assessed by dispersion modelling at the Stage 4 Review and Assessment, based on 2001 emissions data.

SO2 emissions at all sites have reduced since the first round, some significantly so due to regulations on the sulphur content of fuels, and therefore there are no processes with a difference in emission rates between the stages of assessment of greater than 30%.

7.8 Domestic sources

LAQM.TG(03) requires the identification of domestic coal burning of more than 100 properties within any 500m x 500m area, as such a density would be a potentially significant source of local SO2 emissions.

A representative survey of fuel use in Bolton found that only 17 properties out of 1886 surveyed used solid fuel (0.9%), (ARIC, 2003). Based on this survey and local knowledge (including experience of coal burning odours on winter evenings), it would be very unlikely that 100 properties in any 500m2 area would be using coal, and no further assessment is required.

Updating and Screening Assessment 9P1194 Final Report - 40 - January 2004 7.9 Small boilers <5MWth

LAQM.TG(03) requires the identification of all boiler plant >5MWth that burn coal or fuel oil, as such plant are potentially significant sources of local SO2 emissions.

The Greater Manchester emissions inventory for 2001 was searched for such plant, and of 40 boilers in Bolton in the inventory (rated at 2MWth or greater), 13 were rated at greater than 5MWth, and of these one is fuelled by coal and two by fuel oil.

The same assessment was carried out for the three neighbouring local authorities of Bury, Salford and Wigan, and a further two boilers in these areas met the criteria. In accordance with LAQM.TG(03), the effective stack heights and diameters of these six boilers were then used to determine a threshold for the annual emission rate of SO2 above which the release would be potentially significant on local air quality. Table 7.4 shows the resulting thresholds, and for comparison the actual emission rates for each boiler plant derived from the Greater Manchester 2001 emissions inventory.

Table 7.4 Screening Assessment of Coal or Fuel Oil Fired Boiler Plant >5MWth

Location Authority Rating Fuel Eff. Stack Approx. Actual MWth Stack diameter Threshold emission Height, m emission rate, tpa m rate, tpa (2001) Bolton Royal Bolton 8.14 Coal 34 0.34 100 0.99 Hospital Fuel Beloit Walmsley Bolton 6.5 35 0.6 100 0.95 oil Red Bridge Fuel Bolton 5.5 26 0.36 70 0.41 Book Cloth oil Fuel Leigh Infirmary Wigan 9.52 30 2.2 400 3.94 oil Fuel Intex Yarns Bury 5.6 27 0.75 100 2.77 oil

tpa tonnes SO2 per annum

Table 7.4 shows that the annual SO2 emission rates for each boiler is below its respective threshold for significant release, and no further detailed assessment is therefore required.

7.10 Shipping

There are no coastal or major inland shipping sources in Bolton.

Updating and Screening Assessment 9P1194 Final Report - 41 - January 2004 7.11 Railway Locomotives

LAQM.TG(03) requires the consideration of emissions from diesel locomotive engines where they are regularly stationary with the engine running for periods of 15 minutes of more, and where there is potential public outdoor exposure within 15m.

The main Bolton Station is the only station where this scenario is likely, although the station is essentially a ‘through’ station rather than a major city terminus. For the purposes of this assessment, reference has been made to a survey undertaken by Manchester City Council of the two mainline stations at Manchester Victoria and Piccadilly, both of which are significant terminus stations with a greater potential for stationary trains idling for long periods. Bolton lies just 15km to the north west of Manchester, and its rail station lies on the main route from Manchester to the north west (eg Blackpool), and to the north (eg the Lake District and Scotland), and the same rail companies will operate at Bolton as in Manchester.

A summary of the findings of the Manchester survey, undertaken specifically for the purposes of its air quality screening assessment, is given in Table 7.5.

Table 7.5 Stationary Diesel Locomotive Periods, Manchester Victoria and Piccadilly

Averaging Maximum standing time, standing time, minutes minutes Manchester Victoria Terminus platforms 9 11 Through platforms 4 9 Manchester Terminus platforms 9 10 Piccadilly Through platforms 3 3

Bolton MBC acknowledge the survey work undertaken by Manchester City Council and thank that Council for its kind permission in re-presenting these figures.

In the light of these survey results from the nearest two main terminus rail stations used by the same train operators, it is very unlikely that there would regularly be two occasions or more per day when locomotives might be idling at Bolton station for more than 15 minutes. No detailed assessment of railway locomotives is therefore required.

