SFG3435 V1
MINISTRY OF TRANSPORT, INFRASTRUCTURE, HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT Public Disclosure Authorized
KENYA INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS IMPROVEMENT PROGRAMME (KISIP)
Public Disclosure Authorized
Public Disclosure Authorized
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) Project Report for Infrastructure Upgrading Projects in Kunda Kindu, Mosquito and Mjini Informal Settlements, Kitui Town
Public Disclosure Authorized Contract No. MH/KISIP/CS/003/2012-2013: Cluster 1- Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui
Credit Number: IDA 4873-KE
August 2016
ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, CPCS Ref: 12359 Mombasa and Kitui Counties
DOCUMENT AUTHENTICATION
This Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Project Report is prepared for:-
The Ministry of Transport, Infrastructure, Housing and Urban Development Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project (KISIP) P.O. Box 30450-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
Signed by…………………………………………...... …………
Position…………………………………….....………………………
Signature…………………………………………………………......
Date…………………………………….....…………………………..
I,……………………………………….., a registered Lead ESIA Expert by the National Environment Management Authority (License No…………….…), confirm that the contents of this report are a true representation of the Environmental and Social Impact Assessments of the proposed infrastructure upgrading in Kunda Kindu, Mosquito and Mjini Informal Settlements within Kitui County.
Signed by the Lead ESIA Expert:
Name: ……………………………………………………… (License No………………………..)
Signature: …...…………………………………………..
Date: ……………………………………………..…………
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, CPCS Ref: 12359 Mombasa and Kitui Counties
This report has been prepared by CPCS Transcom International Limited (CPCS) in association with East African Engineering Consultants Ltd (EAEC), on behalf of Ministry of Transport, Infrastructure, Housing and Urban Development. Contacts: Consultants CPCS Transcom International Ltd East African Engineering Consultants Suite G6 Chaka Road, Kilimani Welches Plaza P.O Box 30707-00100 Welches, Nairobi St. Michael, Barbados
ESIA Team Derrick Lichti Juliet Rita Project Manager/ ESIA Expert/ Deputy Team Leader Vice President (East & Southern Africa) Office: +254 775 869 097 Office: +254 775 869 097 Mobile: +254 738 130 096 M: +254 722 137 533 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Website: www.cpcs.ca James Mutero Munyua Mwaura Team Leader/ Econometrist Urban Planner/ ESIA Expert Office: +254 775 869 097 Mobile: +254 722 724 288 Mobile: +254 733 720 894 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]
Front Cover Photo: Dilapidated Road in Mosquito Settlement, Kitui Town. ©CPCS
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, CPCS Ref: 12359 Mombasa and Kitui Counties
Executive Summary The Government of Kenya (GoK), in cooperation with the World Bank, the Agence Française de Dévelopement, and the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency has prepared the Kenya Informal settlements Improvement Project (KISIP) in 15 municipalities. KISIP is currently being spearheaded by the Ministry of Transport, Infrastructure, Housing and Urban Development and is being implemented through participating County Governments. The overall project development objective of the KISIP is to improve living conditions in informal settlements in selected Counties in Kenya. This will be achieved by enhancing security of tenure and improving infrastructure based on plans developed in consultation with the community.
The Ministry of Transport, Infrastructure, Housing and Urban Development through the KISIP Project has engaged the services of CPCS Transcom International Ltd in association with East African Engineers Consulting Ltd to undertake the Consultancy for Socio-Economic Surveys, Infrastructure Upgrading Plans, Engineering Designs, preparation of Bidding Documents, Environmental Impact Assessments and Resettlement Action Plans in Informal Settlements in Cluster 1 – Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Towns.
This Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) report presents, in separate Chapters, the three informal settlements of Kunda Kindu, Mosquito (Kaango) and Mjini, in Kitui Town. These settlements are located next to each other in Kitui town. The location of these settlements is presented in Figure 1-1 in chapter 1 of this report. This report presents the type, location, sensitivity and the scale of the proposed infrastructure upgrading projects, as well as the potential environmental impacts, proposed mitigation measures and site-specific environmental management plans for each settlement. The proposed infrastructure projects, which reflect residents’ priority needs, were first identified during socio-economic surveys, through household surveys and consultative focus group discussions. The prioritized infrastructure services were subsequently re-validated in community consultations with community leaders and Settlement Executive Committees (SECs) in the three settlements. Feasibility Studies were conducted and they are presented in the Draft Settlement Upgrading Plan (SUP) Report. The revised engineering designs were presented to the client and to the County Government. This ESIA report presents the preferred infrastructure priorities as validated by the client and by the County Government as presented in the final detailed design report.
The public consultations on potential environmental impacts were identified through consultative meetings held during the identification of the infrastructure projects. While scoping and identifying key baseline information for purposes of developing an environmental profile of each settlement, households further provided data on environmental hazards in their settlements, ranking them in terms of their severity.
This ESIA Report is based on the proposed final settlement upgrading plan and the final engineering designs for each settlement, design criteria and the packaging of works contracts. These reports have been submitted separately to the client. The environmental
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, CPCS Ref: 12359 Mombasa and Kitui Counties
measures to be undertaken are outlined in this report while the social and economic issues are dealt with in the RAP report, a separate document that should be read in conjunction with this report. This ESIA report is also informed by the Socio-economic report already submitted to KISIP.
The findings of this ESIA report show that there are significant adverse impacts on the residents and on the environment emerging from the inadequate provision of infrastructure services in the three settlements. However, during the construction phase, the prioritized infrastructure will have minimum adverse impacts on the environment. There will be minimum adverse negative impacts on the human environment during and after the implementation of the proposed infrastructure projects. There are, however, significant positive impacts on the human environment after the implementation of the proposed projects.
This report has therefore recommended site-specific mitigation measures and context- specific environmental management plans for each of the three settlements, in line with EMSF categories of KISIP projects under Category B. The report has further recommended that during the implementation of the proposed infrastructure projects, mitigation measures be closely followed and monitored. As set out in Sections 68 and 69 and further expounded in Regulation 35 (1) and (2) of Legal Notice 101 of June 2003 of EMCA this report recommends that annual Environmental Audits be carried out in order to mitigate and control environmental damage from completed projects. The infrastructure components which have been taken into account in this report are presented in the tables below:- Table 1-1: Proposed Water Supply, Sewerage and Solid Waste Infrastructure
Type of infrastructures Settlement Kunda Kunda Mosquito/Kaango Mjini Water Supply Pipelines DN 90mm HDPE 1,089m 1,230m 1,098m DN 63mm HDPE 318m 390m 0 DN 50mm HDPE 1,138m 830m 831m DN 40mm HDPE 0 270m 400m DN 25mm GI 1150m 250m 1390m DN 15mm GI 500m 350m 650m Individual connections 300 No. 315 No. 330 No. Sewer Pipelines DN 160mm HDPE 1,140m 756 m 780m Households sewer connection 300 No. 315 No. 330 No. manholes Solid Waste Management Systems Settlement clean-up & Quarterly basis (4 Quarterly basis (4 Quarterly basis (4
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Sensitization campaigns No.) No.) No.) Technical assistance and Item Item Item capacity building for CBOs
The road and drainage infrastructure proposed for development in the three settlements is summarized in the tables below:-
Proposed Road and Drainage Design Components in Kunda Kindu The total length of the planned roads in the settlement is 1.856 km with the respective road reserve width ranging from ≤ 4.5m to 15m. There is no drainage system to evacuate surface runoff in the settlement, to this effect it is proposed that a drainage system be constructed alongside roads.
Proposed Road and Drainage Design Components in Mosquito/Kaango
The total length of the planned roads in the settlement is 1.38 km with the respective road reserve width ranging from ≤ 4.5m to 15m. Currently the access roads are mainly used by light motorized traffic and non-motorized traffic due to their poor riding quality. There is only one drainage system (1000mm diameter) running across the settlement which is dedicated to carry surface runoff collected along the tarmac road separating Mosquito and Mjini settlements.
Proposed Road and Drainage Design Components in Mjini The road reserve width ranges from ≤ 4.5m to 9m. The drainage system is not developed in the settlement but there is the advantage of the well-drained soils and the natural slope that allows immediate draining of surface runoff
Electrical Works in the settlements
It has been proposed that 10 No. Street Lighting be constructed in Kunda Kindu along the road connecting to Kitui-Kibwezi Road and 6 No. High Flood Mast Lighting be erected in the three settlements.
Table 1-2: Recreational Park Improvement Options Type of infrastructures Settlement Mosquito/Kaango Kunda Kindu Mjini Recreational Park 17,000m2 20,000m2 None
Cost Estimates The engineer’s cost estimates for infrastructure investment for the settlements in Kitui is Kenya Shillings Seven Hundred Forty Nine Million Eight Hundred Twenty Nine Thousand Nine Hundred and Sixty One (Kshs. 749,829,961).
The estimated cost for the implementation of the ESMP is Kenya Shillings Ten Million (Kshs. 10,000,000)
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, CPCS Ref: 12359 Mombasa and Kitui Counties
Overall it is concluded that the proposed projects will have considerable positive socio- economic impacts and improvement in the quality of life of the residents in the three selected settlements. The proposed project components will respond to the residents’ immediate felt needs as prioritized by them in the various collaborative consultations held with them. The proposed project components will equally have a positive impact on the physical and natural environment. The few negative environmental impacts can easily be mitigated and the mitigation measures and subsequent site-specific environmental management plans have been proposed in this final ESIA report.
The main recommendation of this final ESIA report is that during project implementation (i.e. the construction phase) the mitigation measures identified and recommended be closely monitored to ensure that they are being undertaken. All contracts for construction of any of the proposed project components must stipulate the responsibilities of the contractor for implementing the proposed mitigation measures. In this regard, the Environmental and Social Management Plans (ESMPs) developed in this ESIA report take into account the impacts of construction and of the operation phases of the infrastructure components. The core responsibilities during the implementation of the ESMP have been allocated.
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, CPCS Ref: 12359 Mombasa and Kitui Counties
Table of Contents DOCUMENT AUTHENTICATION ...... i Executive Summary ...... iii Table of Contents...... vii Acronyms/Abbreviations ...... xix 1 Introduction ...... 1-1 1.1 Project Background ...... 1-2 1.1.1 Scope of Services ...... 1-2 1.2 Objectives of the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report ...... 1-5 1.3 Structure and Organization of this ESIA Report ...... 1-5 2 Approach and Methodology ...... 2-1 2.1 Methodology ...... 2-2 2.1.1 Screening ...... 2-2 2.1.2 Scoping ...... 2-2 2.1.3 Baseline Survey ...... 2-2 2.1.1 Desktop Study ...... 2-3 3 Consultative Public Participation ...... 3-4 3.1 Consultative Public Participation (CPP) ...... 3-5 3.1.1 Methodology ...... 3-5 3.1.2 Tools used for Data Collection ...... 3-6 3.1.3 Household Interviews...... 3-7 3.1.4 Outcome of the Community Consultations ...... 3-8 4 Policy, Legal and Institutional Framework ...... 4-1 4.1 General Overview ...... 4-2 4.2 Policy Provisions ...... 4-2 4.2.1 World Bank Operational Policies (OP 4.01 and 4.12) ...... 4-2 4.2.2 The National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP) ...... 4-3 4.3 Review of Relevant Statutes ...... 4-3 4.3.1 The Constitution of Kenya, 2010 ...... 4-3 4.3.2 Environmental Management and Coordination Act ...... 4-4 4.3.3 The County Government Act ...... 4-7 4.3.4 The Public Health Act Cap 242 ...... 4-7 4.3.5 The Occupational Safety and Health Act, 2007 and Regulations ...... 4-7 4.3.6 The Penal Code, Cap. 63 ...... 4-9 4.3.7 The Water Act, 2002 ...... 4-9 4.3.8 The Water Resource Management Rules, 2007 ...... 4-9 4.3.9 The Roads Act, 2007 ...... 4-10 4.3.10 The Traffic Act, Cap 403 ...... 4-10 4.3.11 The Wayleaves Act, Cap 292 ...... 4-10 4.4 The Institutional Framework ...... 4-11 4.4.1 National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) ...... 4-11 4.4.2 Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Project (KISIP) ...... 4-11 4.4.3 The Ministry of Transport, Infrastructure, Housing and Urban Development4-13
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4.4.4 The County Government ...... 4-14 4.4.5 Other Relevant Institutions ...... 4-14 5 Baseline Information ...... 5-1 5.1 Introduction ...... 5-2 5.2 Physical and Natural Environment ...... 5-2 5.2.1 Geology, Topography and Soils ...... 5-2 5.2.2 Climate ...... 5-2 5.2.3 Water Resources ...... 5-5 5.2.4 Natural Habitats ...... 5-5 5.3 The Human Environment...... 5-5 5.4 HIV /AIDS in Kitui ...... 5-5 6 Kunda Kindu ...... 6-1 6.1 The Settlement ...... 6-2 6.1.1 The Physical Characteristics ...... 6-2 6.2 Analysis of Proposed Infrastructure Project Alternatives ...... 6-3 6.2.1 Water Supply and Sewerage System ...... 6-3 6.2.2 Street and Security Lights ...... 6-4 6.2.3 Recreational Park ...... 6-4 6.2.4 Access Roads and Storm Water Drainage ...... 6-4 6.2.5 Solid Waste Management ...... 6-4 6.3 Justification of the Proposed Infrastructure Projects ...... 6-8 6.3.1 Social and Environmental Justification of the Proposed Projects in Kunda Kindu 6-8 6.3.2 Economic Justification of Proposed Infrastructure Projects ...... 6-13 6.3.3 The Preferred Infrastructure Projects for Kunda Kindu ...... 6-17 6.4 Impact Assessment of the Proposed Project Alternatives ...... 6-21 7 Mosquito (Kaango) ...... 7-1 7.1 The Settlement ...... 7-2 7.1.1 Physical Characteristics ...... 7-2 7.2 Analysis of Proposed Infrastructure Project Alternatives ...... 7-2 7.2.1 Water Supply and Sewerage Systems ...... 7-2 7.2.2 Solid Waste Management ...... 7-3 7.2.3 Road, River Crossing Structure and Drainage ...... 7-4 7.2.4 Street and Security Lights ...... 7-4 7.2.5 Recreational Park ...... 7-4 7.3 Justification of the Proposed Infrastructure Projects in Mosquito ...... 7-4 7.3.1 Social and Environmental Justification of Infrastructure Projects in Mosquito7-4 7.3.2 Preferred Infrastructure Projects in Mosquito/Kaango ...... 7-7 7.4 Impact Assessment of the Proposed Project Alternatives ...... 7-10 8 Mjini ...... 8-1 8.1 The Settlement ...... 8-2 8.1.1 The Physical Characteristics ...... 8-2 8.2 Analysis of Proposed Infrastructure Project Alternatives ...... 8-2 8.2.1 Water and Sewerage System ...... 8-2 8.2.2 Solid Waste Management ...... 8-3 8.2.3 Road and Drainage ...... 8-4 8.2.4 High Mast Security ...... 8-4
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8.3 Justification of the Proposed Infrastructure Projects in Mjini ...... 8-4 8.3.1 Social and Environmental Justification of the Proposed Infrastructure Projects 8-4 8.3.2 Economic Justification of Proposed Infrastructure Service Investments ...... 8-5 8.3.3 Preferred Infrastructure Projects in Mjini ...... 8-9 8.4 Impact Assessment of the Proposed Project Alternatives ...... 8-9 9 Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plans ...... 9-1 9.1 Environmental and Social Mitigation Measures and ESMP ...... 9-2 9.1.1 Environmental Impacts during the Construction Phase ...... 9-2 9.1.2 Socio-economic Impacts and Resettlement ...... 9-2 9.1.3 Responsibilities ...... 9-2 9.1.4 Environmental and Social Management during the Operation Phase ...... 9-9 9.1.5 Environmental and Social Management during Decommissioning ...... 9-11 9.1.6 Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan ...... 9-11 9.1.7 End of Project Impact Monitoring ...... 9-15 10 Conclusion and Recommendations ...... 10-1 10.1 Conclusion ...... 10-2 10.2 Recommendations ...... 10-2 10.3 Sustainability ...... 10-2 ANNEXES ...... 1 Annex 1: Environmental Screening Checklists: Kunda Kindu, Mosquito/Kaango and Mjini ...... 2 ANNEX 2: FGD GUIDE ...... 36 ANNEX 3: WORLD BANK ENVIRONMENTAL RELATED OP AND APPLICABILITY ...... 43 ANNEX 4: LIST OF ATTENDANCE ...... 44 ANNEX 5: GENERIC MITIGATION MEASURES FOR CONTRACTORS ...... 54 ANNEX 6: COST ESTIMATES ...... 70 ANNEX 7: LIST OF DOCUMENTS REVIEWED ...... 73
List of Figures Figure 1-1: Spatial Location of Kunda Kindu, Mosquito and Mjini ...... 1-4 Figure 3-1: Stakeholder Engagement ...... 3-5 Figure 3-2: Focus Group Discussion in Mosquito ...... 3-6 Figure 3-3: Consultative Workshop in Kitui ...... 3-7 Figure 3-4: Enumerator collecting data in Kaango ...... 3-7 Figure 3-5: Flooding and solid waste mangement problems in Kaango ...... 3-9 Figure 3-6: Solid waste disposal and water well in Kunda Kindu Settlement ...... 3-10 Figure 3-7: Grey Water Disposal in Mjini ...... 3-10 Figure 4-1: KISIP Organizational Structure ...... 4-13 Figure 6-1: Polluted stream and dumping of solid waste on the streets in Kunda Kindu ...... 6-2 Figure 6-2: Layout of Proposed Infrastructure Projects in the Three Settlements in Kitui .... 6-7 Figure 7-1: Wastewater disposed of on the streets and Solidwaste disposal on the riparian reserve ...... 7-2 Figure 8-1: Neat rows of streets and wastewater disposal on the streets in Mjini ...... 8-2
List of Tables
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Table 1-1: Proposed Water Supply, Sewerage and Solid Waste Infrastructure ...... iv Table 1-2: Recreational Park Improvement Options ...... v Table 1-1: List of Selected Settlements ...... 1-3 Table 4-1: Minimum Health and Safety Requirements for Civil Works ...... 4-8 Table 4-2: The KISIP Project Coordination Team (PCT) ...... 4-12 Table 5-1: Selected Settlements in Kitui town ...... 5-2 Table 5-2: Socioeconomic Baseline Information for the Settlements ...... 5-6 Table 6-1: Water and Sewerage Design Components in Kunda Kindu ...... 6-3 Table 6-2: Social and Environmental Justification for Proposed Water Options in Kunda Kindu ...... 6-8 Table 6-3:Social and Environmental Justification- Sewerage and Sanitation in Kunda Kindu6-10 Table 6-4: Social and Environmental Justification – Solid Waste Management-Kunda Kindu6-11 Table 6-5: Social and Environmental justification for roads and drainage –Kunda Kindu ... 6-12 Table 6-6: Economic Justification of Proposed Infrastructure Projects in KundaKindu ...... 6-14 Table 6-3: Identification of the Environmental and Social Impacts and Mitigation Measures in Kunda Kindu Settlement ...... 6-22 Table 7-1: Social justification for proposed footbridge and recreational park ...... 7-6 Table 7-2: Economic Justification of Proposed Infrastructure Service Investments in Mosquito ...... 7-8 Table 7-3: Identification of the Environmental and Social Impacts and Mitigation Measures in Mosquito Settlement...... 7-11 Table 8-1: Economic Justification of Proposed Infrastructure Projects in Mjini ...... 8-7 Table 8-2: Identification of Environmental and Social Impacts and Mitigation Measures in Mjini Settlement ...... 8-10 Table 9-1: The ESMP for the Selected Projects in Malindi for the Construction Phase ...... 9-4 Table 9-2: The ESMP for the Selected Projects in Kitui during the Operation Phase ...... 9-10 Table 9-3: The Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan ...... 9-12
List of Maps Map 5-1: Location of the Settlements within National Context ...... 5-3 Map 5-2: Location of the Settlements within Kitui Town ...... 5-4
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, CPCS Ref: 12359 Mombasa and Kitui Counties
ACRONYMS/ABBREVIATIONS
BCR Benefit Cost Ratio CBO Community Based Organizations CBD Central Business District CG Central Government CGK County Government of Kitui CWSB Coast Water Services Board ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment EIS Environmental Impact Screening EMCA Environmental Management and Coordination Act ESMF Environmental and Social Management Framework ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan ESO Environmental and Social Officer ESS Environmental and Social Screening FGD Focus Group Discussion GIS Geographical Information System GR Growth Rate KCAA Kenya Civil Aviation Authority KeNHA Kenya National Highways Authority KeRRA Kenya Rural Roads Authority KURA Kenya Urban Roads Authority KISIP Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Project KITWASCO Kitui Water and Sewerage Company Ltd Km Kilometre MLHUD Ministry of Land, Housing and Urban Development MoH Ministry of Health MTIHUD Ministry of Transport, Infrastructure, Housing and Urban Development NEMA National Environment Management Authority NGO Non-Governmental Organizations PAP Project Affected Person PCT Project Coordination Team PDP Part Development Plan
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RAP Resettlement Action Plan RE Resident Engineer SEC Settlement Executive Committee SUP Settlement Upgrading Plan WB World Bank
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, CPCS Ref: 12359 Mombasa and Kitui Counties
Introduction 1
Introduction
The Government of Kenya is aware of the importance of upgrading settlements in urban areas. Through the Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Project (KISIP) and credit from the International Development Association (IDA), selected informal settlements in 15 counties in the country have been identified for infrastructure upgrading. In turn, the Ministry of Land, Housing and Urban Development (MLHUD) has engaged the services of CPCS Transcom International Ltd in association with East African Engineers Consultants Ltd to undertake this assignment. This assignment is for Cluster 1 which comprises settlements in Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui. This is the environmental and social impact assessment report for the proposed infrastructure upgrading in Mjini, Mosquito/Kaango and Kunda Kindu informal settlements in Kitui County.
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, CPCS Ref: 12359 Mombasa and Kitui Counties
1.1 Project Background This project is funded by the International Development Association (IDA) through the Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Project (KISIP) under the Ministry of Land, Housing and Urban Development. CPCS Transcom International Ltd and East African Engineers Consultants Ltd have being contracted under the authority of Contract No. MH/KISIP/CS/003/2012-2013 signed between the Ministry of Land, Housing and Urban Development and CPCS Transcom International Limited (CPCS) on 28 April 2014, to carry out a study entitled “Consultancy for Socio-Economic Surveys, Infrastructure Upgrading Plans, Engineering Designs, Preparation of Bidding Documents, Environmental and Social Impact Assessments and Resettlement Action Plans in Informal Settlements in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui” (“The Assignment”). KISIP program is now under the newly created Ministry of Transport, Infrastructure, Housing and Urban Development.
The project has the following four components:- Component 1: Strengthening institutions and project management. Component 2: Enhancing tenure security. Component 3: Investing in infrastructure and service delivery. Component 4: Planning for urban growth.
This assignment is under component 3 of the KISIP project. The overall project development objective of KISIP is to improve living conditions in informal settlements in selected Counties in Kenya. This will be achieved by enhancing security of tenure and improving infrastructure based on plans developed in consultations with the community. The key objective of this assignment as stated by the client is to prepare settlement upgrading plans for selected informal settlements. This involves five major tasks:- carrying out a socio economic- survey; in consultations with the community, preparing a preliminary settlement upgrading plan, including preliminary designs and feasibility studies for proposed infrastructure investments; preparing a final upgrading plan as well as detailed engineering designs and bid documents for the agreed infrastructure investments; preparing Environmental and Social Impact Assessments (ESIAs) ; and preparing Resettlement Action Plans (RAPs) in cases where there is a need to relocate Project Affected Persons (PAPs) from land to which they have legal title (either through possession of a letter of allotment or a title deed) or in cases where the abovementioned PAPs will lose part or all of their assets or livelihoods, as a result of the Project.
1.1.1 Scope of Services The scope of work is limited to selected informal settlements in three towns, namely: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui. This report covers Kaango/Mosquito, Kunda Kindu and Mjini
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, CPCS Ref: 12359 Mombasa and Kitui Counties
settlements in Kitui Town- see figures below for the settlements’ map and spatial location.
Table 1-1: List of Selected Settlements
Town Settlement Area (hectare) Population(no.) ESTIMATE ESTIMATE Kitui Kaango/Mosquito 7 4 000 Kunda Kindu 3,9 7 000 Mjini 4 2 000 Malindi Kibokoni 6,5 1 000 Sir Ali (Maweni) 12 9 000 Kwa Ndomo 4.2 700 Mombasa Hodi Hodi 8,4 500 Kilimanjaro 1,6 100 Maganda 97 5 000
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Figure 1-1: Spatial Location of Kunda Kindu, Mosquito and Mjini
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, CPCS Ref: 12359 Mombasa and Kitui Counties
1.2 Objectives of the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report The main objective of this Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report, in compliance with the Terms of Reference, is to present the type, location, sensitivity and scale of the proposed infrastructure upgrading projects as well as the nature and magnitude of the potential environmental and social impacts. The report is required to: Provide an adequate project description, including the project alternatives;
Present the methodology and approach;
Present the legal, policy and institutional framework relevant to the proposed projects in the settlements;
Identify the potential positive and negative environmental and social impacts of the proposed projects
Prepare the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP).
1.3 Structure and Organization of this ESIA Report This report is structured and organized as follows:- Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: Approach and Methodology Chapter 3: Consultative and Public Participation (CPP) Chapter 4: Policy, Legal and Institutional Framework Chapter 5: Baseline Information Chapter 6: Kunda Kindu Settlement Chapter 7: Mosquito/Kaango Settlement Chapter 8: Mjini Settlement Chapter 9: Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plans Chapter 10: Conclusion and Recommendations Annexes
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2Approach and Methodology
This Chapter briefly summarises the approach and methodology used in carrying out the environmental and social impact assessments of the proposed infrastructure upgrading projects for the three settlements of Mjini, Mosquito/Kaango and Kunda Kindu in Kitui County.
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2.1 Methodology The ESIA methodology commenced by establishing the necessary levels of review in order to analyse the environmental and social issues with respect to the proposed infrastructure service components. At the start, a check list was prepared to scope and identify the key environmental and social issues and their potential impacts. The check list was used during the physical and socio-economic surveys to collect baseline data in the targeted settlements and to identify any significant environmental and social issues and their potential impacts.
The ESIA process equally assessed the compliance of the projects with respect to the World Bank’s Safeguard Policies and Kenya’s Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA) of 1999 and with respect to the legal, policy and institutional framework, which are presented in this report.
The selection of the proposed infrastructure services was carried out through community consultations, described in the next chapter, in collaboration with the County Government and Settlement Executive Committees. 2.1.1 Screening Environmental and Social Screening was applied during the feasibility stage of the project. The main aim of screening was to determine the applicability of both Government of Kenya (GoK) and World Bank Safeguard Policies and the need for an ESIA. The process determined that the GoK and World Bank Safeguard Policies were applicable to this project. It was however found that a full ESIA report is not required to be carried out since the proposed projects fall under Category B1. 2.1.2 Scoping Scoping was undertaken to determine the diversity and severity of impacts anticipated so as to determine the scope of investigations needed and the requisite ESIA skills needed. The process identified the main issues and significant environmental impacts to focus on. The methodology was derived from the scoping exercise. The main focus was on the impacts of the projects in specific settlements, especially with regards to the temporary impacts during construction. 2.1.3 Baseline Survey The baseline survey involved the study of descriptive environmental and social characteristics of the project sites. The ESIA team visited the sites and made observations, took photographs, conducted the socio-economic surveys, engaged the residents and other key stakeholders in consultative forums and focus group discussions. Data from secondary sources was used to outline the bio-physical features, socio-economic characteristics of the residents, the existing infrastructure services and the forms of land tenure.
1 Category B projects as per the World Bank Operational Policies (OP 4.01) are those projects that have potential adverse environmental impacts on human populations and environmentally important areas. These impacts are however site specific and few, if any of them are irreversible.
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2.1.1 Desktop Study The desktop study mainly focused on relevant legal and policy frameworks, and existing project documents including: The Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for KISIP projects – Ministry of Land, Housing and Urban Development; and The Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) for KISIP among other relevant documents listed in Annex 6. The next chapter outlines the consultative public participation methodological process that was employed in the preparation of this ESIA report.
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3Consultative Public Participation
This Chapter summarises the consultative public participation process employed in carrying out the environmental and social impact assessments of the proposed infrastructure upgrading projects for the three settlements of Mjini, Mosquito/Kaango and Kunda Kindu in Kitui County. The Consultative Public Participation (CPP) process summarizes the methodology used to engage the public and other key stakeholders, the key issues identified and the recommendations made.
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3.1 Consultative Public Participation (CPP) The main purpose of the community consultations was to provide a platform for communities to determine their infrastructure priorities as well as to discuss anticipated social and environmental impacts of the proposed projects. 3.1.1 Methodology This assignment involved elaborate consultative public participation processes with the residents and key stakeholders including the County Government. It included explaining to the residents the objectives of the project and administering household questionnaires as well as conducting focus group discussions. The survey methodology involved the preparation of an appropriate research design which entailed: Interpretation of the terms of reference and objectives of the study, Identification and designing of suitable methods of data collection, Determining ways of involving the local community in the survey process; Developing suitable tools for qualitative and quantitative data collection, Identification of relevant sources of secondary and primary data and information, Developing a data analysis process for the qualitative and quantitative data collected, Interpretation and generalisation, where feasible, of the results and information obtained from analysis, and Preparation of the report as per the terms of reference. Consultations within each settlement were participatory, driven by community representatives in a process that also drew on the knowledge of County officials and the local administration. The process was backstopped by a social scientist and the ESIA Expert, supported by other experts from the consulting team. In the final phase of the assignment, consultations focused on the impacts of the proposed projects based on the final components for detailed designs. This informed the detailed engineering designs and this final ESIA project report. Stakeholder engagement was conducted at all levels with support from the County Government. Figure 3-1: Stakeholder Engagement
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The identified infrastructure priorities changed, in some cases, during the consultative process comprising the socioeconomic survey, focus group discussions and the subsequent re-validation processes. The consultation processes contributed to the transfer of knowledge to the residents in the settlements by placing them at the centre of the prioritization of projects. In particular, the process increased their awareness of the infrastructure projects that were eligible for funding under KISIP. Feasibility studies were conducted and presented in the Draft Settlement Upgrading Plan Report. This final ESIA report sets out the preferred infrastructure to be implemented under this project based on: technical feasibility, economic viability, environmental and social considerations, and availability of land for the proposed investments. The final preferred infrastructure projects in the three settlements were identified as follows:- 1. Water Supply System; 2. Sewerage System; 3. Solid Waste Management; 4. Roads and Drainage; 5. Recreational Park; and Security Lighting. 3.1.2 Tools used for Data Collection
Focus Group Discussion and Consultative Forums The first consultative forum was held in June 2014 in the three settlements. At this stage the team identified the existing environmental and social issues affecting the communities and undertook the scoping exercise. The Settlement Executive Committee (SEC) had not been formed and a decision was made that a representative committee from the community be consulted. The selected committee comprised of the local leaders and representatives of women, the youth and disabled members of the community. The summary of the issues discussed including the attendance list are attached in this report as Annex 3. The FGD tool used for environmental and social questions is attached as Annex 2.
