Diet and Supplementation Practice in Professional Ethiopian Football Players: Effects on Performance and Recovery
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Diet and Supplementation Practice in Professional Ethiopian Football Players: Effects on Performance and Recovery Tesfaye Berhane Masho Supervisor: A/Professor Andrew McKune (DTech) Co-Supervisor: A/Professor Johan van Heerden (Ph.D.) Submitted to the School of Health Sciences University of KwaZulu-Natal In fulfilment of the requirements for a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) by Research April 2018 DECLARATION I, Mr Tesfaye Berhane Masho, hereby declare that this dissertation is all my own work and that appropriate credit has been given where reference has been made to the work of others and it has not been submitted in any form to the University of KwaZulu-Natal or any other Institution. Signed ______________________ Date________________ i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The work presented in this thesis would not have been possible without my close association with many people. I take this opportunity to extend my sincere gratitude and appreciation to all those who made this Ph.D. thesis possible. First, I am extremely grateful to my supervisor Professor Andrew McKune, University of Canberra and University of Kwazulu Natal, for his valuable guidance, scholarly inputs and consistent encouragement I received throughout the research work. This feat was possible only because of the unconditional support provided by Professor Andrew McKune. A person with an amicable and positive disposition, Professor has always made himself available to clarify my doubts despite his busy schedules and I consider it as a great opportunity to do my doctoral programme under his guidance and to learn from his research expertise, thankyou Professor Andrew McKune, for all your help and support. My special words of thanks should also go to my research co-supervisor Professor Johan van Heerden for his continuous support, guidance, cooperation, encouragement and for facilitating all the requirements, going out of his way. He has taught me another aspect of life, that, “goodness can never be defied, and good human beings can never be denied”. His, constant cooperation, motivation and support have always kept me going ahead. Some faculty members of the university have been very kind enough to extend their Help at various phases of this research, whenever I approached them, and I do hereby acknowledge all of them and especially Phindile Nene. I am grateful to Adama Science and Technology University for providing me financial support, the Ethiopian football federation as well as the Ethiopian Premier League clubs and their players who gave me permission to perform this study A special mention of thanks to my friends in UKZN for their constant support and cooperation during my stay. Their timely help and friendship shall always be remembered. ii My special regards to my teachers because of whose teaching at different stages of Education has made it possible for me to see this day. Finally, but by no means least, thanks go to my families especially my mother, Yeromnesh Asfaw and my sister Ethun Erkie (TT), and Fantu my brother Andargachew, and Abat and my friend Zelalem for almost unbelievable support. They are the most important people in my world and I dedicate this thesis to them. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ........................................................................................................ i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................... ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................... iv List of Appendices ..................................................................................................... ix List of Tables .............................................................................................................. x List of Figures ........................................................................................................... xii List of Abbreviations .............................................................................................. xiii Abstract .................................................................................................................... xiv Chapter 1. Introduction ............................................................................................ 1 1.1. Background ............................................................................................................ 2 1.2. Statement of the problem ....................................................................................... 2 1.3. Research questions ................................................................................................. 3 1.4. Aims ....................................................................................................................... 3 1.5. Methodology to achieve the aims (Phases of Study):Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.6. Significance of the study ........................................................................................ 4 1.7. Thesis Outline ........................................................................................................ 4 Chapter 2: Literature Review ................................................................................... 6 2.1. The physiological demands and total distance covered in football ........................... 6 2.2. Distance covered and energy expenditure for player positions ................................. 7 2.3. Fatigue in football players ......................................................................................... 9 2.3.1. Causes of fatigue in football players ..................................................................... 9 2.4. Dietary habits of football players ............................................................................ 10 2.4.1. CHO intake of football players ........................................................................... 11 2.4.2. Protein intake of football players ........................................................................ 13 iv 2.4.3. Fat intake of football players............................................................................... 14 2.5. CHO and performance of football players .............................................................. 15 2.6. CHO requirements for football players ................................................................... 15 2.7. Protein and performance of football players ........................................................... 17 2.8. Protein requirements for football players ................................................................ 17 2.9. Fat and performance of football players .................................................................. 18 2.10. Fat requirements for football players..................................................................... 19 2.11. Hydration and performance of football players ..................................................... 19 2.12. Hydration requirements for football players ......................................................... 20 2.13. Micronutrient requirements for football players ................................................... 21 2.14. Factors that affect optimal nutrition in football players ........................................ 22 2.15. Nutrition education for football players ................................................................ 22 2.16. Alcohol use and football players’ performance ..................................................... 23 2.17. Diet and supplementation ...................................................................................... 24 2.18. CHO supplementation during practices and game ................................................ 25 2.19. High altitude nutrition and performance of football players ................................. 26 Chapter 3. General Methodology ........................................................................... 28 3.1. Study 1 – Evaluation of the impact of a sports nutrition education programme on the dietary, sports nutrition and supplement practices of the Ethiopian national football squad during the period of 2012 to 2014 .................................................................................. 28 3.1.1. Study participants and data collection ................................................................. 28 3.1.2. Nutrition education programme intervention ...................................................... 30 3.1.3. Data analysis ....................................................................................................... 30 3.2. Study 2 - The dietary intake, sports nutrition and supplementation practices of professional Ethiopian football players currently at Ethiopian Premier League clubs .. 31 3.2.1. Study participants and data collection ................................................................. 31 3.2.2. Training research assistants to collect dietary intake data .................................. 32 v 3.2.3. Data analysis ....................................................................................................... 33 3.3. Study 3 - Training load, energy balance, performance and recovery of professional football players ............................................................................................................... 33 3.3.1. Study participants and data collection ................................................................. 33 3.3.2. Training research assistants to collect dietary intake data .................................. 34 3.3.3. Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery