MEDIEVAL NEW ALRESFORD REVISITED Godfrey De Lucy

Proc. Hampsh. Field Club Archaeol. Soc. 43, 1987, 255-261

NOTES

Godfrey de Lucy, bishop of Winchester, foun 1977, 50-1). In the 14th century, wool from the ded the market town of New Alresford in the bishop of Winchester's estates in Hampshire year 1200 (Luard 1865, ii, 252). A story has was stored for sale at Wolvesey Palace, not at grown up that medieval Alresford was Alresford {op cit 311). Nor was Alresford a provided with new trade routes and thus major cloth town in the 14th century. In became a centre of national importance. 1394-5 and 1398-9, about 4400 cloths were Recent writers have repeated this story (Beres- sold in Winchester, whereas in 1394-5 ford 1959, 190-2; Hughes 1976, 91-2; Piatt Alresford accounted for only 53 standard 1984, 52). The story, which is quite unfoun cloths of assize, an output comparable to that ded, has three parts. of small towns such as Alton and Fareham John Trussell in c. 1640 began the tradition (Keene 1895, 315-7). Alresford's trade was at a that de Lucy constructed a canal between low ebb in the 15th century. In 1443-4, the Alresford and Winchester. I have argued town attracted only 10 cartloads of goods from elsewhere that this tradition is false (Roberts Southampton, while Romsey attracted 202, 1985). Winchester 367 and Salisbury 861 (Coleman Secondly, John Duthy in 1839 seems to have 1960-61, i, 144 map). In terms of taxable been the first to claim that Henry III further wealth, Winchester was assessed at over £51 increased Alresford's trade when he built a and ranked 17th town in England for the lay new road between Alresford and Alton (Duthy subsidy of 1334 whereas Alresford borough 1839, 88 and 103). This belief stems from an was assessed at £4 19s 6d (Glasscock 1975, apparent misreading of a charter of 1269 in 121; Hoskins 1972, 238). In 1523-7, Winches which the king ordered the felling of woodland ter - now ranked 37th town in England - was adjacent to the road called 'the pass of Alton' assessed at £132 and Alresford at £16 10s (Cal Chart R 1257-1300, 122; Piatt 1984, 229). (HRO 23M73; Hoskins 1972, 239). The road was already in existence by 1248 This story of modest achievement is echoed (Bellamy 1973, 43). in the records of Alresford's market tolls and Thirdly, the Victoria County History described the payment for market stalls made to the Alresford - without evidence - as one of the bishop of Winchester as lord of the borough. A ten great wool towns of fourteenth century random selection of bishopric pipe rolls of the England (VCH Hants III, 351). This claim is early 13th century suggests that the annual false and may derive from a simple confusion payments of tolls and stallage at that time between Alresford and Winchester. Winches were generally around £1 (e.g. HRO Eccl ter was indeed one of the ten English staple 159285, 159288, 159457). In the second half of towns for wool at that time (Lloyd 1977, 115). the century, annual payments rose to between The truth is much less spectacular than the £2 and £3 (e.g. HRO Eel 159297, 159301, story. Alresford was never more than a minor 159309). In the first half of the 14th century, centre for the wool trade. In 1271—4, at least annual payments seem generally to have fallen 327 Englishmen were licensed to export wool. below £2 (e.g. HRO Eccl 159408, 159332, Of these, 40 came from Winchester, 19 from 159357). In 1347-8, the payment was £1 6s 8d, Southampton, 15 from Andover and only 3 but in the plague year of 1348-9 it fell abruptly from Alresford. Between May 1273 and to 6s 8d and it was specifically stated in the January 1274, the merchants of Winchester bishopric pipe roll that the amount was 'so were authorized to export 945 sacks of wool, small this year because of the pestilence' the merchants of Alresford only 20 (Lloyd (HRO Eccl 159357, 159358). Payments for 256 HAMPSHIRE FIELD CLUB AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY tolls and stallage seem to have remained low; during the 13th and 14th centuries, there is no 5s 9d in 1400-1, 4s 6d in 1451-2, 5s 2d in direct evidence for Alresford and there are no 1501-2 and 5s 4d in 1550-1. In 1451-2, only 12 poll tax returns for 1377-81 from which market stalls were recorded (HRO Eccl Alresford's population at that time could be 159405, 159442, 155851, 155889). ascertained (Beresford 1959, 200). According If Alresford's trade and wealth were modest, to a survey of 1552, there were 122 houses in its population was correspondingly small in Alresford (HRO Eccl 136/1, 118-128). Multip number and increased little during the Middle lying again by 4.75 (Youings 1984, 132) we Ages. In 1210-11, there were 90 messuages in have a population of about 580, an increase of Alresford - not 45 as stated by Beresford (Holt only one third on the population of 1210. 1964, 148; Beresford 1959, 191). If this implies The survey shows that 16th century 90 households and we suppose that the aver Alresford was a small town whose houses age household size was 4.75 people, then we clustered around East, West and Broad Street. have a population of approximately 430 There is no documentary or archaeological (Hallam 1981, 246). Between 1223 and 1361, evidence to suggest that it was larger than this the rent for the borough rose gradually from in the Middle Ages and one is forced to £15 8s 8d to £16 12s 9d (HRO Eccl 1599278, conclude that the town was built on quite a 159371). Some of this increase represents the different scale from a major centre such as building of a few new houses, but after the mid medieval Winchester. Alresford was a living 14th century this modest expansion ceased and moderately thriving community, but not and the borough rent was still £16 12s 9d in the outstanding success which some writers 1550-1 (HRO Eccl 155889). Although the describe (Betty 1986, 57-8). national population fluctuated substantially

