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1, S. H Ti.Oe.PK-* » ^ Rt J O It If.Rantr Code Number 74 IP. - 1933 INDIVIDUAL KESE.\RCH STUDY as a Weapon in War.1 Submitted l»y -1, S. H ti.oe.PK-* » ^ rt J o it If.rANTR THIS SOLUTION "*J$T F'L: HCTi?R:rr:.' !-OR PravA::n;r FILE DY 5:00 P.M., OM IHo CV"- CH07.'N CrLOH, rLEi^s FLACE YOITI NAS.:S C:< tay».R r/.GE r.:^:; 11:~ 1 auw:n:G FOR TILE }»JI DO NOV PI/.C^ voin nva ctv Tho ooparxr'i end Gonoral Staff Sohool Fort Leavenworth, Kr>n8as O Fort Leavenworth, Kanses 12 May, 1933 MEMORANDUM F0R« The Direotor Seoond Year Cla6s, The Command and General Staff School, Fort Leavenwortli, Kansas. SUBJECT! Propaganda as a Weapon in War. I. PAPERS ACCOMPANYING: 1* A bibliography for this study. 2* Gott Strafe England, a sample of German oounter propaganda used during the World War. II. THE STUDY PRESENTED. -- A review of the uses of propaganda as a war weapon with particular referenoe to it6 use during the World War and conclusions as to its effectiveness and value in future war, III. DEFINITION* -- Propaganda is defined in Webstor's Dictionary ast "Effort direoted systematically toward the gaining of support for an Opinion or course of aotinn"| also by George Sylvester Vioreok in his book, "Spreading Gerns of Hate", as "a campaign, camouflaging its origin, its motive, or both, conducted for the purpose of obtaining a speoifio objeo- . tive by manipulating publlo opinion". (l) And by Professor Harold D. Lasswell in his book, "Propaganda Teohnlque in the World War", at "the oontrol of opinion by stories, rumors, reports, pictures and other forms of sooial communication," (2) Sir Campbell Stuart defines it ast the presentation of a case in suoh a way that others ray be influenced. In so far as its use against an enemy is concerned it must not be self evidently propaganda. Excopt in special oiroumstanoes its origin should be uompletely ooncoaled. As a general rule too, it is desirable to hide the channels of oonftuniontion* (3) fl) SOH, 11 2} PTW, 9 (3) SCH, 1 -1­ Modern war involves the mobilization of all the resources of a nation into a oonoorted aotion to impose the will of that nation over the will of the enemy nation. To mobilite these rosovroes the will of the nation must be that the nation ie resolved to impose its will over the enemy nation by force of arns and the conduct of war* In every na­ tion, irrespective of the form of government, there arises upon every question of publio polioy a difference of opinion* So in any deoision of a nation to resort to force of arms to settle a dispute with another nation there arises a dissenting voioe from persons who are not in sym­ pathy for various reasons with the polioy. In the carrying out of a war of any considerable duration, this dis­ senting voioe roust be stilled and those persons holding suoh views must be won over to the assenting party if the aotion of the nation is to be­ come a wholehearted unified effort to destroy the will of the enemy* This requires self justification for the aotion and it ie here that propaganda atarts. It'is impossible to go into all the ramifications and forms whioh propaganda assumes during the course of the war. It is the purpose of this study to indicate by a few historical illustmtions the use of propa­ ganda to inoroase the military effort of the nation and to deoreace the effectiveness of the counter effort of the enemy. IV. HISTORICAL FACTS RELATING TO THE SUBJECT. — With the invar ion of Belgium at the outbreak of the World War, Fngland promptly seized upon the violation of Belgian neutrality as a msane of unifying the fighting spirit In England and suoh violation of the neutral Belgian territory was proolaimed loudly as a prinoipal cause of England entering the war as an ally of France and Russia. Newspapers and states­ men alike, played up this aot of thx» German armies to Arouse the English nation and to inouloate into the minds of the British people that England was not only justified in entering the war, but that her side was the side of right against might. -2­ Following are examples of British propaganda issued to the English people at that times "ffe are going into a war that is foroed upon us as the defenders of the weak and the champions of the liberties of Europe." "The Times", August 5, 19114. (h) "It should be olearly understood when It "^as and why It was we inter­ vened* It was only vfcen we were oonfrented with the ohoioe between keep­ ing and breaking solemn obligations, between the discharge of a binding trust and of shameless subsendenoe