Figure 3-2: Focus Group Discussion in Mosquito
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Figure 3-3: Consultative Workshop in Kitui
Source: CPCS June 11, 2014 The infrastructure priorities were identified and validated in consultative forums where the team also engaged the residents on the environmental and social impacts of the proposed infrastructure projects. The attendance lists are attached as Annex 3.
3.1.3 Household Interviews Figure 3-4: Enumerator collecting data in Kaango The households’ surveys and other scheduled interviews were conducted in June 2014. The questionnaire (Annex 1) was designed to obtain basic data on household characteristics, social and economic profiles of households, tenure, access to infrastructure services, and the environmental and residents’ health conditions in the study settlements. The tool, administered in the three settlements, was prepared in English and translated into Kiswahili for ease of execution.
The questionnaire contained the following sections: th Source: CPCS Survey, 10 June 2014 1. Respondent’s details 2. House/structure/land tenure details 3. Demographics and household composition 4. Environmental conditions 5. Economic profile 6. Infrastructure priorities 7. Infrastructure services Water Sanitation Solid waste Electricity
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Internal roads Drains 8. Health module.
A total of 389 residents were interviewed in the three settlements as follows: 1. Mosquito - a total of 170 residents were interviewed ; 63% Female and 37% Male 2. Kunda Kindu - a total of 115 residents were interviewed; 67% Female and 33% Male 3. Mjini - a total of 104 residents were interviewed; 63% Female and 37% Male The existing social and environmental conditions were determined and potential impacts of the project identified. Overall, the residents of Kitui were of the opinion that the proposed projects would have more positive social and economic impacts and they were therefore in favour of the implementation of project. The upgrading of infrastructure facilities such as roads was especially supported as it would reduce dust in the settlements and enhance access to basic community services. The residents were keen on the proposed infrastructure projects, as they would provide clean tap water to all and in turn reduce water borne diseases. The proposed street lighting was welcomed as it would enhance security and foster economic growth since traders could operate late into the night 3.1.4 Outcome of the Community Consultations Environmental and Social Issues identified in Kaango/Mosquito Kaango (Mosquito) settlement started as an informal squatter settlement and the name mosquito originated from problems associated with mosquito infestation in the area as a result of stagnant water. The residents were allocated the previously government-owned land by the Kitui Municipal Council, but the majority were yet to complete the process of title acquisition. When interviewed, the community was of the opinion that upgrading of infrastructure would improve living conditions but that it would also drive up rents. This is an important caveat since nearly a half of the households are tenants. In spite of its high population density, the settlement does not have a high satisfactory level of infrastructure services. It is prone to pollution and it has a low quality of community life in general. Shallow wells are an important source of domestic water and there is a propensity for cross-contamination of ground water owing to its close proximity to pit latrines. Solid waste management is a challenge to the residents who dispose of their refuse in undeveloped plots or dig pits outside their houses. Refuse disposed of in this manner readily mixes with storm water run-off, which ends up in the river downstream. Storm water drainage systems do not exist and this often leads to flooding along the footpaths during the rainy season (Figure 3-5).
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, CPCS Ref: 12359 Mombasa and Kitui Counties
Figure 3-5: Flooding and solid waste mangement problems in Kaango
Source: CPCS Survey, 10th June 2014 The level of infrastructure services varies and provision is not uniform across the settlement. The statistics analyzed showed that close to a half of the population have a private water connection in the house or a connection in the compound; pit latrines, private and shared, are the main means of excreta disposal; organized collection of solid waste is limited and crude dumping or burning of refuse is common; the quality of access roads is poor; and whilst the vast majority of households have an electricity connection, street lighting is extremely limited. In view of the poor level of infrastructure provision there is a strong case for investing in infrastructure services as prioritized by the community. Water supply and electricity were ranked high by the households that were interviewed. Communal services, such as street lights and security lighting, access roads and the paving of the pedestrian walkways also attracted high rankings by FGD representative members.
Environmental and Social Issues Identified in Kunda Kindu Kunda Kindu covers an area approximately 4 hectares with an estimated population of 7,000 people, many of whom are accommodated in multi-storey residential developments. The settlement is located near the town’s primary commercial district. The presence of a bus park/terminus and the resulting heavy traffic of people enable businesses to thrive. Land owners have letters of allotment from either the defunct Kitui Municipal Council or the national government but the majority of the residents are tenants. Malaria prevalence is high in the area with residents observing that other major health issues include water borne diseases such as diarrhoea which affects mainly children of less than 10 years of age. The level of water connection in the settlement is low as only about a third of households have a connection to the house or compound. Earth roads predominate and there is very limited street lighting. The most common types of human waste disposal are public/shared latrines and individual ordinary pit latrines, and dumping of solid waste in the settlement is common. In view of the poor level of infrastructure provision there is a strong case for investing in infrastructure services as prioritized by the community. The survey indicated that water
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, CPCS Ref: 12359 Mombasa and Kitui Counties
supply, sanitation, access roads, storm water drainage, electricity, communal security and street lights commanded a high priority. This outcome was validated through follow up community consultations. The inadequate provision of tertiary and secondary storm water drainage systems, in a densely settled area, results in the contamination of surface water run-off by solid and liquid waste from the settlement. Other negative features included flooding, stagnating pools of water, and poor solid waste management, all of which had a negative impact on human health. Figure 3-6: Solid waste disposal and water well in Kunda Kindu Settlement
Source: CPCS Survey, 10th June 2014
Environmental Issues Identified in Mjini Mjini is a low density settlement compared to the other two settlements (Mosquito and Kunda Kindu), with a Swahili architectural character. Unlike in many Figure 3-7: Grey Water other informal settlements in the county, nearly three quarters of the Disposal in Mjini households have either a private water connection to the house or compound. Still, the overall quality of other infrastructure is unsatisfactory: unimproved pit latrines predominate as the principal means of excreta disposal although about a third of the houses have flush toilets; well over a third of households dump solid waste in the settlement or in the compound; the quality of access roads is poor; and there is very limited street lighting. Although there are no major industries in the neighbourhood, there
are many ‘boda boda’ motor bikes providing public transport, raising th Source: CPCS Survey, 10 June 2014 the likelihood of noise and air pollution, in particular the concentration of exhaust gases. Solid waste is commonly dumped in open spaces and there is a solid waste disposal site at the edge of the settlement. Waste water constitutes a major risk for soils, and for surface and ground water, since it is untreated. The black cotton soils in the settlement present risks for the digging of pit latrines. Positive Impacts Anticipated Reduction of dust by upgrading the roads and footpaths, also anticipated to reduce respiratory diseases;
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Upgrading roads will improve access to services; The project will improve the living conditions of the residents; The project will provide clean drinking water to residents of the three settlements, reducing the risk of water borne diseases; The project will improve security; The project will improve business in the project sites Negative Impacts Anticipated Displacement and loss of livelihoods by moving those people on infrastructure corridors; Temporary interference of services during construction and installation; Dust and noise will affect the residents during construction activities Health and safety of the locals especially their children Social disruptions due to inaccessible routes under construction
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4Policy, Legal and Institutional Framework
This Chapter presents the policy, legal and institutional framework guiding this process of environmental and social impact assessments.
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4.1 General Overview This section summarises the legal, policy and institutional framework for Environmental and Social Impact Assessment within KISIP. The Environmental and Social Screening Report submitted earlier helped to determine that the proposed infrastructure upgrading projects have minimum impacts and that site-specific EIA project reports are required. This is in pursuant to the Legal Notice No. 101 which provides for two scenarios: i. ESIA Project Reports for projects with minimum adverse impacts on the environment; and ii. ESIA Study Reports for projects with significant adverse impacts on the environment The Environmental and Social Screening Report submitted earlier classified the infrastructure upgrading projects as Category B; this implies that the projects have minimum adverse impacts on the environment and that only ESIA Project Reports need to be prepared for the three settlements.
4.2 Policy Provisions 4.2.1 World Bank Operational Policies (OP 4.01 and 4.12) The World Bank requires social and environmental assessments (SEA) of projects proposed for financing by the bank. The Bank further requires Environmental and Social Screening of all proposed projects to determine the appropriate extent and type of SEA required. The Bank uses four categories depending on the type, location, sensitivity and scale of the project and the magnitude of its potential environmental impacts. a) Category A: A proposed project is classified as Category A if it is likely to have significant adverse environmental impacts that are sensitive, diverse, or unprecedented. b) Category B: A proposed project is classified as Category B if its potential adverse environmental impacts on human populations or environmentally important areas-- including wetlands, forests, grasslands, and other natural habitats - are less adverse than those of Category A projects. These impacts are site-specific; few if any of them are irreversible; and in most cases mitigation measures can be designed more readily than for Category A projects. The EMSF categorizes KISIP projects under Category B. c) Category C: A proposed project is classified as Category C if it is likely to have minimal or no adverse environmental impacts. Beyond screening, no further EA action is required for a Category C project. d) Category FI: A proposed project is classified as Category FI if it involves investment of Bank funds through a financial intermediary, in subprojects that may result in adverse environmental impacts. The OP 4.01 is triggered in this project as it’s likely to have impacts on its area of influence. The OP 4.01 covers impacts on the natural environment, human health and safety, physical and cultural resources and transboundary and global environment concerns.
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OP 4.12 Involuntary Resettlement, the objective of this policy is to: i. avoid or minimise involuntary resettlement where feasible, exploring all viable alternative project designs; ii. assist displaced persons in improving their former living standards, income earning capacity and production levels, or at least in restoring them; iii. encourage community participation in planning and implementing resettlement; and iv. provide assistance to affected people regardless of the legality of land tenure. This policy covers not only physical relocation but also loss of livelihoods and has being applied in this assignment. A resettlement action plan report has been prepared and submitted to the client that addresses those affected by the project. The affected persons included mainly those with activities and structures encroaching on designated road reserves, no land acquisition was required for implementation of this project. There are other operational policies by the World Bank related to the environment. These are summarized in Annex 1: World Bank policies on environment are key in this project as it is the principal financier. 4.2.2 The National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP) The NEAP for Kenya was prepared in 1994. It was a deliberate policy to integrate environmental considerations into the country’s social and economic development process. The integration was achieved through a multi-sectoral approach to develop a comprehensive framework to ensure that environmental management and conservation of natural resources are an integral part of societal decision-making processes.
4.3 Review of Relevant Statutes 4.3.1 The Constitution of Kenya, 2010 The new Constitution of Kenya, states that everyone has a right to a clean and healthy environment in Section 42: “Every person has the right to a clean and healthy environment, which includes the right: a. To have the environment protected for the benefit of present and future generations through legislative and other measures, particularly those contemplated in Article 69; and b. To have obligations relating to the environment fulfilled under Article 70. The Constitution identifies the responsibility of the national government in respect to the environment in Sections 69 and 70: Section 69 1) The State shall—
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a. ensure sustainable exploitation, utilization, management and conservation of the environment and natural resources, and ensure the equitable sharing of the accruing benefits; b. work to achieve and maintain a tree cover of at least ten per cent of the land area of Kenya; c. protect and enhance intellectual property in, and indigenous knowledge of, biodiversity and the genetic resources of the communities; d. encourage public participation in the management, protection and conservation of the environment; e. protect genetic resources and biological diversity; f. establish systems of environmental impact assessment, environmental audit and monitoring of the environment; g. eliminate processes and activities that are likely to endanger the environment; and h. utilise the environment and natural resources for the benefit of the people of Kenya.
2) Every person has a duty to cooperate with State organs and other persons to protect and conserve the environment and ensure ecologically sustainable development and use of natural resources. Section 70: 1) If a person alleges that a right to a clean and healthy environment recognized and protected under Article 42 has been, is being or is likely to be denied, violated, infringed or threatened, the person may apply to a court for redress in addition to any other legal remedies that are available in respect to the same matter. 2) On application under clause (1), the court may make any order, or give any directions, it considers appropriate: - a) to prevent, stop or discontinue any act or omission that is harmful to the environment; b) to compel any public officer to take measures to prevent or discontinue any act or omission that is harmful to the environment; or c) to provide compensation for any victim of a violation of the right to a clean and healthy environment. 3) For the purposes of this Article, an applicant does not have to demonstrate that any person has incurred loss or suffered injury. 4.3.2 Environmental Management and Coordination Act The Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA) of 1999, and its attendant Environmental (Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulations of 2003 provides for the establishment of an appropriate legal and institutional framework for the management of the environment in Kenya. In the Second Schedule it provides a list of projects for which carrying out an EIA process is mandatory. The projects proposed in the settlements are small in scale and have no minimum effects to the environment and according to this schedule do not require full EIA.
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The Act equally sets a requirement of Annual Environmental Audits in order to mitigate and control environmental damage from ongoing projects. Sections 68 and 69 of EMCA require that all ongoing projects be subjected to annual environmental audits as further expounded in Regulation 35 (1) and (2) of Legal Notice101 of June 2003. Other Regulations relevant to this assignment include: EMCA (Waste Management) Regulations, 2006 The Waste Management Regulations (2006) are contained in the Kenya Gazette Supplement No 69, Legal Notice No 121 of immediate relevance to proposed development for the purposes of this scoping report is Part II, Sections 4(1-2), 5 and 6. Section 4 (1) states that ‘No person shall dispose of any waste on a public highway, street, road, recreational area or in any public place except in a designated waste receptacle’ Sections 4 (2) and 6 explain that the waste generator must collect, segregate (hazardous waste from non-hazardous) and dispose waste in such a facility that shall be provided by the relevant local authority. Section 5 provides methods of cleaner production (so as to minimize waste generation) which includes the improvement of production processes through: conserving raw materials and energy. Waste management has been identified as a major problem in all the settlements in the town. Although not all settlements identified solid waste management projects as a priority it is important to consider these regulations. EMCA (Water Quality) Regulations, 2006 These are described in Legal Notice No. 120 of the Kenya Gazette Supplement No. 68 of September 2006. These Regulations apply to drinking water, water used for agricultural purposes, water used for recreational purposes, water used for fisheries and wildlife and water used for any other purposes. This includes the following. Protection of sources of water for domestic use; Water for industrial use and effluent discharge; Water for agricultural use. These Regulations outline: Quality standards for sources of domestic water; Quality monitoring for sources of domestic water; Standards for effluent discharge into the environment; Monitoring guide for discharge into the environment; Standards for effluent discharge into public sewers; Monitoring for discharge of treated effluent into the environment These regulations are applicable in the project as it involves provision of domestic drinking water. The contractor will be required to adhere to these regulations as well as regulations by KITWASCO while constructing the water supply network.
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EMCA (Controlled Substances) Regulations, 2007 These regulations aim to regulate the production, trade and use of controlled substances and products and provide for a system of data collection to facilitate compliance. The regulations call for promoting the use of ozone friendly substances and products, equipment and technology to ensure that products used do not deplete the ozone layer. EMCA (Wetlands, River Banks, Lake Shores and Sea Shore Management) Regulations, 2009 These Regulations, made under the Environmental Management and Co-ordination Act, 1999, make provision for the management, conservation and sustainable use of wetlands and wetland resources and the sustainable utilization and conservation of (resources on) river banks, lake shores, and the seashore. The Regulations, among other things, set out general conservation and management principles, define duties of the Standards and Enforcement Review Committee and District Environment Committees in respect of wetlands, shores and banks. The project proposes to use natural water ways like the natural stream in Kunda Kindu and Mosquito Settlements in Kitui as outfalls for the storm water collected. The Proponent shall comply with the provisions of the Act in protecting the wetlands, preventing and controlling pollution and Siltation in rivers by pre-treating the storm water before disposal into the wetlands. EMCA (Fossil Fuel Emission Control) Regulations, 2006 These regulations are described in Legal Notice No. 131 of the Kenya Gazette Supplement no. 74, October 2006.The regulations include internal combustion engine emission standards, emission inspections, the power of emission inspectors, fuel catalysts, licensing to treat fuel, cost of clearing pollution and partnerships to control fossil fuel emissions. The fossil fuels considered are petrol, diesel, fuel oils and kerosene EMCA (Noise and Excessive Vibration Pollution Control) Regulations, 2009 Part II section 3(I) of these Regulations states that: no person shall make or cause to be made any loud, unreasonable, unnecessary or unusual noise which annoys, disturbs, injures or endangers the comfort, repose, health or safety of others and the environment and section 3(2) states that in determining whether noise is loud, unreasonable, unnecessary or unusual, the following factors may be considered: Time of the day; Proximity to residential area; Whether the noise is recurrent, intermittent or constant; The level and intensity of the noise; Whether the noise has been enhanced in level or range by any type of electronic or mechanical means; and, Whether the noise can be controlled without much effort or expense to the person making the noise. Part III, Section 11(1) states that any person wishing to (a) operate or repair any machinery, motor vehicle, construction equipment or other equipment, pump, fan, air-conditioning
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apparatus or similar mechanical device; or (b) engage in any commercial or industrial activity, which is likely to emit noise or excessive vibrations shall carry out the activity or activities within the relevant levels prescribed in the First Schedule to these Regulations. Any person who contravenes this Regulation commits an offence. During the construction of the proposed projects some form of vibration and noise is expected, and mitigation measures are proposed in the EIA report. 4.3.3 The County Government Act The County Government Act mandates County Governments to carry out spatial planning within their counties. Section 110 gives guidelines as to what the spatial plan for the county should contain: contain a strategic assessment of environmental impact of the spatial development framework The County Government is obligated to provide a clean and safe environment within its area of jurisdiction. 4.3.4 The Public Health Act Cap 242 This Act aims at achieving a clean environment free of any nuisance so as to promote public health and safety. The Act equally provides for the protection of human health through prevention and guarding against introduction of infectious diseases into Kenya from outside, and to promote public health and the prevention, limitation or suppression of infectious, communicable or preventable diseases. This is applicable in this project as a number of the proposed projects will directly and/or indirectly improve the health of the residents. For the interpretation of the Act, Section 15 (IX) indicates that any noxious matter or wastewater discharged from any premises, such as a building constitutes a nuisance. The Act also stresses that no person shall cause a nuisance to exist on any land or premise occupied by him. Because of the above, the Act acknowledges that it shall be the duty of all local authorities (County Governments) to take all lawful measures for maintaining their district at all times in a clean and sanitary condition for remedy of any nuisance or condition liable to be injurious to health. 4.3.5 The Occupational Safety and Health Act, 2007 and Regulations This Act replaced the Factories Act (Cap 514). It provides for the safety, health and welfare of workers and all persons lawfully present at workplaces, and provides for the establishment of the National Council for Occupational Safety and Health and for connected purposes. There are several regulations under this Act and the most important to note is the ‘Building Operations and Works of Engineering Construction Rules’. These will apply during the construction of the proposed projects in the settlements. The rules are summarized below:
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, CPCS Ref: 12359 Mombasa and Kitui Counties
Table 4-1: Minimum Health and Safety Requirements for Civil Works Legal Requirements Description General Requirements Notice of particular Notice should be sent in writing to the Occupational Health and Safety Officer, works/operations not later than seven days after commencement of construction and building works except where the construction works will be complete in less than six weeks or notice had already been given to the Occupational Health and Safety Officer (Section 60 of the Act). General Register A general register of every person undertaking building operations or construction works be kept in adherence to the prescribed form L.D.B.C.R.2. This register is kept at the site of operations or at the office of the person undertaking the operations or works. Special rules and Printed copies or prescribed abstracts of the Factories and Other Places of welfares Work Act must be kept posted at the site of operations or works (Section 61 of the Factories and Other Places of Work Act) and OSHA. Safety Requirements Air receivers These should be of sound construction and be properly maintained. They should be thoroughly examined by a competent person at intervals of 24 months and the reports of such examinations attached to the General Register (Section 39 of the Factories and other Places of Work Act) and OSHA. Cylinders for Such cylinders should be of good construction, sound material, and adequate compressed, liquefied strength and free from patent defect. The cylinders should conform to and dissolved gases standards specified under the Standards Act or to a prescribed standard specification, approved in writing, by the Director, Kenya Bureau of Standards. They should be thoroughly examined by a competent person at regular intervals and a maintenance register kept (Section 39A of the amendment of the Factories and Other Places of Work Act) and OSHA. Notification of The particulars of an accident causing death or disablement of a worker for accidents more than three days from earning full wages at the work place where he was employed must be sent in the prescribed form (L.D.B.C.R 6) to the Occupational Health and Safety Officer and entered in the General Register. Certain dangerous occurrences must also be reported whether or not they cause disablement (Section 62 of the Factories and Other Places of Work Act) and OSHA. Health Requirements Sanitary Sufficient and suitable sanitary conveniences must be available for persons accommodation employed. These must be kept clean and well lit (Sections 16 and 18 of the Factories and Other Places of Work Act) and OSHA. Miscellaneous Requirements Prohibition of The occupier must not make a deduction from wages in respect of anything he deduction from wages has to do or provide in pursuance of the Factories Act or permit any person in his employment to receive payment from other employees for such services (Section 66 of the Factories and Other Places of Work Act) and OSHA. Duties of persons An employee must not wilfully interfere with or misuse any means, appliance, employed convenience or other thing provided in pursuance of the Act for securing health, safety or welfare provided for his use under the Act. He must not wilfully and without reasonable cause do anything likely to
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endanger himself or others (Section 65 of the Factories and Other Places of Work Act) and OSHA. Inspection The Occupational Health and Safety Officer has the power to inspect every part of the premises by day or by night. He may require the production of registers, certificates and other papers. May examine any person alone or in the presence of any other person as he thinks fit and may require him to sign a declaration of truth of the matters about which he is examined. Every person obstructing an Occupational Health and Safety Officer is liable to a penalty (Section 69 of the Factories and Other Places of Work Act) and OSHA.
4.3.6 The Penal Code, Cap. 63 The chapter on “Offences against Health and Conveniences” contained in the Penal Code enacted in 1930 strictly prohibits the release of foul air into the environment, which affects the health of other persons. Any person who voluntarily violates the atmosphere at any place, to make it noxious to health of persons in general dwelling or carrying out business in the neighbourhood or passing along public ways is guilty of a misdemeanour, attracting imprisonment not exceeding two years with no option of fine. 4.3.7 The Water Act, 2002 Section 25 of the Act requires a permit to be obtained for among others any use of water from a water resource, and discharge of a pollutant into any water resource. According to section 29 of the same Act, application for such a permit shall be subject to public consultation as well as an environmental impact assessment as per the Environmental Management and Coordination Act, 1999. Section 73 of the Act allows a person with a licence to supply water (licensee) to make regulations for purposes of protecting against degradation of sources of water which he is authorised to take. Under the Act, the licensee could be a local authority, a private Trust or an individual and the law will apply accordingly under the supervision of the Regulatory Board. Section 76 states that no person shall discharge any trade effluent from any trade premises into sewers of a licensee without the consent of the licensee upon application indicating the nature and composition of the effluent, maximum quantity anticipated, flow rate of the effluent and any other information deemed necessary. The consent shall be issued on conditions including the payment rates for the discharge as may be provided under section 77 of the same Act. 4.3.8 The Water Resource Management Rules, 2007 These rules complement the Water Act, 2002, by setting out the procedures for obtaining water-use permits and the conditions placed on permit holders. Section 54 to 69 of the Water Resources Management Rules 2007 impose certain statutory requirements on dam owners and users in this regard. These provisions address: Technical design report in respect of the water use permit; Operational information to be lodged with WRMA; Dam safety measures and requirements for inspections; and
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Procedures to notify downstream communities in the event of unexpected releases. Section 104 of the Water Resource Management Rules requires certain water permit holders to pay water use charges. The intention of the water use charges was to: Raise revenue for water resource management; Raise revenue for catchment conservation activities; Improve efficiency of water resource abstraction; and Provide a system of data collection on water resource usage. 4.3.9 The Roads Act, 2007 The legal and institutional aspects of the new road sub-sector policy were subsequently incorporated in the Kenya Roads Act 2007 which provides for the establishment of three independent Road Authorities namely: i. Kenya National Highways Authority (KeNHA) responsible for the administration, control, development and maintenance of all class A, B and C roads in Kenya. ii. Kenya Rural Roads Authority (KeRRA) responsible for rural and small town roads including class D, E roads and Special Purpose Roads. iii. Kenya Urban Roads Authority (KURA) is significant for KISIP as it is in charge of all city and municipal roads. This is the Authority that LAs will co-ordinate with in the design and implementation of investments targeting improvement of roads. The Authorities fall under the Ministry of Transport, Infrastructure, Housing and Urban Development which will retain the role of policy formulation and general oversight of public roads including regulatory aspects such as technical standards. The County Governments also have a role to play in the development and maintenance of local roads within their areas of jurisdiction. This was previously under the local authorities. 4.3.10 The Traffic Act, Cap 403 This Act consolidates the law relating to traffic on all public roads. The Act also prohibits encroachment on and damage to roads including land reserved for roads. This law is applicable in this assignment as upgrading of roads within the settlement has been prioritized by most of the settlements. 4.3.11 The Wayleaves Act, Cap 292 Section 3 of the Act states that the government may carry any works through, over or under any land whatsoever provided it shall not interfere with any existing building or structures of an ongoing activity. Notice, however, will be given one month before carrying out any such works (section 4) with full description of the intended works and targeted place for inspection. Any damage caused by the works would then be compensated to the owner as per this section. Finally, section 8 states that any person without consent causes any building to be newly erected on a way leave, or cause hindrance along the way leave shall be guilty of an offence and any alteration will be done at his/her costs.
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4.4 The Institutional Framework 4.4.1 National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) NEMA is constituted by EMCA, 1999. NEMA’s main role is to provide coordination and supervision of all matters relating to the environment and to be the principal instrument of government in the implementation of environmental policies. The implementation of KISIP projects will be subject to NEMA’s supervision and regulation, in particular to ensure that the projects conform to: General principles of EMCA that guarantee a clean and healthy environment for all; Principles of sustainable development as espoused by section 5 of EMCA, 1999; Provisions relating to Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) requirements of EMCA 1999 and subsidiary legislation i.e. Legal Notice 101; Part V on protection and conservation of the environment; and Subsidiary legislation- Waste Management Regulations, Water Quality Regulations, Noise and Excessive Pollution control Regulations, River Banks, Wetlands, Lakeshores and Oceans Regulations 2007. 4.4.2 Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Project (KISIP) KISIP is currently under the Ministry of Transport, Infrastructure, Housing and Urban Development. Within the Ministry, KISIP operates under the overall supervision of the Principal Secretary, and the Project Coordination Team (PCT) comprising diverse components namely: Social and Community Development, Monitoring and Evaluation, Finance, Procurement, Institutional Development, Tenure Security, Environment, Infrastructure; and Planning for pro-poor growth, see Table 4-2.
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Table 4-2: The KISIP Project Coordination Team (PCT)
Title Main Tasks Program Management and Coordination Project Coordinator Overall project management Finance Head Financial management Procurement Specialist Procurement and stores management Monitoring and Evaluation Project management, monitoring and evaluation Environmental Specialist Mainstreaming environmental issues in the project to minimize adverse effects Social and Community Development Community participation and social issues Component Managers Head of Component 1: Institutional Responsible for implementation of Component 1 Development Head of Component 2: Tenure Security Responsible for implementation of Component 2 Head of Component 3: Infrastructure Responsible for implementation of Component 3 Head of Component 4: Planning for Responsible for implementation of Component 4 Pro-poor growth
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Figure 4-1: KISIP Organizational Structure
4.4.3 The Ministry of Transport, Infrastructure, Housing and Urban Development The ministry merged the Ministry of Housing, the Ministry of Nairobi Metropolitan Development and the Ministry of Lands to create the Ministry of Land, Housing and Urban Development. KISIP is currently under the Ministry of Transport, Infrastructure, Housing and Urban Development. The Ministry’s main responsibilities include: Improving the speed and efficiency of the processes for moving through the stages of mapping, planning, survey and land registration; Creation of a database identifying potential land for the urban poor;
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Development and implementation of a systematic training and capacity building program; Spearheading the development of new and revised policies for housing and delivery of serviced land. 4.4.4 The County Government The County Governments are created in Chapter Eleven of the Constitution with powers, functions and responsibilities to deliver services provided for in the County Governments Act, 2012. Each county participating in KISIP has to constitute a Program Coordination Team (PCT) which consists of the component heads as shown in Figure 4-1 to facilitate project implementation at the county level. The PCT is led by the County KISIP Coordinator. The maintenance of the proposed infrastructure will largely lie within the mandate of the County Governments. 4.4.5 Other Relevant Institutions Other institutions involved as stakeholders in this project include: Kenya Urban Roads Authority (KURA). The mandate of KURA as defined in the Kenya Roads Act, 2007 is the Development, Management, Rehabilitation and Maintenance of all public roads in the cities and municipalities in Kenya except where those roads are national roads. KURA is hence responsible for the main City trunk roads and settlement level unclassified road networks. The settlements’ roads fall under KURA. Kenya National Highways Authority (KeNHA). KeNHA mandate is defined in the Kenya Roads Act, 2007 with the responsibility for management, development, rehabilitation and maintenance of national roads (Class A, B & C roads). Kenya Power. It is responsible for the transmission, distribution and retail of electricity in the country. This will be a key stakeholder in the implementation of the street lighting and high mast security lights in the settlements. Community Based Organizations (CBO). The CBOs already play a role in the settlements through various initiatives aimed at improving the livelihoods of the residents. The SEC members include representatives from the existing CBOs in the settlements or the wider area. Kitui Water and Sanitation Company Ltd (KITWASCO)- KITWASCO is mandated by the Water Act of 2002 to be responsible for operations and maintenance of all water supply and waste water management, collection and treatment. KITWASCO is in charge of these services in Kitui County and will play a key role in the design and implementation of water and sewerage projects in the settlements.
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Baseline Information
5
This Chapter presents general baseline information in Kitui Town and in the three settlements.
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5.1 Introduction This section outlines the baseline information for the three selected settlements in Kitui town - see Table 5-1. Table 5-1: Selected Settlements in Kitui town
Settlement Size (Hectare) 2Population Mjini 4 2000 Mosquito/Kaango 7 4000 KundaKindu 3.9 7000
Overall, the environmental and social impact assessment considered the physical and natural environment of the wider area where the settlements are situated. Although the impacts of the proposed projects lie within the settlements it is important to understand the wider area and its physical characteristics. The crucial environment to look at is the human environment which includes the settlements with their resident population and their socio- economic conditions. This aspect was covered in detail in the Socio-Economic Reports already prepared and presented to the client. A summary of the key indicators is provided in this section.
