SIMON’S TOWN PENGUIN COLONY Landscape Master Plan: Seaforth to Franks Bay EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This section of coastline between Seaforth Beach in the north and Franks Bay in the south, with its exceptional scenic beauty, is characterised by a rocky shore intermixed with small, sheltered sandy beaches. It offers multiple recreational opportunities, including snorkelling, diving and kayaking activities directly from the shore. It is also home to the Simon’s Town penguin colony, a world-famous land-based colony of these endangered seabirds.

The Landscape Master Plan sets out key objectives will significantly improve the experience of both the to ensure that the coastline is suitably protected, residents and visitors. In addition, it will substantially managed, maintained and sustainably developed to mitigate impacts on the penguins throughout the rest facilitate a balance between the needs of penguins and of the study area. This upgrade will have to be done people as well as establishing broad principles for the as a capital project and may require environmental improvement and redevelopment of the larger precinct. authorisation depending on the final detail design. To best achieve this, the Landscape Master Plan Currently there is an emphasis on the facilities at makes proposals for a number of short-term as Boulders, managed by SANParks as part of the Table well as longer-term interventions. Mountain National Park. This is one of Cape Town’s top visitor attractions and receives more than 750 000 visitors The section between Burghers’ Walk and Franks Bay a year. However, the areas on either side of the TMNP: needs to be restored, rehabilitated and improved to Boulders section are poorly developed and maintained, provide structured access to the pocket beaches present and not conducive to their current or future use. in the area. The character as a pristine nature area must be retained. Most of the proposed upgrade work in this The primary focus of the Landscape Master Plan area centres on the closure of redundant walkways and is therefore on the large-scale redevelopment of rehabilitation. The proposed work on the Burghers’ Walk the Seaforth area, which is critical to improve its to Franks Bay section can be completed as small capital recreational potential and secure a sustainable future development or operational and maintenance projects. for the precinct, as well as the stretch of coastline from Burghers’ Walk to Franks Bay, which is in need Within the larger study area there is very active of rehabilitation as a natural part of the coastline. involvement from a diverse range of stakeholders. This Landscape Master Plan can serve as an important Seaforth is the main arrival space for international tool in facilitating a shared vision, improved cooperation visitors to the precinct and one of the primary beaches and integration to promote stewardship from all involved. in the area. Strategically, the improvement of this facility

PROJECT TEAM

Environmental Management Department, Transport and Urban Development Authority, City of Cape Town Habitat Landscape Architects (Pty) Ltd and Iggdrasil Scientific Services (Pty) Ltd

01 CONTENTS

Introduction 03

PART A: Site Assessment 04 PART B: The Landscape Master Plan 38 PART C: Guidelines for Implementating the Plan 55 Annexures 93 1. Environmental Aspects 1. Precincts 1. Removing Alien and Invasive Vegetation 1. Annexures A: List of relevant legislation This covers the geology and soils, fresh water, This has a detailed sketch plan of Seaforth, describes This deals with general management of alien invasive sea and tides, the flora (with a detailed assessment the various Seaforth sections and covers the area from species, which ones are present in the area, the use of of flora present in six sections of the study area) Burghers’ Walk to Franks Bay. herbicides, removal of the vegetation and monitoring. and fauna, and aspects of heritage.

2. Urban Design Aspects 2. Key Landscape and Urban Design Principles 2. Site Restoration and Rehabilitation 2. Annexures B: References This covers the character of the area, the access, Outlines how development must positively contribute This looks at the approach, method and structure, arrival and entrances to the public spaces, legibility, to the precinct, safety and security, increased the penguins and rehabilitation, the works area, quality and attractiveness, safety and comfort, accessibility and the way development incorporates, site and soil preparation, securing trails and paths, robustness and sustainability, existing materials used, protects, values and enhances the natural environment. erosion and salt spray protection, planting, the and what materials are desirable and undesirable. species list, finishing off and the maintenance period.

3. Functional Aspects 3. Landscape Guidelines 3. Area Plans and Specific Guidelines 3. Annexures C: Abbreviations/Acronyms This details the management authorities and This section deals in detail with parking areas, signage, This section looks in detail at the six sections within key institutional role-players, the City of Cape Town street furniture, pedestrian walkways, public gathering the study area: and various pieces of national and provincial legislation, areas, nodes and viewpoints, surface treatments, the • Seaforth Beach municipal by-laws and policies and strategies that coastal trail, fencing, lighting, manicured or landscaped • Waters Edge, from Seaforth Beach to TMNP: Boulders are applicable. areas, informal traders, service infrastructure, rehabilitation and paving materials. • Burghers’ Walk, between TMNP: Boulders and Windmill Beach • Burghers’ Walk to Windmill Beach 4. Precedent Studies This refers briefly to various local and international • Windmill Beach to Franks Bay precedents that have influenced this master plan. • Franks Bay

02 1 Introduction

Simon’s Town is home to a large colony of African This master plan aims to create an optimised user • Improving linkages along the coast to create Penguins (Spheniscus demersus). The conservation of experience throughout the area, with the principal a seamless visitor experience the penguins, now on the IUCN Red List of Endangered focus on achieving the following: • Rehabilitating sensitive, disturbed, species with population numbers around 2.5% of those • Enhancing the coastal experience, and transformed coastal vegetation, of the early 1900s, is of global importance. The colony quality, resilience and sustainability of the precinct including removing alien vegetation is an important economic and educational asset and • Improving the general legibility and ease of use, is one of the few places in the world where penguins • Managing human-penguin interaction and limiting through signage, street furniture and the use of come ashore in an area that is readily accessible to disturbance of sensitive areas desirable materials people. The area attracts significant numbers of local • Improving accessibility to the coast and beaches and international visitors to the Boulders penguin- • Facilitating disabled access to key areas viewing site, which is managed as part of the Table Mountain National Park. However, the area inhabited by the penguins extends beyond the Boulders area and the increasing numbers of visitors are adversely affecting the breeding colony, the natural environment and the suburban residents.

The study area is situated on the False Bay Coast in an urban area immediately to the south of the Simon’s Town naval base. It comprises a rocky shore with several small sandy beaches, extending from Seaforth Beach in the north to Franks Bay in the south, with urban land uses to the west and the sea to the east. While the TMNP: Boulders section is suitably developed for tourism purposes this contrasts with the current public space in the rest of the study area, which is mostly public open space managed by the City of Cape Town.

03 PART A SITE ASSESSMENT

04 1 Environmental Aspects

The local climate is typically Mediterranean in deposits derived from the shoreline. These deposits Flora character with cold wet winters and hot dry summers. are very susceptible to erosion following exposure by The City of Cape Town (CCT) has used a systematic The mean annual rainfall is 620 mm with a peak trampling or storm damage. Vegetative cover is key to biodiversity planning approach to prioritise the of 98.8 mm in July and a low of 19.5 mm in January. the protection of the sands and any transformation or remnant indigenous vegetation, based on factors The ocean provides a moderating influence, resulting trampling affects these negatively. such as connectivity, habitat condition and location in an average temperature of 16.2ºC fluctuating less of threatened flora (Holmes et al. 2012). In terms of between winter and summer temperatures than inland Across most of the manicured areas human action the City’s Biodiversity Network (2016), areas required areas. Wind is an important factor, with a south-easterly has modified the landscape, adding soils that are to meet vegetation and species targets, and areas wind dominating in summer and a north-westerly wind both structurally and physically different from needed to conserve ecological processes are indicated in winter. Both can reach gale-force strength and blow the native soils. For example, in the golf course as Critical Biodiversity Areas (CBAs). Additional continuously for several days. embankment a steep fill-slope is present. These soils Ecological Support Areas (ESAs) are required primarily comprise various materials (granitic sands, imported for baboon home ranges and other large mammal Geology and soils sands, topsoil, building materials, rock) and may need movement corridors. These are indicated as Critical to be improved to allow for proper vegetation cover The most prominent geographical feature is Ecological Support Areas (CESAs) for natural remnants, and rehabilitation. the coarse-grained Cape granite deposited some and Other Ecological Support Areas (OESAs) for 540 million years ago that underlies the entire Cape Fresh water transformed land (usually extensive agriculture areas). Peninsula. Spheroid weathering has formed the granite boulders that give the Boulders area its name. Some Water is a major factor that directly influences From the CCT Biodiversity Network database, of the larger granite boulders also have a relatively the landscape character and expression. Historic the following applies to the study area: flat rock surface on top, a result of wave action during a disturbance and urbanisation have significantly • A small section in the south of the Seaforth Beach prolonged period of stable sea levels. The soils derived modified the context and altered historical flow paths, section and the northern portion of the Burghers’ from granite are gritty, poorly drained and clayey, with only localised expression of seeps and associated Walk section are indicated as falling within a with an average depth of 800 mm. They are resistant vegetation remaining. The wetland in the Franks Bay “protected: in perpetuity” area as part of the TMNP: to erosion, but concentrated runoff can be a problem. area has been significantly changed. There are several Boulders section. opportunities around the Seaforth area to better utilise There are also calcareous and windblown sands. the local runoff as a source of water in the landscape, • The majority of the central portion of the Burghers’ During the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods, the sea rather than using potable water for irrigation. Walk section falls within a CESA and is managed level was 200 m higher than at present and the Fish in terms of the NEM: PAA and the TMNP’s PMP. Hoek gap was flooded, with the South Peninsula being Sea and tides • The southern portion of the Burghers’ Walk section, an island. During this period sand deposits were laid The sea has a major impact, with the wind, salt water as well as areas bordering the golf course within the down. When the sea levels dropped, the sandy deposits and sea temperature directly affecting the vegetation. Simon’s Town Country Club, is indicated as falling were exposed and supplemented by windblown sands High tides and storms pose the most direct short-term within an OESA (see figure below). and eroded materials from the higher slopes. These threats to the proposed landscape improvements sands are generally low in nutrients with a high calcium and rehabilitation work. Other important aspects to carbonate content and high pH (7–9). Almost all sand consider are changes in tides, sea levels and storm deposits in the study area are overlain by windblown intensities associated with climate change.

05 City of Cape Town Biodiversity Network Map

06 The study area is situated in the Fynbos Biome within of Aristea bakeri, A. capitata and Pteridium aquilinum. the historic extent of the Peninsula Granite Fynbos Prominent graminoids comprise Cannomois virgata, vegetation type. This vegetation type occurs on lower Ischyrolepis eleocharis, I. gaudichaudiana, Mastersiella slopes on the Cape Peninsula from Lion’s Head to digitata and Restio triticeus (Mucina and Rutherford, Smitswinkel Bay almost completely surrounding 2006). Table Mountain, Karbonkelberg and Constantiaberg through to the Kalk Bay Mountains. South of the Fish This vegetation type is considered Endangered (EN), Hoek gap it is limited to the eastern (False Bay) side with a conservation target of 30%. Although conserved of the Peninsula from Simon’s Bay to Smitswinkel Bay, in the Table Mountain National Park and within the with a few small patches between Fish Hoek and Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden, much of Ocean View (Mucina and Rutherford, 2006). the conserved fynbos has been transformed into afrotemperate forest due to fire protection policies Peninsula Granite Fynbos occurs on steep to gentle at Orangekloof and Kirstenbosch and a reluctance slopes below the sandstone mountain slopes and to use fire in green belts and on the urban fringe. undulating hills on the western edge of the Cape Flats. The effective fynbos area conserved is thus much The vegetation structure comprises medium-dense to lower and a total of 56% is estimated to be transformed, open trees in tall, dense proteoid shrubland and the mostly related to Cape Town urban areas (40%) on vegetation type is considered to be diverse, dominated low-lying flat areas, including vineyards and pine by asteraceous and proteoid fynbos, but with patches plantations (13%). The most common alien woody of restio and ericaceous fynbos in wetter areas species include Acacia melanoxylon, Pinus pinaster and (Mucina and Rutherford, 2006). numerous other more localised invasive alien species, reflecting the long history of colonisation and the Important taxa that characterise this vegetation type relatively fertile soils (Mucina and Rutherford, 2006). include trees such as Brabejum stellatifolium, Kiggelaria africana, Leucadendron argenteum, Protea nitida, A species list was obtained from the Plants of Southern Widdringtonia nodiflora, tall shrubs such as Diospyros Africa online database (POSA) (http://posa.sanbi.org, whyteana, Leucadendron rubrum, Metalasia densa, May 2017, quarter-degree grid square reference: 3418 Passerina corymbosa, Podalyria calyptrata, Protea AB), containing the species that might occur in the coronata, P. lepidocarpodendron, Searsia lucida and study area. A total of 2 024 plant species are listed S. tomentosa. Dominant low shrubs include Cliffortia as occurring within the quarter-degree grid reference, stricta, Elytropappus gnaphaloides, E. rhinocerotis, with 303 of these indicated as being of conservation Erica hirtiflora, E. plukenetii subsp. plukenetii, concern, Extinct (EX) or Data Deficient – Taxonomically Leucadendron salignum, L. xanthoconus and Problematic (DDT). A summary is presented in the Stoebe cinerea, while geophytic herbs consist figure below.

