DOCSLIB.ORG

Community Forest Management in the Peruvian Amazon

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Community Forest Management in the Peruvian Amazon WORKING PAPER Community forest management in the Peruvian Amazon A literature review Rosa Cossío Mary Menton Peter Cronkleton Anne Larson Working Paper 136 Community forest management in the Peruvian Amazon A literature review Rosa Cossío CIMMYT Mary Menton CIFOR Peter Cronkleton CIFOR Anne Larson CIFOR Working Paper 136 © 2014 Center for International Forestry Research Content in this publication is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ Cossío R, Menton M, Cronkleton P and Larson A. 2014. Community forest management in the Peruvian Amazon: A literature review. Working Paper 136. Bogor, Indonesia: CIFOR. Photo by Juan Carlos Izurieta ‘Tablilla’ saw mill near Pucallpa, Peru. CIFOR Jl. CIFOR, Situ Gede Bogor Barat 16115 Indonesia T +62 (251) 8622-622 F +62 (251) 8622-100 E [email protected] cifor.org We would like to thank all donors who supported this research through their contributions to the CGIAR Fund. For a list of Fund donors please see: https://www.cgiarfund.org/FundDonors Any views expressed in this book are those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of CIFOR, the editors, the authors’ institutions, the financial sponsors or the reviewers. Table of contents 1 Introduction 1 2 Peru’s forestry sector 1 2.1 Timber production 2 2.2 Illegalities in the forestry sector 4 2.3 Communities, rural populations and the farm–forest interface 5 3 Cases of community forestry in the Amazon 8 3.1 Community forest management: Definitions and challenges 8 3.2 Examples of CFM projects in Peru 9 3.3 Main challenges for CFM in the Peruvian Amazon 15 4 Conclusions 17 5 References 17 1 Introduction traditional communities, colonist settlers, ribereños1 or small‑scale farmers (Sabogal et al. 2008). For a long time, the predominant focus of international interest in tropical forests was on A substantial body of evidence shows that CFM forest preservation and biodiversity conservation. has become an important feature of the forestry Recent years, however, have seen a gradual shift sector in many developing countries. Many early away from this “fortress conservation” (Brockington examples come from India and Nepal (e.g. Agrawal 2002) toward sustainable forest management, in and Ostrom 2001), with examples from Latin which local people’s needs are reconciled with America increasingly common (Larson et al. 2008; biodiversity conservation (Schwartzman et al. 2000; Cronkleton et al. 2011a). Leaders in Latin America Wilhusen et al. 2002). In the 1990s, integrated include Mexico (Klooster and Masera 2000; Bray et conservation and development projects (ICDPs) al. 2003, 2005), Guatemala (Ortiz 2000; Wittman became common (Hughes and Flintan 2001), and Geisler 2005; Taylor 2010), Brazil (Amaral et including projects that supported community‑based al. 2005; Humphries and Kainer 2006) and Bolivia sustainable management of forests for environmental (McDaniel 2003; de Jong et al. 2006; Stearman services, timber and non‑timber forest products 2006). Although in Mexico CFM has been evolving (NTFPs). These community forest management over several decades, in other countries in Latin (CFM) projects were designed as an alternative to America (particularly in the Amazon region), most traditional timber extraction practices, with the initiatives to promote CFM are relatively recent aim of protecting forests while providing social and (Amaral et al. 2005; SNV 2005). This is the case for economic benefits to a range of forest users (Bray CFM in Peru. 2004). CFM is generally understood to refer to a wide variety of local modalities employed to manage The purpose of this review is to summarize the and use forest resources in a sustainable and equitable published literature, as well as any available manner (De Camino 2001; SNV 2005; Pagdee information provided by NGOs or project et al. 2006; Cronkleton et al. 2013). Most of the proponents, on the practice of CFM in the Peruvian discourse around CFM centers on management of Amazon. We begin by describing the forestry sector communal forest resources (Agrawal and Ostrom in Peru to provide background for the discussion of 2001; Pagdee et al. 2006) or on externally supported CFM. This is followed by an overview of land‑use projects that facilitate timber harvesting or NTFP and forest management by rural populations in the commercialization (Amaral et al. 2005; Li 2007). Peruvian Amazon. We then describe the different This focus on communal forests is logical, given that manifestations of CFM in Peru and the most widely large areas of forest in Latin America are managed studied cases of CFM projects. Finally, we look at by communities under communal titles. At the some emerging initiatives, summarize the main same time, other forms of forest management challenges for CFM and highlight important areas are increasingly attracting attention and interest, for future research. particularly company–community partnerships (Mayers and Vermuelen 2002) and locally initiated forest management activities that do not rely on outside support (Pokorny et al. 2010). 