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Carthaginians (Punicae)

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Carthaginians (Punicae) 4/12/2012 Punic province 26. The Punic Terror Hamilcar Barca Hannibal Fabius Maximus Cunctator Battles of: Trebia Trasamene Cannae Zama Carthage Spain Alps Saguntum New Carthage Carthaginians (Punicae) • Settled by the Phoenicians in the 9th C. BCE • Semitic people originally from the Levant • The name Phoenician, through Latin punicus, comes from Greek φοίνιξ • Very different religious pantheon, but with some Greek loan rituals 1 4/12/2012 Phoenician colonization 900-500 BCE Carthage Different religious system and technological development Semitic Language w/ alphabet system 2 4/12/2012 Phoenician Religion Baal, bronze statue from Ugarit Tanit Queen Phoenician goddess Lybico-Punic Mausoleum 3rd C. BCE Dougga, Tunisia • One of the last surviving examples of Punic architecture • It draws on influences from both Greece and Egypt • rebuilt after a British consul removed the stone of inscription upon which it all rested – now in the British Museum 3 4/12/2012 Punic Wars 1st Punic (264-241) 2nd Punic (218-201 ) 3rd Punic (149-146) First Punic War: Origins • Mamertines and Syracuse in local conflict – use Carthaginian fleet but then ask Rome to intercede – Romans send a garrison to secure Messina – outraged Carthaginians then lend aid to Syracuse – Rome gets embroiled in war with Carthage 4 4/12/2012 1st Punic War: Phases 261 BCE Battle of Agrigentum (261 BCE) 260 BCE Battle of Lipari Islands (260) – Gn. Cornelius Scipio Asina is captured 260 BCE Battle of Mylae – innovation of the corvus 255 BCE Battle of Tunis 241 BCE Carthage forced to sign Peace Treaty 5 4/12/2012 Corvus 6 4/12/2012 1st Punic: Results • Carthage has to cede islands and pay lots of money, some now lots later on – Carthage asks to pay it all now, Rome says “no.” • Sicily and Sardinia organized as a province 7 4/12/2012 Province (provincia) pro + vincere (to conquer/take control over) originally means “task” in Latin In 227 two praetors are created to “govern” Sicily and Sardinia and given “imperium” to maintain authority Islands don’t pay tribute in military manpower but in wheat 1/10 “tithe” In Between 1st and 2nd Punic Wars • Italy expands north of the Po river and into Illyria 219 BCE Hellenized Iberian city of Saguntum attacked by Carthage – 8 month siege – appeals to Rome for protection – After some failed arbitration attempts, Rome declares war 8 4/12/2012 1st Illyrian War (229-228 BCE) 2nd Illyrian War (220-219 BCE) – Comes to the aid of Greeks – Illyrian dynast breaks the and to stop piracy treaty and attacks Greece. – Peace terms: no expansion – Consuls celebrate triumphs south of Lissus River – Consuls celebrate triumphs Hamilcar Barca d. 229 Scipio Africanus National Museum, Naples Hannibal Hasdrubal Second Punic War (218-201 BCE) • Carthage captured the Iberian City of Saguntum • Rome launches twin attacks on Spain and Africa – P. Cornelius Scipio to Spain – Ti. Sempronius Longus to Africa • Hannibal comes over the Alps with elephants – Scipio and Hannibal miss each other – Hannibal occupies Italy for 6 years, wins many battles • Scipio wins in Sicily and goes onto Carthage, Hannibal though winning Italy goes to Africa to help. – Scipio takes the name Africanus as a token of his victory 9 4/12/2012 Battle of Trebia 218 BCE Battle of Cannae 216 BCE Battle of Trasimene 217 BCE Tactics of Fabius Maximus “Cunctator” • Cunctator = “Delayer” • He sought to harry Hannibal http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkT6lxQPKc k&feature=fvw • His policy became unpopular and it was decided to face Hannibal at Cannae 10 4/12/2012 Polybius : 70,000 Roman and allied Livy : 45,500 foot soldiers and infantry were killed, 10,000 captured, 2,700 horsemen were slain in and "perhaps" 3,000 survived. almost equal proportion of citizens and allies“ He also reports that of the 6,000 Also reports that 3,000 Roman and Roman and allied cavalry, only 370 allied infantry and 1,500 Roman survived and allied cavalry were taken prisoner by the Carthaginians Hannibal: Rome’s Worst Nightmare • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IY- Hcr4bB3U 11 4/12/2012 http://www.youtube.com/user/BBCWorldwide #p/search/0/0gbPIyCuGTA Final Peace Terms of 2nd Punic The Carthaginians now surrendered again, and received worse terms than before • the immediate territory of Carthage would remain free • restitution would be made for the goods seized during the truce • all elephants were to be ceded to the Romans • Carthage could keep only ten warships • Carthage could not make war without Roman consent • Masinissa would receive all the lands held by his ancestors • Carthage would pay 10,000 talents in 50 annual installments 12 .
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