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Los Peligros Volcanicos Asociados Con El Cayambe

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Los Peligros Volcanicos Asociados Con El Cayambe Los peligros volcánicos asociados con el Pablo Samaniego Jean-Philippe Eissen Michel Monzier (laude Robin Alexandra Alvarado Hugo Yepes Los PELIGROS VOLCÁNICOS -----------. asociados con el Cayambe IRD L'msntut de recherche pour le development (IRD, Instituto frances de lnvestrgacron para el desarrollo), es UJ;1 establecrmrento publico de caracter oentrñco y tecnologi­ co, auspiciadopor los rmrustenos de lnvesngaoon y Cooperaoon de Francia EL IRD reahza mvesngacrones conjuntamentecon otrasmstrtuoones francesas, euro­ peas e mternationales, siempre en cooperacion con organismos asociados en la zo­ na Intertropical,en Afnca, Arnenca Latina, ASia y en los océanosIndico y Pacrñco EIIRD tiene una representacron en el Ecuador desde 1974, y cuenta con una tradr­ cion Importantede mvestigacon en el Ecuador, en varios campos Actualmente, in­ vestigadores de tresdepartamentocientifícos del IRD trabajan en Ecuador El departamentoMedros y Entornos, desarrollamvesngaoones sobre la variabilidad chmatica tropical, las mteraccrones entre el oceano y la atmosfera, los medio litora­ lesy terrestres y los recursos hrdncos, los riesgos naturales, los recursos mineralesy el Impacto de lasactividades humanasen el medio ambiente EldepartamentoRecursos VIVOS sededica al estudio de la brodrversidad, de los eco­ sistemas acuaticesy de los agrosrsternas tropicalescon el fin de garantizar la variabi­ lidad de su explotacion mediante un manejo apropiado EldepartamentoSOCiedad y Saludrealiza programas de mvesngacion sobre la salud, las cuestiones urbanas, las dimensioneseconormcas, SOCiales y culturalesdel desa­ rrollo y sobreel estado de lascrencias en el Afnca Instituto Geoífsrco/ Departamento de Geofísrca Escuela Pohtécnrca Nacional El Instituto Geofrsico/Departemento de Geofrsica de la Escuela Pohtecruca NaCIO­ nal constituye el primer centro de mvestigaocn sisrruca y volcaruca existente en el pais A partir de enero de 2003, mediante Decreto Presidenoai, tiene a cargo en forma oficral el diagnostico y vigilancia de los peligros sisrrucos y volcarucos en to­ do el terntono nacional y a la vez la cornurucacion oportuna de estos fenomenos Conjuntamente con el diagnosnco de la amenaza, el Instituto Geofrsico mantiene un activo programa de rnorutoreo Instrumental en tiempo real, que asegura la VI­ guaneracientrñca permanente sobre volcanes activos y fallas tectorucas en el tern­ tono nacional Una serie de publrcactones tanto ciennfrcas como de drvulgacron general a nivel nacional ~ internacional, dan fe de la capacidad y rrusticade traba­ JO de los cientrftcos y tecrucosque conforman el Instituto I A lo largo de su corta vrda, el Instituto Geoñsrco se ha hecho acreedor a Importan- tes premios y reconocirmentos, a nivel local e mternacional, por su trabajo en el diagnostico y prevencion de los desastres naturales En 1992, el Premio SASAKA­ WA, otorgado por las N9C1ones Unidas y, vanos reconoorruentos y condecoracto­ nes por parte del Ilustre MUniCiPiO de QUitO(1999), del Honorable Congreso Na­ cional (2000) y del Gobierno de la Provmcia de Pichincha (2003) Serie. Los peligros volcánicos en el Ecuador 2 asociados con el Cayambe Pablo Samaniego Jean-Philippe Eissen Michel Monzier Claude Robin Alexandra Alvarado Hugo Yepes IG INSTITUTO GEOFfSICO DE LA ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL Instltut de recherche pour le développement IRD ffi INSTITUT DE RECHERCHE CORPORACIÓN POUR LE DÉVELOPPEMENT EDITORA NACIONAL Octubre 2004 , ! , SerIe Jos peligros volcánicos Los peligros a~ociados con el Cayambe volcánicos I Pablo SamaDlego1, Jean-Phihppe Elssen2 / 3 , en el Ecuador I M1chel Monzler3 , Claude Robín", A1exandra 2 I A1varado 1, Hugo Yepes1 I r 11 Ins1:J.tuto Geofisico Escuela Pohtecruca Nacional Ladron de Guevara s/n, Ap 17-01-2759, QUIto Ecuador 21 lns1:J.tut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD) I Whymper 442 y Coruña Ap 17-12-857 QUIto, Ecuador 3, Ins1:J.tutde Recherche pour le Developpement (lRD) UR 031 Laboratoire Magmas et Voleans", 5 me Kessler 63038 Clermont-Ferrand Francia I I Impreso y hec/w en Ecuador 1 J1mted and made Ul Ecuador ©I Corporacion Editora Nacional ISBN 9978-84-367-1 Derechos de autor 020272 I Deposito legal 002740 I 31 de agosto de 2004 I Supervisión editorial Jorge Ortega I DIseño grafico Edwm Navarrete " Impresión Editorial Ecuador I 1 Foto de la portada. El flanco norte del volean Cayambe I (Foto P Samaruego IG-EPN] I Foto de la contraportada. El flanco occidental del volean 1 Cayambe (Foto M Monzier lRD/IG-EPN] Córporación Editora Nacional I Roca E9-59 y Tamayo, teléfonos 593(2)255 4358, I fax 593(2)256 6340, apartado postal 17-12-886 I correo electromco cen@accessmter net 1 QUItO - Ecuador ParaI mas- mformacion- I Telefono 022225655· Fax 022567847 E-mall geoñsicoñngepn edu ec I Pagina web www igepn edu ec I E~te hbro esta publicado con el apoyo financiero de la DIC (Delegation a l Informa1:J.on et a la Cornmuruca1:J.on) del IRD (InstItut de Recherche pour le Developpement-Ins1:J.tuto Frances de Invesngacion para el Desarrollo) I I 4 I Contenido AgradecImIentos 7 Dedrcaforra 9 Los volcanes en el Ecuador 10 • Lárnmas en color 1 12 1 Introduecrén 13 2 Ibstona geogólog¡ca del volcán Cayambe 19 El edificio basal el viejo Cayambe El edifício actual el nevado Cayambe El cono satehte el Cono de la Virgen La actividad reciente [ultimes miles de años) del volean 3 TIpos de fenómenos volcámeos observados en el volcán Cayambe 27 Calda de piroclastos • Lárnmas en color 2 30 Domos y flujos de lava Flujos piroclasticos (nubes ardientes) Flujos de lodo y escombros [lahares] Gases volearucos SIsmos volearucos 4 Monltoreo volcámco 51 Vigilancia por observacion Vigilancia mstrumental El morutoreo volearuco reahzado por el IG La actividad actual del Cayambe 5 Posibles escenanos eruptIvos en caso de una reactrvacrón del volcán Cayambe 61 Referencias 66 Glosano 69 Anexo 1 Algunos problemas asociados con las Caldas de ceruza volearuca 79 Anexo 2 Indice de explosividad volearuca 84 Anexo 3 Testirnoruo lustonco 85 Anexo 4 Los andmistas y los volcanes ecuatonanos 88 Anexo 5 Datacion por el metodo de Carbono-14 91 5 Agradecimientos Los auto,es expresan su agradecimiento a • La DIC (Delegatwn a l'Informatwn et a la Corrunumcatwn) del IRD tlnstuut de Recherche pour le Developpement-InstItuto Frances de Investigacion para el Desarrollo) por el apoyo financiero que hizo posible la publicación de este folleto • El IRD por el constante apoyo al IG en el campo de la volcano­ logia • La Escuela Pohtécrnca Nacional por el constante apoyo al fun­ cionarmento del Instituto • El programa de Asistencia para cnSIS volcámcas (VDAP) del Ser­ VICIO Ceologico de los Estados Umdos (USGS), fínancrado por OFDAjUSAID, por su constante y desinteresado apoyo en la parte instrumental y en