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YOUTH &POLICY No. 112 APRIL 2014 Building capacity in youth work: Perspectives and practice in youth clubs in Finland and Sweden How do detached youth workers spend their time? Considerations from a time study in Gothenburg, Sweden Gang talking criminologists: A rejoinder to John Pitts Enclavisation and Identity in Refugee Youth Work Aristotle’s Phronesis and Youth Work: Beyond Instrumentality Attachment, adolescent girls and technology: a new marriage of ideas and implications for youth work practice Thinking Space: [1] The Value of Youth Services towards Child and Adolescent mental health [2] Youth Work and the ‘Military Ethos’ [3] Racism as Islamaphobia Review article: Independence at risk: the state, the market and the voluntary youth sector Reviews Editorial Group Paula Connaughton, Ruth Gilchrist, Tracey Hodgson, Tony Jeffs, Mark Smith, Jean Spence, Naomi Stanton, Tania de St Croix, Aniela Wenham, Tom Wylie. Associate Editors Priscilla Alderson, Institute of Education, London Sally Baker, The Open University Simon Bradford, Brunel University Judith Bessant, RMIT University, Australia Lesley Buckland, YMCA George Williams College Bob Coles, University of York John Holmes, Newman College, Birmingham Sue Mansfield, University of Dundee Gill Millar, South West Regional Youth Work Adviser Susan Morgan, University of Ulster Jon Ord, University College of St Mark and St John Jenny Pearce, University of Bedfordshire John Pitts, University of Bedfordshire Keith Popple, London South Bank University John Rose, Consultant Kalbir Shukra, Goldsmiths University Tony Taylor, IDYW Joyce Walker, University of Minnesota, USA Aniela Wenham, University of York Anna Whalen, Freelance Consultant Published by Youth & Policy, ‘Burnbrae’, Black Lane, Blaydon Burn, Blaydon on Tyne NE21 6DX. www.youthandpolicy.org Copyright: Youth & Policy The views expressed in the journal remain those of the authors and not necessarily those of the editorial group. Whilst every effort is made to check factual information, the Editorial Group is not responsible for errors in the material published in the journal. ii Youth & Policy No. 112 April 2014 About Youth & Policy Youth & Policy Journal was founded in 1982 to offer a critical space for the discussion of youth policy and youth work theory and practice. The editorial group have subsequently expanded activities to include the organisation of related conferences, research and book publication. Regular activities include the bi- annual ‘History of Community and Youth Work’ and the ‘Thinking Seriously’ conferences. The Youth & Policy editorial group works in partnership with a range of local and national voluntary and statutory organisations who have complementary purposes. These have included UK Youth, YMCA, Muslim Youth Council and Durham University. All members of the Youth & Policy editorial group are involved in education, professional practice and research in the field of informal education, community work and youth work. The journal is run on a not-for-profit basis. Editors and Associate Editors all work in a voluntary and unpaid capacity. iii Youth & Policy No. 112 April 2014 Contents Building capacity in youth work: Perspectives and practice in youth clubs in Finland and Sweden Torbjörn Forkby and Tomi Kiilakoski 1 ➤ How do detached youth workers spend their time? Considerations from a time study in Gothenburg, Sweden Björn Andersson 18 ➤ Gang talking criminologists: A rejoinder to John Pitts Simon Hallsworth 35 ➤ Enclavisation and Identity in Refugee Youth Work Martyn Hudson 44 ➤ Aristotle’s Phronesis and Youth Work: Beyond Instrumentality Jon Ord 56 ➤ Attachment, adolescent girls and technology: a new marriage of ideas and implications for youth work practice Diane T. Levine and Caroline S. Edwards 74 ➤ THINKING SPACE: [1] The Value of Youth Services towards Child and Adolescent mental health Matthew Fish 95 ➤ [2] Youth Work and the ‘Military Ethos’ Janet Batsleer 100 ➤ [3] Racism as Islamaphobia Bal Gill 105 ➤ Review Article Independence at risk: the state, the market and the voluntary youth sector Bernard Davies 111 ➤ Reviews 123 ➤ iv Youth & Policy No. 112 April 2014 Contributors Björn Andersson, PhD in Social Work. Senior lecturer at the Department of Social Work, University of Gothenburg, Sweden. Caroline Edwards is an attendance officer in Leicester, following ten years as a youth worker, including leading Leicester Tigers Learning Centre. Torbjörn Forkby, associate professor in social work, holds a position as a senior lecturer at the department of social work at the University of Gothenburg. His research interests is primarily focused on promotion and preventative work towards young people, but has also published in other areas such as introduction and exit from street-gangs, decision-making