07 Number of Plants of conservation concern Conservation Status Species NEMBA Threatened or Protected Species (TOPS) Extinct (EX) 2 Chapter 4, Part 2 of the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, Act 10 of 2004, (NEMBA) provides for listing of plant and animal species as 2 Extinct in the Wild (EW) threatened or protected. If a species is listed as threatened it must be further classified as Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable. These species are Regionally Extinct (RE) 0 commonly referred to as TOPS listed. Critically Endangered, Possibly Extinct (CR PE) 1 The Act defines these classes as follows:

Critically Endangered (CR) 30 Critically endangered species: any indigenous species facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild in the immediate future. Endangered (EN) 50 Endangered species: any indigenous species facing a high risk of extinction in the Vulnerable (VU) 82 wild in the near future, although it is not a critically endangered species. Vulnerable species: any indigenous species facing an extremely high risk of Near Threatened (NT) 46 extinction in the wild in the medium-term future, although it is not a critically Critically Rare 0 endangered species or an endangered species. Protected species: any species which is of such high conservation value or national Rare 56 importance that it requires national protection. Species listed in this category will include, among others, species listed in terms of the Convention on International Declining 9 Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Data Deficient — Insufficient Information (DDD) 5 Certain activities, known as ‘Restricted Activities’, are regulated on listed Data Deficient — Taxonomically Problematic (DDT) 20 species, using permits by a special set of regulations published under the Act. Restricted activities that are regulated are keeping, moving, having in possession, Total 303 importing and exporting, and selling. The first list of threatened and protected species published under NEMBA was published in the Government Gazette on 23 February 2007, along with the Regulations on Threatened or Protected Species.

08 South African Red List categories National protected trees A number of trees indigenous to South Africa are Extinct (EX) nationally protected under the National Forests Act, Act 84 of 1998. This report follows the latest list Extinct in the Wild (EW) of protected trees, published in November 2014 (Government Gazette No. 38215, 21 November Regionally Extinct (RE) 2014. Government notice No. 908. Notice of the list of projected tree species under the National Critically Endangered, Possibly Extinct (CR PE) Forest Act, Act 84 of 1998). The removal, pruning Critically Endangered (CR) or disturbance of these protected trees will require Threatened a permit from the Department of Agriculture, Species Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF). Endangered (EN) Species of Vulnerable (VU) conservation SANBI Red List concern The South African National Biodiversity Institute Near Threatened (NT) (SANBI) published the Red List of South African Plants (Raimondo et al., 2009). An online version Critically Rare provides up-to-date information on the national Increasing risk of extinction conservation status of South Africa’s indigenous Rare plants (SANBI 2017). These are referred to as Plants of Conservation Concern and are those Declining plants that are important for South Africa’s conservation decision-making processes and Data Deficient – Insufficient Information (DDD) include all plants that are Threatened or that due to on-going decline, could become Threatened Data Deficient – Taxonomically Problematic (DDT) in the near future. These plants are also referred to as Red Listed (Critically endangered, Least Concern (LC) Extinct Endangered and Vulnerable) and Orange Threatened Listed (Near Threatened, Critically Rare, Rare, Other categories of conservation concern Declining and Data Deficient) plants (see figure). Other categories

09 Study of flora present Field survey Vegetation groupings The study was undertaken on 23 and 24 May 2017. The field survey focussed on identifying natural and The broad vegetation communities comprised: The assessment consisted of a literature review, which untransformed vegetation, unique features that • Coastal thicket — this vegetation occurs among the included a habitat review of plants of conservation could indicate local sensitivities such as threatened granite boulders where nutrient-richer soils and concern that could potentially occur within the study and protected plants, as well as sensitive ecological protection from wind facilitate the growth of trees. area, a field survey, the analysis of data collected features, such as wetlands, ridges and rivers that It comprises a dense canopy, 2–5 m high, of small and reporting. are essential for the maintenance of ecosystems and trees and tall shrubs (SANParks, 2001). ecological processes. Where access allowed, random Literature review transects were walked within the study area and • Strandveld — this vegetation occurs on the immediate surroundings. calcareous sand away from the coastline in areas The description of the regional vegetation relied on that are generally exposed to the south-easterly literature from Mucina and Rutherford (2006), with To identify species and variation within the vegetation winds. In contrast to the thicket there are no trees or more detailed descriptions of the local area obtained community, transects concentrated on moving through tall shrubs. The vegetation is a low (1–1.5 m), dense from the Burghers’ Walk Management Plan for the environmental gradients encountered within the site to open shrubland (SANParks, 2001). Conservation of the African Penguin, in the Simon’s and surrounds. This was continued until few or no new • Foredune vegetation — this vegetation comprises Town Penguin Management Area, City of Cape Town species were encountered. Any additional information a narrow band of vegetation adapted to strong, (2015). Plant names follow Van Oudtshoorn (1999), on any other feature thought to have ecological salt-laden winds and windblown sands. The height Manning (2009, 2013), Bromilow (2010) and Van significance within the site, such as dominant species of this vegetation is very low and contains a small Wyk and Van Wyk (2013), with the SANBI Red List cover abundance, erosion, rocky cover, alien and number of specialised species (SANParks, 2001). (www.redlist.sanbi.org) consulted to verify any recent invasive plants, as well as plant species of conservation taxonomical changes. concern and/or their habitat, were also recorded. Plant identification and vegetation description relied on species recorded in the sampling points along the walked transects.

10 Broad Vegetation Map

11 Results of flora study in six sections with the Seaforth Restaurant and the lawn area between Kleintuin and Seaforth Roads which have Due to variation in the vegetation structure and little conservation value. This section is dominated by indigenous and alien species composition, the study alien trees species, including Canary Island date palm area was divided into six sections (assessed from (Phoenix canariensis), Mexican fan palm (Washingtonia north to south), based on geographical location. robusta), Australian banyan (Ficus macrophylla), Each broad vegetation group is discussed in relation Chinese bunyan (Ficus microcarpa), New Zealand to its occurrence within each section. The complete Christmas tree (Metrosideros excels), Eucalyptus spp. suite of plant species (indigenous and alien) that were and individual manatoka (Myoporum insulare) trees. observed within each vegetation group at the time Coastal silver oak (Brachyleana discolor) trees, of the field survey are listed in Annexure A. which are indigenous to South Africa, but not Spatial files supplied by CapeNature were used to the Western Cape, are also located in this area. to guide and support the mapping of the various In the centre an indigenous coastal thicket clump remains vegetation groupings outlined above. CapeNature intact and is used as breeding habitat by penguins. identified several areas earmarked for rehabilitation Species include sea guarrie (Euclea racemosa), blue and several wetland areas within the study area. kunibush (Searsia glauca) and glossy crowberry (S. The fine-scale maps resulting from the field lucida). This area should ideally not be disturbed during assessment as included at the end of this section construction and rehabilitation activities. and the approximate locations of the dominant plant species within the various sections of the To the north, within the proposed exclusive penguin study area are included in Annexure B. area, remnant coastal thicket is present although this area has been significantly invaded by manatoka Section 1: Seaforth Beach (Myoporum insulare) and rooikrans (Acacia cyclops). The Seaforth Beach section extending northwards The foredune vegetation comprises a single species, from Seaforth Restaurant has undergone high levels namely dune spinach (Tetrogonia decumbens). of transformation. The southern portion of this section comprises landscaped gardens associated

12 Rehabilitation in this area should focus on stabilising the foredunes and controlling and removing alien vegetation where required.

Typical vegetation in the Seaforth Beach section of the study area degraded coastal thicket serves as habitat for penguins (top left). With the exception of a central indigenous bush clump, the remainder of this area is dominated by alien invasive and ornamental landscaping species and large grassed areas (top right and bottom).

13 Section 2: Seaforth Beach to TMNP: Boulders Rehabilitation should focus on removing alien species, such as tree mallow (Lavatera arborea), manatoka (Myoporum insulare), and rehabilitating the foredune vegetation. The study area between Seaforth Beach and the TMNP: Boulders section comprises relatively intact coastal thicket vegetation associated with large boulder outcrops, as well as degraded foredune vegetation. It is proposed that the remaining intact coastal thicket vegetation should remain undisturbed. This area includes species such as sea guarrie (Euclea racemosa) and cape coastal cabbage tree (Cussonia thrysiflora).

Typical vegetation within the section between Seaforth Beach and TMNP: Boulders. Intact coastal thicket associated with boulders (left). Alien vegetation and degraded foredunes (right).

14 Section 3: TMNP: Boulders to Windmill Beach of indigenous Coastal Thicket. Dominant species are Searsia lucida, S. glauca, dune mock silky bark This section is bordered in the southwest by existing (Robsonodendron maritimum) as well as canopy residential areas. An entrance into the study area via emergents such as sea guarrie (Euclea racemosa). Links Crescent is located in this area. Scrambling species include monkey rope (Cynanchum obtusifilium Asparagus capensis One plant species of conservation concern, namely ) and katdoring ( ). On Sideroxylon inerme subsp. inerme, which is protected the edges, where some disturbance as a result of the Tetragonia under the National Forests Act, 1998, Act 84 of 1998, existing walkway has occurred, kinkelbessie ( fruticosa Oxalis pes-caprae was encountered within the vicinity of the houses, ), sorrel ( ) and Cape weed Arctotheca calendula together with various ornamental garden species ( ) occur together with garden Avena fatua that have either escaped or have been planted along weeds such as wild oats ( ) and kikuyu Pennisetum clandestinum the boundary of the study area. These include Agave ( ) (SANParks, 2001). sp., Yucca gloriosa, Coprosma repens (which was Along the northernmost section of the walkway, also found at both Windmill Beach and Franks Bay), immediately south of Bellevue Road, other species Crassula spp. and various Aloe spp. Indigenous coastal not encountered elsewhere within the study area, thicket vegetation in the vicinity of the houses contains such as drunken berry (Solanum africanum), wild bietou (Osteospermum moniliferum), glossy crowberry rosemary (Eriocephalum africanus), wild dagga (Searsia lucida), blue kunibush (S. glauca), coastal (Leonotis leonurus), were noted. The area near the camphor bush (Tarchonathus littoralis) and African access gate at the Bellevue Road parking area is a boxthorn (Lycium ferocissimum) as well as forbs such penguin-breeding habitat and some vegetation loss as rose pelargonium (Pelargonium capitatum) and has occurred here. kinkelbossie (Tetragonia fruticosa).