5.2 Physical and Natural Environment Kitui County is located in the former Eastern Province of Kenya, about 160 km east of Nairobi. It is one of the largest counties in the country covering an area of 30,496.5 square kilometers. The name Kitui means ‘a place where iron goods are made’. The Kamba iron- smiths who settled in the county many years before the colonial period are the ones who named the area Kitui. 5.2.1 Geology, Topography and Soils The altitude of the area ranges between 400m and 1800m above sea level. The central part of the county is characterized by hilly ridges separated by wide low-lying areas and has slightly low elevation of between 600m and 900m above sea level to the eastern side of the county, the main relief feature is the Yatta plateau, which stretches from the North to the South between rivers Athi and Tana. The plateau is almost plain with wide shallow spaced valleys. The highest areas in the county are Kitui Central, Mutitu hills and Yatta plateau. Due to their high altitude they receive more rainfall than other parts in the county and are the most productive areas. 5.2.2 Climate The climate of the county is arid and semi-arid with very erratic and unreliable rainfall. Most of the areas are generally hot to dry leading to a high rate of evaporation. This combined with unreliable rainfall limits intensive and meaningful land use and related development activities. The annual rainfall ranges between 500 and 1050mm with 40 percent reliability. The long rains come in April/May and short rains in November/December. The short rains are more reliable while long rains are usually unreliable. The periods falling between June to
2 The population data was provided to the consultant by the client. No census was done
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September and January to March are usually dry. The topography of the landscape influences the amount of rainfall received. The highland areas of Central hills in Kitui and Mutitu in the Eastern parts of the county receive between 500-760mm of rainfall per year. The Endau hills receive 500- 1050mm per year while the drier eastern and southern areas receive less than 500mm. The county experiences high temperatures throughout the year, which ranges from 160C to 340C. The hot months are between June and September and January and February. The minimum mean annual temperatures are 280C in the western part and 220C in the eastern parts. Maximum mean annual temperatures on other hand are 28oC in the western part and 32oC in the eastern part. There are four (4) major soil types in the central part of the county, two (2) of which are found in the central part of the County. The distribution of soil types in different ACZS provides information that may facilitate planning of land use and management. Soils vary in their physical and chemical characteristics, being either saline or sodic or both. Map 5-1: Location of the Settlements within National Context
Source: CPCS, 2014 from Google Maps
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Map 5-2: Location of the Settlements within Kitui Town
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5.2.3 Water Resources Kitui County is characterized as a semi-arid area with few water resources. The settlements are supplied with water from Masinga dam with supplementary water from Ithookwe boreholes. There is a stream that runs between Kunda Kindu and Mosquito settlements that is usually dry during the dry season and is heavily polluted by untreated water supply from the settlements. 5.2.4 Natural Habitats The settlements in the county are all situated in densely populated areas. There is a stream that runs between Kunda Kindu and Mosquito settlements. However, the project will not directly and significantly affect any natural habitat to trigger OP 4.04.
5.3 The Human Environment Kitui County had a population of 1,012,709 people (male - 48% and female - 52%) according to the 2009 National Census, and the annual population growth rate is 2.2%. The county has among the highest poverty incidence in the country with an estimated 63% of the population living below the poverty line. The residents of the informal settlements of Kunda Kindu, Kaango and Mosquito were cumulatively recognized as vulnerable groups rather than disaggregated into specific categories. In an effort to have a fair representation the disabled, women, religious groups were among those groups represented in the Settlement Executive Committees (SECs) in the three settlements. The needs of these vulnerable groups were discussed in depth and a consensus reached during the validation workshops conducted in the settlements. For instance the need for public toilets was discussed with interest to the religious bias (Muslim) of most residents. They were in favour of connection of sewerage to individual homes in the spirit of promoting privacy. The survey however revealed that there were well-established economic activities being carried out which include wood/soapstone carving, basket weaving, livestock rearing, subsistence farming and light industries. The recent discovery of coal and other minerals will contribute greatly to the growth of the economy in the county of Kitui. The estimated population is based on information given by the client to the consultant and no census was conducted in the three settlements. During the socio-economic survey the average household size was established as follows: Kunda Kindu - the estimated households to benefit from the project is 2,330 Mosquito/Kaango - the estimated households to benefit from the project is 1,000 Mjini - the estimated households to benefit from the project is 500
5.4 HIV /AIDS in Kitui Kenya has experienced a notable decline in HIV prevalence over the last decade. The country has a current HIV/AIDs prevalence of 6% from the previous 10% in the late 1990s. Kitui County has a HIV prevalence rate of 4.3%. Women in Kitui just like most parts of the country are more vulnerable and have a higher HIV prevalence of 5.8% compared to men at 2.5% (MoH, 2014). Kitui County and especially in the town where the informal settlements are located has a higher prevalence attributed to early sexual debut, with 55% of those
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interviewed by the National Council of Aids in 2014 having engaged in sex before the age of 15 years. This KISIP project is expected to improve the lives of those living in the three informal settlements and beyond by proving infrastructure which will contribute to improved living conditions and open up the area for economic development. Women who are more vulnerable will benefit from well-lit streets, proper drainage and sanitation. This will give even those living with HIV/AIDs a better chance to enjoy longer lives from living in conducive environment. Table 5-2: Socioeconomic Baseline Information for the Settlements
Indicator Unit Kunda Kindu Kaango Mjini Mosquito Population No. 7000 4000 2000 Mean HH Size No. 3 4 4 Unemployment % 3.1% 2.4% 4.8% Land/Structure Owner % 3.1% 7.1% 37.5% Tenants % 90.6% 85.3% 52.9% Feels Tenure is Secure % 1.6% 4.1% 11.5% Have Electricity % 65.6% 80.6% 78.8% Water Have piped water in the house % 7.8% 25.9% 30.8% Have piped water in the % 23.4% 34.1% 41.3% Compound Borehole/Well water % 9.1% 5.3% 1% Borehole/well privately owned % 15.6% 8.8% 2.9% as Sources of drinking water for H/H Water kiosk as source of drinking 25% 6.5% 13.5% water Toilet Facilities No facility % - - - Individual Toilet- VIP, Pit % 26.6% 14.7% 31.7% Flush toilet/WC 9.4% 26.5% 31.7% Shared Toilet % 14.1% 24.7% 35.6% Formal Connection to Sewer % 1.6% 7.1% 17.3% Septic Tank/Soak pit % 23.4% 32.9% 22.1% Pit latrine % 73.4% 56.5% 58.7% Garbage Disposal Dumping within settlement % 64.1% 52.4% 35.6% Burning/burying in own % 25% 7.2% 5.8% compound Organized private collection % 1.6% 18.5% 7.7% system Municipal/ County Collection % 9.4% 21.9% 51% Source: CPCS, June 2014
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6Kunda Kindu
This chapter presents the environmental and social impact assessment of the proposed infrastructure upgrading projects in Kunda Kindu Settlement in Kitui.
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6.1 The Settlement Kunda Kindu informal settlement is located in Kitui town. One of the first residents built a bar and named it Kunda Kindu meaning “have a drink”. Residents would refer to the area by the name of the bar and so the name stuck. The settlement is characterized by business people. The presence of a bus park enables businesses to thrive as it gives rise to a lot of human traffic. The area has a low population density because most of the land is not developed and the business people live outside the settlement.
6.1.1 The Physical Characteristics Kunda Kindu settlement slopes steeply from the main tarmacked Kitui-Kibwezi road towards the stream. The soil type is categorized as well draining. The settlement is sparsely populated on the South East and highly densely populated in the North–West direction. Figure 6-1: Polluted stream and dumping of solid waste on the streets in Kunda Kindu
Source: CPCS, July 2014
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6.2 Analysis of Proposed Infrastructure Project Alternatives The proposed infrastructure project alternatives are presented in the Final Settlement Upgrading Plan Report and the detailed designs are presented in Annex 1: Book of Drawings of the same report, submitted separately to the Client. 6.2.1 Water Supply and Sewerage System Kunda Kindu is currently undergoing an expansion of the existing water supply and sewerage system. The preferred option is to carry out an upgrading of the old system and connect residents’ dwellings that are not connected to the water supply system. The project involves densification of supply from existing trunk lines. The project is not constructing new water projects. Design studies showed that there is sufficient water to meet the new connection demands. The quality of water is good as it is managed by the local water company. The water and sewerage system design components are presented below and illustrated in Table 6-1: 1. Construction of water supply distribution pipelines of lengths as follows: DN90mm HDPE (900m), DN63mm HDPE (265m), DN50mm HDPE (615m), and DN40mm HDPE (400m); 2. Installation of bulk water meters, air valves, wash outs and sluice valves of various sizes, complete with bulk meter and valve chambers; 3. Installation of 300 No. individual consumer water connections consisting of water meters and meter boxes; 4. GMS service pipelines for individual consumer connections of lengths as follows: DN 25mm (1150m) and DN 15mm (500m); 5. Construction of a total length of 785m of DN160mm uPVC sewer pipelines; 6. Construction of 300 No. individual sewer connection points for individual households, consisting of DN 110mm uPVC service sewer lines and sewer connection chambers. Table 6-1: Water and Sewerage Design Components in Kunda Kindu
Type of infrastructures Settlement Kunda Kunda Water Supply Pipelines DN 90mm HDPE 1,089m DN 63mm HDPE 318m DN 50mm HDPE 1,138 DN 40mm HDPE 0 DN 25mm GI 1150m DN 15mm GI 500m Individual connections 300 No.
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Type of infrastructures Settlement Kunda Kunda Sewer Pipelines DN 160mm HDPE 1,140m Households sewer connection 300 No. manholes
6.2.2 Street and Security Lights It is proposed that 2 No. High mast Security Lights be constructed in the settlement. Each Flood Mast will consist of 30 m high steel tower complete with a lockable electrical control switchgear and power meter chamber and 2500mm by 2500mm concrete foundation. Radius of illumination is 150m. It is also proposed to erect street lighting along the main access road connecting Mosquito and Kunda Kindu. This section is busy and serves mainly as a commercial centre. 10 No. street lighting are proposed each with 8m high, single arm solar pole with square base plate root mounted with M16 bolts on a steel base plate mounted on a precast concrete base size 225mmx225mmx1500mm deep. Spacing ranging from 25 – 30m. 6.2.3 Recreational Park It is proposed that the existing riparian reserve in Kunda Kindu be restored to create a recreational park. 6.2.4 Access Roads and Storm Water Drainage Kunda Kindu has good access from the Kitui-Kibwezi tarmac road. The streets in the settlement are narrow due to encroachment with poor drainage. The proposed infrastructure improvements are as follows and as illustrated on Figure 6-2:- a) Construction of 1,856 m length road with a carriage width of `3m to bitumen standards. b) Construction of foot path of 1.2m width to bitumen standards on specified sides of the road. c) Lined closed drainage structures consisting of pipe culverts and slotted drains will be constructed on specified sides of the roads 6.2.5 Solid Waste Management It is proposed that a comprehensive system be put in place to ensure solid waste is collected within the settlement and collected by the County Government for final disposal. The town does not operate a land fill and the final destination of waste is open dumpsites. In the meantime, as a mitigation measure, the County Governments are expected to improve the conditions of the dumpsites by implementing minimum requirements across the waste management cycle as developed by NEMA.
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i. Recycling and Reuse In the initial stages of the project recycling of wastes is proposed to be carried out by the CBOs who will be collecting the waste from the residential places and transferring it to the temporary holding yards, from where they will sort out the wastes into recyclable and non-recyclable wastes. However, it is expected that the community members will be sensitised with time in order to carry out wastes segregation at the household level. The CBOs will provide them with two types of plastic bags, properly labelled, one for recyclables and the other for non-recyclables. Several CBOs involved in recycling could unite to form a cooperative society that helps in seeking for good markets for their recyclables. Such recyclables will include plastics, paper, glass and metallic wastes. ii. Payment for refuse collection services The amount of fees charged per household for refuse collection should be agreed upon after consultations with all stakeholders, including the residents, the County Government, local administration and the CBOs. It is important that all households are involved in solid waste management plans, since every household contributes to solid waste generation. In most cases those who do not get involved in community waste management plans are the ones who establish illegal dumpsites in the settlements since their refuse is not collected through the established channels. The CBOs should carry out a massive sensitization, and where necessary should involve the local administration to try and get all households involved in solid waste management plans. Specific representatives from the CBOs should be charged with the responsibility of collection of the monthly fees from the residents. These persons should be introduced to the community members in a public baraza, and if possible should have a special badge for identification. All payments made must be issued with an official receipt for accountability purposes. Payments should be done preferably at the beginning of every month, or as agreed upon by individual households. iii. Collection and transportation plan The consultant proposes the use of plastic waste paper bags which will be provided to each household in the three settlements. CBO teams will collect the waste bags from each household on agreed days of the week, and transport them to the transfer stations. CBOs will use non-motorised transportation means such as hand carts and wheelbarrows in view of the narrow roads in some sections of the settlements. This type of equipment could be provided by the county government who will be in charge of the overall supervision of the solid waste management plan. Transportation from the transfer station to the final dump site will be the responsibility of the County government since they already have the transportation facilities. The CBOs will need to align their solid waste collection with the existing County waste collection programme, so that wastes do not stay for long at the transfer stations leading to decomposition and foul smell. There is a need for the CBOs to forge a good working relationship with the County government so that each party clearly understands their mandate and their boundaries of operation, to ensure that solid waste service provision is efficient and adequate.
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Figure 6-2: Layout of Proposed Infrastructure Projects in the Three Settlements in Kitui
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6.3 Justification of the Proposed Infrastructure Projects 6.3.1 Social and Environmental Justification of the Proposed Projects in Kunda Kindu
Water Water is universally accepted as the panacea for sustainable human development Standards and conditions of living conditions in any human settlement are virtually determined by the availability and accessibility of water (World Health Organization, 2010). Access to safe water is a human need and basic right. Water supply is unreliable in the settlement, just as many other parts of Kitui Town and some residents have settled on shallow wells for domestic and commercial water supply. If the project is not developed the likely outcome will be: Health hazard, from use of contaminated shallow well water; Increased health care use from use of poor quality water; Wastage of water from spillage from the poor quality water pipes, this also leads to a small degree or soil erosion; Loss of productive time in fetching water; Low quality of life in the settlement
The proposed water options and the social and environmental feasibility are summarized in the table below: Table 6-2: Social and Environmental Justification for Proposed Water Options in Kunda Kindu Water supply upgrading options Social and Environmental justification (i) Extension of the existing Increased access to safe water to a larger water distribution network population Improved health of the population by reducing the cases of water borne diseases in the area Environmentally this option will not resolve the numerous cases of water spillage and may lead to more environmental degradation; It will connect more residents to water supply reducing case of diseases contracted from poor quality water No connection will be offered to individual homes and this may not see all residents supplied with clean water supply (ii) Replacing of the existing This will eliminate illegal connection and burst water distribution network which opens the pipe to contamination which causes water borne disease Eliminate cases of water spillage. Water is a scarce resource in Kitui and minimum spillage will help conserve this resource. Connect more residents (iii) Individual Consumer This will increase access to safe and affordable water
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Connections safe water will bring improvements in health and therefore saving costs of healthcare increased access will bring time cleared for economic and social activities other than water collection especially women who carry the burden of collecting water Pregnant women, disabled and the sick can access water easily Reduce cases of illegal connection, increasing revenue for KITWASCO as well as cases of burst pipes as residents tap on illegal connections hence conserving water as a resource (iv) Supply of all pipes and materials This will increase access to safe and affordable water as to the WSP for future connections it will reduce the cost of connection This will be an incentive to the WSP to extend water network into the unserved areas (v) Communal water points A water kiosk will impact positively on many households’ health through service of safe water as it will serve many people The poor population will end up paying much more than those fortunate enough to have a tap in their house The community cannot define opening and closing hours Pregnant women and the disabled living in far distance from the water kiosk cannot access the water
Sewerage and Sanitation Kunda Kindu like the rest of Kitui town has no sewerage system in place. Residents rely on septic tanks, pit latrines. From the field visit the lack of proper sewerage and sanitation system has led to environmental degradation in the settlement and especially on the seasonal stream. No project intervention would lead to the following outcome: Further pollution of the seasonal stream; Unhygienic playing spaces for children Ground water pollution
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Table 6-3:Social and Environmental Justification- Sewerage and Sanitation in Kunda Kindu No Option Environmental Justification/Feasibility 1 Sewer System Extension and Improve habitation reducing unhealthy Household Connections environments which causes parasites including Salmonella. This will reduce the cost of medication Individual connection will be eliminate onsite connections that have adverse impacts on the environment like ground water pollution 2. Public Toilet / Ablution Blocks This will provide sanitation facilities to the residents at a small fee. Kunda Kindu has a fairly high number of commercial properties that attract a number of clients, this will benefit from the public ablution blocks and will minimize cases of environmental pollution from those who use the ‘bush’ and those with improper onsite sanitation facilities Increased dignity for women and girls Social perception of the community on the public toilet is not put into consideration. A section of the residents were against the setting up of public ablution blocks in the settlements based on their religious faith beliefs. 3. Septic Tanks for individual Will improve onsite sanitation and minimize homes environmental pollution from untreated waste water and sewerage Will improve sanitation, providing conducive environment for children to play; Improve health conditions, hence burden of disease and cost of medication
Solid Waste Management There are no designated solid waste collection points in the settlement. During the field visit heaps of uncollected solid wastes were spotted in the settlement. If the project is not developed the likely outcome will be: Proliferation of diseases; Continued pollution of the stream; Pollution of the soil and ground water; Blockage of drainage system by uncollected solid waste posing a danger of water borne diseases.
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Table 6-4: Social and Environmental Justification – Solid Waste Management-Kunda Kindu Solid Waste Management Options Social and environmental justification
i. Energy recovery methods Reduce deforestation due to alternative (community cooker) source of energy for cooking Effective solid waste management will lessen the prevalence of water and air born ailments and improve the health of the population. Communal cooker will enhance cohesion among the community and improve the social bond Disagreements among the users may lead to serious dangers and this calls for conflict resolution mechanism Provides alternative source of energy Caution is needed to ensure toxic waste is not burnt in the cooker least toxic smoke is emitted into the environment, causing air pollution ii. Recycling and reuse Effective solid waste management through recycling and reuse will reduce environmental hazards lessen the prevalence of water and air born ailments and improve the health of the population.
iii. On-Site Burial Effective solid waste management through on-site burial will lessen the prevalence of water and air born ailments and improve the health of the population. Burying the waste will return nutrients to the ground If not properly done, it could result into ground water pollution and contamination of soil; Leakage of dangerous gases may also be experienced, causing air pollution and fire hazard. iv. Landfill disposal Effective solid waste management through landfill will lessen the prevalence of water and air born ailments and improve the health of the population. Returns nutrients to the ground v. Composting Effective solid waste management through composting will lessen the prevalence of water and air born ailments and improve the health of the population. Returns nutrients to the ground Positive perception on crops grown using organic manure (fertilizer) vi. Open burning It is easy and convenient for individual household - This is not recommended due to the spread of contaminants into the air.
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vii. CBO formation and Effective solid waste management will community sensitization lessen the prevalence of water and air born Program ailments and improve the health of the population. Self-employment of the youths will reduce crime in Kunda Kindu
Roads and Drainage The settlement has dusty roads and has some cases of encroachment. If no project intervention is done, this could lead to: continued encroachment on the road reserve; Higher chances of contracting diseases from the dusty roads; Low income from the developments due to poor access; Poor drainage, posing the danger of communicable diseases and danger of physical injury. Also leading to soil erosion. Table 6-5: Social and Environmental justification for roads and drainage –Kunda Kindu Roads and drainage options Social justification Development of all the roads as per the area Opening the settlement by building roads part development plan and in compliance will improve the lives of population and with standard road reserves increase access. Increased access will improve other services such as public transport, firefighting and ambulance. Improve storm water, reducing cases of stagnant water, reducing soil erosion. This option will have positive environmental impact and is recommended.
Selective development of the roads to avoid This will evade social disturbance caused by resettlement of people and consideration of resettlement narrow widths for one way carriageway
Street and Security Lighting There is currently no street and security lighting in the settlement. During community consultation the residents cited insecurity as a problem in the settlement. The women emphasised the need to illuminate the settlement to ensure security at night as residents return home from their places of work. Overall the installation of street lighting and high security lights will improve the social well being of the community. Well lite streets will enhance security and lead to longer business hours. The impacts of these are minimum on the environment. The likely impacts of the project include: Dusty roads may be unsuitable for solar street lighting equipment;
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Bright street lights and high mast security lighting (Mulika Mwizi) may result in interruption of sleep by the residents
Recreational Park and Pedestrian Crossing The proposed intervention is that one of cleaning up the river and landscaping. With no project intervention the riparian reserve in Kunda Kindu would continue to be highly polluted and un-used by the residents. The proposed intervention is likely to have the following environmental impacts: Cleaning up the stream; Reduction of pollution in the river as the residents will have a sense of ownership; Improvement of flora and fauna; Provision of recreational grounds in the residents; and Minimize the chances of land grabbing at the riparian reserve. 6.3.2 Economic Justification of Proposed Infrastructure Projects The proposed infrastructure has been subjected to economic analysis in order to determine whether or not it is economically justified. This analysis falls into three main parts. The first is a qualitative analysis of the economic costs and benefits of each type of infrastructure that has been proposed. The purpose of this type of analysis is to give insight into the main costs and benefits of infrastructure provision, with and without the project. No quantitative test is applied as to whether or not the infrastructure is justified. Secondly, a cost-effectiveness analysis of each type of infrastructure is conducted. In this analysis, the capital cost of provision per person, or unit cost, is calculated. This comparison gives a rough idea as to whether or not the costs of the proposed infrastructure are “reasonable” relative to unit costs for the other settlements. This is a rough and ready method for examining the cost-effectiveness of the proposed infrastructure. Thirdly, a cost-benefit analysis is conducted of all the infrastructure proposed for Kunda Kindu. The aim is to compute the benefit/cost ratio (BCR), a metric that allows one to determine whether or not the infrastructure is economically justified. If the BCR is greater than 1 (one), the investment is economically justified. The cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit analyses, and a detailed cost-benefit methodology, are set out in the Final Settlement Upgrading Plan Report, submitted separately. The qualitative economic analysis is presented in the Table 6-6 below.
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Table 6-6: Economic Justification of Proposed Infrastructure Projects in KundaKindu
Infrastructure Economic Impact With Project Without Project
Benefits Economic costs New Water For households without access to piped water, Capital and operation and maintenance costs Growing scarcity of good Supply System provides an alternative source of potable supply with quality water no up-front payment or connection fee except for Continued wastage of time those eligible for direct connections immediately and resources on fetching Savings in cost of water for those with direct water connections Possibility of increasing health Reduction in the number of episodes of diarrhoea as care costs due to lack of well as water-borne diseases and therefore savings in supply of quality water health costs and higher labour productivity Continued loss of productivity A new system will help to weed out any illegal due to time spent fetching connections within the system water Zoning, including zonal water meters, will enable Low quality of life monitoring of water use trends in the settlement as a way of controlling non-revenue water. If realistic pricing (tariffs) is used, this will encourage financial self-sufficiency A new distribution system complete with as-built drawings will give the utility company an updated layout of the entire distribution system Improved property values
Sewerage Reduction in the number of episodes of diarrhoea Capital and operation and maintenance costs Increased health care as well as water-borne diseases and therefore costs due to illnesses savings in health costs and higher labour caused by continued low
productivity level of sanitation and If minimum velocity maintained, in line with increasing population design, reduction in the production of hydrogen Low quality life sulphide and methane. This in turn reduces Increasing potential of odours, blockages, pipe corrosion, and the heavy pollution
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
Infrastructure Economic Impact With Project Without Project
Benefits Economic costs potential for explosion Increasing insects and pest Positive impacts on ground water and problems as a result of improvement of hygiene overflowing soak-pits Improved property values Solid waste Improved health Residents will have to play a part in maintenance Although the settlement is management Relatively low cost and operation of the system mostly well organized and Potential for recycling Would have to be adequately managed cleaner compared to the Mainstreaming of solid waste collection by CBOs Potential uncontrolled dumpsites other two settlements and job opportunities in settlement garbage Lack of expertise in collecting waste may worsen this could change if no collection the issue waste management Clean living environment and a more appealing system is put in place settlement Street and Safer movement of persons at night Capital and maintenance costs Poor lighting at night High Flood Reduction in theft as thieves cannot hide under Stray voltage can accidentally electrify lampposts leading to unsafe environment Mast security the cover of darkness Physical dangers if children climb up poles for Longer business hours recreational purposes lighting Prevention of accidents at night Reduced possibility of crashes and fatalities, especially those involving pedestrians Improved property values Recreational Protection of the riparian reserve Capital and maintenance costs Increasing encroachment park Pollution abatement and cooling May lead to build up of waste from patrons of on riparian reserve Controlling storm water runoff the park Possible blockage due to Recreation opportunities for children and adults May lead to construction of illegal structures increase in waste material alike Reduced amenity value of Green spaces build community and social ties the neighbourhood Will increase the amenity value of the neighbourhood Improved Improved storm water drainage Capital and maintenance costs Poor access to the
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
Infrastructure Economic Impact With Project Without Project
Benefits Economic costs Road Access Better roads means safer travel, which results in Noise pollution from vehicles settlement to less accidents (and associated reduction in costs) Increased number of vehicles and option to drive Low quality roads Settlement, Reduced vehicle maintenance costs and reduced faster on the road may lead to increased Health hazard caused by fuel usage accidents including stagnant water Quicker access and travel through better roads Poor maintenance of drainage systems can lead Continued poor drainage drainage and leads to time savings (and higher productivity) to spread of diseases system footbridge Less dust and improved quality of life Risky river crossing Improved access to the settlement (which can save lives if an ambulance has to quickly get to an individual) Increased economic development opportunities Improved access to resources, employee bases, markets, and customers Foot bridge will lead to safer crossing of the river Footbridge will reduce the time taken to cross the river Improved property values
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, CPCS Ref: 12359 Mombasa and Kitui Counties
6.3.3 The Preferred Infrastructure Projects for Kunda Kindu
Water Supply Preferred Options No. Preferred Option Justification 1. Extension of the newly laid water The existing distribution pipelines are old, spaghetti-like distribution system to replace the and unmapped, very shallow and with frequent bursts existing distribution system due low quality materials used. There is need to install a new system which has zones, including zonal water meters to monitor water use trends in the settlements, as a way of controlling non- revenue water. A new system will help to weed out any illegal connections within the system. Installation of new high quality pipelines eliminates possibility of bursts in the system due to old and low quality pipe materials; A new distribution system complete with as-built drawings, so that the WSP has an updated layout of the entire distribution system in their records. 2. Individual consumer connections Individual consumer connections provide a measurable for approved households. way of gauging the impact of the project on the beneficiary community. This is in line with Client’s requirements. This will provide an opportunity for many residents who could not have afforded the high costs of materials to own individual connections at a greatly subsidized cost. Individual connections will lead to less consumers depending on the water kiosks and water vendors, which ultimately results in financial savings by households; More consumers on the system will result into more revenues for the water service provider; Mass connection of households with professional supervision will forestall the possibility of households resorting to cheap materials and improper installation which introduces vulnerable sections within the system.
Sanitation Preferred Options No. Preferred Option Justification 1. Extension of the newly laid This will help to bring the new sewer system closer to sewer pipelines system and residents to enable them connect into it. provide individual household As it is now those who want to connect to the sewer system connection points (manholes must incur high costs for materials and inspection adjacent to the houses) chambers. Kunda Kindu has spacious road reserves along which the new sewer lines will be laid. Will ensure more residents abandon the on-site sanitation options which have a huge negative impact on the environment. Will greatly reduce the costs of owning a sewer connection, since most of the costs for materials will be eliminated. Sewer system has very little maintenance costs on the
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, CPCS Ref: 12359 Mombasa and Kitui Counties
residents since the system is maintained by the sewerage service provider. A new water supply system has been installed which will augment the water supply to the settlements, reducing fears of overstraining the existing supply.
Proposed Solid Waste Management Plan No. Preferred Option Technical Justification 1. Recycling and re-use This will not only solve the problem of solid This will be spearheaded by the wastes but will also provide a source of CBO proposed to be formed. employment and revenue generation for Recycling will be done at the CBOs. household levels and at the Reduces the amount of wastes needing to temporary holding yards be transported to the dumping site, thus cutting on costs. Saves on space in the landfill by minimizing the amount of waste needing disposal. 2. Formation of a Community Based CBO’s role will be to collaborate with the Organisation (CBO) County government towards proper solid Option to form a new CBO or waste management in their respective strengthen an existing one. settlements. Membership should comprise They will provide the missing link between preferably of youths from the residents and the county government. within the settlements. They will spearhead sensitization campaigns amongst the communities towards solid waste management. Will also coordinate community clean-up programmes on quarterly basis. Will collect refuse from households at a fee and transport it to the temporary holding yard, from where they will carry out sorting of recyclable and re-usable materials for sale. 3. Community sensitization and clean- Community needs a change of attitude up exercises towards solid waste management. Need to understand their role towards proper solid waste management in their residential areas. Community to be more conscious and more responsible about how they dispose their wastes Community to be more aware about effects of solid waste on the environment and on their own health. Community to keep watch over their existing solid waste facilities instead of
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, CPCS Ref: 12359 Mombasa and Kitui Counties
vandalising them. Community to be willing to pay the minimum fees charged for collecting their solid wastes by the CBOs. This concept needs to be driven by members of their own community for them to easily embrace it. Sensitization and community clean-up exercises require finances; we therefore propose that they be funded under this project.
Proposed Roads and Drainage No. Preferred Option Technical Justification 1. Improvement of Roads 1 -13 Compliance with standard planning regulations No interruption to the social fabric of the community - A total of 2.02 km is proposed for improvement in Kunda Kindu
Street and security lighting No. Preferred Option Justification 1. Street lighting The road network proposed for installation will be improved to bitumen standard and therefore maintenance related to dust will be minimal
- The infrastructure will consist of 8m high, single arm solar pole with square base plate root mounted with M16 bolts on a steel base plate mounted on a precast concrete base size 400mmx400mmx1500mm deep. Spacing ranging from 25 – 30m
2 Floodlight high mast connected Initial cost of investment is low; to the national grid Strength of illumination is high and appropriate for security lighting and wide coverage; Land for installation is available and has already been identified by the County Government; Availability of skilled labour to operate and maintain
- The infrastructure consists of a 30m high steel tower complete with a lockable electrical control switchgear and power meter chamber and 2500mm by 2500mm concrete foundation. Radius of illumination is 150m
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, CPCS Ref: 12359 Mombasa and Kitui Counties
Public park and open space No. Preferred Option Justification 1. Fence off the area and clean the Meets the basic needs of the citizens in the river and conserve the remaining settlement through enhancement of their physical, wetland by improving to a public social, spiritual, cultural and intellectual wellbeing; park or an open space. Enhancement of natural environment through preservation and conservation particularly the riparian land; Strengthening the community cohesion; Necessitated activity of removing solid waste from the river, cleaning and maintaining clean flow of the river.
- An area of 20,000 m2 is proposed for improvement as a public park and open space in Kunda Kindu settlement. The scope of work will include river cleaning, draining of the river and removal of river flow obstructions, bush clearing and preparation of the ground ready for tree planting and landscaping
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, CPCS Ref: 12359 Mombasa and Kitui Counties
6.4 Impact Assessment of the Proposed Project Alternatives The anticipated negative and positive impacts of the projects are expected to be minor during the construction phase and very few to none during the operational phase. These are summarized in Table 6-7 below.