2 Peru’s forestry CFM projects usually focus on supporting collective enterprises that manage communal forests under sector legal management plans, yet in practice, communities Peru has the second largest area of natural forest in and the individual households within them manage South America, and the ninth largest in the world forests in diverse ways. We therefore argue here that (Schwartz 2004), and Peru’s forests are among the the definition of CFM should be expanded to include the variety of ways in which communities manage their forests, whether through externally supported 1 A term used for rural populations in the lowland Peruvian projects or informal traditional forest management Amazon. They include detribalized Amazonian natives, immigrants from neighboring Peruvian departments, from other practices. Under this definition, CFM is understood South American countries or overseas, or the descendants of any to comprise all planned forest activities conducted unions between members of these groups. They live mostly along by local actors, such as indigenous, peasant or the major rivers in small villages called caserios (De Jong 2001). 2 Rosa Cossío, Mary Menton, Peter Cronkleton and Anne Larson Earth’s most significant areas of biodiversity and year from 2005 to 2009 and to 103,380 ha each year endemism (Oliveira et al. 2007). The forests of the in 2010 and 2011 (MINAM 2012). Although this Peruvian Amazon cover a total of 73 million ha, level of deforestation is lower than the global average or 60% of the country’s total land area (MINAM or that of neighboring Brazil (250,000 ha/ year) and MINAG 2011). A total of 78% of the (Hansen et al. 2013), it is projected to continue at Peruvian Amazon (47% of the country) lies in similar rates until 2050 under a business‑as‑usual four administrative regions (Loreto, Ucayali, scenario (Armas et al. 2009). As deforestation in Madre de Dios and San Martín) (MINAM 2009). the Peruvian Amazon has many causes and follows Almost 8% of Peru’s population lives in these regions, irregular patterns (Alvarez and Naughton‑Treves where poverty is high (SNV 2005). 2003; Chavez 2009; Dourojeanni et al. 2009; MINAM 2009; Almeyda Zambrano et al. 2010), The government classifies forests in Peru (Table 1) as efforts to reduce deforestation in the country have production forests (for timber and NTFPs), protected followed a range of trajectories, from support for forests (e.g. parks and reserves) and community CFM (Gaviria and Sabogal 2013) and payments forests (see Box 1). for forest ecosystem services (Armas et al. 2009) through to more recent interest in REDD+ Under Peruvian law, people may extract timber (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest and NTFPs from forests, but they may not convert Degradation) (Che Piu and Menton 2013). land designated as forest to agriculture. However, in practice, these classifications have had little influence over land‑use behavior in the Peruvian Amazon 2.1 Timber production (Che Piu and Menton 2013). In recent decades, deforestation in Peru has persisted. Peruvian scientists Timber production is a major economic activity in estimate that an average of 149,632 ha of forests the Amazon and an important source of regional was lost each year between 1990 and 2000, mainly employment (Chirinos and Ruíz Pérez 2003). through conversion to agriculture (MINAM 2009). Historically, the forestry sector in the Peruvian After peaking at 163,000 ha a year in 2000–2005, Amazon relied predominantly on timber harvested average deforestation declined to 123,000 ha each on a small scale by native communities and other rural populations. Over time, however, timber harvests became more intensive and were organized Table 1. Forest classifications in Peru, with type by industry, although they remained at a relatively and area. low intensity, given the volume potentially available in Amazonian forests. Only in recent decades have Forest classification Area (millions ha) large enterprises begun the aggressive extraction Production Forests of commercial timber species using machinery Active Production Forests 9.2 (Malleux 2008). Reserve Production Forests (for 8.8 future harvest) Since the 1920s, Peru’s timber sector has concentrated on the selective logging of high‑value Protected Areas hardwoods, initially mahogany (Swietenia National Natural Protected Areas 16.3 macrophylla) and cedar (Cedrela odorata), and then Regional Protected Areas 0.7 later other species such as tornillo (Cedrelinga Private Protected Areas 0.04 catenaeformis). The government granted one‑ or two‑year contracts on areas of up to 1000 ha without Community Forests management plans in an attempt to facilitate access a Titled Native Communities 10.6 for small‑scale loggers (Cossío 2009). However, these Voluntarily Isolated Communities 1.75 contracts were often held by larger logging companies Campesino Communities 3.53 instead, and the lack of government oversight and Unclassified Forests 22.25 control led to overexploitation of these species.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Baker-Et-Al-ESPA-Ful
    Capacity building for carbon- and biodiversity-based payments for ecosystem services in the Peruvian Amazon: Case for Support Part 1 - Previous track record This proposal brings together a new consortium of UK universities and Peruvian research organisations and NGOs. The wide expertise of the team incorporates individuals involved in the measurement of forest carbon stocks and biodiversity, remote sensing of land-use change, development of payment systems for ecosystem services and the management of conservation and rural development projects. The School of Geography, University of Leeds, UK is a leading geography department in the UK. Tropical forest ecology is a major research focus and the Ecology and Global Change research cluster leads an international network of forest inventory plots (RAINFOR) to monitor patterns of C cycling in Amazonia funded by NERC, EU, Royal Geographical Society and Moore Foundation grants. Tim Baker (PI) has worked throughout Amazonia since 2001 with research interests at the interface of community and ecosystem ecology, with a focus on C cycling in tropical forests: quantifying regional-scale patterns of C stocks and long-term changes in forest structure and dynamics. His second focus is the processes that maintain the high diversity of these forests, particularly the role of disturbance, and thirdly, how the results of ecological studies can be applied to land- and resource-management in the tropics. He held a NERC research fellowship from 2005–7 and currently holds a Research Council Academic Fellowship at the University of Leeds. Relevant publications: 1. Reed, M., Dougil, A. and Baker, T.R. (2008) Participatory indicator development: what can ecologists and local communities learn from each other? Ecological Applications, 18, 1253-1269.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethical Cosmologies in Amazonia
    UCLA Mester Title Ethical Cosmologies in Amazonia Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4f18z302 Journal Mester, 49(1) ISSN 0160-2764 Author Varese, Stefano Publication Date 2020 DOI 10.5070/M3491051392 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Ethical Cosmologies in Amazonia1 Stefano Varese University of California, Davis Epistemological and Ethical Premise Geological history, or the “Long Duration” perspective proposed years ago by French historian Fernand Braudel, may be the most appropriate epistemological and ethical tools to approach the study and understanding of Amazonia as a whole integrated living system co-created by millennia of interactive co-evolution of all its/her tan- gible and intangible bio-physical entities.2 In this sense, rather than using the neologism of anthropocene – with its constraining refer- ence to a late geological era defined by the onset of the Industrial Revolution and the overwhelming expansion of capitalism, I have suggested to choose a term that enlightens the joint role played by humanity and all other entities in landscaping, bio-scaping and thus ethno-scaping the tropical rainforest, the “selva”, as an anthropo- genic phenomenon, a dynamic structured production and constantly expanding reproduction of life resulting from millennia of coexistence of all the “relatives” that inhabit the world. It is with humbleness, then, that I must refer to the Kichwa people of Sarayaku, the large indigenous territory on the banks of the Bobonaza river in Ecuador and cite their words as the most appro- priate ethical definition of what Amazonia has been and still is for thousands of lineages of indigenous people living in harmony – in Sumak Kawsay – in this immense territory now threatened by neo- imperialist destruction.
    [Show full text]
  • Chec List What Survived from the PLANAFLORO Project
    Check List 10(1): 33–45, 2014 © 2014 Check List and Authors Chec List ISSN 1809-127X (available at www.checklist.org.br) Journal of species lists and distribution What survived from the PLANAFLORO Project: PECIES S Angiosperms of Rondônia State, Brazil OF 1* 2 ISTS L Samuel1 UniCarleialversity of Konstanz, and Narcísio Department C.of Biology, Bigio M842, PLZ 78457, Konstanz, Germany. [email protected] 2 Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Campus José Ribeiro Filho, BR 364, Km 9.5, CEP 76801-059. Porto Velho, RO, Brasil. * Corresponding author. E-mail: Abstract: The Rondônia Natural Resources Management Project (PLANAFLORO) was a strategic program developed in partnership between the Brazilian Government and The World Bank in 1992, with the purpose of stimulating the sustainable development and protection of the Amazon in the state of Rondônia. More than a decade after the PLANAFORO program concluded, the aim of the present work is to recover and share the information from the long-abandoned plant collections made during the project’s ecological-economic zoning phase. Most of the material analyzed was sterile, but the fertile voucher specimens recovered are listed here. The material examined represents 378 species in 234 genera and 76 families of angiosperms. Some 8 genera, 68 species, 3 subspecies and 1 variety are new records for Rondônia State. It is our intention that this information will stimulate future studies and contribute to a better understanding and more effective conservation of the plant diversity in the southwestern Amazon of Brazil. Introduction The PLANAFLORO Project funded botanical expeditions In early 1990, Brazilian Amazon was facing remarkably in different areas of the state to inventory arboreal plants high rates of forest conversion (Laurance et al.
    [Show full text]
  • THE POLITICS of SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT in the PERUVIAN AMAZON RAINFOREST Karen Konkoly
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Lehigh University: Lehigh Preserve Lehigh University Lehigh Preserve Volume 35 - Leveraging Peru's Economic Potential Perspectives on Business and Economics (2017) 2017 The olitP ics of Sustainable Development in the Peruvian Amazon Rainforest Karen Konkoly Lehigh University Follow this and additional works at: https://preserve.lehigh.edu/perspectives-v35 Recommended Citation Konkoly, Karen, "The oP litics of Sustainable Development in the Peruvian Amazon Rainforest" (2017). Volume 35 - Leveraging Peru's Economic Potential (2017). 11. https://preserve.lehigh.edu/perspectives-v35/11 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Perspectives on Business and Economics at Lehigh Preserve. It has been accepted for inclusion in Volume 35 - Leveraging Peru's Economic Potential (2017) by an authorized administrator of Lehigh Preserve. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE POLITICS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN THE PERUVIAN AMAZON RAINFOREST Karen Konkoly Introduction Amazon. To effectively counter deforestation, Peru should align priorities across interest In the Peruvian Amazon rainforest groups and effectively allocate resources to reside 1,816 species of birds; 25,000 species of subnational governments so that policies can plants; 515 species of mammals; and 3 million play out as they are intended. Because small- people (Gamboa; “Geography, Agriculture…”). scale agriculture constitutes the majority Maintaining the rainforest is crucial for of deforestation and is especially prevalent ecological diversity, for carbon retention, in the northern Amazon basin, I propose a as a basis for fair and equitable economic sustainable alternative industry in that region development of the communities living there, with the potential to benefit both small farmers and for its potential to increase GDP.
    [Show full text]
  • The Corrientes River Case: Indigenous People's
    THE CORRIENTES RIVER CASE: INDIGENOUS PEOPLE'S MOBILIZATION IN RESPONSE TO OIL DEVELOPMENT IN THE PERUVIAN AMAZON by GRACIELA MARIA MERCEDES LU A THESIS Presented to the Department of International Studies and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment ofthe requirements for the degree of Master of Arts December 2009 ---------------- ii "The Corrientes River Case: Indigenous People's Mobilization in Response to Oil Development in the Peruvian Amazon," a thesis prepared by Graciela Marfa Mercedes Lu in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Arts degree in the Department of International Studies. This thesis has been approved and accepted by: lT.. hiS man.u...s. c. ript .has been approved by the advisor and committee named~ _be'oV\l __~!1_d _~Y--'3:~c~_ard Linton, Dean of the Graduate Scho~I_.. ~ Date Committee in Charge: Derrick Hindery, Chair Anita M. Weiss Carlos Aguirre Accepted by: III © 2009 Graciela Marfa Mercedes Lu IV An Abstract of the Thesis of Graciela M. Lu for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of International Studies to be taken December 2009 Title: THE CORRIENTES RIVER CASE: INDIGENOUS PEOPLE'S MOBILIZATION IN RESPONSE TO OIL DEVELOPMENT IN THE PERUVIAN AMAZON Approved: Derrick Hindery Economic models applied in Latin America tend to prioritize economic growth heavily based on extractive industries and a power distribution model that affects social equity and respect for human rights. This thesis advances our understanding of the social, political and environmental concerns that influenced the formation of a movement among the Achuar people, in response to oil exploitation activities in the Peruvian Amazon.