At the parking area at the end of Bellevue Road there With the exception of isolated dense stands of is also relatively intact coastal thicket vegetation, manatoka (Myoporum insulare) and rooikrans (Acacia with similar vegetation as described above, but with cyclops), the remainder of the vegetation to the north num-num (Carissa spp.) and a high abundance of the is considered to be relatively intact and representative alien forb tree mallow (Lavatera arborea) also noted.

15 The majority of rehabilitation work in this area should be focused towards the southern section of this area where a high abundance of alien vegetation occurs and garden ornamentals are present, as well as towards the coastal areas where surface vegetation has been lost. Soil stabilisation measures have already been implemented in this area.

Typical vegetation within the section between TMNP: Boulders Section and Windmill Beach. Degraded strandveld and garden ornamental species (top). Representative images of relatively intact coastal thicket (bottom left). Area at the entrance into the study area from Bellevue Road which has been somewhat degraded (bottom right).

16 Section 4: Windmill Beach With the exception of intact coastal thicket and strandveld vegetation, the proposed project should include activities to stabilise the dunes and introduce indigenous floral diversity within the degraded area. The vegetation at Windmill Beach is characterised by the presence of two large Monteray cypress (Cupressus macrocarpa) trees in the vicinity of the ablution building and a limited section of boardwalk infrastructure. These trees, although alien, contribute towards the sense of place of this beach. The area underneath these trees is devoid of vegetation, with some patches of kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestnum) present.

Disturbed dunes north of Windmill Beach are colonised entirely with dense stands of the pioneer species dune spinach (Tetragonia decumbens), which plays an important role in stabilising sand dunes. Indigenous vegetation is sparse and localised and confined to habitat associated with the large exposed boulders to the south of Windmill Beach, which includes African boxthorn (Lycium ferocissimum), branched onion-weed (Trachyandra divaricata) and blombos (Metalasia muricata,) and to the north of Windmill Beach bordering existing residential areas. The latter area is considered intact coastal thicket and includes a high abundance of indigenous species such as coastal camphor bush (Tarchonathus littoralis), heath phylica (Phylica ericoides), glossy crowberry (Searsia lucida), katdoring (Asparagus capensis), kinkelbossie (Tetragonia fruticosa) and blombos (Metalasia muricata).

Alien species in this area include Yucca gloriosa, manatoka (Myoporum insulare) and rooikrans (Acacia cyclops).

Typical vegetation within the Windmill Beach section of the study area. Relatively intact coastal thicket and strandveld (top left). Characteristic Cupressus macrocarpa (top right) Representative images of degraded dunes entirely colonised by Tetragonia decumbens (bottom).

17 Section 5: Windmill Beach to Franks Bay Further north along this section, a distinct indigenous indicated to be Vulnerable (VU), as well as several vegetation clump is present containing the SANBI Red coastal camphor trees (Tarchonanthus littoralis) and This section is bordered to the west by the Simon’s List species grootsteekhaarbos (Cullumia squarrosa), African boxthorn (Lycium ferocissimum) shrubs. Town Country Club golf course. As a result of the construction of the golf course, fencing and levelling, The majority of this section will require rehabilitation, with scattered indigenous species either conserved the section of the study area immediately adjacent in situ or rescued and relocated during the revegetation process. The SANBI Red List species, C. squarrosa, to the golf course has undergone degradation. An should be conserved in situ and should ideally be fenced for the duration of the rehabilitation works to prevent artificial slope extends from the golf course to the damage to this species. lower level, together with construction rubble, with slopes being exposed and devoid of surface vegetation in places. Other areas on the slopes are colonised by sour fig (Carpobrotus sp.), kinkelbossie (Tetrogonia fruticosa), Stenotaphrum secundatum and the alien grass species, hare’s tail (Lagurus ovatus) and wild oats (Avena fatua).

Further east, between the slope and the coast, the strandveld vegetation is mostly degraded with dense stands of manatoka (Myoporum insulare), rooikrans (Acacia cyclops) and Agave sp. present. Scattered indigenous strandveld plant species, also extending within degraded areas, include blombos (Metalasia muricata), kinkelbossie (Tetrogonia fruticosa), branched onion-weed (Trachyandra divaricata), sea lavender (Limonium scabrum), tortoise berry (Muraltia spinosa), rose geranium (Pelargonium capitatum), katdoring Typical vegetation within the Windmill Beach to Franks Bay section. Degraded slopes bordering the Simon’s Town (Asparagus capensis) and glossy crowberry (Searsia Country Club golf course (left). Representative image of degraded strandveld invaded by Myoporum insulare (right). lucida).

18 Section 6: Franks Bay The entire Franks Bay area, including the wetland and an appropriate buffer area, will require rehabilitation depending on the proposed use of this section. Franks Bay is a small, isolated beach accessible through a gate from the M4/Main Road. This section is characterised by a grassed/lawned area bordering the beach to the west, dominated by a mixture of couch grass (Cynodon dactylon) and kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum) grass. Species in the grassed area include dune spinach (Tetragonia decumbens), soutbossie (Bassia diffusa), buffalo turfgrass (Stenotaphrum secundatum) and Briza maxima, Oxalis caprina and Geranium incanum.

Other species present include bietou (Osteospermum moniliferum) and the alien forbs Solanum sp., Ipomoea indica, Argemone ochroleuca, Raphanus raphanistrum and nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus). Woody alien species to the northwest of Franks Bay beach include manatoka (Myoprum insulare), several young Port Jackson willow (Acacia saligna) plants and Cape wattle (Paraserianthes lophantha subsp. lophantha). A dense stand of coastal silver oak (Brachylaena discolor) is also located in this area, and although indigenous to the country, this species is not considered indigenous to the Western Cape. Two white milkwood (Sideroxylon inerme subsp. inerme) trees were encountered.

A wetland, dominated by Typha capensis and several weedy species and bordered by Phoenix canariensis palm trees, is also present to the west of the timber fence.

Typical vegetation within the Franks Bay section. Central grassed area (top), with wetland area visible to the west of the timber fence (bottom left). Woody alien vegetation (bottom right).

19 Fine-Scale Vegetation Map – Burghers’ Walk

20 Fine-Scale Vegetation Map – Seaforth

21 Plants of conservation concern Flora At the time of this assessment, no NEMBA TOPS listed species was recorded within the study area.

Several low-growing specimens of white milkwood (Sideroxylon inerme subsp. inerme) were encountered within the Burghers’ Walk section. This species is protected in terms of the National Forests Act, Act 84 of 1998 and may not be cut, disturbed, damaged or destroyed without a permit from DAFF.

One specimen of a SANBI Red List species was recorded in the area south of Windmill Beach and north of Franks Bay within the Burghers’ Walk section, namely grootsteekhaarbos (Cullumia squarrosa). This species is listed as Vulnerable (VU) due to on-going habitat loss and degradation as a result of expansion of urban and coastal development, competition from unmanaged alien invasive plants and overgrazing (SANBI, 2017).

22 Fauna release of orphaned wild chicks, eradicating invasive predators, reducing predation by natural predators The African Penguin (Spheniscus demersus) is present such as seals around colonies, rehabilitation and throughout the project area in variable numbers. release of oiled and injured penguins, and disease By global standards, a population is considered control. The biggest concern it seems is, quite simply, unhealthy and in danger if it decreases to 10% of its a lack of food (Petersen et al. 2006). Penguins eat former (pre-exploitation/decrease) levels. The African mainly sardines and anchovies, which are also the Penguin population is currently at about 14% its 1950s target of the commercial purse-seine fishing industry. level when the first official census was conducted, and The presence of the African Penguin on this coastal is still on a strong downward population trajectory strip is, therefore, significant and of conservation (Parsons et al. 2016). Local examples of the decline are concern. Being one of only two mainland breeding best illustrated by the Dassen Island example. About colonies the area is of global importance and every 100 years ago the colony stood at approximately one effort should be made to facilitate a balanced and million pairs. By 2011 only 4 000 pairs nested on the mutually beneficial human penguin existence in island, a population loss of 10 000 pairs per annum this locality. over the period. In 2014 the South African population amounted to just 19 000 pairs. Locally, the most significant issues that affect the penguins relate to conflict and disturbance. The The massive population collapse is largely human Boulders penguin colony has a significant tourism value driven. Activities such as egg collecting and guano and attracts approximately 750 000 visitors a year. scraping historically resulted in catastrophic population As a result of the penguins breeding throughout the declines, exacerbated by sustained overfishing since larger area, some commercial operators have started the 1960s. In 2010, based on the negative population to bypass the TMNP: Boulders’ pay points to avoid the trajectory, the African Penguin was 'up-listed' from conservation fees, resulting in negative impacts on Vulnerable to Endangered. both residents and penguins. These impacts include:

There have been various attempts to increase the • Traffic and parking issues African Penguin population, from maintenance and • Infringement of privacy of residents improvement of nesting habitat to captive-rearing and • Informal traders disturbing residents

23 • Trampling of sensitive vegetation and nests All archaeological remains, artefactual features and c. trade in, sell for private gain, export structures older than 100 years and historic structures • Disturbance (through photography, noise, and or attempt to export from the Republic older than 60 years are protected by the National chasing or handling the birds), which may result any category of archaeological or Heritage Resources Act, (NHRA) Act 25 of 1999, in nests being abandoned. palaeontological material or object, section 35. No archaeological artefact, assemblage or or any meteorite; or Other fauna in the study area includes a number settlement (site) may be moved or destroyed without of terrestrial and sea birds, as well as mammals. the necessary approval from the South African Heritage d. bring onto or use at an archaeological Resources Agency (SAHRA). Human remains older or palaeontological site any excavation Heritage than 60 years are protected by the National Heritage equipment or any equipment which assist in the detection or recovery of metals The area is blessed with a rich natural and cultural Resources Act, section 36. Human remains that are less or archaeological and palaeontological history. From a cultural heritage perspective, it is than 60 years old are protected by the Human Tissue material or objects, or use such equipment important to note that the entire area has been Act, Act 65 of 1983 as amended. for the recovery of meteorites. occupied by humans for a very long period of time. The built heritage of Simon’s Town is well known and In term of the South African Heritage Resources Burial grounds and graves a number of precincts have been declared as local Act,1999, Act 25 of 1999 the following applies: heritage conservation areas. Although the study area 36.(3) No person may, without a permit issued by SAHRA or a provincial heritage falls outside of these areas, the proximity to a number Structures of heritage features is important: resources authority— 34. (1) No person may alter or demolish any a. destroy, damage, alter, exhume or remove • There is an archaeological shell midden structure or part of a structure which is older than from its original position or otherwise disturb located between the golf course property 60 years without a permit issued by the relevant the grave of a victim of conflict, or any burial and Windmill Beach. provincial heritage resources authority. ground or part thereof which contains • During the Anglo-Boer War the golf course area such graves; served as a prisoner-of-war camp. Archaeology, palaeontology and meteorites b. destroy, damage, alter, exhume, remove from • The stone for the Roman Rock Lighthouse was 35.(4) No person may, without a permit issued by its original position or otherwise disturb any quarried on the site of the Seaforth Restaurant. the responsible heritage resources authority— grave or burial ground older than 60 years a. destroy, damage, excavate, alter, deface which is situated outside a formal cemetery or otherwise disturb any archaeologi­cal or administered by a local authority; or palaeontological site or any meteorite; c. bring onto or use at a burial ground or b. destroy, damage, excavate, remove from grave referred to in paragraph (a) or (b) its original position, collect or own any any excavation equipment, or any equipment archaeological or palaeontological material which assists in the detection or recovery or object or any meteorite; of metals.

24 2. Urban Design Aspects

Urban design is about making connections between Overall, the precinct lacks a unified and combined character with urban elements and clues to demonstrate people and places, movement and urban form, nature to the user that this area is carefully managed and maintained. and the built fabric. Urban design draws together the many strands of place-making, environment, social equity and economic viability into the creation of places.

The urban aspect of this project deals primarily with the design and management of public space – the 'public environment', 'public realm' or 'public domain' – and the way public places are experienced and used. Public space includes the totality of spaces used freely on a day-to-day basis by the general public, such as streets, open space, parks and public infrastructure. For the purpose of site analysis, this section aims to deal with the aspects and elements that impact our experience of the place and the spaces in this precinct. Character The study area can be divided into a number of areas with very distinct and different characters. Seaforth, as an older public precinct, is generally neglected and poorly maintained, signage is haphazard, while street furniture and other urban elements are not properly maintained. The section between Seaforth and the entrance to TMNP: Boulders section via Kleintuin Road is somewhat awkward, with pedestrians often unsure whether they are moving along the correct road. The residential character of the area further complicates this.

The TMNP: Boulders area has a distinct and separate character, being completely branded as a South African National Parks precinct. This is the case up to the alternative Boulders Beach entrance and parking lot at the Bellevue Road entrance. Burghers’ Walk, up to the end of the boardwalk section, is very different to the preceding area. The section between Windmill Beach and Franks Bay is severely transformed, unkempt and Seaforth (Top) and Windmill Beach (Bottom). disorganised with a free-for-all appearance. 25 Access, arrival and entrances others are poor. Entrances are also often associated with waiting and gathering ‘meet me at the entrance to Access to, arrival and entrance definitions play an …’. The pedestrian routes leading from the entrances important role in how we experience a place and how differ vastly in proportions, material and condition with we act or behave once in the precinct or place. In the little or no hierarchy of movement. study area the nature of the urban fabric, together with geographic constraints of the sea and the mountain, Legibility inhibits accessibility. This has resulted in the separation of modes of transport, as coaches cannot enter via Legibility refers to the ability of design to help users with Seaforth or Bellevue Road and need to stop at the orientation, the hierarchy of spaces and the general ease parking area north of Seaforth Beach. Generally, the of use. The general legibility of the area is poor. The accessibility is poor. This is made somewhat better by signage that is present is not very clear, and local informal signage but the access and entrances are by no means traders and street vendors assist with directions. obvious to someone not familiar with the area. In most cases there is no, or very little, differentiation With the predicted increase in visitors to the area, a between main and secondary pedestrian walkways. larger-scale strategy will have to be implemented in The exceptions to these are the Kleintuin and Burghers’ the long run (this aspect is outside the scope of this Walk boardwalks. Well-defined edges and thresholds project). This is especially the case during the peak add both legibility and quality to the environment. holiday season and a park-and-ride or shuttle system These are most often associated with well-structured for visitors will have to be considered in future. articulated and spaced paths and nodes. Typically, focal elements link nodes and destinations to help Entrances to an area are critical as these provide define and articulate space. Currently these elements important clues to visitors about the area to be entered are poorly developed in the precinct. or visited. They create a first impression and set the scene for the broader area. The entrance area is where The presence of landmark orientation points will greatly the visitor should be welcomed, orientated and the assist the visitor in finding their way around the precinct. rules of conduct explained. Some of the entrances in To improve the legibility and readability of the precinct this precinct are well defined and structured, whilst it is important to identify potential focal positions and protect these views or orientation landmarks.

26 Quality and attractiveness element in the landscape to fulfil multiple purposes and even change over time. The design of a retaining wall to act as a seating wall, an edge and a signage backdrop is a good example of how this can be achieved. The sustainability The general environmental quality and attractiveness of element is based on the use or reuse of material, the longevity of the material and the need for maintenance. the area varies greatly across the precinct. A high quality and attractive environment adds substantial value to Materials used the enjoyment, health and well-being of residents and visitors of an area. The area around TMNP: Boulders, Benches: A multitude of benches are scattered all over the area. It is proposed that two types of benches be retained the start of Burghers’ Walk and the formal area for – the existing stone benches in front of the informal traders’ area and a new simple timber bench. informal traders around Seaforth Beach have the highest environmental quality. There is no consistency in the use of materials, surfaces and signage, which further impacts on the environmental quality of the area. Poor maintenance, inappropriate development of manicured lawns and the golf course embankment detract from the coastal quality of the area.

Safety and comfort Safety and comfort is critical to the well-being of residents and the visitors. Public safety is an issue that all role-players, residents and the broader community need to work at. The presence of large numbers of visitors always presents opportunities for crime. Important design informants to consider in this project are active and passive surveillance, design options that will improve public safety and signage to make risks and dangers known. Conflict between pedestrians and vehicles in the area is limited. The small section of Kleintuin Road that is not pedestrianised could be resurfaced to match the existing informal trader area. This will improve pedestrian safety and discourage non-residents from using the road.

Robustness and sustainability The robustness and sustainability of the elements in the landscape have direct bearing on the intensity and cost of the required maintenance. Robustness in this context is important to understand. It refers to the ability of an Existing stone seating (top) and typical wooden bench in the area (bottom). 27 Litterbins: These are the same throughout the precinct Signage: Many different signs are present. These need to be simplified to the standard City of Cape Town but are unsightly and screening should be considered. and SANParks signage only.

28 Walls: A number of retaining walls and wall types are present. Historical and other stone walling should be retained. It is proposed that all other walling be bag-washed with concrete CemWash in white or light grey. Some of the walls may also be used for mosaic work.

Fences: A number of fence types and combinations are used. The green Clearview of 1.8 m high and 0.9 m format is the most successful. Low-level timber post-and-rail barrier fences with green plasticized diamond-mesh are also commonly used. Temporary barriers are constructed of timber laths.

29 Walkways: A variety of materials are in use along the walkways in the precinct, ranging from tar to brick, gravel and bare sand. A durable and readily available paver will be best to use in high-impact areas with stabilised sand or soil walkways along the trail sections. Timber boardwalks can be used in areas prone to erosion and where there are significant level changes.

Desirable and undesirable materials: Desirable materials are mostly elements that fit into the receiving environment and complement each other in terms of colour and texture. Undesirable items are those that are out of place, such as the red roof of the ablution facility at Windmill Beach or the red brick retaining wall at the foot of the tank yard.

30 3. Functional Aspects

Management authorities and in terms of the Marine Living Resources Act (MLRA), Department Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF) Act 18 of 1998, to enforce the gazetted Fisheries key institutional role-players DAFF is the managing authority for the marine and Harbour Management Regulations. The City has environment, in terms of the MLRA. There are three primary management authorities that appointed Environmental Management Inspectors The coastal waters adjacent to the SPMA coastline are responsible for land within the study area, namely (EMIs) who will enforce the various environmental acts, is proclaimed a ‘No-take zone’ as part of the Table the City of Cape Town (CCT), South African National most notably the Integrated Coastal Management Mountain National Park Marine Protected Area. Parks (SANParks) and the South African National Act and the National Environmental Management Defence Force (SANDF). A small section of water-edge Biodiversity Act. beach is affected by historical zoning and land-use Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA) rights with boundaries extending to the low water mark. The City is responsible for the sourcing and allocation DEA is responsible for the protection of Threatened Over and above the landowners and authorities that of the necessary resources, including funding, and or Protected Species (TOPS), including the manage sections of the land, a number of organisations the effective implementation of the Burghers’ Walk African Penguin, listed under the NEM: BA. DEA contribute to the protection of penguins and other Management Plan (BWMP). is the implementing agent for the African Penguin species or assist with the management of human Biodiversity Management Plan gazetted in terms and other resources required to protect the penguins, South African National Parks (SANParks) of NEM: BA. This plan identifies the primary African the marine life or the coastline in the study area Penguin colonies around South Africa’s coastline South African National Parks manages the Boulders and the measures required to ensure their protection section of the Table Mountain National Park in terms The City of Cape Town and management. of the National Environmental Management Protected The City manages the its land in terms of the Municipal Areas Act (NEM:PA) and gazetted regulations. Systems Act, by-laws, policies and procedures (refer Department of Environmental Affairs and Development SANParks also manages the penguin population in Planning (DEA&DP) Section 1.9). The City is responsible for the general terms of the National Environmental Management: management of public open space, City beaches, Biodiversity Act (NEM: BA). TMNP staff perform law The provincial DEA&DP is responsible for the amenities and recreational areas, including Seaforth enforcement functions in the TMNP Marine Protected enforcement of the Strategic Environmental Beach, Windmill Beach and Franks Bay. Area (MPA) in terms of the MLRA, the NEM: PA and Management Act (SEMA) through their appointed the National Environmental Management: Integrated Environmental Management Inspectors. The provincial The City is also responsible for the environmental and Coastal Management Act (NEM: ICM). conservation agency, CapeNature, is responsible for biodiversity management, environmental compliance, the Nature Conservation Ordinance, as well as the general law enforcement and traffic management in all South African National Defence Force (SANDF) Seabirds and Seals Protection Act. areas under its jurisdiction. Municipal law enforcement and environmental compliance officers are also The SANDF manages land in terms of the National appointed as Fishery Control Officers (with full powers) Defence Act and gazetted regulations. The Simon’s Town harbour is also subject to the South African Navy Simon’s Town Port Regulations.

31 The Southern African Foundation for the Conservation Other role-players and stakeholders to deal with land that was zoned as undetermined in of Coastal Birds (SANCCOB) previous zoning schemes. Existing lawful uses may These include the South African Police Service, the continue, but no other uses are permitted. This zoning SANCCOB is a leading marine non-profit organisation Institute for Marine Technology, Simon’s Town Civic may in future be updated to Public Open Space for with a vision to conserve seabirds and other sea-life, Association, Tour Operators Association of Cape Town, conservation, or special for conservation. The study area especially threatened species such as the African Southern Africa Tourism Services Association and is bounded by mostly special residential area zonings Penguin. As the mandated government rehabilitation Birdlife South Africa. (orange), street reserves (black), and one educational authority in South Africa, SANCCOB protects and treats zoning, as indicated. seabirds affected by major and chronic oil pollution Zoning and shares its specialist skills with the international Most of the study area is a Limited Use (LU) Zone in Legislation community. SANCCOB has provided considerable terms of the Cape Town Zoning Scheme and is reserved funding for the management of Burghers’ Walk, There are various pieces of national, provincial and local for Public Open Space Zone 1 (OS1): Environmental including the funding of four penguin monitors. legislation and policy that have reference to the study Conservation. The LU zoning is a transitional mechanism area. A full list is included at the end of the report. Cape Town Environmental Education Trust (CTEET) This is the organisation to which the penguin monitors are contracted as the implementing agent for the City of Cape Town.

Simon’s Town Penguin Advisory Committee This committee was established to provide input and advice on penguin-related issues in the greater Simon’s Town PMA. The committee is represented by members from the City, SANParks, SA Navy, civil society (local representatives), SANCCOB and other scientific communities and penguin experts.

African Penguin Habitat Working Group The African Penguin Habitat Working Group is a national group tasked with implementing the objectives of the Biodiversity Management Plan for the African Penguin. It comprises representatives from all agencies responsible for penguin management, conservation and research.

32 4. Precedent Studies

Three local and two international penguin-viewing or breeding sites have been investigated as precedents. Sites were reviewed in terms of accessibility, functionality, amenities, materials used and other related operational aspects.

Dyer Island: Situated close to the southern tip of Africa, Dyer Island is a critically important ecosystem hosting breeding colonies by providing artificial nests, and other sea birds. The public facility is not based on the island but at nearby Gansbaai, with restricted access and viewing opportunities.

Artificial breeding nests on Dyer Island. 33 Stony Point: Located in the town of Betty’s Bay in the Western Cape, Stony Point is home to one of the largest breeding colonies of African Penguin in the world. Controlled public access to view the penguins in their natural environment is provided from an elevated boardwalk.

Elevated boardwalk from where penguins can be viewed (left) and informative signage (right).

34 Boulders: Part of the Table Mountain National Park, Boulders has controlled public access with three pristine beaches, one penguin viewing area and three boardwalks. The use of materials and other details have been well planned and executed.

Well-designed boardwalks and signage.

35 Philip Island (Australia): Philip Island is located about 140 km south-southeast of Melbourne, Victoria. The penguin-viewing area is part of the Philip Island Nature Park. The main viewing area is situated at Summerland Beach and consists of tiered seating with a 180-degree elevated viewing of the penguins in their natural habitat. There is also a platform for closer viewing opportunities with restricted access. The world’s first underground viewing facility is limited to 70 people and provides observation of the penguins at eye level. The facilities also make provision for exclusive tours on request for a limited number of people. The use of materials and other details have been well planned and executed.

36 Otago Peninsula (New Zealand): Part of the coastline of Dunedin, the wildlife capital of New Zealand. Guided tours to view the Little Blue Penguins are operated from the Royal Albatross Centre. Viewing takes place from a purpose-built platform and interactive walkway.

37 PART B LANDSCAPE MASTER PLAN

38 1 Landscape Master Plan

The overall master plan for the entire precinct.

39 The Precincts The landscape master plan covers the area from Seaforth to TMNP: Boulders and again from TMNP: Boulders to Franks Bay. Due to the level of detail required, a detailed sketch plan has been produced for the redevelopment of the Seaforth precinct and a number of larger-scale plans for the section from Burghers’ Walk to Franks Bay.

40 Seaforth sketch plan

41 Seaforth sections

42 Photoshop image of proposed new interventions at Seaforth Beach.

43 Detail of the proposed human barrier along the beach.

44 Burghers’ Walk to Franks Bay For details of this section, see section guidelines.

45 2 Key Urban and Landscape Design Principles

The following key principles are derived from the Parking areas must be geometrically optimised, clearly City of Cape Town Urban Design Policy (2013) and demarcated and one indigenous tree must be planted adapted to be specific to the precinct: and maintained for every two parking bays.

All development must positively contribute All parking and service facilities must be designed to to the precinct offer convenient access without impacting on the public landscape and streetscape and must not negatively New, existing or redevelopment must positively affect pedestrian access, safety and convenience. contribute to the urban structure of the area to create Pedestrian circulation needs to be dominant over integrated, legible places and people-orientated parking and all parking areas must be provided with space. Any development needs to include all public trees to reduce the harshness of these spaces. space around the building up to the curb edge. The public-private interface is particularly important. Development must contribute to the safety and security of the precinct All development proposals must be of a high quality, clear, rational and well-articulated and demonstrate Development needs to actively face the urban/public how the development fits into and contributes interface and encourage visual connections for active positively to its surrounding context, improves and passive surveillance. integration and creates more legible urban space. Pedestrian routes need to have simple straightforward The location of service infrastructure must be geometries without blind corners, dark alleys or other considered early on in the design development process. unsafe hiding areas. Infrastructure provisioning should not dictate or limit urban form but rather support and reinforce the urban Developments need to respond to the public private and landscape fabric. Infrastructure elements such as interface and open up. water meters, mini-subs and light poles must not create movement blockages, inconvenience people or create dead frontages where active interfaces are required.

46 3 Landscape Guidelines

Development must positively contribute appropriately. This includes basics such as appropriate The master plan and sketch plan set the framework to increased accessibility buffers and interface treatment to allow these systems for the development of the precinct in a structured to function and species to flourish. and logical manner. This is not an exact plan that is Development must contribute to increased ready for construction, but rather shows the intent and accessibility, reinforce existing links or/and create The continuity of the City’s open space network proposed layout, which may have to be tweaked in the new linkages. Legibility is critical and a clear hierarchy is critical. All development must respect existing local context depending on levels, existing services or of spaces is required to achieve greater levels of or facilitate meaningful spatial connections that trees. The following section aims to set out guidelines integration and ensure that pedestrians can move support biodiversity and contribute to the sustainability to assist in the planning, design, development, about easily and efficiently. of the precinct. management and maintenance of specific areas The infrastructural requirements must be considered around the precinct. All areas, landscapes or developments that interface from the start but may not become the principal form- with the natural environment (even if transformed givers in the urban environment. All infrastructure and Parking areas or degraded) must include a minimum 10 metres of service areas must be appropriately incorporated but All parking areas need to be logical and geometrically locally indigenous planting. suitably located or screened so as to minimise their optimised with a minimum of one tree for every two impact on the public environment. Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) must be parking bays. All storm water run-off must be diverted adopted throughout the area. As a minimum, the via landscaping and parking trees. Excess run-off Avoid creating physical barriers that inhibit and restrict drainage systems present on the parking areas around can be diverted into landscaped areas such as lawns. access or inconvenience. Seaforth Beach have to be adapted to harvest run-off Run-off from parking areas may not be released into for maximum benefit of the landscaped areas. natural and sensitive areas, unless it has been diverted Development should respond to, incorporate, through a planted buffer that improves quality and protect, value and enhance the natural environment All development or redevelopment must minimise reduces intensity. The coastline and associated fauna and flora are prime the disruption of the natural hydrological cycle and environmental resources that are ecologically sensitive. work together with other related gravity systems, Pedestrian walkways within parking areas must be raised The ecological drivers and system requirements such as sewerage. to be dominant to vehicular use. Entrance and exit areas must be regarded as prime form-givers in the local should be well defined and recognisable throughout the context and all development has to respond to these Long-term sustainability is critical. All decisions precinct. Typically, the entrance area will be made up of need to consider the maintenance and management an entrance feature, such as a low wall, seating, a fence implications over the short, medium and long term. and/or a gate. All gates to be auto-closing to prevent penguins from exiting the precinct.

Entrances are pause areas where people often meet or gather for short periods of time. Each entrance should have signage, typically including an orientation sign or map, conduct signage (rules) and directional signage. All signage must be integrated into a single panel or structure.

47 Signage • Conduct signage: These signs typically have the • Information signage contains interesting facts place or entrance name, rules and regulations and or information on the area. All signage must be placed within the directional a contact number on them or alternatively may be a • Interpretative signage: These signs typically add view shed of the user, without obstructing important sign indicating the rules of the beach. to the tourism value of the precinct and provide views or cluttering. Five classes of signage are envisaged • Orientation signs have a map of the area showing the information on the local history and environment. for the precinct: visitor the locality on the map. Information on penguins needs to be limited to the • Directional or route signage shows visitors where to go. TMNP: Boulders area only.

48 Street furniture Litterbins need to be placed with careful consideration: Level changes greater than 1 m must be protected by means of an appropriate barrier in the form of Public street furniture may include bollards, benches, • In the trail sections, bins should be placed at the a low wall, a railing or a low-level fence. Walkways and litterbins, seating walls, shade structures, informal entrances only where they can be easily serviced. need to have a maximum gradient of 1:10 to facilitate trader facilities and public toilets must be designed • Bins should not obstruct pedestrian movement or disabled access. All areas with steps must have a ramp and placed in a way that enhances the desired an important view. to facilitate the same level change and maximum character of the space. • In manicured areas, bins may be spread over accessibility. larger areas but must be placed around movement All public furniture must be placed in a logical and corridors or walkways. All pedestrian areas shall have a minimum 2% slope organised manner that is aesthetically pleasing and to facilitate drainage towards adjacent landscaped or creates human-scale spatial relationships. Placements • Bins must always be placed near a wall or similar rehabilitated areas without concentrating flows that may include asymmetry, symmetry, balance, rhythm, structure so that they do not become a visually may cause erosion. Slopes along walkways (cut and fill parallel spacing, and symmetrical spacing. Street undesirable focus point in the landscape. areas) shall be worked off to a gradient not exceeding furniture within an urban space or corridor must be Pedestrian walkways 1:4, unless indicated otherwise. The top and bottom coordinated and have a similar design language. Street intersection of the diagonal slope line and natural furniture plays an important role in the branding of an Pedestrian walkways refer to hard surfaced pedestrian ground level shall respectively be worked off concave area. This does not mean that all furniture throughout pathways along main routes. A typical example is the and convex to ensure that contour lines knit and create should be exactly the same, but rather there should be route between the parking area for coaches at Seaforth even slopes. a common element, material use or theme to link the and the entrance to TMNP: Boulders. All walkways different designs. must be designed to facilitate safe and convenient Walkways to be free of obstructions that impact pedestrian movement. They must have a clear hierarchy negatively on pedestrian movement, and where Benches are one of the key elements of the street with higher-order walkways being wider (minimum 3 obstructions affect the width allowance shall be made furniture and can be used to provide a unified theme m) and paved with a different material than lower-order for widening the walkway. throughout the project: walkways (1–2 m wide) that are narrower and have a different surface treatment. Infrastructure and utility • Benches need to be placed to maximise views services should not constrict walkways, with provision without being obtrusive. made for these to be outside of the minimum width for • It is proposed that all benches be constructed to the specific class of walkway. match the existing benches in the informal traders’ area using sand stone and cement or with a concrete capping.

49 The Penguin Walk The numerous walls and retaining walls that exist on the public land need to be improved to give the precinct a uniform look and feel. All existing stone or stone and mortar walls must be retained as is. Some of the walls may need The main pedestrian link between the bus parking repair, but for the largest part are in good condition. The existing red brick, concrete block, plastered brick and other at Seaforth and the entrance to TMNP: Boulders is walls all need to be repaired and treated to attain a similar look. It is proposed that concrete CemWash be applied critical to the tourism experience of area. A simple with a block brush as a finish to all the retaining walls in the Seaforth precinct. As an alternative sandstone cladding way to improve the legibility in the interim may be to may also be considered. The plastered walls throughout this area may also be suitable for mosaic work to add mosaic penguin footprints along this route to guide interest, diversity and liveliness to the precinct. tourists. In the long run the entire walkway needs to be constructed of high-quality clay bricks with a consistent The Coastal Trail design language. The coastal trail refers to the paths, and boardwalks in the sensitive and untransformed or manicured coastal section.

All public gathering areas will be surfaced All entrances to the trail network will have a clear entrance with conduct and orientation signage and a penguin-proof appropriately for the class of walkway that transect or gate that closes automatically. The existing Clearview fences and gates serve this purpose best. As an extra precaution lead into the walkway. Gathering areas will have formal some of the gates may be reconfigured to form ‘kissing gates’. and informal seating areas, orientation and directional signage and may include information signage.

Pedestrian areas are to be protected from vehicles by means of kerbs or bollards.

