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VOLUME XXI 1996 Number 2 LIBERIAN STUDIES JOURNAL tl . 'j: Edward Wilmot Blyden 1832 -1912 Published by THE LIBERIAN STUDIES ASSOCIATION, INC. PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor LIBERIAN STUDIES JOURNAL Editorial Policy The Liberian Studies Journal is dedicated to the publication of original research on social, political, economic, scientific, and other issues about Liberia or with implications for Liberia. Opinions of contributors to the Journal do not necessarily reflect the policy of the organizations they represent or the Liberian Studies Association, publishers of the Journal. Manuscript Requirements Manuscripts submitted for publication should not exceed 25 typewritten, double -spaced pages, with margins of one - and -a -half inches. The page limit includes graphs, references, tables and appendices. Authors may, in addition to their manuscripts, submit a computer disk of their work preferably in WordPerfect 6.1 for Windows. Notes and references should be placed at the end of the text with headings, e.g., Notes; References. Notes, if any, should precede the references. The Journal is published in June and December. Deadline for the first issue is February, and for the second, August. Manuscripts should include a title page that provides the title of the text, author's name, address, phone number, and affiliation. All works will be reviewed by anonymous referees. Manuscripts are accepted in English and French. Manuscripts must conform to the editorial style of either the Chicago Manual of Style, The American Psychological Association (APA) or Modern Language Association (MLA). All manuscripts submitted for consideration should be mailed to: C. William Allen, Editor Liberian Studies Journal; Division of Fine Arts, Languages and Literature University of South Carolina; 800 University Way; Spartanburg, SC 29303 All Book Reviews should be mailed to: Augustine Konneh, Book Review Editor Liberian Studies Journal; History Department Morehouse College; 830 West view Drive, S.W. Atlanta, Georgia 30314. Cover photo: Library of Congress Photoduplication Service; Washington, D.C. PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor VOLUME XXI 1996 Number 2 LIBERIAN STUDIES JOURNAL Editor, C. William Allen University of South Carolina at Spartanburg Associate Editor, Similih M. Cordor Book Review Editor, Augustine Konneh Florida Community College Morehouse College EDITORIAL ADVISORY LIBERIAN STUDIES ASSN. BOARD BOARD OF DIRECTORS Bertha B. Azango -- University of Liberia Walter T. Wiles -- President Warren d'Azevedo -- University of Nevada Massala Reffell -- Vice President Christopher Clapham -- Lancaster University Arnold Odio -- Secretary- Thomas Hayden-- Society of African Missions Doris Railey Svend E. Holsoe -- University of Delaware Margaret Deconte Brumskine Coroann Okorodudu- Rowan College of N.J. FORMER EDITORS D. Elwood Dunn- - The University of the South D. Elwood Dunn Edward J. Biggane M. Alpha Bah-- College of Charleston Jo Sullivan Svend E. Holsoe Momo K. Rogers -- Kpazolu Media Enterprises Yekutiel Gershoni -- Tel Aviv University Lawrence B. Breitborde -- Knox College Romeo E Phillips -- Kalamazoo College Henrique F. Tokpa -- Cuttington University College Edited at the Division of Fine Arts, Languages and Literature; College of Arts and Sciences; University of South Carolina at Spartanburg. The editors and Advisory Board gratefully acknowledge the contributions of The University of South Carolina in the production of the Journal. PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor CONTENTS EDWARD W. BLYDEN'S LESSONS IN AFRICAN PSYCHOLOGY By Boikai S. Twe 169 BUFFALO SOLDIERS IN AFRICA: THE U.S. ARMY AND THE LIBERIAN FRONTIER FORCE, 1912 - 1927 -- AN OVERVIEW By Timothy A. Rainey 203 MARITAL RAPE EXEMPTION IN THE UNITED STATES AND POSSIBILITY FOR REFORM IN LIBERIA By Margaret Deconte Brumskine 239 GHANA, ECOWAS AND THE LIBERIAN CRISIS -- AN ANALYSIS OF GHANA'S ROLE IN LIBERIA By Emmanuel Kwesi Aning 259 BOOK REVIEWS Bee, Joe M and Aaron Von Williamson. The Liberian Civil War 1990-1994. Chicago: JB Publishers, 1995. By Momo K. Rogers, Sr 300 McDaniel, Antonio. Swing Low, Sweet Chariot: The Morality Cost of Colonizing Liberia in the Nineteenth Century. By Alfred B. Konuwa 304 Forsythe, David P. Human Rights and Peace: International and National Dimensions. By George Klay Kieh, Jr 308 RECENT PUBLICATIONS AND THESES 311 NEWS AND NOTES 312 DOCUMENTS 322 CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS ISSUE 351 INDEX 352 A refereed journal that emphasizes the social sciences, humanities, and the sciences, the Liberian Studies Journal is a semiannual publication devoted to studies of Africa's oldest republic. The annual subscription rate is $40.00, $15.00 for students and $50.00 for institutions, and include membership in the Liberian Studies Association, Inc. All manuscripts and related matters should be addressed to The Editor, Liberian Studies Journal; Division