A Teacher's Guide to Marine Environmental Education in Saint Lucia
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A TEACHER’S GUIDE TO MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION IN SAINT LUCIA Prepared by: Lavina Alexander Sarita Williams-Peter Publication prepared for the United Nations Environment Programme - Caribbean Environment Programme (UNEP- CEP) with support from the Directorate General for Development Cooperation of the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs A Teacher’s Guide to Marine Environmental Education in Saint Lucia Prepared by: Lavina Alexander Consultant Castries, Saint Lucia Sarita Williams-Peter Fisheries Biologist Department of Fisheries Castries, Saint Lucia ii Note: This document was prepared by Ms. Lavina Alexander, Consultant and Mrs. Sarita Williams-Peter of the Department of Fisheries in Saint Lucia, in their capacity as consultants to the Saint Lucia National Trust (SLNT) for the "Training teachers to increase student awareness and understanding of the importance of marine protected areas" Project being supported by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Regional Coordinating Unit (CAR/RCU) of the Caribbean Environment Programme (CEP) with funding from the Directorate General for Development Cooperation of the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs through the project entitled: "Regional support for the Caribbean Challenge initiative: Networking, consolidation and regional coordination of MPA management". The designations employed and the presentation of the materials in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNEP, SLNT or contributory organisations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The document contains the views expressed by the authors acting in their individual capacity and may not necessarily reflect the views or policies of UNEP, SLNT or contributory organisations. ©2012 UNEP Caribbean Environment Programme 14-20 Port Royal Street Kingston, JAMAICA Tel: (876) 922-9267-9 Fax: (876) 922-9292 Email: [email protected] This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational and non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. UNEP and SLNT would appreciate receiving copies of any publication that uses this material as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale or for any other commercial purposes whatsoever without prior permission in writing of UNEP and SLNT. For bibliographic purposes the printed version of this document may be cited as: Alexander, L. and Williams-Peter, S. (2012). A Teacher’s Guide to Marine Environmental Education in Saint Lucia. (Bishnu Tulsie, ed.), Saint Lucia National Trust and United Nation Environment Programme- Caribbean Environment Programme (Kingston, Jamaica), 200 pp. Printed by: Star Publishing Co. Ltd. iii CONTENTS Introduction MODULE 1: The Marine Environment – An Introduction Theme 1.1: What’s seawater made of? The Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Seawater Theme 1.2: Movement of the Ocean and Seas Ocean Currents Circulation Patterns Theme 1.3: Treasures of the Sea Fisheries Resources in Saint Lucia MODULE 2: Ecology of Marine Ecosystems Theme 2.1: Dynamic Ecosystems The Ecology of Mangrove Forests and Beaches Theme 2.2: Under the Sea The Ecology of Seagrass Beds and Coral Reefs Theme 2.3: The Circle of Life Connections between Marine Ecosystems MODULE 3: Benefits of and Threats to Marine Ecosystems Theme 3.1: Value Added Ecosystem and Socio-economic Services Theme 3.2: A Scary Situation Natural and Anthropogenic Threats Theme 3.3: National Interventions Minimizing the Threats, Maximizing the Services iv MODULE 4: Marine Resource Management Theme 4.1: Managing People Community Based Co-Management Theme 4.2: From Ridge to Reef Watershed and Coastal Zone Management Theme 4.3: Extra Protection Marine Protected Areas MODULE 5: Sample School Based Assessments by Motielall Singh, Curriculum Officer, Ministry of Education, Human Resource Development and Labour, Saint Lucia Theme 5.1: Importance of School Based Assessment (SBA) Theme 5.2: School Based Assessment as a Form of Evaluation Theme 5.3: School Based Assessment Activities Bibliography Appendices v Introduction As a small island developing state, the coastal resources of Saint Lucia serve many diverse interests, supporting environmental, economic, social and cultural development, and aesthetic functions. It is therefore necessary to protect and conserve the natural resource base within the coastal zone, to ensure that the benefits being derived are maintained. Increasingly, Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are proving to be successful tools for the protection of natural resources, while providing numerous opportunities for the people who