This completes the updating and screening assessment of potential sulphur dioxide sources in Bolton in accordance with LAQM.TG(03), and a detailed assessment is not required.

Updating and Screening Assessment 9P1194 Final Report - 42 - January 2004 8 PM 10 PARTICULATE MATTER

Objectives:

· 50mg/m3 24-hr mean (35 exceedences) by December 2004; and

· 40mg/m3 annual mean by December 2004.

8.1 Introduction

The Government and the Devolved Administrations have adopted two Air Quality

Objectives for fine particles (PM10), which are equivalent to the EU Stage 1 limit values in the first Air Quality Daughter Directive. The objectives are 40µg/m3 as the annual mean, and 50µg/m3 as the fixed 24-hour mean to be exceeded on no more than 35 days per year, to be achieved by the end of 2004. The Objectives are based upon measurements carried out using the European gravimetric transfer reference sampler or equivalent.

The EU has also set indicative limit values for PM10 which are to be achieved by 1 January 2010. These Stage 2 limit values are considerably more stringent, and are 20µg/m3 as the annual mean, and 50 µg/m3 as the 24-hour mean to be exceeded on no more than 7 days per year. The Government, the Welsh Assembly Government and the Department of the Environment in Northern Ireland introduced provisional objectives to be achieved by the end of 2010, that are broadly in line with the Stage 2 limit values, although it is not intended that these Objectives will be brought into Regulation for the purpose of Local Air Quality Management at this time. The provisional objectives are:

• For all parts of England (except London), Wales and Northern Ireland, a 24-hour mean of 50µg/m3 not to be exceeded more than 7 times per year, and an annual mean of 20µg/m3, to be achieved by the end of 2010.

• For London, a 24-hour mean of 50 µg/m3 not to be exceeded more than 10 times per year, and an annual mean of 23µg/m3, to be achieved by the end of 2010. An annual mean objective of 20µg/m3 to be achieved by the end of 2015, has also been set.

8.2 The national perspective

Sources of particles

There is a wide range of emission sources that contribute to PM10 concentrations in the UK. The APEG report (APEG, 1999) has confirmed that these sources can be usefully divided into 3 main categories. Primary particle emissions are derived directly from combustion sources, including road traffic, power generation, industrial processes etc. Secondary particles are formed by chemical reactions in the atmosphere, and comprise principally of sulphates and nitrates. Coarse particles comprise of emissions from a wide range of sources, including resuspended dusts from road traffic, construction works, mineral extraction processes, wind-blown dusts and soils, sea salt and biological particles.

Updating and Screening Assessment 9P1194 Final Report - 43 - January 2004 These different emission sources, and their respective contributions to PM10 concentrations, are important within the review and assessment process for several reasons:

· The expected reduction in particle emissions in future years is different for each source type. For example, emissions from road transport will be governed by new legislation on vehicle emission standards; emissions of secondary particles will be largely governed by controls on power generation, industrial and transport SO2 and NOx emissions, both in the UK and in Europe; emissions of coarse particles are largely uncontrolled, and in general are not expected to decline in future years. In forecasting future emissions it is therefore essential to treat each source category separately. It should be noted that it is not appropriate to extrapolate measured PM10 concentrations forwards to 2004 or 2010 using a simple trend analysis – a suitable methodology for forecasting future concentrations is provided in LAQM.TG(03).

· The principal focus of Local Air Quality Management should be towards the control of emissions at a local level. It is therefore important that the review and assessment process identifies the contribution of local emission sources, so that the effectiveness of control policies or action plans can be evaluated.

Policy measures and current PM10 concentrations

There has been significant progress in recent years in reducing emissions of particles from both the transport and industrial sectors, and total national annual UK emissions declined by nearly 40% in the period between 1990 and 1999. Further reductions are expected in future years as a result of agreed additional policies, or those that are currently under discussion. Within the industrial sector, particle emissions will be further controlled through the EU Directive on Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) and the EU Waste Incineration Directive. In addition, a significant reduction in emissions of pollutants that lead to the formation of secondary particles is expected as a result of the EU legislation on the Acidification Strategy. Emissions from road transport will also be reduced as a result of tightening emissions controls (Euro III and Euro IV standards) and by the reduction of the sulphur content of diesel fuel, which affects the emissions of particles from vehicles.