Pedestrian surfaces should be durable and slip free. Appropriate materials can include brick, cobbles, precast concrete blocks or bricks and brushed concrete. Paving must be laid on a properly prepared base. In sandy areas it is recommended that two 150 mm layers of G4 material be used as a base. The base must be stabilised with 4% cement and compacted to 98% MOD AASHTO. The existing asphalt surface with light-brown stone chips at the informal trading area seems hard- wearing and acceptable as a surface. It is proposed that this surface should be extended all the way to the entrance of Boulders to improve the general legibility of the area for pedestrians. Paving materials must be creatively combined in different ways in order to achieve a variety of patterns and textures and allow for a robust flexible solution.

50 The main trail shall have a minimum width of 1.2 m to allow for two pedestrians to pass each other relatively freely. This will also serve to clearly demarcate the main trail. Secondary footpaths may be reduced to a width of 800 mm.

Private access paths may be no wider than 600 mm and must be provided with a gate.

Benches, litterbins and signage or other services may not constrict the trail. Provision must rather be made to place these outside the minimum width for the specific class.

All signage must be placed within the user view-shed but may not be obtrusive or clutter the view. Trail markers must be placed in areas where the trail crosses natural rock so that secondary trails do not develop in these areas.

The trail shall be constructed from materials that blend with the natural environment and fit into the local context. These include rock, bark chips, treated timber poles and natural logs or brushwood from invaders. Soil engineering aids that may be used on the trail can include Bio jute, geotextiles, etc.

The trail is designed to allow access to key areas along Slopes, inclines and traffic concentration have Trail design and construction are reiterative processes the coast for recreational purposes while limiting important maintenance implications and will have to be that require constant adjustment and changes until human-penguin conflict and disturbance. managed on a case-by-case basis. As a general rule the such time as the best environmental fit is found. Key slope of a trail should not be more than 10%. In steeper to building a sustainable and low-maintenance trail is Where possible, some network redundancy will sections the slope of the trail should not be more to proactively deal with potential problem areas and be allowed (multiple trails). This is an important than half of the slope of the side slope. Surface water reinforce the trail at these points. In highly dispersive management tool so that a section of the trail can concentration, collection and runoff all have specific soils such as sand, regular traffic and gravity combine be closed off to allow it to recover or rehabilitate. maintenance implications for trails. to transport sand along or down the trail. This is

51 especially problematic along steeper or high impact fences — all to be constructed of natural materials fences may be used to serve as barriers between sections. Trail surfacing can for the most part remain such as timber and stone. Litterbins should be limited humans and sensitive areas. Timber-and-lath or timber- sand. Areas prone to erosion should be surfaced with to the entrance to the trail sections where these can and-rope barriers may be used keep pedestrians on bark chips or structurally improved by adding granular be easily serviced. the walkways. Temporary timber fences will be used material to reduce erodibility. in a few localities to close off sensitive areas. Fencing Other elements within the trails can include, viewing The balustrade along the seawall at Seaforth Beach Fencing in this context is first and foremost to limit areas, decks, temporary barriers, handrails, small will have to be retrofitted to limit penguin movement penguin movement. The best option for this is the bridges, water bars, steps, culverts and low-level in this section. Clearview fence already in use. Timber post-and-rail

52 Illumination connections, water meters, manholes, reticulation systems and transformers, must consider access, Lighting of the precinct needs to be limited to the maintenance and safety in the urban context. The existing parking areas in Seaforth and around the placement of all infrastructure elements must be restaurant in the same area. coordinated with other streetscape elements in terms of placing and design. Manicured/landscaped areas

Manicured and landscaped areas will be limited Rehabilitation to the existing Seaforth area. All new landscaping Rehabilitation in the local context will aim to re- must be indigenous to the local area, with buffers establish ecosystem functions and processes representative of the local vegetation types. Lawns will across degraded or transformed areas of the coast. not be limited to the current extent only. Sand, gravel Rehabilitation does not necessarily re-establish the pre- and bark chips can be considered as alternative soft disturbance condition but does involve establishing landscape material. Stormwater run-off from parking geological and hydrological stable landscapes areas must be redirected onto or into lawn areas. that support the natural ecosystem mosaic. The removal and control of alien vegetation is essential to Informal traders rehabilitation. Areas prone to wind damage or water Informal trading activity must be limited to the erosion need to be stabilised with bioengineering dedicated areas as indicated in the sketch plan. techniques and materials. Informal traders along Kleintuin Road need to be relocated to the new trading areas. Traders will have to Rehabilitation is a long-term process that requires conduct their business within the confines of the trader follow-up, maintenance and perhaps multiple area and be prevented from spilling onto the walkways replanting in areas that fail. Rehabilitation often draws and into the gardens around the precinct. on natural succession. The initial establishment process will aim to provide conditions for the establishment of Service infrastructure sub-climax and climax species over time. Rehabilitated All service infrastructures within the urban environment areas are susceptible to disturbance and need to be must be designed, developed, managed and carefully managed. maintained in a manner that contributes to the aesthetics and functions of the environment. The For more information please refer to the detailed placement of infrastructure elements, such as water rehabilitation plan.

53 Materials palette

Main walkway: exposed aggregate interlocking paving to match existing trading area (left). Example of themed mosaic insert (middle). Proposed mix of new and old materials along Seaforth Beach promenade (right).

54 PART C GUIDELINES FOR IMPLEMENTATION

55 1 Removing Alien and Invasive Vegetation

Categories of vegetation The three categories in terms of the NEMBA Alien and Invasive Species Regulations are as follows: The National Environmental Management Biodiversity Category 1a Invasive species requiring compulsory control. Remove No permits will be issued. Act (NEMBA) (Alien and Invasive Species Regulations, and destroy. Any specimens of Category 1a-listed 2014) is the most recent legislation pertaining to alien species need by law to be eradicated from the invasive plant species. The Alien and Invasive Species environment. Regulations in terms of this Act were published in the Government Gazette No. 37886, 1 August 2014, while Category 1b Invasive species requiring compulsory control as part No permits will be issued. an updated list of Alien Invasive Species was published of an invasive species control programme. Remove and in July 2016. destroy. These plants are deemed to have such a high invasive potential that infestations can qualify to be The legislation calls for the removal and/or control placed under a government-sponsored invasive species of alien invasive plant species (Category 1 species). management programme. In addition, unless authorised in terms of the National Category 2 Invasive species regulated by area. A demarcation No permits will be issued for Category 2 Water Act, 1998, Act 36 of 1998, no land user shall permit is required to import, possess, grow, breed, plants to exist in riparian zones. allow Category 2 plants to occur within 30 metres of move, sell, buy or accept as a gift any plants listed as the 1:50 year flood line of a river, stream, spring or Category 2. natural channel in which water flows regularly or intermittently, or a lake, dam or wetland. Category 3 Category 3 Invasive species regulated by activity. An individual No permits will be issued for Category 3 plants are also prohibited from occurring within close plant permit is required to undertake any of the plants to exist in riparian zones. proximity to a watercourse. following restricted activities (import, possess, grow, breed, move, sell, buy or accept as a gift) involving a Category 3 species.

56 One of the main threats to the biodiversity of the A large number of species has been identified in the Guidelines Table Mountain National Part is the presence of study area. Several Category 1b species were recorded In terms of section 76(4) of the NEMBA Act, invasive alien invasive plant species (SANParks, 2017). Adult, and must therefore be removed by implementing species monitoring, control and eradication guidelines woody seed-bearing alien invasive plants such as Port an alien invasive plant management programme in must include: Jackson (Acacia saligna), rooikrans (A. cyclops), wattle compliance of section 75 of the Act. These species (A. mearnsii), Hakea, pine (Pinus spp.) and blue gum are: Acacia cyclops, A. saligna, Argemone ochroleuca, • A detailed list and description of any listed invasive (Eucalyptus spp.) are especially threatening, as these Ipomoea indica, Nicotiana glauca and Paraserianthes species occurring on the land trees have several negative impacts on the fynbos lophantha. Myoporum insulare, which has invaded • A description of the parts of that land that are ecosystem. These species use up precious water and led to the degradation of large sections of the infested with such listed invasive species supplies (i.e. interfere with waterways), destabilise river study area, and Phytolacca dioica, introduced as an • An assessment of the extent of such infestation banks, grow vigorously and out-compete indigenous ornamental species at Seaforth Beach, as well as Agave • A status report on the efficacy of previous control species by occupying spaces where indigenous species americana, are listed as Category 3 invasive species. and eradication measures would thrive, and destroy the balance of habitats. In • The current measures to monitor, control and some cases, their seeds lie dormant for 70–100 years, In terms of the regulations, a person who has under eradicate such invasive species resulting in continuous and dense re-growth. They are his or her control a Category 1b-listed invasive species very flammable and cause frequent and very hot fires must immediately: • Measurable indicators of progress and success, and (SANParks, 2017). a. notify the competent authority in writing; indications of when the relevant land, species and alien control to is completed. Declared weeds and invader plant species have b. take steps to manage the listed invasive species the tendency to dominate or replace the canopy in compliance with The objective of the guidelines is to control alien or herbaceous layer of natural ecosystems, (i) section 75 of the NEMBA Act; invasive species present on site, prevent the invasion transforming the structure, composition and function of (ii) the relevant invasive species of new species and those that have been previously natural ecosystems. It is important that these plants are management programme developed controlled, develop and implement a monitoring controlled and eradicated by means of an eradication in terms of Regulation 4; and programme to ensure invasive species do not and monitoring programme. Some invader plants may recolonise the area, and to conserve and rehabilitate (iii) any directive issued in terms of also degrade ecosystems through superior competitive existing indigenous and conservation-important section 73(3) of the NEMBA Act. capabilities to exclude native plant species (Henderson, species present on site. 2001).

57 These Alien Control Guidelines detail general control Management and monitoring • During treatment recording detail on the species measures for alien invasive species recorded on site targeted, methodology used, herbicides used, Any new invasive species should be recorded and and makes recommendations on species-specific climatic conditions and post-treatment condition. controlled and a management plan drawn up and control. Due to the proximity of the project area implemented for these species. This needs to be • Recording and documenting conditions during to the coast, these guidelines must be executed continuous, regular and adaptive with the aim of: each monitoring visit or re-treatment. simultaneously with the rehabilitation guidelines as • Adapting management and monitoring, based areas cleared of aliens will be recolonised if native • Following up areas of treatment and prioritising re- on the recorded successes or failures. species are not established in these localities. The treatment over clearing of new areas. This is critical guidelines will have to be updated from time to time as to ensure that any regrowth or seed banks are Systematic and prolonged monitoring is the key to they are executed. exhausted. New regrowth is best to remove before successful alien invader control. Monitoring needs flowering and seeding occurs. to be intensive immediately after the initial control Management of alien invasive species • Focussing on identifying risk areas for new and can be reduced over time. Rehabilitated areas and patches of disturbance also need to be actively Prevention introduction, such as construction sites or areas of disturbance, and intensifying monitoring around these monitored until such time as sufficient cover has The first step in alien invasive control is to avoid the areas. Treat new infestations as early as possible. been established. introduction of alien and invader species. This requires • Identifying and recording alien invasive plants a proactive strategy and an active monitoring plan to Follow-up control measures must be undertaken colonising areas of disturbance or ornamental be put in place. As part of the proactive strategy, all before plants become too large to be controlled garden plants that are out of place. non-indigenous garden ornamentals and introduced with foliar sprays. Seedling control must be ongoing. species should be treated with some circumspection. • Keeping these guidelines up to date and current. Germination of Acacia species takes place rapidly All potential source areas, such as residential or after disturbance and control measures must be put in General monitoring practice includes the following: commercial areas, stormwater discharge points, place as soon as possible to minimise the quantity of and entrances, are potential areas for introduction • Documenting and recording all alien invasive herbicide used and the cost of application. A follow- of species. All adjacent landowners should be plants and the extent of the infestation by means up programme should be structured to ensure that a encouraged to provide a 10 m indigenous buffer of mapping and or photographs. minimum of regrowth will occur. Cut stumps must be around interface boundaries. • Documenting and recording areas identified thoroughly treated with approved herbicide within for treatment. 15 minutes of cutting according to label recommendations to minimise regrowth.