depend on the exploitation of these resources, to benefit through the provision of sustainable livelihoods. In order to effect change in the mindset of Saint Lucians on the significance of marine protected areas and coastal resources in general, it is important to target the education sector. This will ensure the sustainability of the message by educating the youth, who may respond with a positive change in attitude towards marine resources. With more knowledge, these stakeholders may become motivated to support policies and make more informed decisions. Successful implementation and sustainability of awareness activities targeting the youth will be based on the training of teachers in order that they educate their students on the marine environment. This Guide to Marine Environmental Education is aimed at providing some direction to teachers in communicating the importance of marine resources management in the classroom. The Guide is designed to offer flexibility in lesson planning, and highlights a number of resources available to enhance lessons and learning. Linkages between content and the situation in the Caribbean Region, and more specifically in Saint Lucia, help to provide avenues for more active involvement in resource conservation through practical examples and exercises. It is envisioned that this Guide will be used in creating and implementing an annual teacher training course on marine resources. Workshops will be held to equip teachers with tools which can be used to educate students and other teachers on the environmental value of coastal resources, and to stimulate their active involvement in resource conservation. The programme will be a joint initiative of the Saint Lucia National Trust and the Department of Fisheries. vi MODULE 1: The Marine Environment – An Introduction INTRODUCTION The ocean is comprised of water and other dissolved elements, which support marine life and influences the movement of the ocean water. The ocean water is in constant motion connecting the oceans. These movements influence weather and climate, as well as living conditions for marine organisms in the oceans. Understanding the ocean water movements sheds light on the distribution of marine life, and as such assists marine managers in management of the marine environment. OVERALL OBJECTIVES 1. To know the general characteristics of the marine environment and the coastal ecosystems in the wider Caribbean and how it influences ocean currents. 2. To understand how ocean water and currents influence marine life and how this is important to their management. THEMES This module is divided into three themes: Theme 1.1: What’s seawater made of? The Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Seawater Theme 1.2: Movement of the Ocean and Seas Ocean Currents Circulation Patterns Theme 1.3: Treasures of the Sea Fisheries Resources in Saint Lucia DELIVERY TIME Expected time to deliver the module: Five (5) hours THEME 1.1: What’s Seawater made of? Chemical Properties of Seawater To know the main chemical attributes of seawater and how it influences the environmental and habitat conditions of the Caribbean. Objectives Overhead Projector Flipchart paper Markers Materials/ equipment Activity 1.1a and 1.1b: Climate change and our Oceans Students carry out two experiments to investigate ocean acidification. Strategies 1 ½ hours Time Delivery Delivery 1.1 1 What’s Seawater made of? The Physical and Chemical Properties of Seawater BACKGROUND INFORMATION COMPOSITION OF SEA WATER The most important components of seawater that influence life forms are salinity, dissolved gases (mostly oxygen and carbon dioxide), nutrients, pH, and temperature. a. Salinity Seawater is a complex mixture of dissolved inorganic material and dissolved gases (ignoring the many inorganic and organic materials and organisms that are merely in suspension). The amount of dissolved inorganic materials is what gives seawater its salinity. Most parts of the ocean have a salinity of typically 3.5% or 35ppt. However, factors such as low or high rainfall regimes, high or low evaporation, melting of glaciers, high surface drainage from landmasses, etc., influence salinity levels in localized situations. The major dissolved constituents of seawater occur in constant relative ratios in seawater. The diagram below illustrates abundance of salt in seawater: Chlorine (55%) Water (96.5%) Sulphate Ca Mg Sodium (30%) K M Chlo g rineS Minor constituents Salt (3.5%) (55o di %) SEA SALTS SEAWATER u m (3 0 % 1.1 2 ) The two most abundant constituents in seawater are sodium and chloride (the components of table salt). Variations occur in ocean salinity due to several factors. The most common factor is the relative amount of evaporation and precipitation in an area. If there is more