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Table 6-7: Identification of the Environmental and Social Impacts and Mitigation Measures in Kunda Kindu Settlement
Description
Environmental Current Situation Project Specific Impacts Mitigation Measures aspect 1. Physical Environment 1.1 Climate Hot and dry climatic conditions with two Potential infrastructure projects are None rainy seasons between March and May and unlikely to cause impacts on the between October and December climate 1.2 Air quality 1.2.1 Dust Primary road is paved. Internal roads are There is a possibility of slight to modest Construction site management to involve unpaved and dust is produced during dry increase of dust during the sprinkling water on roads season which has negative impacts on the construction phase for roads but it will Additional measures e.g. barriers to control residents’ health decrease once the proposed roads are dust at sensitive receptacles e.g. schools, upgraded to improved surface hospitals, open water sources etc. standards. Slight negative impact.
1.2.2 Exhaust Primary road is busy with vehicular traffic, thus There is a possibility of slight Machines and vehicles to be maintained gases from emission of smoke increase of exhaust gases during in good working order in the construction traffic and No large industries in the neighbourhood but the construction of any of the Machines and vehicles should be parked small wood work and welding workshops exist industries project components. Slight negative and serviced away from sensitive within the settlement impact. receptacles e.g. schools and hospitals 1.2.3 Cooking Negative impacts on households using various No project components currently None fires (indoor fuels for cooking such as firewood, charcoal and selected that have an impact on pollution) paraffin such fuel use or use of energy in general
1.2.4 Smell from Solid waste is currently disposed of outside Solid waste currently posing a Transfer station to be cleared of solid waste Solid Waste residents’ houses and on undeveloped plots significant negative impact to the twice weekly and high levels of cleanliness Residents have dug pits for disposal of solid densely populated settlement. maintained
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Description
Environmental Current Situation Project Specific Impacts Mitigation Measures aspect waste Proposed provision of solid waste Construction waste to be safely disposed Town of Kitui generally clean and urban-wide collection and transfer points will of in county designated site solid waste disposal site exists at Kalundu significantly reduce solid waste Involvement of local CBOs for collection and management problems manning the transfer stations. Solid waste collection bins have County Government to ensure: potential of becoming mini- a) that the waste collection areas are dumpsites if waste collection zoned; system is dysfunctional. Slight b) timely and regular collection of all solid wastes either through door to door negative impact collection or from centralized collection Potential pollution from points; construction waste c)waste collection facilities such as skips, bulk containers and waste cubicles are regularly emptied and do not become eye-sores; d) there is a designated site(s) for waste disposal e) that the disposal site is secured with a fence and a gate manned to control dumping and spread of waste outside the disposal site. f) motorable roads inside the site to ensure ease of access during disposal; g) the waste is spread, covered and compacted at regular intervals h) appropriate control measures for the management of dumpsite fires 1.3 Noise Noise not currently perceived as a problem Some noise may be caused by Machines to be maintained in good working apart from plots close to major spine roads in potential projects’ construction order and statutory standards to be met in comparison with the EHS guidelines on noise activities as well as from the likely the construction phase
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
Description
Environmental Current Situation Project Specific Impacts Mitigation Measures aspect for : traffic increase due to improved Personal protection equipment to be road conditions. Slight negative provided to workers exposed to noise a) Residential/institutional/educational impact. during construction areas- 55dB (daytime) and 45dB (night Work will be restricted within working time). hours b) Commercial areas- 70dB (day and night times). Special provisions made in areas around schools and other community service infrastructure to minimize disturbance as per the Noise regulations. 1.4 Water Storm Water – tertiary and secondary drainage Proposed secondary storm Mitigation measures will be required. See system is undeveloped at settlement level sections below for the specific mitigation Drinking Water – limited piped water and water water drainage along with roads to measures during the construction and from shallow wells collect tertiary storm water at operation phase Waste Water – no infrastructure provided but plot/unit level – positive impact residents use pit latrines and septic tanks
Proposed water supply project component to improve potable water at household level – positive impact Proposed sewer lines to improve sanitation and waste water disposal at household level – positive impact
1.4.1 Surface Settlement topographical character has gentle By improving the management of During the construction phase potentially and Ground slope secondary and tertiary storm water harmful toxic products to be suitably stored Water Flooding has notable negative impacts on drainage system, potential project to reduce risk of contamination to ground water houses located in the lower areas of settlement components will have an overall
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
Description
Environmental Current Situation Project Specific Impacts Mitigation Measures aspect Stagnating pools of water are breeding grounds positive impact on the resident Tertiary and secondary storm water for mosquitoes and other water-related population drainage system to be linked up to the diseases town-wide storm water drainage system Solid waste disposed of in the open spaces is during the operation phase prone to mixing with storm water run-off which eventually ends up in the nearby stream Trenches for water lines should be clearly Dense settlement without infrastructure leads flagged, fenced, and covered either to increased pollution and low quality of life temporarily or as backfilled as quickly as possible to avoid potential accidents. Proper traffic signage for traffic control and safety during trenching and laying of pipes Community education and awareness on efficient water use and maintenance of infrastructure. Take measures to minimize negative impacts of cost increases from paying for services such as water/wastewater/solid waste especially for the vulnerable. Take special measures to prevent pollution of surface and ground water 1.4.2 Waste Shallow pit latrines have propensity to Proposed sewerage project Appropriate Mitigation measures to be water contaminate surface and ground water. components selected will improve developed for anticipated impacts from Proximity of pit latrines and shallow water wells sanitation and the management of contractor’s waste water management may result in cross-contamination during construction. waste water at household and Black cotton soils not compatible with pit Trenches for waste water lines should be settlement levels which has positive latrines which become water logged clearly flagged, fenced, and covered impacts on the resident population Plots are developed to 70 % ground coverage either temporarily or as backfilled as Potential pollution from contractor’s
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
Description
Environmental Current Situation Project Specific Impacts Mitigation Measures aspect leaving very little space for pit latrines or waste water quickly as possible to avoid potential disposal of liquid waste accidents. Where solid waste is disposed in open spaces Proper traffic signage for traffic control there is propensity of pollution of run-off storm and safety during trenching and laying of water and surface water pipes Community education and awareness on waste water management, basic hygiene and maintenance of infrastructure. Take measures to minimize negative impacts of cost increases from paying for services such as water/wastewater/solid waste especially for the vulnerable. 2. Natural (biological) environment 2.1 Vegetation Settlement is not a natural habitat Potential project components to be Residents to be involved in re-planting and flora Limited natural vegetation cover, mainly fruit responsive to vegetation present. adequate ground cover with grass, shrubs and trees and flower beds Slight negative impact tree cover Reeds and riparian vegetation near stream Potential project components to be responsive to natural vegetation present 2.2 Terrestrial Settlement is not a habitat for wildlife No impact by potential project None fauna components 2.3 Aquatic Settlement is not a habitat for aquatic fauna No impact by potential project None fauna components 3. Human Environment 3.1 The settlement is largely a highly densely The creation of a recreation park Unavoidable resettlement mitigation Resettlement populated and building density is high as well along the riparian reserve will measures are specified in the abbreviated Residents living in precarious living conditions in improve quality of life of the RAP the lower sections of the settlement along the
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
Description
Environmental Current Situation Project Specific Impacts Mitigation Measures aspect riparian reserve which is prone to flooding and residents and significantly reduce their shallow wells are a health hazard the vulnerabilities of residents to Residents have encroached on road reserves flooding and other health related and other wayleaves problems. Positive impact. Potential negative impacts on resident population with residential structures along the riparian reserve and those who have encroached on roads needs mitigation measures 3.2 Local Unemployment is high among the youth and the Project components will integrate Tendering documents to include contractor’s economy lower income bracket of the population in the training and skills transfer to the obligation to hire local human labour as active working age cohorts youth and the active working age part of income generation during the Water vendors operating water kiosks as an construction phase cohorts. Positive impact. entrepreneurial economic activity High priority to be accorded to local Project components will consider Servicing, emptying and cleaning pit latrines is residents for permanent jobs during employment and income an entrepreneurial economic activity as well construction and operation and generating aspects during and after Public-paying toilet not present but could be maintenance of all infrastructure project useful as an entrepreneurial economic activity construction for the benefit of components women, the youth and men in the To ensure that settlements enjoy active working age cohorts. Positive increased accessibility and mobility, impact. maintenance of the developed Overall project components will infrastructure projects is key have direct and indirect positive Rent increases and expulsion of people impacts in improving the socio- due to increasing costs should also be economic conditions of the monitored and mitigated as feasible. residents Overall the project will improve
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
Description
Environmental Current Situation Project Specific Impacts Mitigation Measures aspect access in the settlements and led to increased property value 3.3 Infrastructure services namely storm water Potential project components including Potential short-term negative impacts with Infrastructure drainage, waste water, street lights, fresh roads and storm water drainage long-term gains to residents Services drinking water, generally inadequate infrastructure upgrading, Recreation Park, potable water and waste water Residents/local community to be communicated to during the construction sewer lines, security lighting, street phase by contractor lights and solid waste management
system will have overall improvement For the sustainability of the projects in the quality of life and general residents to be involved through training on community life of the resident the operation and maintenance of all population. Positive impact. project components
Potential disruption of access to property and interference with access to services during the construction phase
3.4 Health Poor solid waste disposal, proximity of shallow The recreation park on the riparian All potential negative impacts from dust, water wells to pit latrines and flooding have reserve will significantly reduce noise and road accidents to be minimized during potential for health risks to resident population flooding, manage storm water drainage the construction phase Malarial diseases are a high risk in the system and eliminate propensity for Employ skilled and trained workers and settlement. Eliminating the risks of flooding and provide all construction workers with personal stagnant pools of water, thus reducing stagnant pools of water and mosquito-breeding protection equipment and training on grounds are basic ways to improve residents’ the risk of malarial, sanitary and water construction site safety procedures health related diseases. Positive impact. Enforce occupational health and safety Risks of pest and insect related and water- standards related diseases such as cholera, diarrhea, Have adequate worker insurance cover
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Description
Environmental Current Situation Project Specific Impacts Mitigation Measures aspect typhoid and malaria are high in the settlement. Improving sanitation and general hygiene are basic ways to improve residents’ health
3.5 Worker and Risks of conflicts between the contractor, Potential negative impact. Apply the World bank EH&S general Community workers, and the community guidelines Health and Risks to community safety and security during Set up and operationalize Grievance Redress construction and after Mechanisms (GRMs) with community Safety representation. Regular community meetings to evaluate progress Community sensitization on safety and security Develop and enforce a code of conduct for construction workers Proper and visible signage Establishment and training of safety committee at the work place Training of all workers on safety before deployment Safety procedures posted on notice boards A dedicated officer on safety issues Regular safety reports and remedial actions taken by the contractor to the RE and client Safety issues / incidents to be discussed in the site meetings and remedial measures taken Ensure no worker is under the influence of alcohol or any other intoxicating substances that interfere with judgment.
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, CPCS Ref: 12359 Mombasa and Kitui Counties
7Mosquito (Kaango)
This chapter presents the environmental and social impact assessment of the proposed infrastructure upgrading projects in Mosquito Settlement in Kitui Town.
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, CPCS Ref: 12359 Mombasa and Kitui Counties
7.1 The Settlement 7.1.1 Physical Characteristics Kaango informal settlement, also referred to as Mosquito by the local population, has an estimated population of 4,000 people on 7 hectares of land. The settlement is characterised by structures built in neat rows, with many serviced by shallow water wells and pit latrines. There are numerous small scale businesses and a small light industry zone where furniture and fittings are fabricated. The residents were allocated the previously government-owned land by the Kitui Municipal Council but the majority are yet to complete the process of title acquisition. Figure 7-1: Wastewater disposed of on the streets and Solidwaste disposal on the riparian reserve
Source: CPCS, July 2014
7.2 Analysis of Proposed Infrastructure Project Alternatives The project alternatives are presented in the Final Settlement Upgrading Plan Report and the detailed designs are presented in Annex 1: Book of Drawings of the same report, submitted separately to the Client. 7.2.1 Water Supply and Sewerage Systems The proposed water supply will replace the old system and connect the unconnected residents. The sewerage system is under construction and the proposed option is to extend the sewerage lines and connect individual homes. The design components for water and sewerage are as follows: 1. Construction of water supply distribution pipelines of lengths as follows: DN90mm HDPE (1025m), DN63mm HDPE (325m), DN50mm HDPE (350m), and DN40mm HDPE (600m); 2. Installation of bulk water meters, air valves, wash outs and sluice valves of various sizes, complete with bulk meter and valve chambers; 3. Installation of 315 No. individual consumer water connections consisting of water meters and meter boxes; 4. GMS service pipelines for individual consumer connections of lengths as follows: DN 25mm (250m) and DN 15mm (350m);
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, CPCS Ref: 12359 Mombasa and Kitui Counties
5. Construction of a total length of 630m of DN160mm uPVC sewer pipelines; 6. Construction of 315 No. individual sewer connection points for individual households, consisting of DN 100mm uPVC service sewer lines and sewer connection chambers
7.2.2 Solid Waste Management It is proposed that a comprehensive system be put in place to ensure solid waste is collected within the settlement and collected by the County Government for final disposal. i. Recycling and Reuse In the initial stages of the project recycling of wastes is proposed to be carried out by the CBOs who will be collecting the waste from the residential places and transferring it to the temporary holding yards, from where they will sort out the wastes into recyclable and non-recyclable wastes. However, it is expected that the community members will be sensitised with time in order to carry out wastes segregation at the household level. The CBOs will provide them with two types of plastic bags, properly labelled, one for recyclables and the other for non-recyclables. Several CBOs involved in recycling could unite to form a cooperative society that helps in seeking for good markets for their recyclables. Such recyclables will include plastics, paper, glass and metallic wastes. ii. Payment for refuse collection services The amount of fees charged per household for refuse collection should be agreed upon after consultations with all stakeholders, including the residents, the County Government, local administration and the CBOs. It is important that all households are involved in solid waste management plans, since every household contributes to solid waste generation. In most cases those who do not get involved in community waste management plans are the ones who establish illegal dumpsites in the settlements since their refuse is not collected through the established channels. The CBOs should carry out a massive sensitization, and where necessary should involve the local administration to try and get all households involved in solid waste management plans. Specific representatives from the CBOs should be charged with the responsibility of collection of the monthly fees from the residents. These persons should be introduced to the community members in a public baraza, and if possible should have a special badge for identification. All payments made must be issued with an official receipt for accountability purposes. Payments should be done preferably at the beginning of every month, or as agreed upon by individual households. iii. Collection and transportation plan The consultant proposes the use of plastic waste paper bags which will be provided to each household in the three settlements. CBO teams will collect the waste bags from each household on agreed days of the week, and transport them to the transfer stations. CBOs will use non-motorised transportation means such as hand carts and wheelbarrows in view of the narrow roads in some sections of the settlements. This type of equipment could be provided by the county government who will be in charge of the overall supervision of the solid waste management plan. Transportation from the transfer station to the final dump site will be the responsibility of the County
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, CPCS Ref: 12359 Mombasa and Kitui Counties
government since they already have the transportation facilities. The CBOs will need to align their solid waste collection with the existing County waste collection programme, so that wastes do not stay for long at the transfer stations leading to decomposition and foul smell. There is a need for the CBOs to forge a good working relationship with the County government so that each party clearly understands their mandate and their boundaries of operation, to ensure that solid waste service provision is efficient and adequate.
7.2.3 Road, River Crossing Structure and Drainage It is proposed that Mosquito settlement be improved and roads upgraded. The proposed improvements include: 1. Construction of 2,395m length of road with a carriage width of `3m to bitumen standards. 2. Construction of foot path of 1.2m width to bitumen standards on specified sides of the road. 3. Lined closed drainage structures consisting of pipe culverts and slotted drains will be constructed on specified sides of the roads. 4. River Crossing Structures: Box culvert 2m X 2m with a length of 8m 5. 2 No pedestrian crossing steel bridges with a span of 10m and width of 2m 7.2.4 Street and Security Lights It is proposed to construct 2 No. high mast security lighting in the settlement. Each Flood Mast will consist of 30 m high steel tower complete with a lockable electrical control switchgear and power meter chamber and 2500mm by 2500mm concrete foundation. Radius of illumination is 150m. 7.2.5 Recreational Park It is proposed that the existing riparian reserve in Mosquito covering an area of approximately 17,000m² be restored to create a recreational park.
7.3 Justification of the Proposed Infrastructure Projects in Mosquito 7.3.1 Social and Environmental Justification of Infrastructure Projects in Mosquito
Water Supply Water supply is unreliable in the settlement, just as in many other parts of Kitui Town and some residents have settled on shallow wells for domestic and commercial water supply. If the project is not developed the likely outcome will be: Health hazard, from use of contaminated shallow well water; Increased health care use from use of poor quality water; Wastage of water from spillage from the poor quality water pipes, this also leads to a small degree or soil erosion; Loss of productive time in fetching water;
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, CPCS Ref: 12359 Mombasa and Kitui Counties
Low quality of life in the settlement The proposed options are similar to those proposed for Kunda Kindu the summary of social and environmental feasibility for the preferred water supply system is presented in Table 6-2
Sewerage and Sanitation Kaango/Mosquito, like the rest of Kitui town, has no sewerage system in place. Residents rely on septic tanks, pit latrines. From the field visit the lack of proper sewerage and sanitation system has led to environmental degradation in the settlement and especially on the seasonal stream. No project intervention would lead to the following outcome: Further pollution of the seasonal stream; Unhygienic playing spaces for children Ground water pollution The proposed options are similar to those proposed for Kunda Kindu the summary of environmental feasibility for the preferred sewerage system is presented in Table 6-3.
Solid Waste Management Solid waste management in the settlement is wanting. There are no designated solid waste collection points in the settlement. During the field visit heaps of uncollected solid wastes were spotted in the settlement. If the project is not developed the likely outcome will be: Proliferation of diseases; Continued pollution of the stream; Pollution of the soil and ground water; Blockage of drainage system by uncollected solid waste posing a danger of water borne diseases. The proposed options are similar to those proposed for Kunda Kindu the summary of social and environmental feasibility for the preferred solid waste management is presented in Table 6-4.
Roads and Drainage The settlement has dusty roads and has some cases of encroachment. If no project intervention is done, this could lead to: continued encroachment on the road reserve; Higher chances of contracting diseases from the dusty roads; Low income from the developments due to poor access; Poor drainage, posing the danger of communicable diseases and danger of physical injury. Also leading to soil erosion. The proposed options are similar to those proposed for Kunda Kindu the summary of social and environmental feasibility for the preferred solid waste management is presented in Table 6-4.
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, CPCS Ref: 12359 Mombasa and Kitui Counties
Street Lighting There is currently no street and security lighting in the settlement. The impacts of these are minimum on the environment. The likely impacts of the project include: Dusty roads may be unsuitable for solar street lighting equipment; Bright street lights and high mast security lighting (Mulika Mwizi) may result in interruption of sleep by the residents
Recreational Park The proposed intervention is that one of cleaning up the river and landscaping. With no project intervention the riparian reserve in Kaango/Mosquito would continue to be highly polluted and un-used by the residents. The proposed intervention is likely to have the following environmental impacts: Cleaning up the stream; Reduction of pollution in the river as the residents will have a sense of ownership; Improvement of flora and fauna; Provision of recreational grounds in the residents; and Minimize the chances of land grabbing at the riparian reserve.
Pedestrian Crossing/Foot Bridge Residents currently have no foot bridge to connect Kaango/Mosquito and Kunda Kindu Settlements. It is proposed to construct a footbridge and box culvert at the stream to connect the two settlements. The likely environmental impacts include: Improved safety crossing the stream If no proper measures are taken for solid waste management, the box culvert could easily get blocked. This would interfere with the water flow at the stream and pose a health hazard from water borne diseases. It would also interfere with flora and fauna at the stream. Overall the footbridge will have positive impacts on the environment. Table 7-1: Social justification for proposed footbridge and recreational park
Infrastructure option Social justification Foot bridge Foot bridge will reduce the travel time of school going children and therefore increase their disposable time for studies; It will also reduce time spent by residents going round to the crossing area, thereby increasing their disposable time. Improve safety Recreation park The park constructed along the riparian area will promote the gains of solid waste management Improve health and hygiene and reduce occurrence of water, vector and air borne diseases. Also it will open up the area which is currently considered insecure especially at night
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, CPCS Ref: 12359 Mombasa and Kitui Counties
7.3.2 Preferred Infrastructure Projects in Mosquito/Kaango The preferred infrastructure projects analyzed the preferred options for development are as follows: Extension of the newly laid water distribution system to replace the existing distribution system Individual connection for approved households Extension of the newly laid sewer pipelines system and provide individual household connection points (manholes adjacent to the houses) Solid Waste Management System through community sensitization and training to encourage recycling and re-use, formation of community based organizations (CBOs) and clean up exercises Upgrading of identified roads in accordance to the Physical Development Plan (PDP) The justification of the preferred infrastructure projects is similar to those summarized for Kunda Kindu Settlement in Section 6-176.3.3
Economic Justification of Proposed Infrastructure Service Investments The proposed infrastructure has been subjected to economic analysis in order to determine whether or not it is economically justified. This analysis falls into three main parts. The first is a qualitative analysis of the economic costs and benefits of each type of infrastructure that has been proposed. The purpose of this type of analysis is to give insight into the main costs and benefits of infrastructure provision, with and without the project. No quantitative test is applied as to whether or not the infrastructure is justified. Secondly, a cost-effectiveness analysis of each type of infrastructure is conducted. In this analysis, the capital cost of provision per person, or unit cost, is calculated. This comparison gives a rough idea as to whether or not the costs of the proposed infrastructure are “reasonable” relative to unit costs for the other settlements. This is a rough and ready method for examining the cost-effectiveness of the proposed infrastructure. Thirdly, a cost-benefit analysis is conducted of all the infrastructure proposed for Mosquito. The aim is to compute the benefit/cost ratio (BCR), a metric that allows one to determine whether or not the infrastructure is economically justified. If the BCR is greater than 1 (one), the investment is economically justified. The cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit analyses, and a detailed cost-benefit methodology, are set out in the Final Settlement Upgrading Plan Report, submitted separately. The qualitative economic analysis is presented in the Table 7-2 below.
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
Table 7-2: Economic Justification of Proposed Infrastructure Service Investments in Mosquito
Infrastructure Economic Impact With Project Without Project Benefits Economic Costs New Water For households without access to piped water, provides an alternative source Capital and operation and Growing scarcity of Supply of potable supply with no up-front payment or connection fee except for those maintenance costs good quality water eligible for direct connections immediately System Continued wastage of Savings in cost of water for those with direct connections time and resources on Reduction in the number of episodes of diarrhoea as well as water-borne fetching water diseases and therefore savings in health costs and higher labour productivity Possibility of A new system will help to weed out any illegal connections within the system increasing health care Zoning, including zonal water meters, will enable monitoring of water use costs due to lack of trends in the settlement as a way of controlling non-revenue water. supply of quality If realistic pricing (tariffs) is used, this will encourage financial self-sufficiency water A new distribution system complete with as-built drawings will give the utility Continued loss of company an updated layout of the entire distribution system productivity due to Improved property values time spent fetching water Low quality life Solid waste Improved health Residents will have will have Although the management Relatively low cost to play a part in settlement is Potential for recycling maintenance and operation mostly well Mainstreaming of solid waste collection by CBOs and job opportunities in of the system organized and settlement garbage collection Would have to be cleaner compared Clean living environment and a more appealing settlement adequately managed to the other two Potential uncontrolled settlements this dumpsites could change if no waste management system is put in place Street and Safer movement of person at night Capital and maintenance Poor lighting at security Reduction in theft as thieves cannot hide under cover of darkness costs night leading to Stray voltage can unsafe
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
lighting Longer business hours accidentally electrify environment Prevention of accidents at night lampposts Reduced possibility of crashes and fatalities, especially those involving Physical dangers if children pedestrians climb up poles for Improved property values recreational purposes Improved Improved storm water drainage Capital and maintenance Poor access to the Roads and Better roads means safer travel, which results in less accidents (and costs settlement drainage associated reduction in costs) Noise pollution from vehicles Low quality roads Reduced vehicle maintenance costs and reduced fuel usage Increased number of Health hazard Quicker access and travel through better roads leads o time savings (and vehicles and option to drive caused by higher productivity) faster on the road may lead stagnant water Less dust and improved quality of life to increased accidents Continued poor Improved access to the settlement (which can save lives if an ambulance Poor maintenance of drainage system has to quickly get to an individual) drainage systems can lead to Increased economic development opportunities spread of diseases Improved access to resources, employee bases, markets, and customers Improved property values
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, CPCS Ref: 12359 Mombasa and Kitui Counties
7.4 Impact Assessment of the Proposed Project Alternatives Table 7-3 below summarizes the anticipated environmental and social impacts of the infrastructure service projects proposed for implementation in Mosquito.
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
Table 7-3: Identification of the Environmental and Social Impacts and Mitigation Measures in Mosquito Settlement
Description
Within and Outside Mosquito/Kaango Settlement
Environmental Current Situation Project Specific Impacts Mitigation Measures aspect 1. Physical Environment 1.1 Climate Hot and dry climatic conditions with two Potential infrastructure projects are None rainy seasons between March and May and unlikely to cause impacts on the between October and December climate 1.2 Air quality 1.2.1 Dust Primary road is paved. Internal roads are There is a possibility of slight to Construction site management to involve unpaved and dust is produced during dry modest increase of dust during the sprinkling water on roads season which has negative impacts on the construction phase for roads but it Additional measures e.g. barriers to control residents’ health will decrease once the proposed dust at sensitive receptacles e.g. schools, roads are upgraded to improved hospitals, open water sources etc. surface standards
1.2.2 Exhaust gases Primary road is busy with vehicular traffic, thus There is a possibility of slight Machines and vehicles to be maintained in from traffic and emission of smoke increase of exhaust gases during good working order in the construction industries No large industries in the neighbourhood but the construction of any of the phase small wood work and welding workshops exist project components Machines and vehicles should be parked within the settlement and serviced away from sensitive receptacles e.g. schools and hospitals 1.2.3 Cooking fires Negative impacts on households using various No project components None (indoor pollution) fuels for cooking such as firewood, charcoal and currently selected that have an paraffin impact on such fuel sources or use of energy in general 1.2.4 Smell from Solid waste is currently disposed of outside Solid waste currently posing a Transfer station to be cleared of solid waste Solid Waste residents’ houses and on undeveloped plots significant negative impact to twice weekly and high levels of cleanliness
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
Description
Within and Outside Mosquito/Kaango Settlement
Environmental Current Situation Project Specific Impacts Mitigation Measures aspect Residents have dug pits for disposal of solid the densely populated maintained waste settlement. Construction waste to be safely disposed Town of Kitui is generally clean and urban-wide Solid waste collection will be of in county dump site solid waste disposal site exists at Kalundu significantly improved with the Involvement of local CBOs for collection and provision of the proposed manning the transfer stations. collection bins, which is a County Government to ensure: potential positive impact. i) that the waste collection areas are zoned; Potential pollution from j) timely and regular collection of all solid wastes either through door to door construction waste collection or from centralized collection points; k) waste collection facilities such as skips, bulk containers and waste cubicles are regularly emptied and do not become eye-sores; l) there is a designated site(s) for waste disposal m) that the disposal site is secured with a fence and a gate manned to control dumping and spread of waste outside the disposal site. n) motorable roads inside the site to ensure ease of access during disposal; o) the waste is spread, covered and compacted at regular intervals p) appropriate control measures for the management of dumpsite fires 1.3 Noise Noise not currently perceived as a problem Some noise may be caused by Machines to be maintained in good working
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
Description
Within and Outside Mosquito/Kaango Settlement
Environmental Current Situation Project Specific Impacts Mitigation Measures aspect apart from plots close to major spine roads in potential projects’ construction order and statutory standards to be met in the comparison with the EHS guidelines on noise activities as well as from the construction phase for : increase in traffic due to Personal protection equipment to be improved road network. Slight provided to workers exposed to noise c) Residential/institutional/educational negative impact. during construction areas- 55dB (daytime) and 45dB (night Work will be restricted within working time). d) Commercial areas- 70dB (day and night hours times). Special provisions made in areas around schools and other community service infrastructure to minimize disturbance as per the Noise regulations. 1.4 Water Storm Water – tertiary and secondary drainage Proposed secondary storm Mitigation measures will be required. See system is undeveloped at settlement level sections below for the specific mitigation Drinking Water – limited piped water and water water drainage along with roads measures during the construction and operation phase from shallow wells to collect tertiary storm water at Waste Water – no infrastructure provided but plot/unit level – positive impact residents use pit latrines and septic tanks
Proposed water supply project component to improve potable water at household level – positive impact Proposed sewer lines to improve sanitation and waste water disposal at household level – positive impact
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
Description
Within and Outside Mosquito/Kaango Settlement
Environmental Current Situation Project Specific Impacts Mitigation Measures aspect 1.4.1 Surface and Settlement topographical character has gentle By improving the management During the construction phase potentially Ground Water slope of secondary and tertiary storm harmful toxic products to be suitably stored to Flooding has notable negative impacts on water drainage system, reduce risk of contamination to ground water houses located in the lower areas of settlement potential project components Tertiary and secondary storm water Stagnating pools of water are breeding grounds will have an overall positive drainage system to be linked up to the for mosquitoes and other water-related impact on the resident town-wide storm water drainage system diseases during the operation phase Solid waste disposed of in the open spaces is population Trenches for water lines should be clearly prone to mixing with storm water run-off which Mitigation measures to be eventually ends up in the nearby stream considered for the potential flagged, fenced, and covered either Dense settlement without infrastructure leads increase in the pollution load by temporarily or as backfilled as quickly as to increased pollution and low quality of life the receiving environment/river possible to avoid potential accidents. from construction works of the Proper traffic signage for traffic control drainage systems and safety during trenching and laying of pipes Community education and awareness on efficient water use and maintenance of infrastructure. Take measures to minimize negative impacts of cost increases from paying for services such as water/wastewater/solid waste especially for the vulnerable. Take special measures to prevent pollution of surface and ground water 1.4.2 Waste water Shallow pit latrines have propensity to Proposed sewerage project Appropriate Mitigation measures to be contaminate surface and ground water. components selected will developed for anticipated impacts from
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
Description
Within and Outside Mosquito/Kaango Settlement
Environmental Current Situation Project Specific Impacts Mitigation Measures aspect Proximity of pit latrines and shallow water wells improve sanitation and the contractor’s waste water management during may result in cross-contamination management of waste water at construction. Black cotton soils not compatible with pit household and settlement levels Trenches for waste water lines should be latrines which become water logged which has positive impacts on clearly flagged, fenced, and covered either Plots are developed upto 70 % ground coverage the resident population temporarily or as backfilled as quickly as leaving very little space for pit latrines or possible to avoid potential accidents. disposal of liquid waste Potential pollution from contractor’s waste water Proper traffic signage for traffic control Where solid waste is disposed in open spaces there is propensity of pollution of run-off storm and safety during trenching and laying of water and surface water pipes Community education and awareness on waste water management, basic hygiene and maintenance of infrastructure. Take measures to minimize negative impacts of cost increases from paying for services such as water/wastewater/solid waste especially for the vulnerable. 2. Natural (biological) environment 2.1 Vegetation and Settlement is not a natural habitat Potential project components to Residents to be involved in re-planting flora Limited natural vegetation cover, mainly fruit be responsive to vegetation adequate ground cover with grass, shrubs and trees and flower beds present. Slight negative impact. tree cover Reeds and riparian vegetation near stream Potential project components to be responsive to natural vegetation present
2.2 Terrestrial Settlement is not a habitat for wildlife No impact by potential project None fauna components
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
Description
Within and Outside Mosquito/Kaango Settlement
Environmental Current Situation Project Specific Impacts Mitigation Measures aspect 2.3 Aquatic fauna Settlement is not a habitat for aquatic fauna No impact by potential project None components
3. Human Environment 3.1 Resettlement The settlement is largely highly densely Potential negative impacts on Unavoidable resettlement mitigation populated and building density is high as well resident population with measures are specified in the abbreviated Residents living in precarious living conditions in residential structures along the RAP the lower sections of the settlement along the riparian reserve and those who riparian reserve which is prone to flooding and have encroached on roads their shallow wells are a health hazard Residents have encroached on road reserves and other wayleaves
The creation of a recreation park along the riparian reserve will improve quality of life of the residents and significantly reduce the vulnerabilities of residents to flooding and other health related problems
3.2 Local economy Unemployment is high among the youth and the Project components to integrate Tendering documents to include contractor’s lower income bracket of the population in the training and skills transfer to the obligation to hire local human labour as part of active working age cohorts youth and the active working income generation during the construction phase
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
Description
Within and Outside Mosquito/Kaango Settlement
Environmental Current Situation Project Specific Impacts Mitigation Measures aspect Water vendors operate water kiosks as an age cohorts. Positive impact. entrepreneurial economic activity Project components to consider Servicing, emptying and cleaning pit latrines is employment and income High priority to be accorded to local an entrepreneurial economic activity as well generating aspects during and residents for permanent jobs during Public-paying toilet not present but could be after construction for the construction and operation and maintenance useful as an entrepreneurial economic activity benefit of the youth and the of all infrastructure project components active working age cohorts. Positive impact. Overall project components need to aim to have direct and indirect positive impacts in improving the socio-economic conditions of the residents 3.3 Infrastructure Infrastructure services namely storm water Potential project components Potential short-term negative impacts with Services drainage, waste water, street lights, fresh including roads and storm water long-term gains to residents drinking water, generally inadequate drainage infrastructure upgrading, Recreation Park, potable water and Residents/local community to be communicated to during the construction waste water sewer lines, security phase by contractor lighting, street lights and solid
waste management system will For the sustainability of the projects have overall improvement in the residents to be involved through training on quality of life and general the operation and maintenance of all project community life of the resident components population. Positive impact.