    [Show full text]
  • State of the World's Indigenous Peoples
    5th Volume State of the World’s Indigenous Peoples Photo: Fabian Amaru Muenala Fabian Photo: Rights to Lands, Territories and Resources Acknowledgements The preparation of the State of the World’s Indigenous Peoples: Rights to Lands, Territories and Resources has been a collaborative effort. The Indigenous Peoples and Development Branch/ Secretariat of the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues within the Division for Inclusive Social Development of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat oversaw the preparation of the publication. The thematic chapters were written by Mattias Åhrén, Cathal Doyle, Jérémie Gilbert, Naomi Lanoi Leleto, and Prabindra Shakya. Special acknowledge- ment also goes to the editor, Terri Lore, as well as the United Nations Graphic Design Unit of the Department of Global Communications. ST/ESA/375 Department of Economic and Social Affairs Division for Inclusive Social Development Indigenous Peoples and Development Branch/ Secretariat of the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues 5TH Volume Rights to Lands, Territories and Resources United Nations New York, 2021 Department of Economic and Social Affairs The Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat is a vital interface between global policies in the economic, social and environmental spheres and national action. The Department works in three main interlinked areas: (i) it compiles, generates and analyses a wide range of economic, social and environ- mental data and information on which States Members of the United Nations draw to review common problems and to take stock of policy options; (ii) it facilitates the negotiations of Member States in many intergovernmental bodies on joint courses of action to address ongoing or emerging global challenges; and (iii) it advises interested Governments on ways and means of translating policy frameworks developed in United Nations conferences and summits into programmes at the country level and, through technical assistance, helps build national capacities.
    [Show full text]
  • Years in the Abanico Del Pastaza - Why We Are Here Stop Theto Degradation of the Planet’S Natural Environment and to Build a Nature
    LESSONS LEARNED years10 in + the Abanico del Pastaza Nature, cultures and challenges in the Northern Peruvian Amazon In the Abanico del Pastaza, the largest wetland complex in the Peruvian Amazon, some of the most successful and encouraging conservation stories were written. But, at the same time, these were also some of the toughest and most complex in terms of efforts and sacrifices by its people, in order to restore and safeguard the vital link between the health of the surrounding nature and their own. This short review of stories and lessons, which aims to share the example of the Achuar, Quechua, Kandozi and their kindred peoples with the rest of the world, is dedicated to them. When, in the late nineties, the PREFACE WWF team ventured into the © DIEGO PÉREZ / WWF vast complex of wetlands surrounding the Pastaza river, they did not realize that what they thought to be a “traditional” two-year project would become one of their longest interventions, including major challenges and innovations, both in Peru and in the Amazon basin. The small team, mainly made up of biologists and field technicians, aspired to technically support the creation of a natural protected area to guarantee the conservation of the high local natural diversity, which is also the basis to one of the highest rates of fishing productivity in the Amazon. Soon it became clear that this would not be a routine experience but, on the contrary, it would mark a sort of revolution in the way WWF Patricia León Melgar had addressed conservation in the Amazon until then.