Concentrations of PM10 are currently measured at more than 60 national monitoring sites in the UK. All of these data have been measured using a TEOM sampler, and therefore need to be multiplied by 1.3 to give estimated concentrations expressed as µg/m3 gravimetric (ref Box 8.2of LAQM.TG(03)). Concentrations are generally well 3 below the 2004 annual mean objective (40µg/m gravimetric). The 24-hour objective for 2004 (50µg/m3, maximum of 35 exceedences per year) has been exceeded at a small number of sites, principally those in the vicinity of busy roads or close to industrial activities.

The 2010 annual mean objectives are currently exceeded at the majority of sites within the network. Exceedences of the 24-hour objective for 2010 are also common, but vary from year to year, dependant upon meteorological conditions.

Updating and Screening Assessment 9P1194 Final Report - 44 - January 2004 8.3 The local perspective for Bolton

More than 50% of the AQMAs declared in the UK have included exceedences of the

2004 24-hour mean PM10 objective, although the majority of these have been in combination with nitrogen dioxide, and are associated with road traffic sources. In most of these cases the spatial extent of the 24-hour mean PM10 exceedence is smaller than that for the nitrogen dioxide annual mean objective. This is in fact the case for the AQMA declared Bolton, for which the geographical boundary was defined by predicted annual mean nitrogen dioxide exceedences, although localised exceedences of the

PM10 24-hour Objective were predicted at receptor locations around major roads in Astley Bridge.

UPDATING AND SCREENING ASSESSMENT FOR PM 10

Technical Guidance note LAQM TG(03) outlines a checklist approach to the Updating and Screening assessment for PM10, and the sources, locations or data that need to be assessed are as follows:

A Monitoring data outside an AQMA, B Monitoring data within an AQMA, C Busy roads and junctions (in Scotland only) D Junctions E Roads with high flow of buses and/or HGVs F New roads constructed or proposed since first round of review and assessment G Roads close to the objective during the first round of review and assessment H Roads with significantly changed traffic flows I New industrial sources, J Industrial sources with substantially increased emissions, K Areas of domestic solid fuel burning L Quarries, landfill sites, opencast coal, handling of dusty cargoes at ports etc M Aircraft

8.4 Background PM10 Concentrations

Estimated annual mean background PM10 concentrations for the Bolton district were obtained from the UK air quality archive (www.airquality.co.uk/archive/laqm/tools.php). The average annual mean across Bolton (2001) was 21.0mg/m3, with a range of individual 1km2 grid values of 19.4-23.3mg/m3. Values for 2004 gave an average of 20.2mg/m3 (range 18.6-22.8mg/m3), and by 2010 the average background concentration values reduce to 18.6mg/m3 (range 17.2-21.3mg/m3).

8.5 Monitoring Data

There is one affiliated AUN national network monitoring station in Bolton, located at the Bolton Institute, College Way, (Grid Ref. 371000 408500). Established in 1997, the

Updating and Screening Assessment 9P1194 Final Report - 45 - January 2004 station is classified as an urban background location, and monitoring equipment measures ambient concentrations of CO, NO2, PM10, SO2 and O3.

The analysers are calibrated in accordance with the UK Automatic Urban Network Site Operators Manual every two weeks, daily automatic zero/span checks are carried out, and site and operator audits are undertaken on a six-monthly basis by the national

QA/QC Unit. PM10 measurements are made with a tapered element oscillating microbalance, and for comparison with the Objectives and EU Limit Values data need to be corrected to gravimetric equivalent using the x1.3 factor. Recent PM10 values (corrected to gravimetric equivalent), measured at this AUN station, which is located within the designated AQMA, are given in Table 8.1.

3 Table 8.1 Bolton AUN Station, PM10 Concentrations, mg/m grav, 2001-2002

Site Classification Statistics mg/m3 (gravimetric) Objective, 2001 2002 2004 (2010) 40 Annual mean 20.2 20.0 (20) Bolton AUN U4 urban 90.4th%ile of 24-hr 50 37.7 35.1 station background means 98.1st%ile of 24-hr (50) 55.9 52.0 means

Current measured PM10 concentrations therefore comply with the existing (2004) annual and daily mean Objectives3.