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
Description
Within and Outside Mosquito/Kaango Settlement
Environmental Current Situation Project Specific Impacts Mitigation Measures aspect Potential disruption of access to property and interference with access to services during the construction phase
3.4 Health Poor solid waste disposal, proximity of shallow The recreation park on the riparian All potential negative impacts from dust, water wells to pit latrines and flooding have reserve will significantly reduce noise and road accidents to be minimized during potential for health risks to resident population flooding, manage storm water the construction phase Malarial diseases are a high risk in the drainage system and eliminate Employ skilled and trained workers and settlement. Eliminating the risks of flooding and provide all construction workers with personal propensity for stagnant pools of stagnant pools of water and mosquito-breeding protection equipment and training on grounds are basic ways to improve residents’ water, thus reducing the risk of construction site safety procedures health malarial, sanitary and water related Enforce occupational health and safety Risks of pest and insect related and water- diseases. Positive impact. standards related diseases such as cholera, diarrhea, Have adequate worker insurance cover typhoid and malaria are high in the settlement. Improving sanitation and general hygiene are basic ways to improve residents’ health 3.5 Worker and Risks of conflicts between the contractor, Potential negative impact. Apply the World bank EH&S general Community Health workers, and the community guidelines and Safety Risks to community safety and security during Set up and operationalize Grievance Redress construction and after Mechanisms (GRMs) with community representation. Regular community meetings to evaluate progress Community sensitization on safety and security Develop and enforce a code of conduct for
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
Description
Within and Outside Mosquito/Kaango Settlement
Environmental Current Situation Project Specific Impacts Mitigation Measures aspect construction workers Proper and visible signage Establishment and training of safety committee at the work place Training of all workers on safety before deployment Safety procedures posted on notice boards A dedicated officer on safety issues Regular safety reports and remedial actions taken by the contractor to the RE and client Safety issues / incidents to be discussed in the site meetings and remedial measures taken Ensure no worker is under the influence of alcohol or any other intoxicating substances that interfere with judgment.
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, CPCS Ref: 12359 Mombasa and Kitui Counties
8Mjini
This chapter presents the environmental and social impact assessments of the proposed infrastructure upgrading projects in Mjini Settlement in Kitui.
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, CPCS Ref: 12359 Mombasa and Kitui Counties
8.1 The Settlement Mjini informal settlement has an approximate population of 2,000 people. The settlement covers approximately 4 ha. and it is characterized by rows of housing structures most of which are constructed of bricks or earth and wattle. The settlement was one of the first to be established in the town and hosts a number of institutions and offices, for example, the Muslim primary school, a mosque and the assistant chief’s office. Residents are largely small- scale business operators.
8.1.1 The Physical Characteristics Mjini is a U-shaped small settlement sandwiched by bitumen roads on all sides. The soil is well drained with the land sloping at 2% in the North–East to South–West direction. The settlement is mostly well organized and is cleaner than the other two settlements Figure 8-1: Neat rows of streets and wastewater disposal on the streets in Mjini
c S Source: CPCS, July 2014
8.2 Analysis of Proposed Infrastructure Project Alternatives The proposed infrastructure project alternatives are presented in the Settlement Upgrading Plan Report and the detailed designs are presented in Annex 1: Book of Drawings of the same report which has been submitted parallel to this report. 8.2.1 Water and Sewerage System Mjini is currently undergoing an expansion of the existing water supply and sewerage system. The preferred option is to carry out an upgrading of the old system and connect residents’ dwellings that are not connected to the water supply system. The water and sewerage system design components are as follows:
1. Construction of water supply distribution pipelines of lengths as follows: DN90mm HDPE (900m), DN50mm HDPE (180m), and DN40mm HDPE (400m);
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, CPCS Ref: 12359 Mombasa and Kitui Counties
2. Installation of bulk water meters, air valves, wash outs and sluice valves of various sizes, complete with bulk meter and valve chambers; 3. Installation of 330 No. individual consumer water connections consisting of water meters and meter boxes; 4. GMS service pipelines for individual consumer connections of lengths as follows: DN 25mm (1390m) and DN 15mm (650m); 5. Construction of a total length of 700m of DN160mm uPVC sewer pipelines; 6. Construction of 330 No. individual sewer connection points for individual households, consisting of DN 100mm uPVC service sewer lines and sewer connection chambers. 8.2.2 Solid Waste Management It is proposed that a comprehensive system be put in place to ensure solid waste is collected within the settlement and collected by the County Government for final disposal. i. Recycling and Reuse In the initial stages of the project recycling of wastes is proposed to be carried out by the CBOs who will be collecting the waste from the residential places and transferring it to the temporary holding yards, from where they will sort out the wastes into recyclable and non-recyclable wastes. However, it is expected that the community members will be sensitised with time in order to carry out wastes segregation at the household level. The CBOs will provide them with two types of plastic bags, properly labelled, one for recyclables and the other for non-recyclables. Several CBOs involved in recycling could unite to form a cooperative society that helps in seeking for good markets for their recyclables. Such recyclables will include plastics, paper, glass and metallic wastes. ii. Payment for refuse collection services The amount of fees charged per household for refuse collection should be agreed upon after consultations with all stakeholders, including the residents, the County Government, local administration and the CBOs. It is important that all households are involved in solid waste management plans, since every household contributes to solid waste generation. In most cases those who do not get involved in community waste management plans are the ones who establish illegal dumpsites in the settlements since their refuse is not collected through the established channels. The CBOs should carry out a massive sensitization, and where necessary should involve the local administration to try and get all households involved in solid waste management plans. Specific representatives from the CBOs should be charged with the responsibility of collection of the monthly fees from the residents. These persons should be introduced to the community members in a public baraza, and if possible should have a special badge for identification. All payments made must be issued with an official receipt for accountability purposes. Payments should be done preferably at the beginning of every month, or as agreed upon by individual households.
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, CPCS Ref: 12359 Mombasa and Kitui Counties
iii. Collection and transportation plan The consultant proposes the use of plastic waste paper bags which will be provided to each household in the three settlements. CBO teams will collect the waste bags from each household on agreed days of the week, and transport them to the transfer stations. CBOs will use non-motorised transportation means such as hand carts and wheelbarrows in view of the narrow roads in some sections of the settlements. This type of equipment could be provided by the county government who will be in charge of the overall supervision of the solid waste management plan. Transportation from the transfer station to the final dump site will be the responsibility of the County government since they already have the transportation facilities. The CBOs will need to align their solid waste collection with the existing County waste collection programme, so that wastes do not stay for long at the transfer stations leading to decomposition and foul smell. There is a need for the CBOs to forge a good working relationship with the County government so that each party clearly understands their mandate and their boundaries of operation, to ensure that solid waste service provision is efficient and adequate.
8.2.3 Road and Drainage Mjini has relatively good access from two bitumen roads. The existing drainage system is poor and there are a few cases of encroachment on the road reserves. The proposed infrastructure improvements are as follows:- 1. Construction of 1,388m footpath with a carriage width of 3m to bitumen standards. 2. Lined closed drainage structures consisting of pipe culverts and slotted drains will be constructed on specified sides of the roads. 8.2.4 High Mast Security It is proposed that 2 No. High Mast Security Mast Lights be constructed in Mjini. Each Flood Mast will consist of 30 m high steel tower complete with a lockable electrical control switchgear and power meter chamber and 2500mm by 2500mm concrete foundation. Radius of illumination is 150m. One of the security lights is proposed in the Muslim Primary School where it will illuminate the school and part of the settlement. No negative impact is anticipated during the operation as the light will be used at night while students are away. During construction, the students are likely to face disturbances from the use of heavy machinery. It is therefore proposed that the light be constructed on weekends or during school holidays while students are away
8.3 Justification of the Proposed Infrastructure Projects in Mjini 8.3.1 Social and Environmental Justification of the Proposed Infrastructure Projects
Water Supply Mjini settlement has a relatively higher number of residents with individual or compound water supply from KITWASCO. During the socio-economic survey 60% of the respondents reported to have in-house and/or compound tap. The preferred
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, CPCS Ref: 12359 Mombasa and Kitui Counties
water supply option and social feasibility are similar to those proposed for Kunda Kindu and are summarized in Table 6-2. Sewerage During the socio-economic survey it was reported that 32% of the households use flush toilets that drain into septic tanks and soak-away pits, while majority (59%) use pit latrines. The preferred sewerage option and social feasibility are similar to those proposed for Kunda Kindu and are summarized in Table 6-3.
Solid Waste Management 51% of the population in Mjini have access to the county collection system of the solid waste but a significant 35.6% dump their waste in their neighbourhood. Solid waste in the settlement has led to blocked drains especially during the rainy season. This is also a breeding site for mosquitos and a major cause of vector as well as air borne diseases. The gains from improved roads and a drainage system could be reversed by the lack of a proper solid waste management system. Effective solid waste management will lessen the prevalence of malaria and improve the health of the population. See Table 6-4 for a summary of the preferred option and social feasibility.
Roads and drainage An improved road network is a key infrastructure investment for the community. 51% of the population operate businesses in the settlement and opening up the road network will improve access and improve other services such as public transport, firefighting, garbage collection and ambulance services. This intervention will also expand business opportunities along the roads due to increased access. N effective drainage system will reduce the risks of flooding and improve the quality of life. See Table 6-5 for a summary of the preferred option and social feasibility.
Street Lighting and High Mast Security Lighting During community consultation the residents cited insecurity as a problem in the settlement. The women emphasised the need to illuminate the settlement to ensure security at night as residents return home from their places of work. Overall the installation of street lighting and high security lights will improve the social wellbeing of the community. Well-lit streets will enhance security and lead to longer business hours. 8.3.2 Economic Justification of Proposed Infrastructure Service Investments The proposed infrastructure has been subjected to economic analysis in order to determine whether or not it is economically justified. This analysis falls into three main parts. The first is a qualitative analysis of the economic costs and benefits of each type of infrastructure that has been proposed. The purpose of this type of analysis is to give insights into the main costs and benefits of infrastructure provision, with and without the project. No quantitative test is applied as to whether or not the infrastructure is justified. Secondly, a cost-effectiveness analysis of each type of infrastructure is conducted. In this analysis, the capital cost of provision per person, or unit cost, is calculated. This comparison gives a rough idea as to whether or not the costs of the proposed infrastructure are “reasonable” relative to unit costs for the other settlements. This is a rough and ready method for examining the cost-effectiveness of the proposed infrastructure.
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, CPCS Ref: 12359 Mombasa and Kitui Counties
Thirdly, a cost-benefit analysis is conducted for all the infrastructure projects proposed for Mjini. The aim is to compute the benefit/cost ratio (BCR), a metric that allows one to determine whether or not the infrastructure is economically justified. If the BCR is greater than 1 (one), the investment is economically justified. The cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit analyses, and a detailed cost-benefit methodology, are set out in the Final Settlement Upgrading Plan Report, submitted separately. The qualitative economic analysis is presented in Table 8-1 below.
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
Table 8-1: Economic Justification of Proposed Infrastructure Projects in Mjini
Infrastructure Economic Impact With Project Without Project Benefits Economic Costs New Water Supply For households without access to piped water, Capital and operation and maintenance Growing scarcity of good System the system provides an alternative source of costs quality water potable supply with no up-front payment or Continued wastage of time connection fee except for those eligible for and resources on fetching direct connections immediately water Savings in cost of water for those with direct Possibility of increasing connections health care costs due to lack Reduction in the number of episodes of of supply of quality water diarrhoea as well as water-borne diseases and Continued loss of therefore savings in health costs and higher productivity due to time labour productivity spent fetching water A new system will help to weed out any illegal Low quality of life connections within the system Zoning, including zonal water meters, will enable monitoring of water use trends in the settlement as a way of controlling non- revenue water. If realistic pricing (tariffs) is used, this will encourage financial self-sufficiency A new distribution system complete with as- built drawings will give the utility company an updated layout of the entire distribution system Improved property values Solid waste Improved health Residents will have will have to play Although the settlement management Relatively low cost a part in maintenance and operation is mostly well organized Potential for recycling of the system and cleaner compared Mainstreaming of solid waste collection by Would have to be adequately to the other two CBOs and job opportunities in settlement managed settlements this could change if no waste
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
garbage collection Potential uncontrolled dumpsites management system is Clean living environment and a more put in place appealing settlement High Flood Mast Safer movement of persons at night Capital and maintenance costs Poor lighting at night security lighting Reduction in theft as thieves cannot hide Stray voltage can accidentally leading to unsafe under cover of darkness electrify lampposts environment Longer business hours Physical dangers if children climb up Prevention of accidents at night poles for recreational purposes Improved property values Improved Roads Improved storm water drainage Capital and maintenance costs Poor access to the and drainage Better roads means safer travel, which Noise pollution from vehicles settlement results in less accidents (and associated Increased number of vehicles and Low quality roads reduction in costs) option to drive faster on the road Health hazard caused by Reduced vehicle maintenance costs and may lead to increased accidents stagnant water reduced fuel usage Poor maintenance of drainage Continued poor Quicker access and travel through better systems can lead to spread of drainage system roads leads to time savings (and higher diseases productivity) Less dust and improved quality of life Improved access to the settlement (which can save lives if an ambulance has to quickly get to an individual) Increased economic development opportunities Improved access to resources, employee bases, markets, and customers Improved property values
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, CPCS Ref: 12359 Mombasa and Kitui Counties
8.3.3 Preferred Infrastructure Projects in Mjini The preferred infrastructure projects analyzed the preferred options for development are as follows: Extension of the newly laid water distribution system to replace the existing distribution system Individual connection for approved households Extension of the newly laid sewer pipelines system and provide individual household connection points (manholes adjacent to the houses) Solid Waste Management System through community sensitization and training to encourage recycling and re-use, formation of community based organizations (CBOs) and clean up exercises Upgrading of identified roads in accordance to the Physical Development Plan (PDP) The justification of the preferred infrastructure projects is similar to those summarized for Kunda Kindu Settlement in Section 6-176.3.3
8.4 Impact Assessment of the Proposed Project Alternatives The anticipated negative and positive impacts of the projects are expected to be minor during the construction phase and very few to none during the operational phase. These are summarized in Table 8-2 below.
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
Table 8-2: Identification of Environmental and Social Impacts and Mitigation Measures in Mjini Settlement
Description
Within and Outside Mjini Settlement
Environmental Current Situation Project Specific Impacts Mitigation Measures aspect 1. Physical Environment 1.1 Climate Hot and dry climatic conditions Potential infrastructure projects are None with two rainy seasons between unlikely to cause impacts on the climate. March and May and between Neutral impact. October and December 1.2 Air quality 1.2.1 Dust All internal roads are unpaved and There is a possibility of slight increase of Contractor to water the roads during dust is produced during dry season dust during the construction phase for construction which has negative impacts on the roads but it will decrease once the Additional measures e.g. barriers to control dust residents’ health proposed roads are upgraded to at sensitive receptacles e.g. schools, hospitals, improved surface standards. Slight open water sources etc. negative impact.
1.2.2 Exhaust gases There are many ‘boda boda’ motor There is a possibility of slight increase Machines and vehicles to be maintained in from traffic and bikes which are major polluting of exhaust gases during the good working order in the construction sources for exhaust fumes industries construction of any of the project Machines and vehicles should be parked and components. Slight negative impact. serviced away from sensitive receptacles e.g. schools and hospitals 1.2.3 Cooking fires Negative impacts on households No project components currently None (indoor pollution) using various fuels for cooking such as selected that have an impact on fuel firewood, charcoal and paraffin use or use of energy in general There are few users of electricity and gas 1.2.4 Smell from Residents commonly dump solid Solid waste currently posing a Transfer station to be cleared of solid waste twice Solid Waste waste along access roads significant negative impact to the weekly and high levels of cleanliness
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
Main dump site is at the edge of the densely populated settlement. maintained settlement Proposed provision of mobile Construction waste to be safely disposed of collection bins will significantly in county dump site reduce solid waste management Involvement of local CBOs for collection and problems. Positive impact. manning the transfer stations. Solid waste collection bins have County Government to ensure: potential of becoming mini-dumpsites q) that the waste collection areas are zoned; if waste collection system is r) timely and regular collection of all solid wastes dysfunctional. Slight negative impact either through door to door collection or from centralized collection points; Potential pollution from construction s) waste collection facilities such as skips, bulk waste containers and waste cubicles are regularly emptied and do not become eye-sores; t) there is a designated site(s) for waste disposal u) that the disposal site is secured with a fence and a gate manned to control dumping and spread of waste outside the disposal site. v) motorable roads inside the site to ensure ease of access during disposal; w) the waste is spread, covered and compacted at regular intervals x) appropriate control measures for the management of dumpsite fires 1.3 Noise Noise currently perceived as a Some noise may be caused by Machines to be maintained in good working order problem from the “boda boda” motor potential projects’ construction and statutory standards to be met in the bikes activities. Slight negative impact. construction phase However there is a buffer of 80-100m Personal protection equipment to be from the bus terminus and main road provided to workers exposed to noise during construction Work will be restricted within working hours Special provisions made in areas around schools and other community service infrastructure to minimize disturbance as
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
per the Noise regulations. 1.4 Water Storm Water – main road has a Proposed secondary storm Mitigation measures will be required. See developed secondary drainage system sections below for the specific mitigation Drinking Water – KITWASCO supplies water drainage along with roads to measures during the construction and drinking water and there are water collect tertiary storm water at operation phase wells also plot/unit level – positive impact Waste Water – no sewer infrastructure provided Proposed water supply project component to improve potable water at household level – positive impact Proposed sewer lines to improve sanitation and waste water disposal at household level – positive impact 1.4.1 Surface and Settlement topographical character is By improving the management of During the construction phase potentially Ground Water of a gentle slope secondary and tertiary storm water harmful toxic products to be suitably stored to Local flooding is not of much drainage system, potential project reduce risk of contamination to ground water significance components will have an overall The proposed project components secondary Storm water is contaminated with and tertiary storm water drainage systems will be positive impact on the resident waste water from houses. linked to the town-wide storm water drainage population Settlements’ storm water links with system in the operation phase the secondary drainage system along Trenches for water lines should be clearly flagged, the main road fenced, and covered either temporarily or as Stagnating surface water has backfilled as quickly as possible to avoid potential risk of being a breeding potential accidents. ground for mosquitoes Proper traffic signage for traffic control and safety during trenching and laying of pipes Community education and awareness on efficient water use and maintenance of infrastructure. Take measures to minimize negative impacts of cost increases from paying for services such as water/wastewater/solid waste especially for the vulnerable.
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
1.4.2 Waste water Shallow pit latrines have propensity Proposed sewerage project Appropriate Mitigation measures to be to contaminate surface and ground components selected will improve developed for anticipated impacts from water. Proximity of pit latrines and sanitation and the management of contractor’s waste water management during shallow water wells may result in construction. waste water at household and cross-contamination Trenches for waste water lines should be settlement levels which has positive Black cotton soils sometimes cause clearly flagged, fenced, and covered either impacts on the resident population the caving in of pit latrines temporarily or as backfilled as quickly as Where solid waste is disposed of in Potential pollution from construction possible to avoid potential accidents. open spaces there is propensity of waste water pollution of run-off storm water and Proper traffic signage for traffic control and surface water safety during trenching and laying of pipes The dense settlement makes the land Community education and awareness on not open or limited to new pit latrines waste water management, basic hygiene and maintenance of infrastructure. Take measures to minimize negative impacts of cost increases from paying for services such as water/wastewater/solid waste especially for the vulnerable. Take special measures to prevent pollution of surface and ground water
2. Natural (biological) environment 2.1 Vegetation and Settlement is not a natural habitat Potential project components to be Residents to be involved in re-planting adequate flora Few mango fruit trees responsive to vegetation present. ground cover with grass, shrubs and tree cover Patchy grass cover Slight negative impact. Potential project components to be responsive to natural vegetation present
2.2 Terrestrial fauna Settlement is not a habitat for wildlife No impact by potential project None components
2.3 Aquatic fauna Settlement is not a habitat for aquatic No impact by potential project None fauna components
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
3. Human Environment 3.1 Resettlement The settlement can be considered to Potential negative impacts on Efforts to be made to minimize resettlement be high density resident population who have Unavoidable resettlement mitigation measures Poor drainage of waste water may encroached on roads. Low impact are specified in the abbreviated Resettlement cause exposure to diseases Action Plan Report There is notable encroachment on road reserves and streets by hawkers and residential units 3.2 Local economy Unemployment is high among the Project components will integrate Tendering documents to include contractor’s youth and the lower income bracket training and skills transfer to the obligation to hire local human labour as part of of the population in the active youth and the active working age income generation during the construction working age cohorts phase cohorts Water vendors operating water kiosks High priority to be accorded to local residents for as an entrepreneurial economic Project components will consider permanent jobs during construction and activity employment and income generating operation and maintenance of all infrastructure Emptying toilets and garbage are aspects during and after construction project components entrepreneurial economic activities for the benefit of the youth and the Rent increases and expulsion of people due active working age cohorts. Positive to increasing costs should also be monitored impact. and mitigated as feasible. Overall project components will have direct and indirect positive impacts in improving the socio-economic conditions of the residents 3.3 Infrastructure Infrastructure services namely Potential project components including Potential short-term negative impacts with long- Services drainage and solid waste are roads and storm water drainage term gains to residents generally inadequate infrastructure upgrading, potable water Residents/local community to be communicated and waste water sewer lines, security to during the construction phase by contractor For the sustainability of the projects residents to lighting, street lights and solid waste be involved through training on the operation and
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
management system will have overall maintenance of all project components improvement in the quality of life and general community life of the resident population. Positive impact. 3.4 Health Poor solid waste disposal, proximity Project components such as the All potential negative impacts from dust, noise of shallow water wells to pit latrines construction of roads and drainage will and road accidents to be minimized during the and flooding have potential for health reduce flooding, manage storm water construction phase risks to residents drainage system and eliminate Employ skilled and trained workers and provide Malarial diseases are a high risk in the all construction workers with personal protection propensity for stagnant pools water, thus settlement. Eliminating the risks of equipment and training on construction site safety flooding and stagnant pools of water reducing the risk of malarial, sanitary and procedures and mosquito-breeding grounds are water related diseases. Positive impacts. Enforce occupational health and safety basic ways to improve residents’ standards health Have adequate worker insurance cover Risks of water-related diseases such as cholera, diarrhea, typhoid and malaria are high in the settlement. Improving sanitation and general hygiene are basic ways to improve residents’ health 3.5 Worker and Risks of conflicts between the Potential negative impact. Apply the World bank EH&S general guidelines Community Health contractor, workers, and the Set up and operationalize Grievance Redress and Safety community Mechanisms (GRMs) with community Risks to community safety and representation. security during construction and after Regular community meetings to evaluate progress Community sensitization on safety and security Develop and enforce a code of conduct for construction workers Proper and visible signage Establishment and training of safety committee at the work place Training of all workers on safety before deployment
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
Safety procedures posted on notice boards A dedicated officer on safety issues Regular safety reports and remedial actions taken by the contractor to the RE and client Safety issues / incidents to be discussed in the site meetings and remedial measures taken Ensure no worker is under the influence of alcohol or any other intoxicating substances that interfere with judgment.
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, CPCS Ref: 12359 Mombasa and Kitui Counties
9Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plans
This chapter presents the environmental and social impact, the proposed mitigation measures, the responsible party in the Environmental and Social Management Plans and the estimated cost of implementing the ESMPs. Towards the end of the chapter the responsible parties for the monitoring of the ESMPs is laid out.
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, CPCS Ref: 12359 Mombasa and Kitui Counties
9.1 Environmental and Social Mitigation Measures and ESMP 9.1.1 Environmental Impacts during the Construction Phase The selected projects in the settlements have minor negative environmental impacts that will generally manifest themselves during the construction phase. The Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) is based on the settlement upgrading plan and final selected projects derived from the detailed engineering designs. The mitigation measures have been proposed to be implemented during the construction phase. 9.1.2 Socio-economic Impacts and Resettlement
All the three settlements are densely populated and building density is high as well. Residents living in precarious living conditions in the lower sections of the settlements along the riparian reserve which is prone to flooding and their shallow wells are a health hazard. In the three settlements residents have encroached on road reserves and other wayleaves. In all the three settlements there are insignificant negative impacts on resident population with respect to resettlement issues. Any unavoidable resettlement issues are addressed in the abbreviated RAP, which is submitted as a separate report to KISIP. Any anticipated negative impacts while moving those with structures on road reserves will be mitigated. 9.1.3 Responsibilities The responsibilities for the implementation of the mitigation measures are split between KISIP, the project proponent and the main contractor (Tables 8-1 and 8-2). The main contractor will be directly responsible for the implementation of the environmental mitigation measures. The ESMF highlights the generic code of practice that contractors are required to comply with, which is provided in Annex 4. The project proponent will be responsible for overseeing that the projects are implemented according to best practice, regularly monitor the works progress and its compliance with adopted mitigation measures and statutory standards. The key stakeholders involved in the implementation of this ESMP: Ministry of Transport, Infrastructure, Housing and Urban Development (Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Project –KISIP); National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA); Resident Engineer; The County Government; Contractor
The National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) The responsibility of the National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) is to exercise general supervision and co-ordination over all matters relating to the environment and to be the principal instrument of Government in the implementation of all policies relating to the environment and to ensure that all mitigation measures proposed are actually implemented.
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, CPCS Ref: 12359 Mombasa and Kitui Counties
The Resident Engineer and Environmental and Social Officer The Resident Engineer (RE) will be appointed by the client (KISIP) or the Supervising Consultant to oversee the construction programme and construction activities performed by the contractor, in compliance to the EMSP. It is hereby proposed that the RE, have an Environmental and Social Officer (ESO) in its team to co-ordinate all aspects of the environment during the project implementation. The ESO under the RE will be responsible for the following tasks: Ensuring the implementation of the ESMP and where required updating it to cover environmental and social issues not captured during the preparation of the ESIA and ESMP; Auditing environmental and safety issues at the project sites; Participate and oversee the HIV/AIDS awareness and prevention Campaign every three months, during the project implementation phase. The cost will be bore by the Contractor and included in the cost of the project; Participate and oversee the training of community members on safety and health concerns as well as traffic management; Liaise with the NEMA on the level of compliance with the ESMP achieved by the Contractor on a regular basis for the duration of the contract; Preparing quarterly environmental and social progress or “audits” reports on the status of implementation of measures and management of work sites.
The County Government The relevant departmental officers in the County Government of Mombasa should be called upon where necessary during project implementation to provide the necessary permits and advisory services to the project implementers. The County Government will be required to liaise with the SEC to assist in the sensitization campaigns for HIV/AIDs and safety and health.
The Contractor The client will appoint the Contractor and will be required to comply with the requirements of the ESIA/ESMP and other relevant laws, policies and standard specifications such as Standard Specifications for Road Works in Kenya, Environmental Protection and Waste disposal, Borrow Pit and Quarry Acquisition and Exploitation, Landscaping and grassing among others. The provisional cost of implementation of the ESMP is included in the Bill of Quantities.
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
Table 9-1: The ESMP for the Selected Projects in Kitui for the Construction Phase Activity/Task Site-Specific Impacts and Mitigation Measures
Impacts Mitigation Measures Responsibility Cost Timeline
Deployment of Occupational Health Deploy sober qualified staff Contractor Cost Included in During Construction Construction Workers on and Safety concerns for under competent supervision. Contractor Bid Mobilization and Site construction crew and Must provide personal Construction Works others. protection equipment PPEs Risk of accidents – fire, Provide first aid material on road and construction site and instruction in first aid activity to workers. Have emergency phone numbers (ambulance, fire squad) available.
Sanitation concerns for Provide onsite sanitation Contractor Cost Included in During construction crew facilities Contractor Bid Construction Define "code of conduct" for Mobilization and workers. Construction Works Influx of speculative job Include obligation to recruit County No additional Cost During seekers locally in the contracts. Government of Construction Kitui/KISIP No on-the-spot recruiting of Mobilization non-residents
Proliferation of social Local hiring of workers coupled Contractor Cost Included in During concerns (commercial with an awareness-raising Contractor Bid Construction sex, alcohol and drug program Mobilization and abuse, multiple homes, If required, provide transport Construction etc.) for workers from outside to Small concern, since and from worksite. Works construction sites are rather small, no living
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
Activity/Task Site-Specific Impacts and Mitigation Measures
Impacts Mitigation Measures Responsibility Cost Timeline
facilities for workers provided on site. Exposure to HIV/AIDS Local hiring of workers who go Contractor Cost Included in During Construction and other vices home after work coupled with Contractor Bid Mobilization and Small concern, since awareness raising programs. Construction Works construction sites are If required, provide transport rather small, no living for workers facilities for workers provided on site. Material borrowing and Contractor will source N/A Contractor Cost Included in During Construction transport materials from Contractor Bid approved existing
quarries. Impact anticipated is low Storage of fuel oils, Hazards of fire Follow specifications of the Contractor Cost Included in During Construction lubricants, chemicals and outbreak, oil and Occupational Health and Contractor Bid Flammable materials chemical spills. Safety Act, Low impact; storage of EMCA 1999 and others in the major quantities of fuels development and operation of and lubricants onsite is stores. not foreseen. Good maintenance of vehicles and machines for preventing loss of oils. Opening up sites for Disruption of existing N/A Contractor Cost Included in During Construction construction natural vegetation Contractor Bid No concern: all activities in already used/degraded areas, no natural habitats or ecologically sensitive areas to be touched.
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
Activity/Task Site-Specific Impacts and Mitigation Measures
Impacts Mitigation Measures Responsibility Cost Timeline
Excavations and Generation of debris, Disposal as appropriate. Reuse Contractor Cost Included in During Construction demolition activity waste soil and rubble. in civil works, landfills etc. Contractor Bid Only small quantities of Some material might be used material to be disposed locally, e.g. to fill in of will remain. depressions where runoff water accumulates. Operation of plants, Generation of Prior warning to residents Contractor Cost Included in During Construction equipment and big labour nuisances: dust, noise followed by effective Contractor Bid force. and vibrations. management to shorten Impact will generally be period of construction activity. small: no very large Wet curing to control dust. works, short duration, Measures for dust prevention small workforce. will be important. PPE for workers exposed to noise
Maintenance of plant and Generation of waste oil, All repairs in designated Contractor Cost Included in During Construction equipment filters and spare parts garages. Apply Contractor Bid maintenance of the 3Rs principle (Reduce, re- machine /equipment. use and recycle) in waste Potential pollution from management construction machinery Excavation, levelling and Damage to existing Map and zone out all Contractor Cost Included in During Construction general civil works infrastructure (water, infrastructures for Contractor Bid electricity). preservation. Budgetary allocation for replacement.
Proper shoring, worker protection, pedestrian and traffic crossing, covering and
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
Activity/Task Site-Specific Impacts and Mitigation Measures
Impacts Mitigation Measures Responsibility Cost Timeline
filling, etc.
Road transport Risk of accidents Impose strict traffic rules Contractor Cost Included in During Construction especially within (maximum speed to be Contractor Bid settlements where respected) on all drivers. there is usually not Have emergency plan ready in much traffic). case of an accident. Small risk, but with Containment of noisy potentially major operations and limiting consequences construction work to day hours Pollution from only transportation, storage Construction work to take and handling of minimal time possible construction materials General Solid waste Waste (other than Waste must be disposed of Contractor Cost Included in During Construction management surplus material) will be properly, and recycled where Contractor Bid generated on site. feasible. Provide waste bins onsite. Waste Water Waste water generated Contractor to arrange for Management during construction is mobile toilets on site which Contractor Cost Included in During Construction likely to pollute the will be emptied in accordance Contractor Bid ground water to the County Government of Kitui and NEMA regulations
Asphalt, Bitumen and The plant should be situated Poorly stored Asphalt on flat ground; Contractor Cost Included in During Construction Paving and Bitumen could Resident Engineer Contractor Bid Topsoil shall be removed prior result in water and to site establishment and ground pollution stockpiled for later rehabilitation of the site;
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
Activity/Task Site-Specific Impacts and Mitigation Measures
Impacts Mitigation Measures Responsibility Cost Timeline
Bitumen drums / products shall be stored in an area approved by the RE. This area shall be indicated on the construction camp layout plan. The storage area shall have a smooth impermeable (concrete or thick plastic covered in gravel) floor. The floor shall be bunded and sloped towards a sump to contain any spillages of substances; The area shall be covered to prevent rainwater from contacting the areas containing fuels, oils, bitumen etc The plant shall be secured from trespassers and animals through the provision of fencing and a lockable gate to the satisfaction of the Resident Engineer (RE); Materials requiring disposal shall be disposed of at an appropriate waste facility.
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, CPCS Ref: 12359 Mombasa and Kitui Counties
The estimated cost for implementing the ESMP during construction is Kshs. Ten (10,000,000) Million, this has been included in the contractor bidding document. Breakdown of the specific items is included in the Bill of Quantities attached in Annex 6 9.1.4 Environmental and Social Management during the Operation Phase Positive impacts are expected during the operational phase of the projects. Minor negative impacts, if any, are expected during the operational phase of the projects. Possible impacts of the various projects are described briefly below:- Water Supply and Sewerage System: - clean water supply and a waste water sewerage system in the settlement will have positive impacts to the residents of the three settlements of Mjini, Mosquito/Kaango and Kunda Kindu. Residents will spend less time and money getting clean water for domestic use. Roads and Storm Water Drainage Improvements: - obstruction of drainage channels can lead to accumulation of stagnant water. Stagnant water provides a breeding place for mosquitoes and constitutes a hygienic hazard. Solid Waste Management: -uncollected solid waste will pose a health hazard in the settlement. It will be crucial to ensure that the planned collection bins in the commercial areas in the settlement are collected regularly. The local community will be sensitized towards solid waste management procedures and technical capacity and assistance will be accorded to CBOs to manage solid waste. High-Mast (Security) Lights: - no negative impacts are anticipated. It is expected that increased lighting in the settlement will foster security. The necessary clearances have been sought indicating that the high-mast security lights are not on flight paths hence no negative impacts. Recreational Park: community sensitization will be required to maintain the park. Failure to sensitize the community during the operational phase may easily see it return to its former state with unchecked solid waste dumping and untreated waste water disposal.
Capacity building plan for the beneficiaries for operation and maintenance of the infrastructure:
An operational and maintenance plan (O&M) for all the infrastructure has been developed as part of the consultancy for design to ensure sustainability. Relevant stakeholders including the communities and the counties were consulted. Communities will be trained on basic maintenance before hand-over A community solid management strategy has been developed as part of the O&M. Communities will be trained, sensitized and empowered to handle solid waste as part of maintenance. The County which is the custodian of the projects on behalf of the communities will set aside a budget for operation and maintenance. Maintaining the Settlement Executive Committees (SECs) beyond the project completion to mobilize communities in operation and maintenance.
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
Table 9-2: The ESMP for the Selected Projects in Kitui during the Operation Phase Community Concern Site-Specific Impacts and Mitigation Measures
Impacts Level of Impact Mitigation Measures Responsibility Cost Timeline
Health and Safety of Risk of accidents – road Low Speed control Community / Routine Continuous Community during the accidents from speeding measures County operating operational phase of road vehicles Government of budget of component Kitui County Government of Kitui Storm water drainage Obstruction of drainage Medium Sensitization of local Community included in the Continuous channels leading to community on contractors bid accumulation of management of stagnant water drainage Hazards of accidents Planned drainage is from open drainage underground and in boxed culverts
Solid waste management Indiscriminate disposal High Sensitization of local Local community/ Kshs. 5.4 million Continuous of solid waste that community on solid RE
blocks the storm water waste management drainage channels and recreation park Technical assistance and capacity building Recreational Park Unchecked solid waste High dumping and untreated of CBOs on solid waste water disposal. waste management and maintenance of the park
High mast security lights Potential theft of Medium planned security Community/RE Nil ,, security lights lights in order to
accessories mitigate risk
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, CPCS Ref: 12359 Mombasa and Kitui Counties
9.1.5 Environmental and Social Management during Decommissioning The identified projects selected for investment are all basic urban infrastructure. There is therefore no element of decommissioning that is foreseen among the selected projects. 9.1.6 Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan The monitoring of the projects will be conducted jointly between the local communities and the County Government of Kitui. The roles of monitoring the projects include
1. The Community will be assisted with technical capacity for the routine monitoring of the operations and maintenance of the projects. 2. The Resident Engineer (RE) will be the supervising agent of the client on the site. It is proposed that the RE have an Environmental and Social Officer (ESO) in his team to co-ordinate all aspects of the environment during the project implementation. 3. The County Government of Kitui – the environmental officer will be responsible for the annual statutory environmental auditing (undertaken under KISIP financing).
The Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan is presented in Table 8-3 below.
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
Table 9-3: The Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan Issue Measures Monitoring/Key Performance Means of Verification Responsibility Timeline / Indicator Frequency Deployment of Workers on Site
Occupational Health Deploy sober qualified staff under All occupational health and Visual inspection Construction and Safety competent supervision. Must safety equipment is available Phase Client and the provide personal protection Contractor equipment PPEs Staff are perpetually sober and County Government Daily Provide first aid material on site and If necessary use alcohol use personal protection to oversee instruction in first aid to workers. tests equipment implementation Have emergency phone numbers (ambulance, fire squad) available. Sanitation Provide onsite sanitation facilities Sanitation facilities are Visual inspection of Contractor Construction available equipment and use of Phase Define "code of conduct" for CGK to enforce facilities workers. Workers are aware of “code of implementation conduct” Daily Proliferation of social Local hiring of workers coupled with Ensure awareness-raising Inspection of CGK/KISIP Whenever decay and exposure to an awareness-raising program program is in place awareness-raising applicable HIV/AIDS and other program concerns (commercial If required, provide transport for sex, alcohol and drug workers from outside to and from abuse, multiple worksite. homes, etc.)
Influx of speculative Include in the contract bids the Only local job-seekers are Inspection of CGK/KISIP Whenever job seekers contractor’s obligation to recruit recruited recruitment records applicable locally
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
Issue Measures Monitoring/Key Performance Means of Verification Responsibility Timeline / Indicator Frequency
Construction Site Management
Generation of Disposal of construction waste as Ensure that construction Visual inspection Daily Construction waste appropriate. Reuse in civil works, waste, debris and rubble are Contractor debris, waste soil and landfills and recycle/reuse where disposed of appropriately rubble necessary CGK to enforce implementation Some material might be re-used locally e.g. to fill in depressions where run-off water accumulates
Hazards of fire Follow specifications of the Storage and maintenance is Visual inspection Contractor Daily outbreak, oil and Occupational Health and Safety Act, appropriate and follows laid- CGK/KISIP to oversee chemical spillage EMCA 1999 and others in the down specification implementation development and operation of stores.
Good maintenance of vehicles and machines for preventing loss of oils.
Generation of waste Apply the principle of 3Rs (reduce, Ensure a waste management Visual inspection Contractor Daily oil, filters and spare re-use and recycle) in management plan is in place CGK to enforce parts of waste implementation Maintenance of All repairs to be conducted in Ensure repairs are undertaken machine and designated garages in designated garages only equipment
Construction waste Waste to be disposed of properly Ensure waste bins are Visual inspection Daily and recycled where feasible provided on site and that Contractor contents are recycled or Appropriate waste bins to be disposed of appropriately CGK to enforce provided on site implementation
Generation of Residents to be given prior warning Ensure that local population Visual and acoustic Whenever nuisances (dust, noise has no complaints due to
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
Issue Measures Monitoring/Key Performance Means of Verification Responsibility Timeline / Indicator Frequency
and vibrations) of potential nuisances nuisances inspection Contractor applicable Construction period to be as short as CGK to enforce possible implementation Damping down of site to reduce dust
Damage to existing Map and zone out all infrastructures Ensure that map and budget Visual inspection CGK/KISIP Whenever infrastructure for preservation. are available applicable Ensure budgetary allocation for Ensure damaged infrastructure replacement. is replaced
Risk of accidents Have emergency plans in place in Ensure rules are in place and Visual inspection CGK/KISIP/Contractor Whenever case of an accident communicated to local applicable residents
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
9.1.7 End of Project Impact Monitoring
Aspect Indicator Means of Verification Improvements in Disease incidences e.g. Malaria, Reports health cholera, dysentery, diarrhoea, typhoid, respiratory diseases etc. Infant mortality rate Life expectancy Environmental Access to garbage disposal Field inspection quality facilities and collection either by Reports municipality or CBO. Incidences of flooding and mudslides. Water quality of the streams in the three areas Groundwater quality Connection to formal sewer system Incidences of smell Dust prevalence Noise levels Quality of life Average household size Field inspection School attendance rates for boys Reports and girls. Monthly household income Monthly per capita consumption expenditure of the households Percentage of households engaged in business ( formal and informal); Land and property/structure ownership- security of tenure. Average duration of stay in the settlement Percentage of the households with access to paved roads. Percentage of households with access to piped water supply
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
either through shared connection or private individual connection. Percentage of households with access to electricity connection. Households with access to flush toilets and pit latrines.
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, CPCS Ref: 12359 Mombasa and Kitui Counties
10Conclusion and Recommendations
This chapter presents the conclusions and recommendations emerging from the environmental and social impact assessment of the proposed infrastructure upgrading projects in the three settlements of Mosquito/Kaango, Mjini and Kunda Kindu in Kitui Town. It is recommended that this project report is sufficient for this project and therefore there is no need for a full ESIA Study Report.
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, CPCS Ref: 12359 Mombasa and Kitui Counties
10.1 Conclusion This Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report has outlined a broad overview of the potential impacts of infrastructure services components proposed for implementation in the three settlements of Mjini, Mosquito/ Kaango and Kunda Kindu. The findings of the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment that was carried out in the three settlements of Mjini, Mosquito/ Kaango and Kunda Kindu has established that 1. There are significant adverse impacts on the residents and on the environment emerging from the inadequate provision of infrastructure services in the three settlements 2. During the construction phase the infrastructure service projects prioritized by the residents and proposed for implementation in the three settlements have minimum adverse impacts on the environment 3. There are minimum adverse negative impacts on the human environment during and after the implementation of the proposed infrastructure service projects 4. There are significantly positive impacts that are accruable on the human environment after the implementation of the proposed infrastructure service projects
10.2 Recommendations This report has outlined site-specific Environmental and Social Impacts for each of the settlements based on the final detailed engineering designs and the final settlement upgrading plans of Mjini, Mosquito/ Kaango and Kunda Kindu settlements. The report has further recommended site-specific mitigation measures and context-specific environmental and social management plans for each of the settlements. This is in line with EMSF categories of KISIP projects under Category B. This ESIA report recommends that during the implementation of the proposed infrastructure projects mitigation measures be closely followed and monitored. During this construction phase the responsibilities for implementing these mitigation measures have been allocated to the contractor and the client. This report recommends that as set out in Sections 68 and 69 and further expounded in Regulation 35 (1) and (2) of Legal Notice 101 of June 2003 of the EMCA, Annual Environmental Audits be carried out in order to mitigate and control environmental damage from completed projects. This responsibility has been allocated to the County Government of Kitui (with KISIP financing).
10.3 Sustainability The proposed infrastructure projects will accrue full benefits to the local communities when they are fully operational in the long term period. Sustainability in the long term will be achieved when full and adequate maintenance of the project components is undertaken in the operational phase. Sensitization, technical assistance and capacity building of the local community by professional staff are crucial for knowledge transfer and skills exchange
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, CPCS Ref: 12359 Mombasa and Kitui Counties
between the technical experts and residents. This ESIA report has recommended surveillance and monitoring of all project components. In particular solid waste and waste water are components that technical staff will provide technical assistance to the local community and build capacity within the CBOs involved in solid waste management. Availability of technical staff and funding from KISIP is needed to fulfil this undertaking.
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, CPCS Ref: 12359 Mombasa and Kitui Counties
ANNEXES Annex 1: Environmental Screening Checklists: Kunda Kindu, Kaango/Mosquito and Mjini Annex 2: World Bank Environmental Related OP and Applicability Annex 3: Attendance Lists Annex 4: KISIP ESMP Generic Mitigation Measures for Contractors Annex 5: Cost Estimates Annex 6: List of Documents Reviewed
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, CPCS Ref: 12359 Mombasa and Kitui Counties
Annex 1: Environmental Screening Checklists: Kunda Kindu, Mosquito/Kaango and Mjini
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, CPCS Ref: 12359 Mombasa and Kitui Counties
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
Environmental Screening Checklist- Kaango/Mosquito
Criteria Yes/No Comments/Description Other GoK/ WB Policies Recommended scale of Environmental applicable Assessment/ Mitigation Measures
Part A: Triggers to EMCA
Applicability of Second Yes WB Safeguards (Operational Category B: KISIP projects are classified Schedule of EMCA Policies, OP) that are possibly under category B of projects which have applicable in this type of a less adverse effect on environment, are project: site specific and in most cases mitigation OP 4.01: Environmental measures can be designed to avert negative impacts. Assessment
OP 4.12: Involuntary Resettlement will be limited, in line with Resettlement KISIP policy no project should be situated
on private land and no involuntary
resettlement is anticipated from this
assignment. Impacts on the entire
settlement are minor. Those with structures outside their plot boundaries will be required to move them within their - Environmental management and plot boundaries. Coordination Act (EMCA), 1999 A resettlement Action Plan will be - EIA Guidelines 2002 prepared in accordance to the TOR of this - Environmental Impact and assignment and the WP OP 4.12 - Audit) Regulations, 2003. - Waste Management and Water Quality Regulations of 2006 Under the EMCA, the proposed projects do not require a full EIA study. A project study will be prepared for the projects.
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
Criteria Yes/No Comments/Description Other GoK/ WB Policies Recommended scale of Environmental applicable Assessment/ Mitigation Measures
Part B: Details of Site location
• Is the site or proposed If yes, GOK: investment a protected or provide The stream/wetland is a - EIA Guidelines 2002 Ensure that solid waste and untreated reserved site. small natural feature, - EIA Revised Regulations, 2003 wastewater do not flow into the • Biosphere Reserve distance - EMCA (Wetlands, River Banks, stream/wetland; • National park currently polluted with Lake Shores and Sea Shore Transferring sewerage to waste water • Wildlife / Bird Sanctuary Mosquito untreated grey/black water management) Regulation, treatment plant (either centralized or • Wetland shares and solid waste 2009 decentralized); • Important Bird Areas the small Intermediate collection points; • Coastal area with corals stream WB: - OP 4.01 • Mangrove areas (or Estuary with, with Recommendation to contain solid waste at mangroves) - OP 4.04 the central dump site Kunda • Natural lakes - OP 4.12 • Habitat of migratory birds Kindu (outside protected areas) which • Migratory Route of Wild forms the Animals/Birds border • Area with threatened/ between rare/endangered fauna (outside protected areas) the two • Area with threatened/rare/ settleme endangered flora (outside nts protected areas) • Reserved/Protected Forest • Zoological Park /Botanical Garden • Are there vulnerable or endangered species (terrestrial or No aquatic) in the area?
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
Criteria Yes/No Comments/Description Other GoK/ WB Policies Recommended scale of Environmental applicable Assessment/ Mitigation Measures
• Are there natural habitats in the Yes The stream/wetland is a natural GOK: site? Or in its proximity habitat. Though currently it has EIA Guidelines 2002 Same as above very minimum flora/fauna due to EIA Revised Regulations, pollution 2003 WB OP 4.01, 4.04
• If there are natural habitats, are they No fragile, unique, and limited in size? Are these world heritage / Ramsar sites
• Are there wetlands, areas of saturated There is the steam passing at the GOK: soils (permanent or temporary), or edge of the settlement - EMCA, 1999 evidence of pending (cracks, high clay Yes Gabions, pilings, improved drainage system content in soils, dead vegetation, water - EIA Guidelines 2002 marks)? - EIA Revised Regulations, 2003 - EMCA (Wetlands, River Banks, Lake Shores and Sea Shore Management) Regulation, 2009
• Is the site already degraded (low Yes Waste water disposal is very poor Improved sanitation facilities centralized or groundwater, poor soil quality)? and this has resulted into the decentralized will help alleviate this pollution of ground water sources problem. e.g. wells
• Are there steep slopes in the proximity No of the investment site?
• Do people live on the proposed site? Yes The settlement is fairly densely settled Same as above
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
Criteria Yes/No Comments/Description Other GoK/ WB Policies Recommended scale of Environmental applicable Assessment/ Mitigation Measures
• List existing land uses (ranching, Yes Residential, small scale GOK: farming)? commercial. - EIA Guidelines 2002 There is a Spatial Plan being prepared for - EIA Revised Regulations, 2003 the County. This should be followed to - Physical Planning Act, 1996 ensure compatibility of the land-uses in the settlement • Is there existing site access (roads)? Yes
• Is the site vulnerable to natural No hazards (in floodplain, near volcano, on seismic fault, near coastline in hurricane zone)? • Are there land title conflicts? No During the field survey the - Land Act, 2012 - There a few residents who have structures residents all indicated to - Land Registration Act, 2012 on the riparian reserve, have land allocation letters. - Registered Land Act, Cap 300 Titles for majority have not - Registration of Titles Cap 281 yet being processed. No - EMCA, 1999 land disputes were observed
• Are there known archaeological, No historical or other cultural property? Are any of these world heritage/ UNESCO designated etc
• Do indigenous peoples live on or near No the site?
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
Criteria Yes/No Comments/Description Other GoK/ WB Policies Recommended scale of Environmental applicable Assessment/ Mitigation Measures
Part C: Analysis of likely physical Impacts
(i) Scope of proposed activities
Will the investment generate an Yes This will mostly be during - EMCA, 1999 A solid waste management plan will be increase in solid wastes or machine the construction phase - EIA Guidelines, 2002 developed by the contractors as well as in wastes (oil, etc)? the final EIA report (EMP) (ii) Water Resource Impacts
Could the investment result in a modification of groundwater levels by altering flows, paving surfaces or Yes As above Develop drainage systems along the increasing water extraction? upgraded roads.
Investment in improved waste Improved WWTP and storm water drainage Could it affect groundwater quality? Yes water treatment plants will improve ground water quality. (WWTP)would likely improve ground water quality Could it affect quality (through Improved WWTP will improve the steam as sediment, wastewater, storm discharge less populated water will get into the or solid waste) of nearby surface waters Yes As above (lake, rivers, and streams)? wetland.
Will it affect water quantity in nearby Yes Planned projects are likely to Ensure grey/black water is not drained into water bodies (lake, river, and stream)? increase the surface runoff to the storm water drainage system the stream.
Are there nearby potable water sources No that need to be protected?
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
Criteria Yes/No Comments/Description Other GoK/ WB Policies Recommended scale of Environmental applicable Assessment/ Mitigation Measures
(iii) Ecosystem Impacts
Could the investment affect natural Yes Positive impacts The intervention of this project will result habitats or areas of high ecological into less/no polluted water into the value? stream/wetland Could it affect natural characteristics of Yes Positive impacts As above adjacent or nearby sites?
Could it affect wildlife or natural Yes As above As above vegetation? (iv) Drainage Impacts
Will the investment in storm water Yes Improved storm water drainage will Improved storm water drainage drainage affect existing drainage make the existing drainage patterns patterns? more efficient
Will it cause standing water, which could No Improved storm water drainage will cause public health risks? eliminate stagnant water
Will erosion result in sediment discharge No to nearby water bodies?
Will surface drainage patterns be No Kaango/Mosquito is has a fairly dense affected in borrow pits and quarries? population. No materials will be extracted from the site. Will infiltration patterns be affected? Yes Upgrading of access roads and Storm water drainage will be constructed opening of more roads will increase to manage increased surface runoff paved surfaces
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
Criteria Yes/No Comments/Description Other GoK/ WB Policies Recommended scale of Environmental applicable Assessment/ Mitigation Measures
Socio-economic impacts
Will the project entail resettlement of Yes The issue of resettlement population? will be determined during - The Land Acquisition Act, Cap This will be addressed in the RAP report the final engineering design 295 and RAP report
Will the project affect indigenous No peoples?
Will it limit access to natural resources No to local populations? Will it have an impact on land use? Yes The development of - The Physical Planning Act, 1996 - Require development to be approved by infrastructure will trigger the County government to ensure compliance. more development and this will see a change in the existing land-uses Will it induce further encroachment of No nearby areas?
Will it cause any health impacts? Yes Anticipated positive Improved sanitation and drainage will have impacts on the health of positive impact on the health of the the residents residents Will it disturb nearby communities Yes Limited to the construction Contractor to undertake necessary during construction? period measures to reduce disturbance to the residents Could cultural resources be affected? No
Could it affect nearby properties? No
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
Criteria Yes/No Comments/Description Other GoK/ WB Policies Recommended scale of Environmental applicable Assessment/ Mitigation Measures
Part D Analysis of Resettlement Impacts
Yes/No Remarks/Identified Problems
Acquisition of private land? No
Alienation of any type of government No land including that owned by urban local body?
Clearance of encroachment from To be determined during detailed design phase government/ urban local body land?
Clearance of squatting from No Government/Urban local body?
Number of structures, both To be determined during detailed engineering design phase authorized and/or unauthorized to be acquired/cleared?
Number of household to be displaced? To be determined during detailed engineering design phase
Details of village common properties to be alienated, Pasture land (acres) cremation /burial ground and others No These have already being designated in the PDP specify?
Describe existing land uses on and The settlement is mainly residential and commercial. There are several retail shops and small light industrial establishment around the project area ( e.g such as carpentry, wielding etc along the main tarmac road separating Kaango and Mjini Settlement. Community facilities, agriculture, tourism, private property)?
Will the project result in construction of workers or other people moving No The construction phase will not be long to require the workers to move into the settlement for long periods of time. The into or having access to the area (for a long period and in large numbers exact timeline will be determined during the detailed engineering design phase. The contractor will be encouraged to compared to permanent residents)? engage the local residents in most of the labour works
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
Criteria Yes/No Comments/Description Other GoK/ WB Policies Recommended scale of Environmental applicable Assessment/ Mitigation Measures
Are financial compensation measures No expected to be needed?
Loss of Crops, fruit, household infrastructure and livelihood
Criteria Yes/No Remarks/identified problems Will the project result in the permanent or temporary loss of
• Crops? No
• Fruit trees/coconut palms? No Specify with numbers
• Household infrastructure? No Specify with numbers
• Loss of agriculture land? No specify with numbers
Occupational health and safety, welfare , employment and gender
Criteria Yes/No Remarks/identified problems
Is the project likely to provide local Yes Contractor will be required to offer temporary employment to the residents. Most manual labour will be taken up by men. employment opportunities, including Women are mostly expected to offer supportive services such as providing food, fetching water etc. employment opportunities for women?
Is the project being planned with Yes The projects were identified together with the community and will address key issues that will help alleviate poverty in the sufficient attention to local poverty settlement alleviation objectives?
Is the project being designed with Yes Participation of women was key in the whole process of this assignment. Household questionnaire were used , as well as sufficient local participation of women focus group discussions with members of the SEC who included women in the planning design and implementation process?
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
Criteria Yes/No Comments/Description Other GoK/ WB Policies Recommended scale of Environmental applicable Assessment/ Mitigation Measures
Historical, Archaeological, or cultural Heritage sites Criteria Yes/No Remarks/identified problems Based on available sources, consultation with local Authorities, local knowledge and/ or observation could the project alter?
Historical heritage site(s) or require No excavation near the same?
Archaeological heritage site(s) or No require excavation near the same?
Cultural heritage site(s) or require No excavation near the same
Graves or sacred locations or require No excavation near the same?
Part D (i): Result/Outcome of Environmental/ Social and Resettlement Screening Exercise
No Environment Impact Assessment Required
Environment Impact Assessment Required Yes, however under the EMCA doesn’t require full EIA for this type of developments. A study EIA report will be prepared for the project
OP4.12 category ( S1, S2, S3) The project falls under Category B of the WB OP 4 and S2
RAP category required Abbreviated RAP will be prepared in accordance to OP 4.12 para.25
Any special conditions Will be captured in the EMP
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
Criteria Yes/No Comments/Description Other GoK/ WB Policies Recommended scale of Environmental applicable Assessment/ Mitigation Measures
Part E : Authorization
Screening undertaken by: Musyimi Mbathi Signature.
Designation. Physical Planner Date 12th June 2014
Signature.... Approved by: Juliet Rita
Designation.. EIA Lead Expert Date 12th June 2014 .
PMU Confirmation by: ...... Signature......
Designation...... Date......
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
Environmental Screening Checklist- Kunda Kindu
Criteria Yes/No Comments/Description Other GoK/ WB Policies Recommended scale of Environmental applicable Assessment/ Mitigation Measures
Part A: Triggers to EMCA
Applicability of Second Yes WB Safeguards (Operational Category B: KISIP projects are classified Schedule of EMCA Policies, OP) that are possibly under category B of projects which have applicable in this type of a less adverse effect on environment, are project: site specific and in most cases mitigation OP 4.01: Environmental measures can be designed to avert negative impacts. Assessment
OP 4.12: Involuntary Resettlement will be limited, in line with Resettlement KISIP policy no project should be situated
on private land and no involuntary
resettlement is anticipated from this
assignment. Impacts on the entire
settlement are minor. Those with structures outside their plot boundaries will be required to move them within their - Environmental management and plot boundaries. Coordination Act (EMCA), 1999 A resettlement Action Plan will be - EIA Guidelines 2002 prepared in accordance to the TOR of this - Environmental Impact and assignment and the WP OP 4.12 - Audit) Regulations, 2003. - Waste Management and Water Quality Regulations of 2006 Under the EMCA, the proposed projects do not require a full EIA study. A project study will be prepared for the projects.
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
Criteria Yes/No Comments/Description Other GoK/ WB Policies Recommended scale of Environmental applicable Assessment/ Mitigation Measures
Part B: Details of Site location
• Is the site or proposed If yes, GOK: investment a protected or provide The stream/wetland is a - EIA Guidelines 2002 Ensure that solid waste and untreated reserved site. small natural feature, - EIA Revised Regulations, 2003 wastewater do not flow into the • Biosphere Reserve distance - EMCA (Wetlands, River Banks, stream/wetland; • National park currently polluted with Lake Shores and Sea Shore Transferring sewerage to waste water • Wildlife / Bird Sanctuary Kunda untreated grey/black water management) Regulation, treatment plant (either centralized or • Wetland Kindu and solid waste 2009 decentralized); • Important Bird Areas borders a Intermediate collection points; • Coastal area with corals small WB: - OP 4.01 • Mangrove areas (or Estuary with, stream Recommendation to contain solid waste at mangroves) - OP 4.04 the central dump site and/or • Natural lakes - OP 4.12 • Habitat of migratory birds wetland (outside protected areas) • Migratory Route of Wild Animals/Birds • Area with threatened/ rare/endangered fauna (outside protected areas) • Area with threatened/rare/ endangered flora (outside protected areas) • Reserved/Protected Forest • Zoological Park /Botanical Garden • Are there vulnerable or endangered species (terrestrial or No aquatic) in the area?