of Fine Arts, Languages and Literature; The University of South Carolina at Spartanburg; 800 University Way; Spartanburg, SC 29303. Subscriptions and other business matters should be directed to The Secretary- Treasurer, Liberian Studies Association, Albany State University; 504 College Drive; P. 0. Box 31222; Albany, GA, USA, 31705 -2791. Copyright 1996 by the Liberian Studies Association, Inc. ISSN 0024 1989. PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor From the Editor This issue is the first in a long time that has an illustration other than the map of Liberia on its cover. We like to hear your reaction to this bold experiment, and some of the other layout changes we have made. The editorial decision to change the cover for this issue would not have been possible without Boikai Twe's thought provoking article, "Edward W. Blyden's Lessons in African Psychology." The Blyden article is followed by Timothy Rainey's article on relations between the U.S. Army and the Liberian Frontier Force between 1912 and 1927. Margaret Deconte Brumskine plunges a stake into the heart of male chauvinism with her article on possibilities for reform of marital rape exemption laws in Liberia. The ongoing debate regarding the role of ECOMOG/ECOWAS in the Liberian crisis is kept alive in this issue by Emmanuel Kwesi Aning as he gives us his analysis of the role of Ghana in the regional peace keeping effort. The three book reviews by Momo Rogers, George Klay Kieh, and Alfred Konuwa respectively, provide good synopses of books about Liberia that treat with very contemporary issues. Our "Recent Publications and Thesis" section provides a list rich in titles dealing with current research and information of relevance to Liberia. Of particular interest is George Padmore's long awaited Memoirs of a Liberian Ambassador (1996). We have included in our News and Notes section, the minutes of the 28th Liberian Studies Conference held at Southern University in Baton Rouge, Louisiana March 21 -23, 1996. Our thanks to Diana Brown and Elaine Armour Wolo for compiling the minutes. We have also included an announcement for the 29th Annual Meeting, which will be hosted by Massaia "Prince" Reffell at Prairie View A &M University, Prairie View, Texas, April 2 -5, 1997. See you there! Our Documents section carries the complete text of the Final Communique of the Abuja Agreement of August 17, 1996. Also in this section is Blyden's 1857 Independence Day Address to the Common Council and citizens of Monrovia. This issue also contains the index to Volume XXI. The Editor 167 PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor 169 EDWARD W. BLYDEN'S LESSONS IN AFRICAN PSYCHOLOGY Boikai S. Twe Introduction Statesmen and scholars have turned to Edward Wilmot Blyden for inspiration and lessons for more than a century. Virtually every person involved in West African Studies and African psychology has been influenced by Blyden. J.E. Casely- Hayford (1911) in his book Ethiopia Unbound called Blyden "a god descended upon earth to teach Ethiopians a new their way of life." Hollis Lynch (1970) in a biography of Blyden called him the "Pan Negro Patriot." St. Clair Drake (1970) in his work The Redemption of Africa and Black Religion called Blyden the "Intellectual Ethiopianist." George J. Benjamin (1979) in another work on Blyden called him a "Messiah of Black Revolution." In other works, he is called the "Black Spokesman," a "Black Heart Man," and the "Outstanding Black Intellectual of the 19th Century." I believe also that Blyden was the first modern African social scientist. Blyden was born in 1832 in St. Thomas, Virgin Islands, and spent a few months in Venezuela and North America during his youth. His passion for goodness, truth and liberty led him to emigrate, at the age of eighteen, to Liberia in 1851. He saw Liberia as the ideal place where African Americans could build a new and great civilization by using the knowledge they had acquired in the West and by preserving the best of the African way of life. He completed high school in Liberia under the supervision of Rev. David A. Wilson, a graduate of Princeton College. In 1853 he became a lay preacher and the following year he became a teacher. Blyden acquired a Liberian Studies Journal, XXI, 2 (1996) PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor 170 BOIKAI S. TWE higher education, on his own, by the systematic reading of books, magazines, newspapers, and through regular correspondence with scholars like Gladstone, Dean Stanley, Charles Dickens, and Charles Sumner. Some of his ideas were shaped by active hinterland explorations in Liberia and Sierra Leone, visits and study in Egypt and Syria and widespread traveling in Europe and America. Promotion of education constituted Blyden is regarded ... as the first the foundation of person, in Africa, to scientifically Blyden's works in African culture, refute the myth of white psychology and superiority and to invent ideas science.
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