8.6 Junctions

The LAQM.TG(03) Guidance Note requires the consideration of major road junctions where there was no specific assessment undertaken in the First Round against the 2005 Objectives. The screening criteria are ‘busy’ junctions with more than 10,000 vehicles per day passing through (where flows are added at intersections), and where there is relevant exposure within 10m of the kerb, or up to 20m in major conurbations. These criteria are the same as those for the screening assessment of traffic-related nitrogen dioxide emissions at junctions (see section 6.7), and the same seven such junctions were assessed using the DMRB screening model. The results are summarised in Table 8.2. (It should be noted that 2005 projected traffic flows were used in this assessment, as projections for 2004 were not available. This is a conservative approach, given that flows are projected to increase year on year, and so data for 2005 will be marginally higher than that for equivalent links in 2004).

3 Consideration of the more stringent future provisional Objectives for 2010 shows that the current annual mean values are around the provisional annual mean Objective, and that daily means are marginally above the relevant provisional Objective for 2010.

Updating and Screening Assessment 9P1194 Final Report - 46 - January 2004 Table 8.2 DMRB Screening Assessments of PM10 at Busy Road Junctions

Junction Background Link Speed, AADT, Annual Number of o PM10, 2004, N kph 2005 mean PM10, days mg/m3 mg/m3, 2004 >50mg/m3, 2004 Junctions outside existing AQMA Plodder La/ 1 39.2 7741 Bradford Rd 2 30.9 16912 21.3 24.9 12 3 42.0 900 4 41.2 4721 St Helens Rd/ 1 53.7 15169 Hulton La 21.1 2 37.7 12106 26.4 16 3 39.6 3200 Bradshaw Brow/ 1 25.1 24330 Turton Rd 20.0 2 24.6 21319 26.8 17 3 32.7 14096 Junctions inside existing AQMA Bolton Rd/Market St, 1 34.2 15479 Farnworth 21.5 2 24.8 37594 33.5 42 3 34.6 17923 Blackburn Rd/ 1 22.3 32584 Crompton Way 2 31.6 36643 20.2 3 58.8 15990 33.5 42 4 45.6 31002 5 37.3 8521 St George’s Rd/ 1 35.4 19709 Chorley New & Old Rd 20.9 2 37.6 16353 28.3 22 3 35.0 25394 Moor Lane/ Deane Rd/ 1 34.2 17866 Trinity St 21.2 2 31.0 18256 29.5 26 3 36.0 16915

The screening assessment indicates that by 2004, all seven junctions whether inside or outside the existing AQMA, the predicted annual mean concentrations will be below 40mg/m3 and the number of days on which 50mg/m3 will be exceeded will be less than 35. The highest daily and annual mean values are shown within the AQMA, at the Bolton Rd/Market St junction in Farnworth, and at the Blackburn Rd/Crompton Way junction at Astley Bridge. (This confirms the first round assessment which indicated that the daily Objective value would be exceeded at Astley Bridge). The assessment of

PM10 concentrations at these junctions need not proceed to a Detailed Assessment, as defined in LAQM.TG(03). However the detailed dispersion modelling study across the Greater Manchester conurbation which has already been commissioned will include predictions of PM10 in 2004 and 2010, and these two junctions are within the model study areas for Bolton.

Updating and Screening Assessment 9P1194 Final Report - 47 - January 2004 8.7 Roads with high flow of buses and/or HGVs

The screening assessment requires consideration of street locations where traffic flows consist of an unusually high proportion of buses and/or HGVs. Where such locations were not considered in the first round review and assessment, the screening criteria are roads with a proportion of such vehicles >20%, where there is relevant exposure within 10m (20m in major conurbations), and where the total flow of HGVs is greater than 2,000 vehicles per day.

Section 1.4 describes the traffic flow information provided by GMTU for the purposes of screening assessment. The data for 2005 were analysed to determine the proportion of bus and/or HGVs on all links in Bolton, and total HGV and bus flow greater than 20% was found on three links. However these were on the M60 around junction 16, which is actually just over the authority boundary into the district of Salford (and in any case these are major dual carriageway links, and so there is no relevant exposure within 20m of these roads). Therefore no further detailed assessment is required.

8.8 New roads constructed or proposed since the first round of review and assessment

There are no new major roads built or proposed in Bolton since the first round of review and assessment was completed that were not considered by that assessment.

8.9 Roads close to the Objective during the first round review and assessment

The updating and screening assessment requires consideration of the change in national traffic emission factors in 2002, which may have resulted in higher predicted PM10 concentrations under certain circumstances had they been available during the first round of review and assessment. LAQM.TG(03) therefore requires that roads which were close to the daily Objective in the first round be screened to determine the need for further detailed assessment using the new factors. The criterion for roads is relevant locations where the predicted 90th percentile 24-hr mean values, on which the first-round assessment was based, lay between 45mg/m3 and 50mg/m3.

The findings of the detailed PM10 modelling in the first round were that most of the roadside locations at busy junctions or roads were greater than 50mg/m3 as a 90th percentile. These areas included 5 of the 6 modelled receptor locations in Astley Bridge, I of the 3 in Farnworth, all 5 in the town centre, and all 6 around St Peter’s Way / Topp Way. Of the remaining receptor locations in these areas, and including other study areas of Lostock and Hunger Hill, twelve receptor locations had modelled 90th percentile values between 45mg/m3 and 50mg/m3. LAQM.TG(03) requires that for any roads within this category, there should be a Detailed Assessment for PM10 at these locations (listed below).

· Astley Bridge, receptor A, school · Farnworth, receptor A, Church Street

Updating and Screening Assessment 9P1194 Final Report - 48 - January 2004 · Farnworth, receptor C, Primrose · Lostock, receptor A, St Marys RC · Lostock, receptor B, St Josephs RC · Lostock, receptor C, 627 Chorley New Rd · Lostock, receptor D, Carwood Drive · Lostock, receptor E, Ainscow Avenue · Lostock, receptor F, 1017 Chorley New Rd · Hunger Hill, Receptor A, Hornby Drive · Hunger Hill, Receptor D, Winslow Rd · Hunger Hill, Receptor F, (rear of 495) Manchester Rd

8.10 Roads with significantly changed traffic flows

Roads with significantly changed traffic flows are required to be re-assessed following the first round review and assessment, and these are defined in LAQM.TG(03) as roads with more than 10,000 vehicles per day, and with more than a 25% increase in traffic flow.

No roads in Bolton had a greater than 25% increase in flows between the 1999 and 2001 emission inventory databases (1999 being the base year for the first round review and assessment, 2001 being the latest available updated database). Projected future traffic flows were also assessed, and no roads meeting these criteria were identified between the 2001 and 2005 datasets (the maximum link increase being 11.7%). Analysis of projected increases between 2001 and 2010 shows one major road link with an increase in daily traffic flows of 29%, the A667 Market Street, Stoneclough. This road link is incorporated into the dispersion modelling study already underway, and will be subject to detailed assessment in accordance with LAQM.TG(03).

8.11 New Industrial Sources

The Technical Guidance (TG(03), Annex 2, Appendix E) note provides a list of

potentially significant processes for PM10 emissions classified by industry sector, and any new processes since the first round of review and assessment included in this list should be screened to be determine the potential impact.

The Greater Manchester Authorities compile and since 1997 have annually updated an emissions inventory for the conurbation, and detailed information is therefore available on all Part A and Part A2/B regulated processes in Bolton. In the first round assessment, six Part A processes were considered, and other than company name changes these processes are those still in operation.

In the neighbouring local authorities to Bolton there have been two additional Part A processes authorised. The first is a paper and pulp process in Bury, namely Georgia Pacific GB Ltd (Authorisation Reference AU8601), a process listed for which ‘an emission is likely’ but which is likely to be ‘small in comparison with other Part A sources’. There are however no allocated PM10 emissions in the Greater Manchester emissions inventory for 2001 for this site. The second is the Colins & Aikman Automotive Fabrics site in Salford (Permit Reference AU8156), a di-isocyanate process

Updating and Screening Assessment 9P1194 Final Report - 49 - January 2004 which is also listed as a process from which ‘an emission is likely’ but which is likely to be ‘small in comparison with other Part A sources’. There are however no allocated PM10 emissions in the Greater Manchester emissions inventory for 2001 for this site. No detailed assessment of these new sites is therefore required.

There have been a number of revisions to the list of Part B (under EPA 1990) and Part A2/B (under LAPPC) regulated sites in Bolton since 1997. The 2001 emissions inventory was therefore searched for new processes in the following sectors, which are those Part A2/B processes listed in LAQM.TG(03) as a potentially significant sources of

PM10.

· Combustion plant 20-50MWth · Reheat furnaces 20-50MWth · Coal, coke and pet coke products · Quarry processes · Roadstone coating plant · China and ball clay processes · Manufacture of coating powder · Coil coating processes · Rubber processes

There are no new sites in these sectors that were not considered in the first round review and assessment, and no further detailed assessment is required.

8.12 Industrial sources with substantially increased emissions

The screening assessment requires the identification of any industrial sources identified as potentially significant during the first round of review and assessment, which have substantially increased emissions, (defined as an increase of greater than 30%). Table 8.3 shows the regulated processes and boiler plant that were considered as potentially

significant sources of PM10 emissions during the first round, and gives the total tonnes of PM10 released per year as initially assessed and in the 2001 emissions inventory.

Table 8.3 Potentially significant industrial sources of PM10 in Bolton

Operator Part A/B PM10 emissions, tonnes per annum Process 1997 (First round 2001 emissions assessment) inventory Royal Bolton Hospital – coal- B 6.29 6.86 fired boiler Red Bridge Book Cloth – fuel oil B 1539 0.54 fired boiler RMC ReadyPak B 9.62 0.68

Table 8.3 shows that there are no processes with a difference in emission rates between the stages of assessment of greater than 30%. (Indeed two sites show significant decreases in particulate emissions due to changing emission factors in the intervening years).

Updating and Screening Assessment 9P1194 Final Report - 50 - January 2004 8.13 Domestic sources

LAQM.TG(03) requires the identification of domestic solid fuel burning of more than 50 properties within any 500m x 500m area, as such a density would be a potentially

significant source of local PM10 emissions.

A representative survey of fuel use in Bolton found that only 17 properties out of 1886 surveyed used solid fuel (0.9%). Based on this survey and local knowledge (including experience of smoke on winter evenings), it would be very unlikely that 50 properties in any 500m2 area would be using solid fuel, and no further assessment is required.

8.14 Quarries, landfill sites, opencast coal, dusty cargo handling at ports etc

This assessment deals with fugitive sources of PM10, the focus being on dust emissions, as where emitted a proportion (typically around 20%) will be present as PM10.

The Technical Guidance LAQM.TG(03) requires consideration of the local background PM10 concentration in 2004, and the distance between the source and any relevant receptors.

There are two quarries in Bolton, but no other industry category listed for assessment. The quarry sites are adjacent, in the district of Horwich, where the 2004 background concentration is projected to be 19.3mg/m3. Thus in accordance with the range of distances in LAQM.TG(03), only properties within 200m of the quarry (as opposed to the site boundary) need to be considered further.

The nearest properties to both the Hansons Aggregates site on Georges Lane and the Santime Quarry on Makinsons Lane are within 200m of the site activities. The next stages of the screening assessment depend on the history of complaints concerning the site in question, and whether there is evidence from site inspections of dust emissions or dust deposits. There have been no complaints during operation of these quarrying activities in the recent past, although records show that historically complaints were made, particularly during blasting activities. Site inspections to audit against authorisation conditions have revealed a well-managed site in terms of dust management, and future visits will continue in a programmed manner and will take particular account of dust accumulation on site in the light of the rolling programme of air quality review and assessment. Although a Detailed Assessment of the emissions from the site is not required, the site complaint record and inspection reports will be re- assessed at that stage to consider the need for boundary particulate monitoring.

8.15 Aircraft

There is no airport in the Bolton district or in its vicinity where there might be potential exposure within 500m of the airport boundary.

Updating and Screening Assessment 9P1194 Final Report - 51 - January 2004 This completes the updating and screening assessment of potential PM 10 particulate matter sources in Bolton in accordance with LAQM.TG(03), and a detailed assessment of road traffic and fugitive quarrying emissions is required.

The screening assessment presented in this review has indicated that it remains likely that there will be exceedences of the PM10 24-hour mean Objective by 2004, primarily at major roadside and junction locations. However recent automatic monitoring data at an urban background location close to the town centre indicate compliance with the 2004 Objectives. Review of those receptor locations that were close to the daily mean Objective value during the first round review and assessment were identified, and due to revised emission factors these locations will need to be included in the Detailed Assessment.

A detailed dispersion modelling study across the Greater Manchester conurbation has already been commissioned, in anticipation of the requirement for most if not all ten authorities to undertake a ‘detailed assessment’ in accordance with the procedures laid down in LAQM.TG(03). The objective of the study is to utilise an updated emissions inventory (2001 base year) and the latest set of emission factors to predict nitrogen dioxide and PM10 concentrations in relevant future years, and the findings are due to be reported in time for the Detailed Assessment Report to be submitted to DEFRA in the spring of 2004.