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
Criteria Yes/No Comments/Description Other GoK/ WB Policies Recommended scale of Environmental applicable Assessment/ Mitigation Measures
• Are there natural habitats in the Yes The stream/wetland is a natural GOK: site? Or in its proximity habitat. Though currently it has EIA Guidelines 2002 Same as above very minimum flora/fauna due to EIA Revised Regulations, 2003 pollution WB OP 4.01, 4.04
• If there are natural habitats, are they No fragile, unique, and limited in size? Are these world heritage / Ramsar sites
• Are there wetlands, areas of saturated There is the steam passing at the GOK: soils (permanent or temporary), or edge of the settlement - EMCA, 1999 evidence of pending (cracks, high clay Yes Gabions, pilings, improved drainage system content in soils, dead vegetation, water - EIA Guidelines 2002 marks)? - EIA Revised Regulations, 2003 - EMCA (Wetlands, River Banks, Lake Shores and Sea Shore Management) Regulation, 2009
• Is the site already degraded (low Yes Waste water disposal is very poor Improved sanitation facilities centralized or groundwater, poor soil quality)? and this has resulted into the decentralized will help alleviate this pollution of ground water sources problem. e.g. wells
• Are there steep slopes in the proximity No of the investment site?
• Do people live on the proposed site? Yes The settlement is partially settled and fairly well planned Same as above
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
Criteria Yes/No Comments/Description Other GoK/ WB Policies Recommended scale of Environmental applicable Assessment/ Mitigation Measures
• List existing land uses (ranching, Yes Residential, small scale GOK: There is a Spatial Plan being developed for farming)? commercial. - EIA Guidelines 2002 the town and covers the settlement. This - EIA Revised Regulations, 2003 should be followed to ensure compatibility - Physical Planning Act, 1996 of the land-uses in the settlement
• Is there existing site access (roads)? Yes
• Is the site vulnerable to natural No hazards (in floodplain, near volcano, on seismic fault, near coastline in hurricane zone)?
• Are there land title conflicts? No During the field survey the - Land Act, 2012 residents all indicated to have - Land Registration Act, 2012 land allocation letters. Titles - Registered Land Act, Cap 300 for majority have not yet - Registration of Titles Cap 281 being processed. No land - EMCA, 1999 disputes were observed • Are there known archaeological, No historical or other cultural property? Are any of these world heritage/ UNESCO designated etc
• Do indigenous peoples live on or near No the site?
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
Criteria Yes/No Comments/Description Other GoK/ WB Policies Recommended scale of Environmental applicable Assessment/ Mitigation Measures
Part C: Analysis of likely physical Impacts
(i) Scope of proposed activities
Will the investment generate an Yes This will mostly be during - EMCA, 1999 A solid waste management plan will be increase in solid wastes or machine the construction phase - EIA Guidelines, 2002 developed by the contractors as well as in wastes (oil, etc)? the final EIA report (EMP) (ii) Water Resource Impacts
Could the investment result in a modification of groundwater levels by altering flows, paving surfaces or Yes As above Develop drainage systems along the increasing water extraction? upgraded roads.
Investment in improved Improved WWTP and storm water Could it affect groundwater quality? Yes waste water treatment drainage will improve ground water plants (WWTP)would likely quality. improve ground water Could it affect quality (through quality Improved WWTP will improve the steam as sediment, wastewater, storm discharge less populated water will get into the or solid waste) of nearby surface waters Yes As above (lake, rivers, and streams)? wetland.
Will it affect water quantity in nearby Yes Planned projects are likely Ensure grey/black water is not drained into water bodies (lake, river, and stream)? to increase the surface the storm water drainage system runoff to the stream.
Are there nearby potable water sources No that need to be protected?
(iii) Ecosystem Impacts
Could the investment affect natural Yes Positive impacts The intervention of this project will result habitats or areas of high ecological into less/no polluted water into the value? stream/wetland
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
Criteria Yes/No Comments/Description Other GoK/ WB Policies Recommended scale of Environmental applicable Assessment/ Mitigation Measures
Could it affect natural characteristics of Yes Positive impacts As above adjacent or nearby sites?
Could it affect wildlife or natural Yes As above As above vegetation? (iv) Drainage Impacts
Will the investment in storm water Yes Improved storm water drainage Improved storm water drainage drainage affect existing drainage will make the existing drainage patterns? patterns more efficient
Will it cause standing water, which could No Improved storm water drainage cause public health risks? will eliminate stagnant water
Will erosion result in sediment discharge No to nearby water bodies?
Will surface drainage patterns be No Kunda Kindu is has a fairly dense affected in borrow pits and quarries? population. No materials will be extracted from the site. Will infiltration patterns be affected? Yes Upgrading of access roads and Storm water drainage will be constructed opening of more roads will to manage increased surface runoff increase paved surfaces
Socio-economic impacts
Will the project entail resettlement of Yes The PDP for the settlement was This will be addressed in the RAP report population? not available to us during the field - The Land Acquisition Act, Cap survey. The issue of resettlement 295 will be determined during the final engineering design and RAP report
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
Criteria Yes/No Comments/Description Other GoK/ WB Policies Recommended scale of Environmental applicable Assessment/ Mitigation Measures
Will the project affect indigenous No peoples?
Will it limit access to natural resources No to local populations?
Will it have an impact on land use? Yes The development of - The Physical Planning Act, 1996 - Require development to be approved by infrastructure will trigger the County government to ensure compliance. more development and this will see a change in the existing land-uses Will it induce further encroachment of No nearby areas?
Will it cause any health impacts? Yes Anticipated positive Improved sanitation and drainage will have impacts on the health of positive impact on the health of the the residents residents Will it disturb nearby communities Yes Limited to the construction Contractor to undertake necessary during construction? period measures to reduce disturbance to the residents
Could cultural resources be affected? No
Could it affect nearby properties? No
Part D Analysis of Resettlement Impacts
Yes/No Remarks/Identified Problems
Acquisition of private land? No
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
Criteria Yes/No Comments/Description Other GoK/ WB Policies Recommended scale of Environmental applicable Assessment/ Mitigation Measures
Alienation of any type of government No land including that owned by urban local body?
Clearance of encroachment from To be determined during detailed design phase government/ urban local body land?
Clearance of squatting from No Government/Urban local body?
Number of structures, both To be determined during detailed engineering design phase authorized and/or unauthorized to be acquired/cleared?
Number of household to be displaced? To be determined during detailed engineering design phase
Details of village common properties to be alienated, Pasture land (acres) cremation /burial ground and others No These have already being designated in the PDP specify?
Describe existing land uses on and The settlement is mainly residential and commercial. It is famous for the numerous bars and lodgings. There is also the bus around the project area ( e.g station situated on the edge of the settlement. There are several retail shops and small light industrial establishment such Community facilities, agriculture, tourism, private property)? as carpentry, wielding etc.
Will the project result in construction of workers or other people moving No The construction phase will not be long to require the workers to move into the settlement for long periods of time. The into or having access to the area (for a long period and in large numbers exact timeline will be determined during the detailed engineering design phase. The contractor will be encouraged to compared to permanent residents)? engage the local residents in most of the labour works
Are financial compensation measures No expected to be needed?
Loss of Crops, fruit, household infrastructure and livelihood
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
Criteria Yes/No Comments/Description Other GoK/ WB Policies Recommended scale of Environmental applicable Assessment/ Mitigation Measures
Criteria Yes/No Remarks/identified problems Will the project result in the permanent or temporary loss of
• Crops? No
• Fruit trees/coconut palms? No Specify with numbers
• Household infrastructure? Specify with No numbers • Loss of agriculture land? specify with No numbers
Occupational health and safety, welfare , employment and gender
Criteria Yes/No Remarks/identified problems Is the project likely to provide local employment Yes Contractor will be required to offer temporary employment to the residents. Most manual labour will be opportunities, including employment opportunities taken up by men. Women are mostly expected to offer supportive services such as providing food, fetching for women? water etc.
Is the project being planned with sufficient attention Yes The projects were identified together with the community and will address key issues that will help alleviate to local poverty alleviation objectives? poverty in the settlement
Is the project being designed with sufficient local Yes Participation of women was key in the whole process of this assignment. Household questionnaire were used participation of women in the planning design and , as well as focus group discussions with members of the SEC who included women implementation process? Historical, Archaeological, or cultural Heritage sites Criteria Yes/No Remarks/identified problems Based on available sources, consultation with local Authorities, local knowledge and/ or observation could the project alter?
Historical heritage site(s) or require excavation No near the same? Archaeological heritage site(s) or require No excavation near the same?
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
Criteria Yes/No Comments/Description Other GoK/ WB Policies Recommended scale of Environmental applicable Assessment/ Mitigation Measures
Cultural heritage site(s) or require excavation near No the same Graves or sacred locations or require excavation No near the same? Part D (i): Result/Outcome of Environmental/ Social and Resettlement Screening Exercise
No Environment Impact Assessment Required
Environment Impact Assessment Required Yes, however under the EMCA doesn’t require full EIA for this type of developments. A study EIA report will be prepared for the project OP4.12 category ( S1, S2, S3) The project falls under Category B of the WB OP 4 and S2
RAP category required Abbreviated RAP will be prepared in accordance to OP 4.12 para.25
Any special conditions Will be captured in the EMP Part E : Authorization
Screening undertaken by: Musyimi Mbathi Signature.
th Designation. Physical Planner Date 10 June 2014
Signature.... Approved by: Juliet Rita
Designation.. EIA Lead Expert Date 10th June 2014 .
PMU Confirmation by: ...... Signature......
Designation...... Date......
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
Environmental Screening Checklist- Mjini
Criteria Yes/No Comments/Description Other GoK/ WB Policies Recommended scale of Environmental applicable Assessment/ Mitigation Measures
Part A: Triggers to EMCA
Applicability of Second Yes WB Safeguards (Operational Category B: KISIP projects are classified Schedule of EMCA Policies, OP) that are possibly under category B of projects which have applicable in this type of a less adverse effect on environment, are project: site specific and in most cases mitigation OP 4.01: Environmental measures can be designed to avert negative impacts. Assessment
OP 4.12: Involuntary Resettlement will be limited, in line with Resettlement KISIP policy no project should be situated
on private land and no involuntary
resettlement is anticipated from this
assignment. Impacts on the entire
settlement are minor. Those with structures outside their plot boundaries will be required to move them within their - Environmental management and plot boundaries. Coordination Act (EMCA), 1999 A resettlement Action Plan will be - EIA Guidelines 2002 prepared in accordance to the TOR of this - Environmental Impact and assignment and the WP OP 4.12 - Audit) Regulations, 2003. - Waste Management and Water Quality Regulations of 2006 Under the EMCA, the proposed projects do not require a full EIA study. A project study will be prepared for the projects.
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
Criteria Yes/No Comments/Description Other GoK/ WB Policies Recommended scale of Environmental applicable Assessment/ Mitigation Measures
Part B: Details of Site location
• Is the site or proposed If yes, investment a protected or provide reserved site. • Biosphere Reserve distance • National park • Wildlife / Bird Sanctuary No • Wetland • Important Bird Areas • Coastal area with corals • Mangrove areas (or Estuary with, mangroves) • Natural lakes • Habitat of migratory birds (outside protected areas) • Migratory Route of Wild Animals/Birds • Area with threatened/ rare/endangered fauna (outside protected areas) • Area with threatened/rare/ endangered flora (outside protected areas) • Reserved/Protected Forest • Zoological Park /Botanical Garden • Are there vulnerable or endangered species (terrestrial or No aquatic) in the area?
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
Criteria Yes/No Comments/Description Other GoK/ WB Policies Recommended scale of Environmental applicable Assessment/ Mitigation Measures
• Are there natural habitats in the No site? Or in its proximity
• If there are natural habitats, are they No fragile, unique, and limited in size? Are these world heritage / Ramsar sites
• Are there wetlands, areas of saturated There is the steam in Kaango GOK: soils (permanent or temporary), or where the storm water from Mjini - EMCA, 1999 evidence of pending (cracks, high clay Yes Improved drainage system content in soils, dead vegetation, water eventually drains to. - EIA Guidelines 2002 marks)? - EIA Revised Regulations, 2003 - EMCA (Wetlands, River Banks, Lake Shores and Sea Shore Management ) Regulation, 2009
• Is the site already degraded (low Yes Waste water disposal is very poor Improved sanitation facilities centralized or groundwater, poor soil quality)? and this has resulted into the decentralized will help alleviate this pollution of ground water sources problem. e.g. wells
• Are there steep slopes in the proximity No of the investment site?
• Do people live on the proposed site? Yes The settlement is fully settled and fairly well planned Same as above
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
Criteria Yes/No Comments/Description Other GoK/ WB Policies Recommended scale of Environmental applicable Assessment/ Mitigation Measures
• List existing land uses (ranching, Yes Residential, small scale GOK: farming)? commercial, religious (mosque) - EIA Guidelines 2002 There is a Spatial Plan being prepared for and there is a primary school in - EIA Revised Regulations, 2003 the County. This should be followed to the settlement as well as the - Physical Planning Act, 1996 ensure compatibility of the land-uses in the Assistant Chief office. settlement
• Is there existing site access (roads)? Yes
• Is the site vulnerable to natural No hazards (in floodplain, near volcano, on seismic fault, near coastline in hurricane zone)?
• Are there land title conflicts? No During the field survey the - Land Act, 2012 residents all indicated to have land - Land Registration Act, 2012 allocation letters. Titles for - Registered Land Act, Cap 300 majority have not yet being - Registration of Titles Cap 281 - processed. No land disputes were EMCA, 1999 observed
• Are there known archaeological, No historical or other cultural property? Are any of these world heritage/ UNESCO designated etc
• Do indigenous peoples live on or near No the site?
Part C: Analysis of likely physical Impacts
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
Criteria Yes/No Comments/Description Other GoK/ WB Policies Recommended scale of Environmental applicable Assessment/ Mitigation Measures
(i) Scope of proposed activities
Will the investment generate an Yes This will mostly be during - EMCA, 1999 A solid waste management plan will be increase in solid wastes or machine the construction phase - EIA Guidelines, 2002 developed by the contractors as well as in wastes (oil, etc)? the final EIA report (EMP) (ii) Water Resource Impacts
Could the investment result in a modification of groundwater levels by altering flows, paving surfaces or Yes As above Develop drainage systems along the increasing water extraction? upgraded roads.
Investment in improved waste Improved WWTP and storm water drainage Could it affect groundwater quality? Yes water treatment plants will improve ground water quality. (WWTP)would likely improve ground water quality
Could it affect quality (through Storm water drainage from the Improved WWTP will improve the steam as sediment, wastewater, storm discharge settlement drains into the access less populated water will get into the or solid waste) of nearby surface waters Yes (lake, rivers, and streams)? road and eventually into the wetland. stream in Kaango/Mosquito. Will it affect water quantity in nearby Yes Planned projects are likely to Ensure grey/black water is not drained into water bodies (lake, river, and stream)? increase the surface runoff to the the storm water drainage system stream.
Are there nearby potable water sources No that need to be protected?
(iii) Ecosystem Impacts
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
Criteria Yes/No Comments/Description Other GoK/ WB Policies Recommended scale of Environmental applicable Assessment/ Mitigation Measures
Could the investment affect natural Yes Improved storm water drainage habitats or areas of high ecological will improve water quality value? Could it affect natural characteristics of Yes Less polluted storm water will As above adjacent or nearby sites? reach the stream.
Could it affect wildlife or natural No vegetation? (iv) Drainage Impacts
Will the investment in storm water Yes Improved storm water drainage Improved storm water drainage drainage affect existing drainage will make the existing drainage patterns? patterns more efficient
Will it cause standing water, which could No Improved storm water drainage cause public health risks? will eliminate stagnant water
Will erosion result in sediment discharge No to nearby water bodies?
Will surface drainage patterns be No Mjini is has a fairly dense population. No affected in borrow pits and quarries? materials will be extracted from the site.
Will infiltration patterns be affected? Yes Upgrading of access roads and Storm water drainage will be constructed opening of more roads will to manage increased surface runoff increase paved surfaces
Socio-economic impacts
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
Criteria Yes/No Comments/Description Other GoK/ WB Policies Recommended scale of Environmental applicable Assessment/ Mitigation Measures
Will the project entail resettlement of Yes The issue of resettlement will be - This will be addressed in the RAP report population? determined during the final - The Land Acquisition Act, Cap 295 engineering design and RAP report
Will the project affect indigenous No peoples?
Will it limit access to natural resources No to local populations?
Will it have an impact on land use? Yes The development of infrastructure - The Physical Planning Act, 1996 - Require development to be approved by will trigger more development and the County government to ensure compliance. this will see a change in the existing land-uses
Will it induce further encroachment of No nearby areas?
Will it cause any health impacts? Yes Anticipated positive impacts on Improved sanitation and drainage will have the health of the residents positive impact on the health of the residents Will it disturb nearby communities Yes Limited to the construction period Contractor to undertake necessary during construction? measures to reduce disturbance to the residents Could cultural resources be affected? No
Could it affect nearby properties? No
Part D Analysis of Resettlement Impacts
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
Criteria Yes/No Comments/Description Other GoK/ WB Policies Recommended scale of Environmental applicable Assessment/ Mitigation Measures
Yes/No Remarks/Identified Problems
Acquisition of private land? No
Alienation of any type of government No land including that owned by urban local body?
Clearance of encroachment from To be determined during detailed design phase government/ urban local body land?
Clearance of squatting from No Government/Urban local body?
Number of structures, both To be determined during detailed engineering design phase authorized and/or unauthorized to be acquired/cleared?
Number of household to be displaced? To be determined during detailed engineering design phase
Details of village common properties to be alienated, Pasture land (acres) cremation /burial ground and others No These have already being designated in the PDP specify?
Describe existing land uses on and The settlement is mainly residential and commercial. There is a mosque, primary school and the assistant chief office in around the project area (e.g. the settlement. Community facilities, agriculture, tourism, private property)?
Will the project result in construction of workers or other people moving No The construction phase will not be long to require the workers to move into the settlement for long periods of time. The into or having access to the area (for a long period and in large numbers exact timeline will be determined during the detailed engineering design phase. The contractor will be encouraged to compared to permanent residents)? engage the local residents in most of the labour works
Are financial compensation measures No expected to be needed?
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
Criteria Yes/No Comments/Description Other GoK/ WB Policies Recommended scale of Environmental applicable Assessment/ Mitigation Measures
Loss of Crops, fruit, household infrastructure and livelihood
Criteria Yes/No Remarks/identified problems Will the project result in the permanent or temporary loss of
• Crops? No • Fruit trees/coconut palms? No Specify with numbers
• Household infrastructure? No Specify with numbers
• Loss of agriculture land? No specify with numbers
Occupational health and safety, welfare , employment and gender
Criteria Yes/No Remarks/identified problems Is the project likely to provide local Yes Contractor will be required to offer temporary employment to the residents. Most manual labour will be taken up by men. employment opportunities, including Women are mostly expected to offer supportive services such as providing food, fetching water etc. employment opportunities for women?
Is the project being planned with Yes The projects were identified together with the community and will address key issues that will help alleviate poverty in the sufficient attention to local poverty settlement alleviation objectives?
Is the project being designed with Yes Participation of women was key in the whole process of this assignment. Household questionnaire were used , as well as sufficient local participation of women focus group discussions with members of the SEC who included women in the planning design and implementation process?
Historical, Archaeological, or cultural Heritage sites Criteria Yes/No Remarks/identified problems
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
Criteria Yes/No Comments/Description Other GoK/ WB Policies Recommended scale of Environmental applicable Assessment/ Mitigation Measures
Based on available sources, consultation with local Authorities, local knowledge and/ or observation could the project alter?
Historical heritage site(s) or require excavation No near the same? Archaeological heritage site(s) or require No excavation near the same? Cultural heritage site(s) or require excavation near No the same Graves or sacred locations or require excavation No near the same? Part D (i): Result/Outcome of Environmental/ Social and Resettlement Screening Exercise
No Environment Impact Assessment Required
Environment Impact Assessment Required Yes, however under the EMCA doesn’t require full EIA for this type of developments. A study EIA report will be prepared for the project OP4.12 category ( S1, S2, S3) The project falls under Category B of the WB OP 4 and S2
RAP category required Abbreviated RAP will be prepared in accordance to OP 4.12 para.25
Any special conditions Will be captured in the EMP Part E : Authorization
Screening undertaken by: Musyimi Mbathi Signature..
Designation. Physical Planner Date 11th June 2014
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
Criteria Yes/No Comments/Description Other GoK/ WB Policies Recommended scale of Environmental applicable Assessment/ Mitigation Measures
Signature.... Approved by: Juliet Rita
Designation.. EIA Lead Expert Date 11th June 2014 .
PMU Confirmation by: ...... Signature......
Designation...... Date......
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
ANNEX 2: FGD GUIDE
The positive and negative social and environmental impacts that the selected projects are anticipated to have will manifest themselves mainly or exclusively during construction. Likewise, the Social and Environmental Management Plan [ESMP] and its mitigation measures will have to be implemented during this period.
The following table summarises a check list of what to observe as the current situational analysis and what the project specific impacts are likely to be [both positive and negative] during or after the construction of the anticipated infrastructure services.
These aspects can be recorded on paper or visually by taking photographs.
Environmental aspect Current situation Project specific impacts
1. Physical Environment
1.1 Climate What are the overall climatic conditions? How will the project activities have on the overall climatic conditions?
1.2 Air quality
1.2.1 Dust What is the general condition of Is there a possibility of dust roads within or neighbouring the increase during construction? settlement? Paved or unpaved Will upgrading, say once roads are roads and how does this affect the upgraded with improved surfacing reduce dust situation? the negative impacts of dust?
1.2.2 Exhaust gases Is there high pedestrian, boda Is there a possibility of increase from traffic and boda cyclists, motor bikes, during or after construction? industries vehicular or train traffic concentrations or other major polluting sources such as light, medium or heavy industries nearby or within the settlement which are a big concern at the moment?
1.2.3 Cooking fires What are the households using as Will the proposed projects have any positive (indoor pollution) their fuels for cooking? or negative impacts on fuel use (or use of energy in general)?
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Environmental aspect Current situation Project specific impacts
1.2.4 Smell (from solid What is the current situation with Solid Waste Management Component of the waste transfer stations) respect to solid waste within the Project settlements, Are there any solid waste transfer stations existing solid waste planned in the infrastructure package of situation within the town? projects?
1.3 Noise Is noise generally perceived as a Is noise anticipated by construction problem? activities likely to have negative impacts on the construction workers or on the residents of the settlements?
1.4 Water What is the current situation with Water Projects Components respect to How will the selected project types have Storm water either positive or negative impacts on storm water drainage, drinking water or Drinking water waste water? Waste water
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
1.4.1 Surface and STORM WATER Drainage component: ground water, water Will improving the overall storm water drainage quality topographical terrain of the and wastewater management in the settlement (drainage component) settlement? have an overall positive impact on surface water and flooding mitigation? Do storm water drainage and flooding have a high impact in There is a risk of contamination of surface the settlements with respect to water during construction activities. In light of destruction of property and loss the natural drainage pattern, all contamination of lives? Are there any records will drain towards the National Park. of destruction of property and loss of lives?
Is storm water draining through the settlement contaminated by Does a town/urban-wide storm water solid and liquid waste? Where drainage plan for the management of tertiary, does the secondary drainage secondary and primary drainage exist? system finally link with the primary drainage system e.g. valleys, rivers, lakes or ocean?
What is the impact of increased urbanisation within the settlement and the wider urban project link up with the town’s SWD plan? area have on surface water run-off?
Does the stagnating surface water (rain water as well as household grey water) in the settlements have a negative sanitary impact on the local population?
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
1.4.2 Surface and WASTE WATER Sewerage component: ground water, water Does waste water constitute a How would a Waste Water Project in the quality (sewerage major risk for soils, surface and settlement improve or reduce the negative component) ground water quality and for impacts on the soils, surface or ground water human health? quality and human health?
Does untreated wastewater flowing into the primary drainage with urban/town wide infrastructure? system have any impact on water quality in the rivers, lakes, ocean, etc
Do latrines in the settlements result in contamination of groundwater and sub-surface water?
Are latrines compatible with the soil conditions?
available land open or limited to new pit latrines?
1.4.3 Surface and Does the condition of the roads Roads, Streets’ Project Component ground water, water have any major impact on the Will road construction, streets’ quality surface and ground water quality paving present any risks of water (Road Component) and for human health? contamination during construction?
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
Environmental aspect Current situation Project specific impacts
2. Natural (biological) Does the settlement comprise environment any natural habitats? natural habitats beyond the settlements – e.g. downstream?
2.1 Vegetation and flora What is the present natural vegetation and flora? vegetation and flora?
2.2 Terrestrial fauna Are the settlements a natural habitat for wildlife? wildlife in or beyond the settlement?
2.3 Aquatic fauna Are the settlements a natural aquatic fauna in or beyond the settlement? habitat for aquatic fauna.
2.4 Important habitats Are the important habitats and Drainage and sewerage components: and protected areas protected areas that are likely to Will water related projects (drainage, be affected by the negative sewerage) have direct/indirect impacts on impacts of the settlements’ storm these important habitats and protected areas? water drainage system?
3. Human environment Any precarious living conditions in All Project components: the settlements? What are the overall projects’ aims at improving the situation and precarious living conditions in the Is there any exposure to settlements? environmental hazards (including What are the negative side effects or socio- flooding, lack of water, bad economic impacts that can arise to the existing hygienic conditions). population/residents in the provision of infrastructure services to the settlements?
3.1 Resettlement Are the project areas low, All Project components: medium or highly densely How will the Part Development Plan or populated urban informal Infrastructure Upgrading Plan for the settlements? provision of infrastructure services have on way leaves and how will this positively and Have any of the residents negatively impact on the Project Affected encroached on public rights-of- Persons ways (sewer, water, riparian, power, pipeline, street, road, railway line way leave).
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
3.2 Local economy What is the level of All Project components: employment/unemployment in the Are temporary jobs likely to be created informal settlements? during construction?
Are residents likely to be involved in the maintenance of the systems installed and will currently rely on infrastructure that be necessary; will that create some services as a means of eking out permanent jobs to the residents? a living? This could be entrepreneurial, survivalist or exploitative in terms of selling Will projects have direct income- water, electricity, toilets, generating effects? bathrooms, etc to the other residents? generate permanent employment for management of ablution blocks, for
example?
Will overall infrastructure improvements positively or negatively impact on the socio- economic conditions in the settlements?
provision of infrastructure services be affected by the project components?
The program/projects aim at improving living conditions in the settlements, but they are not a directly income generating program. How will this affect those expecting to earn an income from the project?
3.3 Services The program aims at improving All Project components: services, quality of How will the project activities potentially l i f e a n d g e n e r a l interfere with access to or disruption of community life in the services during the construction phase? settlements. What are the overall infrastructure services that are lacking?
Environmental aspect Current situation Project specific impacts
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
3.4 Health Is malaria a high risk in the All Project components: settlements? Eliminating mosquito Drainage and sewerage improve the situation breeding sites would be one basic by eliminating temporary (or sometimes way to reduce the risks. permanent) pools of stagnant contaminated water, thus reducing risks of water related diseases. Is there high risk of diarrhoea, dysentery or even cholera? Sewerage and drinking water supply improve hygiene, and in this way also reduce risk of water related diseases.
associated with hygiene where provision of infrastructure services would significantly Pavement of roads reduces dust and thus the improve this? risk of respiratory problems.
Construction works and pavement of roads could lead to increased number of road accidents
Other observations
Environmental aspect Current situation Project specific impacts
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, Mombasa and Kitui Counties CPCS Ref: 12359
ANNEX 3: WORLD BANK ENVIRONMENTAL RELATED OP AND APPLICABILITY OP No. Title Applicability to KISIP projects 4.01 Environmental Assessment Classifies KISIP projects as Category B. Applicable in this assignment.
4.04 Natural Habitats Not applicable 4.09 Pest Management Not applicable 4.10 Indigenous Peoples Not applicable. No settlement has a population considered as an ethnic minority
4.11 Physical Cultural Resource Not applicable. No settlement has any presences of any cultural (historical or archaeological) sites.
4.12 Involuntary Resettlement Potentially applicable. KISIP policy will be applicable where the necessity for resettlement is required.
4.36 Forests Not applicable. 4.37 Safety of Dams Not applicable. 7.50 Projects on International Not applicable Waterways
7.60 Projects in Disputed Areas Not applicable
The EMSF identified OP 4.01 (Environmental Assessment) and 4.12 (Involuntary Resettlement) as the only OP applicable to the KISIP projects.
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ANNEX 4: LIST OF ATTENDANCE
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, CPCS Ref: 12359 Mombasa and Kitui Counties
ANNEX 5: GENERIC MITIGATION MEASURES FOR CONTRACTORS Permits and licenses (i) The Contractor shall ensure that all pertinent permits, certificates and licenses have been obtained prior to any activities commencing on site and are strictly enforced/ adhered to; (ii) The Contractor shall maintain a database of all pertinent permits and licenses required for the contract as a whole and for pertinent activities for the duration of the contract. Site preparation phase Location of Contractor’s camp site Where the contractor will require setting up a site, the same shall be determined in collaboration with the RE taking into consideration the following: (i) Preferably to be located on land already cleared wherever possible; (ii) Not to be installed in the areas used as wildlife grazing areas or migratory corridors or in the area with more dense vegetation or densely settled areas; (iii) It should also avoid the areas, where the soil has higher erosion risk; (iv) The need to be more than 20 meters from watercourses in a position that will facilitate the prevention of storm-water runoff from the site from entering the watercourse; (v) The local administration and the community representatives (CBO) shall be involved in the site location to avoid destruction of any ritual site or any other conflict; (vi) The Contractor’s Camp layout shall take into account availability of access for deliveries and services and any future works; (vii) The Contractor’s Camp should also be of sufficient size to accommodate the needs of all sub-contractors that may work on the project.
Environmental Training and Awareness (i) The Contractor and sub-contractors shall be aware of the environmental requirements and constraints on construction activities contained in the provisions of the EMP; (ii) The Contractor will be required to provide for the appropriate Environmental Training and Awareness as described in this EMP in his costs and programming; (iii) An initial environmental awareness training session shall be held by the LA prior to any work commencing on site, with the target audience being all project personnel; (iv) The training shall include but not limited to the following
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, CPCS Ref: 12359 Mombasa and Kitui Counties
• Basic awareness and understanding of the key environmental features of the work site and environs; • Understanding the importance of and reasons why the environment must be protected; • Ways to minimize environmental impacts; • Relevant requirements of the EMP; • Prevention and handling of fire; • Health risks pertinent to the site, including prevention of communicable diseases; • Awareness, prevention and minimization of risk with regard to the contraction and spread of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases; • The Contractor shall erect and maintain Environmental and Health Information Posters for his employees regarding HIV/AIDS, protection of wildlife and natural resources; • The Environmental and Health Information Posters shall be erected at the eating areas and any other locations specified by the RE.
HIV/AIDS awareness and prevention campaign
(i) The Contractor shall institute HIV/AIDS awareness and prevention campaign amongst his workers for the duration of the contract, contracting an implementing organization, with preference for an organisation already working on this issue in the project area; (ii) The campaign shall include the training of facilitators within the workers, information posters in more frequented areas in the campsite and public areas, availability of promotional material (T-shirts and caps), availability of condoms (free), and theatre groups.
Local Labour / Employment
(i) Wherever possible, the Contractor shall use local labour, and women must be encouraged to be involved in construction work.