REFERENCES

Manuscript Sources Hampshire Record Office (HRO) Holt, N R 1964 The Pipe Roll of the Bishopric of Pipe rolls of the bishopric of Winchester: Eccl Winchester 1210-1211, Manchester. 159278 (1223); 159285 (1236); 159288 Luard, H R 1865 Annates Monastici 2, London. (1245); 159457 (1247); 159297 (1265); 159301 (1272); 159309 (1283); 159408 Secondary Works (1304); 159332 (1317); 159357 (1347); 159358 (1348); 159371 (1360); 159405 Bellamy, J 1973 Crime and Public Order in England in the (1400); 159442 (1451); 155851 (1501); Later Middle Ages, London. 155889 (1550). Beresford, M 1959 Six New Towns of the Bishop of HRO 23M73. Typed transcript '1523 lay subsidy for Winchester Med Arch 3. New Alresford'. Betty, J H 1986 Wessexfrom AD 1000, London. HRO 136/1, 118-128. Survey of the borough of New Dutiiy, J 1839 Sketches of Hampshire, Winchester. Alresford, 1552. Hallam, H E 1981 Rural England 1066-1348, Brighton. Printed Sources Hoskins. W G 1972 Local History in England (2nd edn), London. Cal Chart R Calendar of Charter Rolls preserved in theHughes , M 1976 The Small Towns of Hampshire, Public Record Office, London. 1903-27, 6v. Winchester. Coleman, O 1960-1 The Brokage Book of SouthamptonKeene , D J 1985 A Survey of Medieval Winchester, 1443-1444, (2v) Southampton Records Winchester Studies 2. Series 4, 6. Lloyd, T H 1977 The English Wool Trade in the Middle Glasscock, R E 1975 The Lay Subsidy of 1334, London. Ages, Cambridge. NOTES: A POSSIBLE ICEHOUSE AT MILNETHORPE, WINCHESTER 257

Piatt, C 1984 Medieval Britain from the Air, London. The Victoria County History of Hampshire and the Isle of Roberts, E 1985 Alresford Pond, a Medieval Canal Wight 5v 1900-14, London. Reservoir: a Tradition Assessed Proc Youings, J 1984 Sixteenth-Century England, London. Hampsh Field Club Archaeol Soc 41 127-37. Author. Edward Roberts, King Alfred's College, Winchester.

A POSSIBLE ICEHOUSE AT MILNETHORPE, WINCHESTER

Abstract A survey of a later 19th century structure, possibly an rather than the keeping of ice. The builders clearly considered icehouse at Milnethorpe, Winchester, was undertaken by its additional function as a landscape feature, showing Winchester Archaeology Office in 1986. It is of an unusual concern for both its location and decoration. type and may have been used for the cold storage of foodstuffs

468/289 472/2B9 Fig 1. A Location of possible Icehouse in relation to Winchester. (1) The structure. (2) Milnethorpe House. B Plan showing major topographic features. Modern buildings have been excluded. Information from OS 25" 1970. Stables taken from 1909 edition.