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Falun Gong, the Great Red Dharma : Permanent Revolution of the Law Wheel

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Falun Gong, the Great Red Dharma : Permanent Revolution of the Law Wheel University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Masters Theses Graduate School 5-2003 Falun gong, the great red dharma : permanent revolution of the law wheel Stephen McIver Flanigan Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes Recommended Citation Flanigan, Stephen McIver, "Falun gong, the great red dharma : permanent revolution of the law wheel. " Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, 2003. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/5221 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Stephen McIver Flanigan entitled "Falun gong, the great red dharma : permanent revolution of the law wheel." I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts, with a major in Philosophy. Miriam Levering, Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Stephen Flanigan entitled-"Falun Gong, ·the Great Red Dharma: Permanent Revolution of the Law Wheel." I have examined the final paper copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in _partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts, with a major in Philosophy; Miriam Levering, Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: Accepted for the Council: Falun Gong, The Great Red Dharma: Permanent· Revolution of the Law Wheel A Thesis Prepared for the Master of Arts Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Stephen Mciver Flanigan May,2003 This work is dedicated to my teachers. By this, may I begin and never ceace to repay the debt I owe. f ,,. 11 Acknowledgements This project and the graduate experience it reflects is the result of generosity, guidance, and encouragement from a number of sources. First among these is the Religious Studies Department at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, where the masters program supported my study and presented me with many rare and valuable opportunities. It was Dr. Rosalind I.J. Hackett who first encouraged me to pursue this research, recognizing that many of my interests converged in this subject. Under her patronage, I developed earlier versions of this basic thesis, which I had the good fortuneto present at the 2001 Congress of the International Association for the History of Religion in Durban, South Africa. Much of this thesis is constructed around methodological premises gathered during my study and assistantship with Professor Hackett. My study of Chinese Religion and its millenarian subtext was greatly assisted by Dr. Miriam Levering, who introduced me to the graduate study of Chinese religion in general, and who offered me an abundance of aid in navigating the scholarly literature on the subject. Her shrewd analysis and cautious attention to detail helped restrain some of my tendencies toward bombast and hyperbole. As department head, teacher, and mentor, Dr. Charles Reynolds extended me tremendous opportunities for growth and learning, including the positions by which I was able to subsist and study. Dr. Jim Fitzgerald also assisted greatly in this project, not just by offering his criticisms, but also by sharing something of his philosophy of education. I was also privileged to study under Dr. Yen­ Ping Hao of the History Department in his last graduate seminar before he retired this past year, and as his student I was more formally introduced to the larger currents of Chinese history, which figure prominently in this thesis. Also of assistance was Dr. Chi­ Hung Yim, my former Chinese professor, whose encouraging comments and broad knowledge were of real help. 111 In addition to these central figures in the University of Tennessee, virtually all of the prominent professors thorough my college career have imparted a visible influence in this thesis and my overall academic career. Dr. Doug Burgess of the History Department at East Tennessee State University helped form my interest in historical problems of revolution and political dialectics in that eternally instructive field of Classical Western history. Dr. John Hardwig, former head of Philosophy at East Tennessee, and now Philosophy head at U.T. Knoxville, likewise helped spark my interest in Marxian analysis, which is of particular salience in this thesis. My teacher and mentor Dr. Jeffery Gold of the Philosophy department at East Tennessee, has long helped my exploration of spiritual traditions, symbolic correspondence, and the disciplined transformation of consciousness. The insights gained by this lifelong project commenced under Dr. Gold's instruction continue to inform my analysis of subjective states and their cosmological landscapes. Finally, I owe considerable thanks to my teacher Fang Liang, who for years taught me as his sole student, passing on what I could absorb of the Taiji he learned in the Chen Village. From the practices I learned from him, I understand something about qi cultivation which no amount of reading can transmit. IV Abstract Falun Gong is one of the largest and fastest-growing religious movements in Chinese history, and its illegality and persecution in China are cause for concern in the areas of human rights and religious freedom. In this thesis, I argue that the particular characteristics of Falun Gong suggest that its massive popularity in China may be due to its ideological resemblance to the structures of Maoism and Chinese Communism, which for fifty years have penetrated every area of Chinese life. Furthermore, I argue that Falun Gong is a direct response to the traumatic experience of the Cultural Revolution in China and the avoidance of its real resolution, despite reform, under the Chinese Communist Party. The specifically postrevolutionary character of Falun Gong is evidenced by its mass­ line messianism, its antitraditionalism, its totalism, its quasi-materialism, and even practical details of its qigong technique. This thesis is primarily a study in rhetorical analysis, focusing on the texts and speeches of Falun Gong's leader, Master Li Hongzhi. But is also something of a web- · ethnography, in that I have drawn extensively from on-line writings by Falun Gong practitioners. V A Note on Conventions Used in the Text Though no system of Romanizing Chinese is entirely satisfactory, I have chosen to use the more phonetically useful Pinyin system, which is largely replacing the older, more familiar Wade-Giles method. Thus Tao ii[ will herein be spelled Dao, ch 'i � will appear as qi, and Chuang Tzu Jffrwill transform into Zhuangzi. Where useful or relevant, I will include the Chinese character in its traditional form. The citation of Master Li Hongzhi's texts entails some difficulty since the translations are forever in a state of revision, with regularly updated editions posted on-line and new editions now appearing in print. Though the changes are not substantive and are usually for the better, they render pagination a problem, and simple URL citations, even for specific pages, may be too general to be of great help. For these reasons I have chosen to notate citations from the principal Falun Gong texts by an address consisting of their chapter, section, and subdivision numerals, since most of the writings are ordered under sequentially divided parts. In the case of Zhuan Falun, I will include the tide of the discussion section since the number is given in the URL, but not on the index itsel£ Thus a passage from China Falun Gong for instance, noted as 2.4.2, means the quote is found in the second chapter, fourth section, and the second item under the fourth section. The enumeration of divisions in these books can be confusing, but the versions I have available­ an older printed copy of the HTML edition and the present PDF and HTML documents- all agree in their numerical divisions, even though the pagination has drifted somewhat. There are however several texts which despite their length have no internal divisions, namely the Lecture at the First Conference in NorthAmerica, Falun Dafa Lecture in New York Ci-ty, Falun Dafa Lecture in San Francisco, and Expositi.on of Falun Dafa in the New York Seminar. For these I will provide the page number of my printed version as it appears giving the present page of the sum total (e.g., 16 of 44). Therefore, if one wishes to locate a cited passage, even if viewing an altered print version or single-scroll HTML vi document, an estimation of the relative position can be made. vu Contents 1. Spiritual (counter)Revolution .......................................................... l 2. The Qj,gongWorld ............................... .................................................. 16 3. Permanent Revolution of the Law Wheel.................................... .43 4. Beyond Forebea.rarice............................................................................ 69 5. Toward Consummation .....................................................................
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