Construction phase
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, CPCS Ref: 12359 Mombasa and Kitui Counties
EMP management records Environmental management records shall be kept on site during the duration of construction and shall include the following: (i) The updated version of the EMP; (ii) All necessary permits and licences; (iii) All site specific plans prepared as part of the updated EMP; (iv) All written instructions and reports issued by the RE / Supervising Consultant; (v) A register of audit non-conformance reports and corrective actions; (vi) All related environmental, social, health and safety management registers and correspondence, including any complaints; (vii) All records shall be kept at site premises and maintained in a legible state for the full period of construction.
Contractor’s Camp The Contractor shall implement the following as required: (i) A suitable storm-water drainage system to prevent soil erosion, protect storage areas and to prevent stagnant ponds forming; (ii) A suitable potable water supply; (iii) Suitable facilities for bathing, washing clothes or vehicles – site staff will not be permitted to use open water bodies for such activities; (iv) Suitable sanitation facilities, adequate for the number of staff on site; (v) Facilities for cooking; (vi) Facilities for solid waste collection; (vii) Facilities for waste water management. The method for provision of these services will be approved by the RE.
Water Supply The Contractor must adhere to water quality regulations and rules as described in Legal Notice No. 120 of the Kenya Gazette Supplement No. 68 of September 2006. These Rules describe the following: (i) Water sources for domestic use; (ii) Sewage treatment; (iii) Ground water; (iv) Water for agricultural use; (v) Water for other uses; (vi) Schedules depicting standards.
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Abstractions from natural, municipal and/or private water resources (e.g. rivers, boreholes and springs) for potable water and construction water shall be approved by the Water Resources Management Authority. The Contractor shall arrange for the necessary approvals / permits from the water authorities under the direction of MoR for the abstraction of water. Conservation of vegetation and protection of wildlife (i) Except to the extent necessary for establishing the construction site and carrying out the construction works, vegetation shall not be removed, damaged or disturbed. Nor should any unauthorized planting of vegetation take place; (ii) The clearance of the site for construction purposes shall be kept to a minimum. The use of existing cleared or disturbed areas for the Contractor’s Camp, stockpiling of materials etc shall be encouraged; (iii) Areas with dense indigenous vegetation are not to be disturbed unless required for construction purposes, nor shall new access routes be cut through such areas. (iv) Trees should be trimmed rather than removed wherever possible; (v) The use of indigenous plants as firewood is prohibited unless they are obtained from approved sources; (vi) There is a possibility of encountering wildlife during the construction works, these animals should be avoided and not perturbed; (vii) Wildlife poaching or game hunting is forbidden.
Protection of watercourses (i) The Contractor shall ensure that the footprint of construction activities is minimised at river and stream crossings; (ii) Sedimentation from the construction works of perennial rivers and streams must be minimised; (iii) No construction materials shall be stockpiled within areas that are at risk of flooding; (iv) The Contractor shall ensure that all construction activities at the seasonal river crossings are commenced and completed during the dry seasons; (v) All temporary and permanent fill used adjacent to, or within, the perennial river bed shall be of clean sand or larger particles. Silts and clays shall not be permitted in the fill;
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(vi) Plastic sheeting, sandbags or geofabric approved by the RE shall be used to prevent the migration of fines through the edges of the fill into the river; (vii) The Contractor shall not modify the banks or bed of a watercourse other than necessary to complete the specified works. If such unapproved modification occurs, the Contractor shall restore the affected areas to their original profile; (viii) The Contractor shall preserve all riparian vegetation; (ix) The Contractor shall not pollute the watercourse through any construction activities.
Planning Borrow Pits and Quarries Where required, all borrow pits sites shall be clearly indicated on a plan and approved by the RE. (i) The Contractor will be responsible for ensuring that appropriate authorisation to use the proposed borrows pits and quarries has been obtained before commencing activities; (ii) Borrow pits and quarries shall be located more than 20 meters from watercourses in a position that will facilitate the prevention of storm-water runoff from the site from entering the watercourse; (iii) The Contractor shall give 14 days’ notice to nearby communities of his intention to begin excavation in the borrow pits or quarries; (iv) The Contractor shall prepare and implement borrow pit plans and borrow pit rehabilitation plans, which would minimise the risk of erosion.
Construction and Operation of New Borrow Pits and Quarries (i) Topsoil shall be stripped prior to removal of borrow and stockpiled on site. This soil shall be replaced on the disturbed once the operation of the borrow site or quarry is complete; (ii) Storm-water and groundwater controls shall be implemented to prevent runoff entering streams and the slumping of soil from hillside above; (iii) The use of borrow pits or quarries for material spoil sites may be approved by the RE (and/or with the appropriate consent of the “landowner”). Where this occurs, the materials spoiled in the borrow pit shall be profiled to fit into the surrounding landscape and covered with topsoil.
Blasting
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, CPCS Ref: 12359 Mombasa and Kitui Counties
(i) If blasting is required, the Contractor will be responsible for obtaining a current and valid authorisation from the Department of Mines and Geology prior to any blasting activity. A copy of this authorisation shall be given to the RE; (ii) A qualified and registered blaster by the Department of Mines and Geology shall supervise all blasting and rock-splitting operations at all times; (iii) The Contractor shall ensure that appropriate pre blast monitoring records are in place (i.e. photographic and inspection records of structures in close proximity to the blast area); (iv) The Contractor shall ensure that emergency services are notified, in writing, a minimum of 24 hours prior to any blasting activities commencing on Site; (v) The Contractor shall take necessary precautions to prevent damage to special features and the general environment, which includes the removal of fly-rock. Environmental damage caused by blasting/drilling shall be repaired at the Contractor’s expense to the satisfaction of the RE and the relevant authorities; (vi) The Contractor shall ensure that adequate warning is provided to the local communities immediately prior to all blasting. All signals shall also be clearly given; (vii) The Contractor shall use blast mats for cover material during blasting. Topsoil shall not be used as blast cover. Asphalt, Bitumen and Paving The site of the asphalt plant shall be selected and maintained according to the following basic criteria: (i) The plant shall be situated on flat ground; (ii) Topsoil shall be removed prior to site establishment and stockpiled for later rehabilitation of the site; (iii) Bitumen drums / products shall be stored in an area approved by the RE. This area shall be indicated on the construction camp layout plan. The storage area shall have a smooth impermeable (concrete or thick plastic covered in gravel) floor. The floor shall be bunded and sloped towards a sump to contain any spillages of substances; (iv) The area shall be covered to prevent rainwater from contacting the areas containing fuels, oils, bitumen etc and potentially generating contaminated runoff; (v) The plant shall be secured from trespassers and animals through the provision of fencing and a lockable gate to the satisfaction of the RE; (vi) Well-trained staff shall be responsible for plant workings. (vii) Within the bitumen plant site, areas shall be demarcated/marked for plant materials, wastewater and contaminated water; (viii) An area should be clearly marked for vehicle access; (ix) Drums/tanks shall be safely and securely stored;
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, CPCS Ref: 12359 Mombasa and Kitui Counties
(x) Materials requiring disposal shall be disposed of at an appropriate waste facility.
Cement/Concrete Batching (i) Where required, a Concrete batching plant shall be located more than 20m from the nearest stream/river channel; (ii) Topsoil shall be removed from the batching plant site and stockpiled; (iii) Concrete shall not be mixed directly on the ground; (iv) The concrete batching works shall be kept neat and clean at all times; (v) Contaminated storm-water and wastewater runoff from the batching area and aggregate stockpiles shall not be permitted to enter streams but shall be led to a pit where the water can soak away; (vi) Unused cement bags are to be stored so as not to be effected by rain or runoff events; (vii) Used bags shall be stored and disposed of in a manner which prevents pollution of the surrounding environment (e.g. via windblown dust); (viii) Concrete transportation shall not result in spillage; (ix) Cleaning of equipment and flushing of mixers shall not result in pollution of the surrounding environment; (x) Suitable screening and containment shall be in place to prevent windblown contamination associated with any bulk cement silos, loading and batching; (xi) Waste concrete and cement sludge shall be scraped off the site of the batching plant and removed to an approved disposal site; (xii) All visible remains of excess concrete shall be physically removed on completion of the plaster or concrete and disposed at an approved disposal site. Washing the remains into the ground is not acceptable; (xiii) All excess aggregate and sand shall also be removed; (xiv) After closure of the batching plant or any area where concrete was mixed all waste concrete/cement sludge shall be removed together with contaminated soil. The surface shall then be ripped to a depth of 150mm and the topsoil replaced evenly over the site and re-grassed.
Air and dust emissions
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, CPCS Ref: 12359 Mombasa and Kitui Counties
Air emissions from construction machinery, including dust, is regarded as a nuisance when it reduces visibility, soils private property, is aesthetically displeasing or affects palatability of grazing. Dust generated by construction related activities must be minimised.
The Contractor shall be responsible for the control of air emissions and dust arising from his operations and activities. (i) Workers shall be trained on management of air pollution from vehicles and machinery. All construction machinery shall be maintained and serviced in accordance with the contractor’s specifications; (ii) Asphalt plants and concrete batching plants shall be well sealed and equipped with a dust removal device; (iii) Workers shall be trained on dust minimisation techniques; (iv) The removal of vegetation shall be avoided until such time as clearance is required and exposed surfaces shall be re-vegetated or stabilised as soon as practically possible; (v) The contractor shall not carry out dust generating activities (excavation, handling and transport of soils) during times of strong winds. The RE shall suspend earthworks operations wherever visible dust is affecting properties adjoining the road; (vi) Water sprays shall be used on all earthworks areas within 200 metres of human settlement. Water shall be applied whenever dust emissions (from vehicle movements or wind) are visible at the site in the opinion of the RE; (vii) Vehicles delivering soil materials shall be covered to reduce spills and windblown dust; (viii) Vehicle speeds shall be limited to minimise the generation of dust on site and on diversion and access roads; (ix) Any complaints received by the Contractor regarding dust will be recorded and communicated to the RE and ESO.
Disruption of Access to Property Disruption of access to property must be kept to a minimum at all times. Where such disruption is unavoidable, the Contractor shall advise the affected parties and the RE at least seven working days in advance of such disruption. Spoil Sites Where the Contractor is required to spoil material, environmentally acceptable spoil sites must be identified and approved by the RE and EO, taking into consideration the following:
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, CPCS Ref: 12359 Mombasa and Kitui Counties
(i) Preferably to be located on land already cleared wherever possible. Communities shall be involved in the site location to avoid destruction of any ritual site or any other conflict; (ii) The need to be more than 20 meters from watercourses and in a position that will facilitate the prevention of storm-water runoff from the site from entering the watercourse; (iii) The development and rehabilitation of spoil areas shall include the following activities: (iv) Stripping and stockpiling of topsoil; (v) Removal (to a nominal depth of 500mm) and stockpiling of subsoil; (vi) Placement of spoil material. (vii) Contouring of spoil site to approximate natural topography and drainage and/or reduce erosion impacts on the site; (viii) Placement of excavated subsoil and then topsoil over spoil material; (ix) Contouring and re- vegetation; (x) The Contractor shall ensure that the placement of spoil is done in such a manner to minimise the spread of materials and the impact on surrounding vegetation and that no materials ‘creep’ into ‘no-go’ areas. Noise Control (i) The Contractor shall keep noise level within acceptable limits and construction activities shall, where possible, be confined to normal working hours in the residential areas; (ii) Schools, hospitals and other noise sensitive areas shall be notified by the Contractor at least 5 days before construction is due to commence in their vicinity. Any excessively noisy activity shall be conducted outside of school hours, where approved by the RE; (iii) Any complaints received by the Contractor regarding noise will be recorded and communicated to the RE; (iv) The Contractor must adhere to Noise Prevention and Control Rules of April 2005. Storm-water Management and Erosion Control The Contractor shall take reasonable measures to control storm water and the erosive effects. During construction the Contractor shall protect areas susceptible to erosion by installing necessary temporary and permanent drainage works as soon as possible and by taking measures to prevent the surface water from being concentrated in drainage channels or streams and from scouring slopes, banks or other areas. Areas affected by construction related activities and/or susceptible to erosion must be monitored regularly for evidence of erosion, these include: (i) Areas stripped of topsoil; (ii) Soil stockpiles; (iii) Spoil sites; (iv) Borrow pits;
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, CPCS Ref: 12359 Mombasa and Kitui Counties
(v) Sites for bridges and drainage structures.
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, CPCS Ref: 12359 Mombasa and Kitui Counties
On any areas where the risk of erosion is evident, special measures may be necessary to stabilise the areas and prevent erosion. These may include, but not be limited to: (i) Confining construction activities; (ii) Using cut off drains; (iii) Using mechanical cover or packing structures such as geofabric to stabilise steep slopes or hessian, gabions and mattress and retaining walls; (iv) Mulch or chip cover; (v) Constructing anti-erosion berms; (vi) The erosion prevention measures must be implemented to the satisfaction of the RE; (vii) Where erosion does occur on any completed work/working areas, the Contractor shall reinstate such areas and areas damaged by the erosion at his own cost and to the satisfaction of the RE and ESO; (viii) The Contractor shall be liable for any damage to downstream property caused by the diversion of overland storm water flows. Equipment Maintenance and Storage (i) All vehicles and equipment shall be kept in good working order, are serviced regularly and stored in an area approved by the RE; (ii) Leaking equipment shall be repaired immediately or removed from the site; (iii) All washing of equipment shall be undertaken in the workshop or maintenance areas which shall be equipped with suitable impermeable floor and sump/oil trap. The use of detergents for washing shall be restricted to low phosphate/nitrate-type detergents; (iv) Rivers and streams shall not be used for washing of equipment and vehicles. Sanitation (i) The Contractor shall comply with all laws and any by-laws relating to public health and sanitation; (ii) All temporary/ portable toilets or pit latrines shall be secured to the ground to the satisfaction of the RE to prevent them from toppling over; (iii) The type and exact location of the toilets shall be approved by the RE prior to establishment. The use of septic tanks may only be used after appropriate investigations have been made and the option has been approved by the RE; (iv) All toilets shall be maintained by the Contractor in a clean sanitary condition to the satisfaction of the RE; (v) A wash basin with adequate clean water and soap shall be provided alongside each toilet. Staff shall be encouraged to wash their hands after use of the toilet, in order to minimise the spread of possible disease; (vi) The Contractor shall ensure that no spillage occurs when the toilets are cleaned or emptied and that the contents are removed from the site to an appropriate location/facility for disposal;
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, CPCS Ref: 12359 Mombasa and Kitui Counties
(vii) The Contractor shall instruct their staff and sub-contractors that they must use toilets provided and not the bush or watercourses. Solid Waste Management The site is to be kept clean, neat and tidy at all times. No burying or dumping of any waste materials, vegetation, litter or refuse shall be permitted. The Contractor must adhere to Environmental Management and Co-ordination (Waste Management) Regulations 2006. The Contractor shall implement measures to minimize waste and develop a waste management plan to include the following:- (i) All personnel shall be instructed to dispose of all waste in a proper manner; (ii) At all places of work the contractor shall provide litter collection facilities; (iii) The final disposal of the site waste shall be done at the location that shall be approved by the RE, after consultation with local administration and local leaders; (iv) The provision of sufficient bins (preferably vermin and weatherproof) at the camp and work sites to store the solid waste produced on a daily basis; (v) Wherever possible, materials used or generated by construction shall be recycled; (vi) Provision for responsible management of any hazardous waste generated during the construction works. Wastewater and Contaminated Water Management (i) No grey water runoff or uncontrolled discharges from the site/working areas (including wash down areas) to adjacent watercourses and/or water bodies shall be permitted; (ii) Water containing such pollutants as cements, concrete, lime, chemicals and fuels shall be discharged into a conservancy tank for removal from site. This particularly applies to water emanating from concrete batching plants and concrete swills; (iii) The Contractor shall also prevent runoff loaded with sediment and other suspended materials from the site/working areas from discharging to adjacent watercourses and/or water bodies; (iv) Potential pollutants of any kind and in any form shall be kept, stored and used in such a manner that any escape can be contained and the water table not endangered; (v) Wash areas shall be placed and constructed in such a manner so as to ensure that the surrounding areas (including groundwater) are not polluted; (vi) The Contractor shall notify the RE of any pollution incidents on site.
Workshops Where practical, all maintenance of equipment and vehicles on Site shall be performed in the workshop. (i) if it is necessary to do maintenance on site, but outside of the workshop area, the Contractor shall obtain the approval of the RE prior to commencing activities;
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, CPCS Ref: 12359 Mombasa and Kitui Counties
(ii) The Contractor shall ensure that there is no contamination of the soil, vegetation or surface water in his workshop and other plant or emergency maintenance facilities. The workshop shall be kept tidy at all times and shall have the following as a minimum: (i) A smooth impermeable floor either constructed of concrete or suitable plastic covered with sufficient gravel to protect the plastic from damage; (ii) The floor shall be bunded and sloped towards an oil trap or sump to contain any spillages of substances (e.g. oil); (iii) Drip trays shall be used to collect the waste oil and lubricants during servicing and shall also be provided in construction areas for stationary plant (such as compressors); (iv) The drip trays shall be inspected and emptied daily; (v) Drip trays shall be closely monitored during wet weather to ensure that they do not overflow. General Materials Handling, Use and Storage (i) All materials shall be stored within the Contractor’s camp unless otherwise approved by the RE; (ii) Stockpile areas shall be approved by the RE; (iii) All imported fill, soil and/or sand materials shall be free of weeds, litter and contaminants. Sources of imported materials shall be listed and approved by the RE; (iv) The Contractor shall ensure that delivery drivers are informed of all procedures and restrictions (including ‘No go’ areas) required; (v) Any electrical or petrol driven pumps shall be equipped and positioned so as not to cause any danger of ignition of the stored product; (vi) Collection containers (e.g. drip trays) shall be placed under all dispensing mechanisms for hydrocarbons or hazardous liquid substances to ensure contamination from any leaks is reduced; (vii) Regular checks shall be conducted by the Contractor on the dispensing mechanisms for all above ground storage tanks to ensure faulty equipment is identified and replaced in timely manner; (viii) Only empty and externally clean tanks may be stored on bare ground. All empty and externally dirty tanks shall be sealed and stored on an area where the ground has been protected. Fuels, Oils, Hazardous Substances and other Liquid Pollutants (i) Hazardous materials shall not be stored within 2 kilometres of the top water level of public water supply reservoirs; (ii) Hazardous materials shall be stored above flood level and at least 20 metres from any watercourse;
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, CPCS Ref: 12359 Mombasa and Kitui Counties
(iii) Areas for the storage of fuel and other flammable materials shall comply with standard fire safety regulations; (iv) Chemicals and fuel shall be stored in storage tanks within a secure compound. All chemicals and fuels shall be stored in accordance with manufacturer's instructions; (v) Storage areas or secondary containment shall be constructed of waterproof reinforced concrete or approved equivalent, which is not adversely affected by contact with chemicals captured within them; (vi) The minimum volume for secondary containment shall be 110% of the capacity of the largest tank system, plus 10% of the total capacity of all other separate tanks and containers within the bund wall with closed valves for controlled draining during rains; (vii) Pipe-work carrying product from the tank to facilities outside the containment shall be provided with secondary containment; (viii) Tank equipment such as dispensing hoses, valves, meters, pumps, and gauges shall be located within the containment or provided with own containment; Health, Safety and Security General Health and Safety (i) The Contractor shall comply with all standard and legally required health and safety regulations as promulgated by Occupational Health and Safety Act and the Factories and Other Places of Work Regulations; (ii) The Contractor shall provide a standard first aid kit at the site office; (iii) The Contractor shall ensure that staff are made aware of the risks of contracting or spreading sexually transmitted diseases, particularly HIV/AIDS and how to prevent or minimise such risks; (iv) The Contractor shall be responsible for the protection of the public and public property from any dangers associated with construction activities, and for the safe and easy passage of pedestrians and traffic in areas affected by the construction activities; (v) All works which may pose a hazard to humans and domestic animals are to be protected, fenced, demarcated or cordoned off as instructed by the RE. If appropriate, symbolic warning signs must be erected; (vi) Speed limits appropriate to the vehicles driven are to be observed at all times on access and haul roads. Operators and drivers are to ensure that they limit their potential to endanger humans and animals at all times by observing strict safety precautions; (vii) No unauthorised firearms are permitted on site; (viii) The Contractor shall provide the appropriate Personal Protective Equipment for staff.
Security Security shall be provided to guard against vandalism when the site is unattended. This includes:
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, CPCS Ref: 12359 Mombasa and Kitui Counties
(i) Fencing of the tank compound with locks or other adequate security controls at the site; (ii) Locks on unattended dispensing hoses; (iii) Appropriate training for the handling and use of fuels and hazardous material is to be provided by the Contractor as necessary. This includes providing spill response and contingency plans; (iv) Extreme care will be taken when transferring chemicals and fuels from storage vessels to equipment and machinery on an impervious sealed area which is kerbed and graded to prevent run-off. Chemical and fuel transfer areas shall drain away from the perimeter bund to a containment pit. The design shall provide for the safe and efficient movement of vehicles; (v) All chemicals stored within the bunded areas shall be clearly labelled detailing the nature and quantity of chemicals within individual containers; (vi) Any chemical or fuel spills shall be cleaned up immediately. The spilt liquid and clean-up material shall be removed, treated and transported to an appropriate site licensed for its disposal; (vii) Storm water shall be diverted away from the fuel handling and storage areas. An oil water interceptor shall be provided to treat any rainwater from fuel storage and handling areas. HIV/AIDS The implementing agency for HIV/AIDS campaign shall monitor activities regularly to assess effectiveness and impact. This should include an initial, interim and final assessment of basic knowledge, attitude and practices taking account of existing data sources and recognizing the limitations due to the short timeframe to show behavior change. The assessment will be supported by qualitative information from focus group discussions. Fire Prevention and Control (i) The Contractor shall take all reasonable and precautionary steps to ensure that fires are not started as a consequence of his activities on site; (ii) The Contractor shall ensure that there is basic fire-fighting equipment available on site; (iii) The Contractor shall supply all living quarters, site offices, kitchen areas, workshop areas, materials, stores and any other areas identified by the RE with tested and approved firefighting equipment; (iv) Flammable materials should be stored under conditions that will limit the potential for ignition and the spread of fires; (v) ‘Hot’ work activities shall be restricted to a site approved by the RE; Smoking shall not be permitted in those areas where there is a fire hazard. These areas shall include: (i) Workshop; (ii) Fuel storage areas; (iii) Any areas (e.g. park/forest areas) where vegetation or other material is such as to make liable the rapid spread of an initial flame;
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, CPCS Ref: 12359 Mombasa and Kitui Counties
The Contractor shall ensure that all site personnel are aware of the fire risks and how to deal with any fires that occur. This shall include, but not be limited to: (i) Regular fire prevention talks and drills; (ii) Posting of regular reminders to staff; (iii) Any fires that occur shall be reported to the RE immediately and then to the relevant authorities; (iv) In the event of a fire, the Contractor shall immediately employ such plant and personnel as is at his disposal and take all necessary action to prevent the spread of the fire and bring the fire under control; (v) Costs incurred through fire damage will be the responsibility of the Contractor, should the Contractor’s staff be proven responsible for such a fire. Emergency Procedures The Contractor shall submit Method Statements covering the procedures for the main activities which could generate emergency situations through accidents or neglect of responsibilities. These situations include, but are not limited to: (i) Accidents at the work place; (ii) Accidental fires; (iii) Accidental leaks and spillages; (iv) Vehicle and plant accidents; Specific to accidental leaks and spillages: (i) The Contractor shall ensure that his employees are aware of the procedure for dealing with spills and leaks; (ii) The Contractor shall also ensure that the necessary materials and equipment for dealing with the spills and leaks is available on site at all times;
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, CPCS Ref: 12359 Mombasa and Kitui Counties
ANNEX 6: COST ESTIMATES The estimated cost for the infrastructure projects in Kitui Town is Kenya Shillings Seven Forty Nine Million Eight Hundred Twenty Nine Thousand Nine Hundred and Sixty One (Kshs.749, 829,961) Road, Footpaths and Drainage Works-Kitui Town
BILL NO. DESCRIPTION AMOUNT (KSHS)
KITUI TOWN
1 PRELIMINARY AND GENERAL SERVICES 76,765,000
4 SITE CLEARANCE AND TOPSOIL STRIPPING 6,673,500
5 EARTHWORKS 37,817,550
7 EXCAVATION AND FILLING FOR STRUCTURES 4,949,292
8 CULVERTS AND DRAINAGE WORKS 176,205,050
9 PASSAGE OF TRAFFIC 6,070,000
12 NATURAL BASE AND SUBBASE 22,142,000
14 CEMENT AND LIME TREATED 6,985,866
15 BITUMINOUS TREATMENT AND SURFACE DRESSING SUFACE 7,525,448
16 BITUMINOUS MIXES BASES/BINDER COURSES AND WEARING COURSES 30,366,000
17 CONCRETE WORKS 5,982,440
18 FOOTPATHS 3,272,350
20 ROAD FURNITURE 31,557,373
22 DAYWORKS 7,418,983
25 PEDESTRIAN BRIDGE AND RECREATIONAL AREA 4,368,280
SUB-TOTAL 1 428,099,133
ADD 10% FOR CONTINGENCIES 42,809,913
SUB-TOTAL 2 470,909,046
ADD 16% VAT (To be paid directly to KRA) 75,345,447
SUB-TOTAL 3 546,254,493
ADD 0.5% NCA LEVY 2,731,272
GRAND TOTAL 548,985,766
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, CPCS Ref: 12359 Mombasa and Kitui Counties
Electrical Works (High Flood Mast Security Lighting) ITEM DESCRIPTION AMOUNT NO. KSHS.
TOTAL BROUGHT FORWARD FROM:-
BILL NO. 01 - PRELIMINARIES AND GENERAL 1 CONDITIONS 190,000 2 BILL NO. 02 - SITE ORGANIZATION 6,692,000
BILL NO. 03 FOR HIGH MAST LIGHTING 3 SERVICES 27,255,000 4 BILL NO. 04 HIGH MAST FOUNDATION 3,628,800 5 BILL NO. 05 NORMAL STREET LIGHTING INSTALLATION 2,004,690
7 SUB TOTAL 01 39,770,490
8 Add the sum of 10% of sub total 1 for contingencies to be expended in whole or in part or deleted as directed by the Engineer 3,977,049
9 SUB TOTAL 2 43,747,539
10 Add 5% of sub-total 2 variation in prices in accordance with conditions of contract part III clause 70 2,187,377
SUB TOTAL 3 45,934,916 ADD 16% VAT 7,349,587 SUB TOTAL 4 53,284,503
ADD 0.5% NCA Levy 266,423
GRAND TOTAL FOR ELECTRICAL WORKS 53,550,925
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ESIA REPORT |Kenya Informal Settlement Improvement Project in Cluster 1: Malindi, CPCS Ref: 12359 Mombasa and Kitui Counties
Water and Sewerage Works- Kitui Town BILL DESCRIPTION AMOUNT (KSHS) NO. 1 Preliminary and General Items 20,482,500
2 Water Supply 44,871,578
3 Sewerage 33,592,021
4 Solid Waste 7,800,000
5 Dayworks 1,100,185
6 O&M Tools and Equipment 2,090,475
SUB TOTAL 1 109,936,759
ADD 10% FOR CONTINGENCIES 10,993,676
SUB TOTAL 2 120,930,435
ADD 16% VAT 19,348,870
SUB TOTAL 3 140,279,304
ADD 0.5% NCA LEVY 7,013,965
Total for Kitui Water Supply, Sewerage and Solid 147,293,270 Waste
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ANNEX 7: LIST OF DOCUMENTS REVIEWED Document Author/Organization Year Climate Change and Coastal Cities: Awuor C.B, Orindi V.A and Adwera A.O 2008 the Case of Mombasa, Kenya Environment and Urbanization , 20 (1), pp 231- 242 Poverty and mortality in the Caldwell, J. C. and Caldwell, B. K. 2002 context of economic growth and urbanization.
The triad of poverty, environment Journal of Health & Population in Developing 8 January, 2004 and child health in Nairobi informal Countries / URL: http://www.jhpdc.unc.edu/ settlements The Urban growth of Mombasa Musingi J.O, Kithiia S.M and Wambua B.N 199 Coastal Town and its Implications Proceedings of IUGG99 Symposium HS5: Impacts for Surface and Ground Water of Urban Growth on Surface Water and Resources. Groundwater Quality, Birmingham, pp 419-422 Bamburi Cement http://www.lafarge.co.ke/wps/portal/ke/1_1_1- Accessed Bamburi_Cement August 2014 Developing Cost Cap Per Hectare Prepared by Otieno odongo & partners for September, for Infrastructure Ministry of Housing, Kenya Informal Settlements 2012 Improvement In Informal Improvement Project (KISIP) Settlements ESIA Project Report for Pöyry, GA Consultants, Pamoja Trust 12th April 2012 Infrastructure Upgrading in Gilani, Kaptembwo and Kwa Rhonda Informal Settlements within Nakuru Municipality ESIA Project Report for Pöyry, GA Consultants, Pamoja Trust 5th July 2013 Infrastructure Upgrading in Jomvu Kuu, Jomvu Mikanjuni, Mkomani and Ziwa la Ng’ombe informal Settlements within Mombasa Municipality
Environment and Social Prepared by Repcon Associates for Ministry of February 2011 Management Framework (ESMF) Housing, Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Project (KISIP) Geographical Dimensions of Well- Central Bureau of Statistics. Ministry of Planning 2003 Being in Kenya and National Development, Kenya Health and Livelihood Needs of African Population and Health Research Center 2002 Residents of Informal Settlements (APHRC) in Nairobi City (Occasional Study Report) Kenya Demographic and Health Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS) 2009
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Survey (KDHS) report 2008-2009 Kenya HIV County Profiles Ministry of Health ; National AIDS and STI Control 2014 Programme (NASCOP) www.nascop.or.ke Project Appraisal Document (PAD) The World Bank February 24, 2011 Pollution and Vulnerability of Munga D., Kitheka J.U., Mwaguni S.M., Barongo 2005 Water Supply Aquifers in J., Massa H.S., Mwangi s., Ong’anda H., Mdoe F. Mombasa, Kenya andOpello J. UNEP/UNHABITAT The Resettlement Policy Prepared by Repcon Associates for Ministry of January 2011 Framework (RPF) Housing, Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Project (KISIP) Malindi Local Physical Part Ministry of Lands and Settlement, Physical 12/06/2001 Development Plan Planning Department Mombasa District Registry Index Survey of Kenya August 2006 Map, Hodi Hodi Settlement Scheme Mombasa M. North Local Physical Ministry of Lands and Settlement, Physical 03/03/1999 Part Development Plan Planning Department Mombasa M. N. (Hodi Hodi) Local Ministry of Lands and Settlement, Physical 11/08/2003 Physical Part Development Plan Planning Department Mombasa M. N. (Hodi Hodi) Local Ministry of Lands, Physical Planning Department 28/08/2009 Physical Part Development Plan (Proposed Maganda Squatter Settlement Scheme NEMA www.nema.go.ke Accessed August 2014 Registry Index Map, Kibokoi Survey of Kenya Not Dated Settlement Scheme Settlement Images Mjini & Muungano wa Wanaviji and Muungano Support Not Dated Mosquito Slums – Kitui Trust Municipality Various Acts of Parliament of Government Printers Various Kenya
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