to naked foroe, that we threw away the soabbard . • We were bound by our obligations, plain and paramount, to assert and maintain the threatened independence of a ..mall and neutral state." Mr* Asquith in the House of Comons, August 27, 19lJu (5) Also we find In a speech by the King of England, made on September 18, I91U1 MI was compelled in the assertion of treaty obligations set at naught • * • to go to war". (6) Mr. Lloyd George on January 5, 1918 states» "The treaty obligations of Great Britain to that little land (Belgium) brought us into the war". (7) Thus we soe that in England the government represented by her most eminent statesmen, pointed out to the people that the guilt of starting the war is plaeed upon Germany* In the United States we find that soon after the entrance of this country into the war, there was appointed by the President, nA Committee on Publio Infornntion", headed by Mr* George Creel* (8) This oownlttee was composed of the Secretaries of State, War and Navy and Mr. Creel* (9) This committee had oharge of the publication of the "Offioial Bulletin11, a small daily magasine (See offiolal file in C & GSS Library), whloh had a circulation of about 100,000, This paper was designed to furnish suoh news and Information of what the United Statos was doing in the war as was considered by the above ooramittoe as desirable to be pub­ lished. (10) FWT. 51 § FWT, 51 6 FW. 51 7 FffT, 51 8 PTWT, 18 9 prvrn. 18) OB, May 12,1917* P*k 10) SOH, 180 -3­ The magnitude of the work oarrled out by the Committee on Publio Infornation can best be Indicated by a statement of some of their activi­ ties* Thoy inolude the enlisting of the &ld of 18,000 newspapers, 11,000 national advertisers and advertising agenoies, 10,000 ohambers of oonuneroe, 30,000 manufaoturors assooiatlons, 22,000 labor unions, 10,000 publio libraries, 32,000 banks, 58,000 general stores, 3,500 Y.U.C.A* branohes, 10,000 members of the Counoil for National Defense, 1,000 advertising olubs, 56»°OO post of floes, 55,000 station agents, 5»000 draf*t boards, 100,000 Red Cross organisations, and 12,000 manufacturers agents* Tours of Frenoh and Belgian veterans, our own veterans, war exhibits, fairs, and mass meetings to influence publio opinion* The Conmittee organited 75#°OO four-minute speakers operating in 5»200 different communities, made 755»190 speeches. Mr* Creel ventures the guess that his four-minute speakers reaohed approximately 1*00,000,000 people* The above does not inolude by any means, all the activities of this oonmittee, whioh was charged with the control of publio opinion in the United States* (11) From the above we see government oarrying on an aotive campaign openly to enlist tho aid and sympathetic assistance of its people to sup­ port war, undergo its resultant hardships and feel that they are a united nation oarrying on a unified effort to destroy a oonroon enoisy* .To oannot overlook the attempt on the part of a nation to justify war by producing in the minds of the people a burning hatred of the enemy* We find this in every war and but a few examples fron the last war will sufficiently illustrate this phase of propaganda. Probably the most famous war lie, if it may be so oalled, was that whioh was oomon to all allies* This is the ohavge of murder, rape, pillage, oruoifixion and wanton mutilation of the defenseless Belgians in the territory of Belgium oooupied by the Ger­ man Army* Tales of atrooity were passed from porson to person, oarriea by newspapers and proaohed from the pulpit* It is needless to enumerate examples of these atrocities but suf­ fioient to state that all countries used them and without material founda­ (11) SOR, 178-182 4*. tlon of faot* That they served their purpose is evident, as will be found by talking with many thousands of our good people, who even at this date, then most nations have admitted the fabrication of the stories, these good people regard the word German as Implying tho worst that oan be said as to brutality and wantonness* Another means of raising the morale of the nation behind the Army, as well as the Army itself. Is to belittle the efforts and suocenses of the eriemy and to paint in glowing words the successes,and ropress the news of our own failures, (12) As examples of the above, the "Offioial Bulletin" published by the Comittee on Public Information, reported a mythical battle with German submarines and Informed the publio of the safe arrival of two American Transports after these attaoks* (13) Mr.
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