la mterpretación cientifíca de los datos • Al Ilustre MumCIpIO de Cayambe y al Gobierno de la Provincia de Pichmcha por el apoyo al momtoreo instrumental del volean Cayambe • La Ing Patricia Mothes (IG) por proporcionar gentilmente una muestra de carbon encontrada en un flUJO de lodo de la planicie de Cayambe • La Sría Anne Rose de Fomtamieu (IFEA-Umverstte de Pans) por los comentanos relacionados con los estudios arqueologicos rea­ hzados en la planicie de Cayambe • Fmalmente a todos los miembros del Instituto Geofísico por su absoluta dedicacion en el mantemrmento de las redes de mom­ toreo del IG Las personas que bajo la dirección del Ing Rugo Yepes permiten un momtoreo permanente del volcán son • Area tecmca Ing Wilson Ennquez López, Msc (Jefe de area], Ing Mayra Va­ ca, FISICO Ornar Marcillo, TIgo V1lllCO Cáceres, TIgo Cristian Cisneros, FISICO Jorge Aguilar, Ing Mansol Lean, TIgo Eddy Pi­ najota, Sr Kleber Teran, Sr Santiago Arellano, Sr Andrés Cade­ na, Sr Sandro Jua, Ing Cristina Ramos*, Ing Damel Cárde­ nas*, Ing Richard .Jararmllo. Msc* • Area de srsmologia Ing Alexandra Alvarado, Msc (Jefe de area), Ing Momea Sego­ VIa, Geol Indrra Molma, Geol Alexander García Anstizabal, Sra Lihana Troncoso, Sr Guillermo Vrracucha, Sr Pablo Cobacan- 7 go, Sr Sandro Vaca, Srta Mercedes Taipe, Ing Mano Ruiz Msc", I Ing Darwm Vill~gomez*, Ing Alcmoe Calahorrano, Msc* • Area de vulcanologia Dr Pablo SaIllarpego (Jefe de area), Dr Mmard L Hall, Ing Pa­ tncia Mothes, M;sc , Ing Patricio Ramon, Ing Gorki Ruiz, Ing Damel Andrade, [Msc , Dr Jean Phihppe Eissen (IRD), Dr .Jean­ Luc Le Pennec (lRD), Dr Michel Monzier (IRD), Ing Silvana HI­ dalgo, Msc *, Sr' DIego Barba, Sr DaVId Rivero, Sr Damel Ba­ sualto, Sr Patricio Zamora - [ • Area de secretana y servicios Sra Marcela de Robalmo, Srta Sandra .Jnnenez, srta Gabnela Jacome, Sr Carlos, Ayol, Sr Serviho Riofrio Adicionalmente, :los autores expresan sus agradecimientos a los estudiantes que [aseguran la vigilancia las 24 horas del dra los 365 días del año Nayda Teran, RobertoI Vasconez, Roberto Villalba, Juan Carlos Santana, Marco:Loaiza, Wilmer Vaca, Dayanara Hmojosa, Ga­ bnela Taipe, MatI0 Guzman, Cristian Correa I I * Personal del IG Q'1e se encuentra realizando estudios de post-grado en el extranjero I 8 Dedicatoria Esta obra la dedicamos a la memoria de nuestro amigo y colega Mlchel Monz/er, uno de los mayores conocedores de la historia eruptiva del Cayambe en particular y de los volcanes ecuatorianos en general 9 LEYENDA Zona afectada por la caída de ceniza -_ ...---_ .... Recorrido de lahares SIGNOS CONVENCIONALES Capital de Provinc ia Cabecera Cantonal Parroquia • Carretera Asfaltada PAN..a.MERlC ANA Carretera Afirmada Carretera de Verano Aeropuerto, Pista + T Línea de Ferrocarril (),. -."ol Represa, Embalse "'OI'9 e.--..¿~ .~ Río Doble ~~-- '/. ~ ,-,. í''''' , ~ -- /,es Cruces APOf ~:f' Río Perenne ----- ----..-/ rÑA ~r ¡ o ta ~t~~~~~ l Dfazde Pi", Oleoducto Transecuatoriano :-..:­ .,.-),l" lO Linares cerroN!9ro_ ) ~ ~ Límite Provincial Legal - - - ­ -e.1 ~~ Límite Provincial Referencial- ••• , ..- r ~¡'!l< '~ p '>~ ' Y ;;Oc Límite Internacional 'm ~ ¡v - 111 J.. :- I ~ y Área del mapa 1 Jum:nd D Escala del original1 :1000.000 • Figura 2. Mapa de ubicación del volcán Cayambe y de su área de in ­ fluen cia . La fértil planicie de Cayambe se en cuentra ubicada inmedi a ta ­ mente al Occidente del volcán y está atraveza da por el rio Blanco.
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