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Rome's Welcoming Strategies Welcoming Newcomers: Lessons for our Times from Ancient Rome by Carol Volkart B.J., Carleton University, 1971 Project Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in the Graduate Liberal Studies Program Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences © Carol Volkart 2019 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY Fall 2019 Copyright in this work rests with the author. Please ensure that any reproduction or re-use is done in accordance with the relevant national copyright legislation. Approval Name: Carol Volkart Degree: Master of Arts Title: Welcoming Newcomers: Lessons for our Times from Ancient Rome Examining Committee: Chair: Gary McCarron Associate Professor Emily O’Brien Senior Supervisor Associate Professor Departments of History and Humanities Stephen Duguid Supervisor Professor Emeritus Department of Humanities Sasha Colby External Examiner Associate Professor Department of English Date Defended/Approved: Dec. 6, 2019 ii Abstract At a time of rising anti-immigration sentiment in much of the modern Western world, this project explores what we can learn about welcoming from ancient Rome, which was considered remarkable for its openness to newcomers even by its contemporaries. Through Rome’s founding myths as described in Virgil’s The Aeneid and Livy’s The Early History of Rome, as well as through numerous ancient and modern historians, this project explores why and how ancient Rome was so welcoming, and the results of that attitude. The purpose throughout is to extract ideas that usefully apply to dilemmas surrounding modern migration. Roman society and sensibilities were very different from our own, so we can’t expect to import ancient ideas wholesale. But this project concludes that the attitudes and principles that made Rome so remarkably open to newcomers can point us toward potential actions, deeper understandings, and useful questions about our own approach to welcoming in an era of increasing negativity toward migration. Keywords: Ancient Rome; Migration; Citizenship; Welcoming; Multiculturalism; Diversity iii Dedication To John, the most patient of partners And to Linda, the most understanding of friends iv Acknowledgements I would like to acknowledge the help and support of the professors who bravely took on this project with me. Emily O’Brien, my senior supervisor, asked the detailed and probing questions that turned this paper into what it is, and along the way taught me another kind of writing and thinking. Through this project and through a previous course in the GLS program, she opened my eyes to the limitless trove of ancient Rome, whose characters, literature and history will remain with me always. Stephen Duguid, my second supervisor, took on this project even though he was retiring, and provided steadfast support throughout. Sasha Colby was the force behind the research grant that sent me to Rome for a month in the spring of 2018 so I could experience its sites, streets and people first-hand. Her graceful enthusiasm has been an inspiration throughout the program, ever since the summer afternoon of 2014 when she introduced my cohort to The Bacchae, proving in one class that the ancient world is ours as well. One of the most valuable aspects of the GLS program is the people who sign up for it. Drawn by similar interests, participants often find a new world of fellow-thinkers. My class introduced me to Andre Gerard and Georgeann Glover, now-treasured friends and fellow literary travellers whose laughter and support helped see me through this process. Our weekly meetings to discuss our latest readings are among the best and continuing rewards of my time in GLS. Finally, at a time when humanities are not at the top of the list of priorities for education in general, I would like to thank Simon Fraser University for keeping the flame alive through programs like Graduate Liberal Studies. Exploring the great works of the past through the lens of the present is a valuable way of understanding today’s issues. Through the faculty, staff and students of GLS, the world is a richer place. v Table of Contents Approval ............................................................................................................................. ii Abstract .............................................................................................................................. iii Dedication .......................................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................. v Table of Contents ............................................................................................................... vi Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 1 Timeframe ....................................................................................................................... 6 Structure .......................................................................................................................... 6 Sources ............................................................................................................................ 6 Terminology .................................................................................................................... 8 Part I. Dissecting Roman welcoming .................................................................... 10 How geography can influence welcoming ........................................................................ 12 The myths and welcoming in Rome ................................................................................. 14 Summaries of founding myths .......................................................................................... 17 Myths and the complications of being Roman ................................................................. 19 What the myths say about the why and how of welcoming ............................................. 20 The underlying reasons for welcoming ......................................................................... 21 The process of welcoming ............................................................................................. 23 The myths and the darker side of welcoming ................................................................... 25 Finding harmony through welcoming and compromise ................................................... 28 Rome’s welcoming strategies: social mobility, unity, and flexibility .............................. 31 Social mobility .................................................................................................................. 32 Welcoming through freedom and support; the case of slaves ....................................... 34 Welcoming through connections ................................................................................... 39 Welcoming through the patron-client system ............................................................... 46 Welcoming and non-welcoming ....................................................................................... 55 Unity ................................................................................................................................. 69 Welcoming through the census, citizenship and the military .................................... 73 The army as a welcoming and unifying force ........................................................... 77 Welcoming and unifying through creating common grounds ....................................... 81 Symbols ..................................................................................................................... 82 Colonies ..................................................................................................................... 86 Flexibility .......................................................................................................................... 89 Flexible identities, transformation and welcoming ................................................... 90 Culture, flexibility and degrees of welcoming .......................................................... 93 Flexibility in welcoming religions and cults ........................................................... 103 Welcoming through flexible innovations ................................................................ 106 vi Part II. Ancient lessons in welcoming for the modern world ............................. 111 A modern-day lesson about geography from Rome ....................................................... 113 What the myths tell us about the inevitability of migration ............................................ 115 Ancient lessons in social mobility for modern times ...................................................... 117 What we can learn from the rites of welcoming in ancient Rome .............................. 118 Why we need Rome’s lesson: our disconnected societies .......................................... 120 What the streets and baths of Rome can tell the modern world .............................. 124 A Roman model of friendship for a modern world ..................................................... 127 Current models of mentorship ..................................................................................... 129 What modern societies can learn from ancient conflicts over welcoming ..................... 132 Unity ..............................................................................................................................
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