    [Show full text]
  • Symbolic Ecology, Plant Knowledge, Market and Property Rights - Organized by Marc Lenaerts
    2008 SALSA CONFERENCE PANEL AND PAPER ABSTRACTS Oxford, England & Paris, France Panel: Symbolic ecology, plant knowledge, market and property rights - organized by Marc Lenaerts If the treatment of animals has received wide coverage in Amazonian anthropology, such is not the case for the plant world. Yet, studies of cultivation practices, plant knowledge and plant symbolism indicate an extraordinary wealth and diversity of plant/ human interactions in Amazonia. Moreover, plants play a key role in the economic and cultural survival of many indigenous economies in the region. This panel will examine the complex links between thought and practice as their relate to plant symbolic ecology, inter-cultural exchanges of plant knowledge, and conflicts arising from diverging understandings of the nature of plant knowledge, as well as of its ownership. Fernando Santos-Granero (Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute) The virtuous manioc and the horny barbasco: sublime and grotesque modes of transformation in the origin of Yanesha plant life Yanesha people, like many other Native Amazonians, conceive of plants and trees as having been primordial humans transformed into their present form at the end of the mythic times of indifferentiation. The events that led to their transformation differ, however, substantially. Following Joanna Overing’s categorization of Piaroa narrative genres, these events can be described as ‘sublime’ and ‘grotesque’ modes of transformation. Plants that underwent a sublime process of transformation include manioc, the Yanesha staple, as well as tobacco and the hallucinogenic Virola, both of great importance in shamanic practices. These plants assumed their present form as the result of the self- transformation of powerful demiurges; a luminous, contained transformation that privileged the sensual capacities of the upper body, especially those attributed to the heart.
    [Show full text]
  • Indigenous and Tribal Peoples of the Pan-Amazon Region
    OAS/Ser.L/V/II. Doc. 176 29 September 2019 Original: Spanish INTER-AMERICAN COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS Situation of Human Rights of the Indigenous and Tribal Peoples of the Pan-Amazon Region 2019 iachr.org OAS Cataloging-in-Publication Data Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. Situation of human rights of the indigenous and tribal peoples of the Pan-Amazon region : Approved by the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights on September 29, 2019. p. ; cm. (OAS. Official records ; OEA/Ser.L/V/II) ISBN 978-0-8270-6931-2 1. Indigenous peoples--Civil rights--Amazon River Region. 2. Indigenous peoples-- Legal status, laws, etc.--Amazon River Region. 3. Human rights--Amazon River Region. I. Title. II. Series. OEA/Ser.L/V/II. Doc.176/19 INTER-AMERICAN COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS Members Esmeralda Arosemena de Troitiño Joel Hernández García Antonia Urrejola Margarette May Macaulay Francisco José Eguiguren Praeli Luis Ernesto Vargas Silva Flávia Piovesan Executive Secretary Paulo Abrão Assistant Executive Secretary for Monitoring, Promotion and Technical Cooperation María Claudia Pulido Assistant Executive Secretary for the Case, Petition and Precautionary Measure System Marisol Blanchard a.i. Chief of Staff of the Executive Secretariat of the IACHR Fernanda Dos Anjos In collaboration with: Soledad García Muñoz, Special Rapporteurship on Economic, Social, Cultural, and Environmental Rights (ESCER) Approved by the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights on September 29, 2019 INDEX EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 11 INTRODUCTION 19 CHAPTER 1 | INTER-AMERICAN STANDARDS ON INDIGENOUS AND TRIBAL PEOPLES APPLICABLE TO THE PAN-AMAZON REGION 27 A. Inter-American Standards Applicable to Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in the Pan-Amazon Region 29 1.
    [Show full text]
  • The Genetic Profile of the Arawak-Speaking Yanesha
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by MPG.PuRe AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 155:600–609 (2014) Between Andes and Amazon: the Genetic Profile of the Arawak-Speaking Yanesha Chiara Barbieri,1 Paul Heggarty,2 Daniele Yang Yao,1 Gianmarco Ferri,3 Sara De Fanti,1 Stefania Sarno,1 Graziella Ciani,1 Alessio Boattini,1 Donata Luiselli,1* and Davide Pettener1 1Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy 2Department of Linguistics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany 3Dipartimento di Medicina Diagnostica, Clinica e di Sanita Pubblica, Universita degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy KEY WORDS mtDNA; Y chromosome; STR; South America; language ABSTRACT The Yanesha are a Peruvian population and one INDEL diagnostic for assigning haplogroups). who inhabit an environment transitional between the We uncover sex-biased genetic trends that probably Andes and Amazonia. They present cultural traits char- arose in different stages: first, a male-biased gene flow acteristic of both regions, including in the language they from Andean regions, genetically consistent with high- speak: Yanesha belongs to the Arawak language family land Quechua-speakers and probably dating back to (which very likely originated in the Amazon/Orinoco Inca expansion; and second, traces of European contact lowlands), but has been strongly influenced by Quechua, consistent with Y chromosome lineages from Italy and the most widespread language family of the Andes. Tyrol, in line with historically documented migrations. Given their location and cultural make-up, the Yanesha Most research in the history, archaeology and linguistics make for an ideal case study for investigating language of South America has long been characterized by percep- and population dynamics across the Andes-Amazonia tions of a sharp divide between the Andes and Amazo- divide.