In addition, whilst this screening assessment has indicated that a Detailed Assessment of fugitive dust emissions from the Hansons Aggregates and Santime Quarries is not required, records of site inspections and any complaints will be reviewed at this stage to determine the need for a site perimeter monitoring survey.

Updating and Screening Assessment 9P1194 Final Report - 52 - January 2004 9 DISCUSSION

In accordance with LAQM.TG(03), a Detailed Assessment is required for the following emission sources.

9.1 Road traffic sources of nitrogen dioxide

· A58 Wigan Rd/Southfields Rd, Westhoughton · A666 Manchester Rd/Roscow Rd, Kearsley · A667 Market Street/Stoneleigh Dr, Stoneclough · A58 Bury Rd/Garstang Ave, Breightmet · B6199 Plodder Lane/Beech Ave, Dixon Green · A5082 Long Causeway, Farnworth · A6053 Market St Farnworth · A676 Deane Rd/Bankfield St · A579 Bradford Street/Castle Street, centre · B6536 Bradshawgate/Bolton College · A579 Trinity Street · B6202 College Way, Bolton Institute · A666 Higher Bridge Street

9.2 Road traffic sources of PM 10

· Astley Bridge, school receptor · Farnworth, Church Street · Farnworth, Primrose Avenue · Lostock, St Marys RC school · Lostock, St Josephs RC school · Lostock, 627 Chorley New Rd · Lostock, Carwood Drive · Lostock, Ainscow Avenue · Lostock, 1017 Chorley New Rd · Hunger Hill, Hornby Drive · Hunger Hill, Winslow Rd · Hunger Hill, (rear of 495) Manchester Rd

9.3 Industrial sources of PM 10

· Hansons Aggregates and Santime Quarries, Horwich (review of site records only).

Updating and Screening Assessment 9P1194 Final Report - 53 - January 2004 9.4 Discussion

The Updating and Screening Assessment has indicated that the geographical area of exceedence of the nitrogen dioxide annual mean Objective may not be as extensive as the existing Air Quality Management Area. Conversely, the screening assessment has also indicated that some locations outside the existing AQMA need to be included in the detailed assessment. The road sources listed in 9.1 and 9.2 are all included in the detailed dispersion modelling study already commissioned, with the exception of Wigan Road in Westhoughton.

At the detailed assessment stage, a review of fugitive particulate emissions from the Hansons Aggregates and Santime Quarries will be undertaken, to determine the need for a particulate monitoring survey around the facility.

Updating and Screening Assessment 9P1194 Final Report - 54 - January 2004 References

APEG (1999). Source apportionment of airborne particulate matter in the UK. Report of the Airborne Particles Expert Group. ISBN 0-7058-1771-7

ARIC (2003). Greater Manchester Heating Survey data (heatingdata.xls), April 2003

Bolton MBC (2001). Review and Assessment of Bolton's Air Quality, Stages 1, 2 and 3. Environmental Services, Bolton MBC, April 2001.

Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions (2000a). The Air Quality Strategy for England, Wales and Northern Ireland. – Working Together for Clean Air. DETR Cm4548; London, The Stationery Office.

Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions (2000b). The Air Quality (England) Regulations 2000 (No 928); London, The Stationery Office.

Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (2003a ). The Air Quality Strategy for England, Wales and Northern Ireland: Addendum. PB7874; London, The Stationery Office

Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (2003b) The Air Quality (England)(Amendment) Regulations 2002 (SI 2002 No 3043); London, The Stationery Office

Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (2003c) Local Air Quality Management Technical Guidance TG(03). PB7514; London, The Stationery Office.

Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (2003d) Local Air Quality Management Policy Guidance PG(03). PB7516; London, The Stationery Office

Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (2003e) http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/airquality/index.htm

Highways Agency (2003). The Design Manual for Roads and Bridges, Volume 11, Section 3, Part 1, Air Quality. Available as an Excel spreadsheet from http://www.airquality.co.uk/archive/laqm/tools.php

Smith S, Bush T, Stevenson K and Moorcroft S (1999) Validation of nitrogen diffusion tube methodology. A report prepared for the DETR. Stanger Science and Environment Report Reference SSE/AQ/0209.

Updating and Screening Assessment 9P1194 Final Report - 55 - January 2004 APPENDIX 1

DISPERSION MODELLING STUDY AREAS FOR THE PURPOSES OF DETAILED ASSESSMENT IN 2004.

Updating and Screening Assessment 9P1194 Final Report - 56 - January 2004