in social work and drug usage among young people. Simon Hallsworth is Professor of Sociology and Head of the School of Applied Social Sciences at University Campus Suffolk Martyn Hudson co-ordinates the Co-Curate group at Newcastle University and has written and practised widely in community development specifically around arts and refugee work Tomi Kiilakoski, PhD, is a researcher in the Finnish Youth Research Network. His areas of expertise include youth work, youth participation, youth studies, educational policy, school violence and its prevention, cultural philosophy and critical pedagogy. He engages actively in promoting participation and developing youth work on the local and state level in Finland. Diane T. Levine was Head of Educational Research and Analysis at Becta before taking up an ESRC PhD studentship at Warwick University. Jon Ord is Reader in Youth Work at the University of St Mark and St John, Plymouth. v Youth & Policy No. 112 April 2014 © Youth & Policy, 2014 Building capacity in youth work: Perspectives and practice in youth clubs in Finland and Sweden Torbjörn Forkby and Tomi Kiilakoski Abstract Youth work broadly aims to support young people’s development, socially and personally, and promotes learning in non-formal settings. One of the best opportunities for youth work in Sweden and in Finland is via the youth clubs, which are staffed by professionals who respond to the needs of young people according to firmly understood policies. In this article we analyse the historical constitution of youth clubs, the connection of youth work to Nordic social policy, the current state of youth clubs, and the perceptions the workers have in respect of their work and professional status. Our comparison of Sweden and Finland provides an analysis of the role that youth work plays in Nordic welfare services for the young, the nature of youth work in general and current tensions. One ubiquitous tension arises from the fact that youth work aims to respond to the perceived needs of society, to the needs of the young, or to the needs of both simultaneously. This article shows that the societal motivation for youth work is similar in both Sweden and Finland, but that the scope, structures and policies vary between the two countries. Whilst youth work is an integral part of welfare policy in Nordic countries, there is no agreement on its scope or even the target group. Key words: youth work, youth policy, Nordic countries, welfare state, young people, Nordic welfare state. THE INCLUSION and development of young people in society is one of the major challenges faced by late-modern, knowledge-based economies. Societal strategies to promote the competence and competitiveness of young people have traditionally focused on formal education, from the early years in compulsory schools, through to university studies and vocational training. These foci remain as core strategies. However, in recent years, greater attention has been paid to non- formal learning. The importance of recognising youth work as a way of promoting extra-curricular learning has, for example, been underlined in discussions about lifelong learning at a European level (Partnership Youth, 2011). However, there remains a considerable lack of knowledge regarding the foundations and practice of youth work. This article presents the history of, and challenges faced by a core strategy used in Sweden and Finland to meet and cope with young people outside of formal settings or sporting associations – the youth club. Although this strategy has not always been conceptualized as youth work in policy or practice, we have used it as a tool to introduce and delineate the objective of our study. 1 Youth & Policy No. 112 April 2014 BUILDING capacity IN YOUTH WORK Youth work broadly describes measures used to promote capacity-building and learning for young people in youth organisations, leisure activities, youth clubs, and other non-formal settings. Both Finland and Sweden have a long tradition of youth-directed strategies in civil society, religious organisations and local authorities. Throughout their history, and in different forms and with different names, youth clubs have been discussed in official youth policy, and seen as a response to perceived societal short-comings and as one of the more articulate reponses to the question of the intended purpose of youth work. Here we will both present our own findings and review the relevant research that has taken place in Finland and Sweden. Our own research covers various aspects of youth work, including the perspectives of youth workers on youth work, pedagogical strategies (Forkby et al, 2008), participation as a key tool of youth policy (Gretschel and Kiilakoski, 2007; 2012), history of participation in

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