    [Show full text]
  • Linguistic and Cultural Geography of Contemporary Peru
    TEXAS PAPER ON LATIN AMERICA Pre-publication working papers of the Institute of Latin American Studies University of Texas at Austin ISSN 0392-3507 Linguistic and Cultural Geography of Contemporary Peru Gregory Knapp Department of Geography Paper No. 87-13 http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/etext/llilas/tpla/8713.pdf Gregory Knapp Linguistic and Cultural Geography of Contemporary Peru Linguistic and Cultural Geograpby of Contemporary Peru Gregory Knapp In view of the recent upsurge of interest in Peruvian regions and regional development (CDI- CEDESA 1984; González de Olarte 1985), it is surprising that none of these discussions of regional- ization adequately takes into account language or culture. In many countries, regional divisions have been primarily based on cultural or linguistic pattems, and the greatest challenge has been 10 achieve balanced development for all ethnic groups. The available etbnic maps for Peru are based on language. They show spheres of influence for various languages (pesce 1969) but lack a quantitative basis and do not indicate the numerically pre- ponderant languages and cultures. They also do not distinguish between cultural groups that are not indigenous language speakers. This report, by using quantitative data of language and ethnicity as found in various censuses, will attempt to map the cultural regions of Peru. Language as a Cultural Indicator There are three advantages to using language as a point of departure in mapping and defining culture regions: (1) language is strongly implicated in the transmission of culture and is thus linked to many nonlinguistic cultural traits, such as folklore, religion, and music; (2) language frontiers between groups impede cultural transmission and many times coincide with other cultural boundaries, including agricultural and housing traits; (3) language is a cultural trait that is relatively stable and easy 10 determine through census information.
    [Show full text]
  • THE LAND WITHIN Indigenous Territory and the Perception of Environment
    IWGIA THE LAND WITHIN INDIGENOUS TERRITORY AND PERCEPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT T H E L A N D W I T H I N Alexandre Surrallés Pedro García Hierro editors THE LAND WITHIN Indigenous territory and the perception of environment Alexandre Surrallés & Pedro García Hierro - editors - Copenhagen 2005 170 THE LAND WITHIN - INDIGENOUS TERRITORY AND PERCEPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT WRITING HISTORY INTO THE LANDSCAPE: YANESHA NOTIONS OF SPACE AND TERRITORIALITY Fernando Santos–Granero Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute ery early in the morning, during a bright September day in 1977, I started what was going to be a three-day walk from the Yanesha community of V ~ Yorenac~o to that of Muerrat o, 1 passing through the communities of Huacsho and Yoncollmaso, all of them in the eastern slopes of the Peruvian Central Andes (see Figures 1 and 2). 2 My travel companion was Francisco, a middle-aged Yanesha who was going downriver to visit relatives and do some hunting and fishing. When we departed, I had no idea that this trip was also going to be a fascinating journey along the landscape of Yanesha history and myth. Shortly after leaving Yorenac~o along the colonization road built in the 1970s we went by a gently sloping hill on top of which, Francisco told me, lay the foundations of an old Yanesha temple/forge. At its base, he claimed, one could still see rests of the furnace in which iron ore was melted. A few hours later, close to the colonist town of Eneñas he singled out the site of the last fully functioning Yanesha temple, abandoned in the 1950s after the death of the officiating priest.
    [Show full text]