58 Execution Position in terms of dominant wind directions Herbicides selected for control shall be registered for and salt spray use on that species within the specific environment. Removal of alien plants in the project area has to be All contractors (their employees) who apply herbicide carefully executed and followed up with rehabilitation Special care needs to be taken with invaders that must have attended and passed an approved Pest as soon as practically possible. Most of the invasive occupy exposed locations and shelter the rest of Control Certified Herbicide Course or its equivalent. species occur in either the strandveld or coastal thicket. the patch behind. In these cases the erection of a Training shall be appropriate for the situations where Microclimatic conditions are critical to sustaining temporary wind shelter in combination with brush teams will operate, for example, specialised training for both these communities that occur as connected, packing must be considered. coastal and marine environments. interconnected or isolated patches. Typically, the plants Maturity and seed production that occupy these communities will have a combined The content of the training course must include: canopy shaped by the dominant, often salt-laden wind. Large specimens that are producing prolific seeds The largest and tallest of these vegetation patches need to be prioritised for removal, but the impact • General herbicide awareness and the mode of occur on the leeward sides of boulders or dunes and needs to be considered in the context of the other action of herbicides. all patches are very susceptible to disturbance or factors highlighted above. In some cases, specimens • Operator safety in handling of concentrates and breaking up of the canopy. The removal of a large alien can be pruned to remove flowers and seeds. Some spray mixtures, personal hygiene and protective plant can result in the entire clump or patch blowing species can be systematically pruned back to stunt and clothing. slow growth to allow other species to dominate. out or dying back. • Safe storage of product at depots and operational sites and spray mixtures at operational sites. For these reasons each invaded patch needs to be Use of herbicides considered carefully in terms of: • Mixing and handling of herbicides and additives. It is strongly recommended that the selection of • Safety procedures during transportation of the appropriate methods of control be based on the Size in relation to the rest of the patch product, spray mixtures, equipment and personnel. following criteria: Isolated small plants can be removed manually with • Care and maintenance of application equipment, little or no impact. Medium plants in the centre of the • Species to be controlled and efficacy of the product saws, etc. clump can be pruned off close to the ground, the • Size of target plants • Record-keeping in respect of quantities of product/ stump treated and the branches replaced to protect the • Density of stand spray mixtures used, area treated, person hours per canopy. For larger plants, strategies such as ring-barking • Accessibility of terrain area/operation, stock control. or peeling must be considered, or alternatively plants can be pruned back systematically and the branches left • Environmental safety • Planning for follow-up operations, transportation, in place to allow native plants to recolonise until such • Disposal of dead vegetation equipment and spares requirements, product time as the main stem can be poisoned. procurement and availability.

59 • First aid: actions to be taken in case of accidental • Equipment should be washed where there is • The following nozzles or their equivalents shall be contamination, suspected and actual poisoning, no danger of contaminating water sources and used as standard: TG-1, FL-5VS and TF-VS2 or their chronic poisoning, eye contamination and other washings carefully disposed of in a suitable site. equivalents. physical injuries. • To avoid damage to indigenous or other desirable • Malfunctioning nozzles should be replaced in the • Health of operators. Persons unsuitable for use as vegetation product should be selected that will field and no attempt should be made to clean them. application operators, for example, chronically ill, have the least effect on non-target vegetation. Cleaning should be done at the workshop/store disabled, pregnant women, allergic reactions. • Coarse droplet nozzles should be fitted to avoid using preferably compressed air and water. • Wearing of protective apparel. drift onto neighbouring vegetation, e.g. TG-1 or • Suitable plastic measuring cylinders, beakers and • Hygiene. equivalent. mixing containers must be available and only used for herbicide mixing. • Disposal of waste and spillage. • Only tallow amine free, or aquatic safe herbicide formulations should be used to limit the impact on • Potable water must be readily available and clearly • Managing major and minor spills, accident sites. aquatic and marine invertebrates. marked. • Calibrating application equipment. • Environmental safety. Equipment Handling • Application techniques. Use of the correct equipment and personal protective The handling of herbicide concentrates requires strict • Suitable and unsuitable application conditions. gear cannot be overstressed. All application equipment precautions. All persons handling herbicides shall be shall be standardised and obtained from approved suitably protected and familiar with the work, the risks Most of the alien vegetation control will be carried out suppliers. This includes: associated with herbicides and observe all protocols and precautions. in environmentally sensitive areas. In order to minimise • 10 or 20 litre knapsacks from CP 3, CP 15, Matabi, the impact of the operation on the natural environment, Solo, Agrimex A18, Osatu are reputable. On placing • Suitable protective clothing must be available and the following must be observed: an order for knapsacks, ensure the quote includes use thereof is compulsory. • Area contamination must be minimised by careful the approved nozzles and pressure regulator or • Chemical-resistant plastic aprons, gloves and eye accurate application with a minimum amount of constant flow valves and a replacement set. protection and masks must be worn for the specific herbicide to achieve good control. • All sprayers must be fitted with pressure regulators task at hand, e.g. mixing or spraying. • All care must be taken to prevent contamination of or flow regulators. • Potable water, soap, towels and eye wash must be any water bodies. This includes due care in storage, • Spares must be readily available and spares such readily available. application, cleaning equipment and disposal of as nozzles, plumbers tape, nuts, screws, hose and • Suitable absorbent material such as fine dry soil and containers, product and spray mixtures. washers must be carried with teams. Suppliers must cleaning equipment must be available to handle be consulted on spares requirements. accidental spillage.

60 • In the case of spillage, the spill must be contained • All herbicide related materials must be kept in • Containers that have to be destroyed should immediately and cleaned up with absorbent leak-proof, non-spill containers that is placed on be triple-rinsed, punctured, flattened and, material from the spill kit or alternatively fine dry an absorbent field pad e.g. hessian on 1 000 micron if suitable, burned. soil. The contaminated material should then be UPVC sheet. • Only sufficient spray mixture that can be used disposed of in an approved manner. in a day should be prepared. Left-over material Transportation • Concentrates should be decanted in a safe, suitable should be returned to the depot for safe storage place and not in the field. Such a handling and During transportation, people, food clothing and and re-use. Spray mixtures should only be disposed mixing area should have a hard, impermeable herbicides and application equipment must be in areas of in a suitable site. floor, be bunded and have an adequate sump to that are isolated from each other. Vehicles should carry • Certain spray mixtures cannot be left standing accommodate run-off from washing, flooding or fire absorbent material to absorb any spillage. All material overnight and should be safely disposed of. containment. The minimum requirement is 1 cubic equipment and herbicides must be adequately secured meter per 10 square metre space. to prevent spillage and damage. Direct exposure to Public safety direct wind, sun, rain or heat must be avoided. • Concentrates and mixtures should never be Due regard must be paid at all times to the health decanted into or be mixed in drinking bottles or and safety of the public with warning notices being Disposal other food containers. All containers into which displayed where necessary. Operational areas where herbicides or wetter are decanted must be clearly All herbicide containers must be treated as hazardous hazards exist must be temporary closed off from marked and a copy of the original label secured waste. A designated team manager must take the public. Herbicides must only be applied strictly to the container. responsibility for the safe disposal of herbicide according to label recommendations and in the correct • Suitable equipment must be available to prepare containers and associated waste. environmental conditions. Product and spray mixtures spray mixtures. These include plastic measuring • Best management practice is to make empty should be stored so that they are inaccessible to the cylinders, beakers, mixing containers (buckets) containers unusable by cutting or drilling so public. Public or local residents should be informed and funnels. that the containers cannot be recycled. of control operations in their area by means of verbal communication, notices, pamphlets, the press, etc. On site the following must be observed: • Under no circumstances may containers be taken home for personal use. For the most up-to-date information and more detail • No concentrates will be allowed in the field. • Empty containers should be returned to the on treatment options and herbicides, please access • Personal belongings, foodstuff, drinking water store for safekeeping and disposal. the following website: http://www.invasives.org.za/ and break time areas should be separated from • Where such arrangements have been made, resources/control-methods spray mixtures, equipment and water for dilution containers should be returned to the supplier. of spray mixes.

61 Active Eradication Phase

Action Indicator Timeframe

Initial treatment or removal Dye stained foliage, tree stumps First action and cut braches

Follow-up inspection and Check efficacy of treatment 14 days after initial treatment treatment (continue until expected and follow up outcome is reached)

Monthly inspection following No regrowth, seedlings removed Monthly follow up for the first successful initial or repeat by hand 3–6 months during growing season treatment (after three clean (bi-monthly out of season) inspections in growing season reduce to three monthly inspections)

Three-monthly inspections No regrowth, seedlings removed Continue with three-monthly by hand inspections for the first year after successful eradication

Annual inspection Map extent of alien invasive Perpetual vegetation: if need be, start new eradication campaign or follow up eradication

62 Recorded alien invasive species

Taxa Vernacular Category Removal guidelines

Acacia cyclops Rooikrans NEMBA Category 1b. Occurs throughout the study area forming part Small plants to be manually pulled out, larger plants of all vegetation groupings identified. cut and approved herbicide applied as recommended depending on proximity to marine environment

Acacia saligna Port Jackson NEMBA Category 1b. Occurs in a small stand at Seaforth Beach. Small plants to be manually pulled out, larger plants Willow cut and approved herbicide applied as recommended depending on proximity to marine environment

Agave americana Spreading NEMBA Category 3. Occurs at Seaforth Beach in a small stand and Manual removal and disposal recommended century-plant adjacent to residential areas at Burghers’ Walk

Araucaria heterophylla Norfolk Synonym of (Araucaria excelsa) occurs in the area south of Seaforth Retain as is Island Pine Beach and north of the TMNP: Boulders Section.

Arctotheca calendula Cape marigold An indigenous weed associated with lawns and gold courses. Manual removal, foliar spray may be optional outside of wetland areas

Argemone ochroleuca White-flowered NEMBA Category 1b. associated with the wetland at Franks Bay. Manual removal, foliar spray may be optional outside Mexican Poppy of wetland areas

Avena fatua Wild oats A grass species that occurs in disturbed environments. Occurs mainly Limited densities occur, if serious foliar spray within the Burghers’ Walk section of the study area. may be used

Briza maxima Limited occurrence within the study area in the vicinity of Franks Bay Limited densities occur, if serious foliar spray Beach. may be used

Coprosma repens Mirror plant Occurs adjacent to residential areas along Burghers’ Walk and also on Manual removal recommended the rocky boulders at Franks Bay Beach and Windmill Beach.

Cupressus macrocarpa Monterey cypress Occurs as two individual trees (of which one appears to be dead or Leave as is for now dying) at Windmill Beach.

63 Taxa Vernacular Category Removal guidelines

Eucalyptus sp. Blue gum Occurs as a single specimen at Seaforth Beach. Manual removal as the specimen is still small

Ficus microcarpa Chinese bunyan Widely distributed ornamental and street tree. Occurs at Seaforth Beach. Interplant with indigenous species and remove in 20–40 years’ time

Foeniculum vulgare Fennel Has a very low abundance within the study area. Limited densities occur, if serious foliar spray may be used

Hibiscus trionum Bladder hibiscus Occurs within the wetland identified at Franks Bay Beach. Manual removal

Ipomoea cairica Ivy leaved Occurs within the Burghers’ Walk section near Windmill Beach as a Foliar spray of herbicide morning glory climber adjacent to the Simon’s Town Country Club golf course.

