ABSTRACT Title of Dissertation: ADRIAEN VAN OSTADE's IMAGES
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ABSTRACT Title of Dissertation: ADRIAEN VAN OSTADE'S IMAGES OF IDYLLIC RURAL LIFE Jessica Lynn Hoffman, Doctor of Philosophy, 2013 Dissertation directed by: Professor Arthur K. Wheelock, Jr., Department of Art History & Archaeology Seventeenth-century Dutch artist Adriaen van Ostade (1610–1685) created paintings of rural life that exude life and vitality. The artist devoted hundreds of canvases and panels to depicting rural folk enjoying a dance or a drink, singing songs, and enjoying the pleasures of the pipe. Though he inherited many aspects of the peasant genre tradition from predecessors such as Pieter Bruegel (c.1525–1569), Ostade, a lifelong resident of Haarlem, developed his own type of peasant image by depicting leisure activities in small inns and taverns that presented a sympathetic view of rural inhabitants. Ostade’s mature paintings of festive country folk relied on preconceived notions about the peace and beauty of Haarlem’s rural environs and were meant to enhance the idea of a peaceful rural escape for urban viewers. Through a critical examination of Ostade’s oeuvre, I will compile a coherent and detailed look at the images of rural festivity that Ostade created throughout his long career. Ostade transformed traditional rollicking kermis scenes into subdued, leisurely celebrations focused on simple interactions along with singing and dancing. He changed the traditional stereotype of the festive peasant from a brutish, crude figure into a rustic, yet idyllic, rural fixture. The content people Ostade depicted in his mature work reflect the desires of an urban bourgeois class in Haarlem that prized their city’s rural environs, which had long been extolled in literature and art. A thorough study of the works and the market for which they were produced illuminates the meaning and function of his animated pictures of rural life. ADRIAEN VAN OSTADE'S IMAGES OF IDYLLIC RURAL LIFE Jessica Lynn Hoffman Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Maryland, College Park in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2013 Advisory Committee: Proferssor Arthur K. Wheelock, Jr. Professor Anthony Colantuono Professor Emeritus Jay Robert Dorfman Professor Meredith Gill Dr. Henriette Rahusen © Copyright by Jessica Lynn Hoffman 2013 Acknowledgements I would like to express my deepest gratitude and appreciation to my advisor, Arthur Wheelock, for his patient guidance, encouragement, and useful critiques of my work. I would also like to express my appreciation to committee members Meredith Gill, Anthony Colantuono, and Bob Dorfman for their time, energy and interest in my topic. My grateful thanks are also extended to Henriette Rahusen for her assistance with translations, thoughtful comments on my draft, and for serving on my committee. I offer my gratitude to the Department of Art History and Archaeology at the University of Maryland for providing their support and knowledge. I wish to acknowledge the assistance of the Samuel H. Kress Foundation for providing a travel grant that enabled me to conduct research in the Netherlands. Assistance provided by Lea van der Vinde at the Mauritshuis and David de Haan at the Rijksmuseum was greatly appreciated during my time there. I would like to offer my special thanks to Lauree Sails and Quint Gregory for their support, friendship, and guidance throughout my time at Maryland as well as Erin McKinney and Tanya Jung, who provided me with valuable feedback and support. ii The dissertation document that follows has had referenced material removed in respect for the owner’s copyright. A complete version of this document, which includes said referenced material, resides in the University of Maryland, College Park’s library collection. iii Table of Contents List of Figures .................................................................................................................... vi Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter One: Representations of Rural Life before Ostade ............................................. 19 Who are peasants?......................................................................................................... 19 Arcadian Literature ....................................................................................................... 20 The “Noble Peasant” ..................................................................................................... 25 Mockery of the Peasantry in the Middle Ages .............................................................. 29 The Sixteenth Century: Peasants and their Kermises ................................................... 32 The Dawn of the Seventeenth Century—a Bruegel Revival ........................................ 38 Chapter Two: Adriaen van Ostade, A Haarlem Artist ...................................................... 41 Ostade’s Life ................................................................................................................. 41 A Painter of Peasants and his Audience ....................................................................... 52 Dutch Rural Life in the Seventeenth Century ............................................................... 62 Haarlem, ‘An Earthly Paradise’ .................................................................................... 69 The Haarlem Landscape Tradition ................................................................................ 76 Chapter Three: Satire and Adriaen van Ostade’s Early Work .......................................... 83 Tavern Interiors ............................................................................................................. 83 Brouwer & Bredero and the Peasant Farce ................................................................... 88 Rembrandt’s Influence on Ostade ................................................................................. 99 The Emergence of Ostade’s Personal Style ................................................................ 102 Chapter Four: Reshaping the Image of the Peasant ........................................................ 104 Ostade Focuses on His Figures ................................................................................... 104 A New Image of Rural Life ........................................................................................ 110 Rural Domesticity ....................................................................................................... 114 The Peasant as the “Other” ......................................................................................... 116 Chapter Five: Leisure in the Haarlem’s Countryside ..................................................... 123 Beer, Tobacco and Games .......................................................................................... 123 Scenes of Well-Earned Leisure ................................................................................... 133 iv An Idyllic Rural World ............................................................................................... 138 Ostade’s Kermises ...................................................................................................... 145 Rural Celebrations ...................................................................................................... 149 Chapter Six: Pleasant Scenes in a Time of Crisis ........................................................... 154 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 159 Bibliography ................................................................................................................... 163 v List of Figures 1. Adriaen van Ostade, Festive Peasants, late 1630s, oil on panel, The Hague, Mauritshuis 2. Adriaen van Ostade, Peasants Dancing in a Tavern, 1659, oil on panel, St. Louis Art Museum 3. Frans Hals, Adriaen van Ostade, 1646/1648, oil on canvas, Washington, D.C., National Gallery of Art 4. Page from the biography of Adriaen van Ostade from Cornelis de Bie, Het Gulden Cabinet der Edel Vry Schilderconst, 1662 5. Page from Adriaen van Ostade’s biography in Arnold Houbraken, De groote schouburgh der Nederlandische konstschilders en schilderessen, 1718–1721 6. Page from Adriaen van Ostade’s biography in Arnold Houbraken, De groote schouburgh der Nederlandische konstschilders en schilderessen, 1718–1721 7. Illustration of Adriaen van Ostade from his biography in Arnold Houbraken, De groote schouburgh der Nederlandische konstschilders en schilderessen, 1718–1721 8. Page from Adriaen van Ostade’s biography in Arnold Houbraken, De groote schouburgh der Nederlandische konstschilders en schilderessen, 1718–1721 9. Thomas Thomasz, Map of Haarlem, 1578, engraving 10. Pieter Wils, Map of Haarlem, 1646, engraving, Haarlem, Gemeentearchief 11. Thomas Thomasz., Map of Haarlem and its environs, 1590, drawing, Haarlem, Noord- Hollands Archief 12. Karel van Mander, Bucolica en Georgica, dat is, Ossen-stal en Landt-werck (Amsterdam: Zacharias Heyns, 1597). 13. Hendrick Goltzius, illustration from Karel van Mander’s Bucolica en Georgica, dat is, Ossen-stal en Landt-werck, 1597: The First Eclogue 14. Hendrick Goltzius, illustration from Karel van Mander’s Bucolica en Georgica, dat is, Ossen-stal en Landt-werck, 1597: The Veneration of Ceres 15. Queen Mary’s Psalter, calendar pages for December, c. 1310–1320,