Ipomoea indica Blue morning NEMBA Category 1b. Occurs at Franks Bay Beach. Foliar spray of herbicide glory

Lagurus ovatus Hare’s tail A weed of disturbed areas. Occurs in the Burghers’ Walk section on Limited densities occur, if serious foliar spray degraded slopes. may be used

Lavatera arborea Tree mallow NEMBA Category 1b. Occurs in moderate abundance in the vicinity Manual removal, foliar spray may be optional of the parking area north of Burghers’ Walk and south of the TMNP: Boulders Section.

Metrosideros excelsa New Zealand Occurs as a single specimen at Seaforth Beach. Interplant with indigenous species and remove Christmas Tree in 20–40 years’ time

Myoporum insulare Manatoka, NEMBA Category 3. Synonym of Myoprum serratum. Occurs Manual removal, foliar spray may be optional. It seems Boobyalla throughout the study area in high abundance. In the Seaforth Beach that there are no registered herbicides for this plant. section, it occurs as small trees utilised for shade. This species is wind and salt tolerant and fire resistant.

Nicotiana glauca Wild tobacco NEMBA Category 1b. Occurs as a single specimen at Seaforth Beach Manual removal, foliar spray, stump application (within a palm tree). of herbicide.

64 Taxa Vernacular Category Removal guidelines

Paraserianthes Cape Leeuwin NEMBA Category 1b. Occurs at Franks Bay Beach. Manual removal, foliar spray, stump application lophantha subsp. wattle, Cape of herbicide lophantha wattle

Pennisetum Kikuyu An invasive grass species, typically planted for lawns. Occurs Combination of manual removal and herbicide clandestinum throughout the study area. application

Phoenix canariensis Canary Island Occurs at Seaforth Beach and the section between Seaforth Beach Interplant with indigenous species and remove Date Palm and the TMNP: Boulders Section, as well as to the southwest of in 20–40 years’ time Franks Bay Beach.

Phytolacca dioica Belhambra NEMBA Category 3. Occurs at Seaforth Beach. Combination of manual removal and herbicide application

Rapistrum rugosum Wild mustard Occurs throughout the study area as isolated individuals. Limited densities occur, if serious foliar spray may be used

Solanum sp. Solanum Occurring as a weed within the grassed area at Franks Bay beach. Limited densities occur, if serious foliar spray may be used

Trapaeolum majus Nasturtium/ Occurs in a low abundance at Franks Bay Beach. Limited densities occur, if serious foliar spray Kappertjie may be used

Ulmus sp. Elm Occurs as a few specimens at Seaforth Beach. Interplant with indigenous species and remove in 20–40 years’ time

Washingtonia robusta Mexican fan palm Occurs at Seaforth Beach. Interplant with indigenous species and remove in 20–40 years’ time

Yucca gloriosa Mound lily Garden ornamental occurring adjacent to residential areas and the Manual removal Simon’s Town Country Club golf course in the Burghers’ Walk section

65 Detailed vegetation distribution

66 Detailed vegetation distribution

67 Detailed vegetation distribution

68 Detailed vegetation distribution

69 Detailed vegetation distribution

70 Detailed vegetation distribution

71 2 Site Restoration and Rehabilitation Guidelines

Approach, methodology and structure these rehabilitation guidelines soil preparation, Rehabilitation areas and drawings erosion protection and planting must be seen as a Introduction The rehabilitation drawings form part of the contract single action. It is better to complete all three actions documents and shall be read in conjunction with the Rehabilitation in highly dynamic and sensitive on a small area than to leave an area bare overnight. specifications and bills of quantities. environments requires an approach that is regularly Human disturbance and trampling are major causes adapted, modified or changed based on the locational Programme of work specific requirements. This section sets out a broad of degradation and rehabilitation may in some areas methodology and approach but is by no means cast be limited to scarifying and brush packing of walkways. Prior to the commencement of the rehabilitation a in stone and may, in consultation with the relevant Excluding humans from disturbed and transformed detailed project programme will be developed and specialist and client representatives, be adapted areas will be key to effective and economical used to monitor progress. and changed to best achieve the desired outcome rehabilitation. Buffer planting along interface areas of improving and restoring the ecological functioning can be implemented independently and in parallel Standard of workmanship of the area. to other rehabilitation efforts. The work shall be executed in accordance with the specification and drawings, and any subsequently Detailed site-specific rehabilitation guidelines are During the proposed alien vegetation removal and authorised variation, to the complete satisfaction of the provided per section. rehabilitation process, every effort shall be made not project manager and ecological specialists. to disturb penguins. Before any work starts, a suitably The rehabilitation guidelines are structured as follows: experienced penguin specialist must approve the Access and maintenance of roads works area. As far as practically possible work must be • General clauses During the rehabilitation interference of traffic along scheduled outside of the breeding and moult season • General specifications public roads, private roads or footpaths must be of the birds. Active nests and birds in moult must not ceased. Access to the area is limited to pedestrian be disturbed. Before any action the target area must be • Guidelines per section access only. All materials and goods will have to be thoroughly searched for nesting sites and birds. Should • Proposed prioritisation of work carried into the areas for rehabilitation. All access any be found, a buffer of at least three metres must be routes are to be kept free of materials, soil, mud, maintained around the bird and an expert consulted General rehabilitation clauses vegetation or any other obstructions. Any damage before work starts. Scope of work caused will be made good, to the satisfaction of the These rehabilitation guidelines must be read in • Establish site nursery and hardening of area project manager. conjunction with the guidelines on control of alien • Alien invasive and garden ornamentals need Existing services invasive vegetation and should be coordinated to to be removed keep the time between removal of invasive plants All existing services must be identified by • Stabilisation of sands and construction of windbreaks or ornamentals and rehabilitation to a minimum. the project manager prior to the start of work. Rehabilitation of areas that contain invasive plants or • Soil preparation and replanting Prior to commencement of work near an existing those that are actively eroding must be prioritised over • Erect temporary fences service the condition of the existing services shall transformed or degraded areas. For the purposes of • Three-to-six months of maintenance be documented and pointed out to all present. Any damage shall be made good to the complete satisfaction of the project manager.

72 Damage Clearing of rubbish Soil preparation and localised reshaping for planting During the rehabilitation process precautions must be All excess non-organic or natural material that arises The time between soil preparation, protection and taken to limit and prevent damage to existing services, from the rehabilitation project shall be removed on planting shall be kept to a minimum. All proposed vegetation, footpaths, etc. From an environmental a daily basis and immediately after planting. The site planting and seeding areas should be ripped and perspective, the entire project area is deemed sensitive shall be left in a tidy condition and to the complete forked manually to a depth of 300 mm. During this and every effort must be made to limit disturbance. All satisfaction of the project manager. action care must be taken not to damage roots of works areas and access to these areas shall be clearly existing plants that have been retained. Special demarcated with construction netting and no worker General rehabilitation specifications attention needs to be paid to old walkways or other shall be permitted to move beyond these boundaries. Setting out and securing of works area trampled areas to undo compaction and level out Any damage shall be made good to the satisfaction of unnatural cut or fill, mounds and undulation that do the project manager. Prior to the commencement of any rehabilitation not fit with the surrounding natural ground line. The works the work area, including stockpile areas, shall general shape, profile and levels of all planting and Protection be demarcated and secured. Once this is completed seeding areas, may not be materially altered during the project manager shall approve this so that the The rehabilitation works must be protected from the soil preparation. All slopes (cut-and-fill areas) shall work may commence. any cause whatsoever until acceptable cover has be worked off to a gradient not exceeding 1:4, unless indicated otherwise. The top and bottom intersection been reached. Special precautions must be taken to Site preparation prevent damage by hyraxes and porcupines during of the diagonal slope line and natural ground level the rehabilitation process as they often target ‘soft’ Prior to commencement with the operations all plant shall respectively be worked of concave and convex, nursery stock. material to be retained shall be identified and secured. so as to ensure that contour lines knit and create even The rehabilitation team shall allow for the removal slopes. The ripped surface shall be lightly and evenly Setting out of unwanted material and foreign material on all the firmed and reduced to a fine tilth ready for planting. proposed planting and seeding areas indicated on Rehabilitation works shall be conducted in a systematic the drawings. Unwanted and foreign materials shall Scarifying and brush-packing and structured way to minimise the time of inception to include all anthropocentric material, waste or debris the time of completion. Prior to the commencement of Many of the areas have been compacted, trampled not occurring naturally in the area. Every effort should any work the work area shall be set out in accordance and degraded by human actions (short cuts, duplicate be made to protect organic residues and material that with the plan specifications or instructions issued walkways, cross-cutting pathways). These areas must be are present or have accumulated in the inter-dune by the project manager and secured by means of ripped and forked manually to a depth of 300 mm to areas. These efforts may include temporary stockpiling, temporary fencing. All setting out to be approved prior de-compact the soil. The first 3 m of scarified walkway covering or protecting by means of windbreaks. to commencement of rehabilitation works. from the entrance or exit must be brush-packed with local material to block the walkway. Entrances and exits can also be barricaded with temporary fencing.

73 Rehabilitation through exclusion Foredunes: Rehabilitation areas shall be covered with representative at the nursery before delivery to site. Bio-jute and EcoLogs (Bio-jute bags filled with sand) Plants should have vigorous growth potential and no All exclusion areas must be fenced with a suitable staked and spaced at 1 m intervals. The start and end pot-bound plants will be accepted. All plant material plastic mesh fence that is at least 900 mm high and of Bio-jute sheet shall be buried 200 mm deep with is to be supplied in accordance with the specification buried 200 mm deep. All compacted and degraded overlaps a minimum of 150 mm wide. Bio-jute shall be and in the sizes, species and numbers stated. The plant or bare patches within the area must be forked over staked with 300 mm long wooden stakes placed at 1 m material shall be delivered to site in the same healthy to a depth of 300 mm to de-compact the soil. Every centres. In areas of severe exposure windbreaks need and disease-free condition in which the landscape effort should be made to protect organic residues to be erected in addition to the EcoLogs. architect at the nursery approved the material. and material that are present or have accumulated in the inter-dune areas. These efforts may include Strandveld and exposed coastal thicket areas: All material shall be adequately protected from wind brush packing or protecting by means of windbreaks. Rehabilitation areas shall be covered with Bio-jute. and scorching during transportation and shall be Windbreaks must be erected in exposed localities. The start and end of Bio-jute sheets shall be buried watered regularly until re-planting. The time between Exclusion areas may take two to three years to recover. 200 mm deep with overlaps minimum 150 mm wide. removal from the hardening-off area and planting out During this time the sites have to be inspected Bio-jute shall be staked with 300 mm long wooden shall be kept to a minimum. Plant material shall be from time to time to fork over and replace or stakes placed at 1 m centres. Wind barriers will be hardened-off on site for at least three weeks to allow add brushwood. constructed from 500 mm high 50% shade cloth strips 3 for sufficient acclimatisation. A suitable hardening-off m long fixed to 1000 mm CCA treated droppers 30–50 area must be established for this purpose. Securing trails and paths mm in diameter. Droppers shall be driven into the Critical to the success of this rehabilitation project will sand so the wind barrier extends 300–400mm above Cuttings shall be well established, hardened-off with be to limit people to the selected paths. A number of the average sand height and the bottom 100 mm to fibrous root systems that retain rooting medium during alternative temporary and more permanent fencing 150 mm being buried in the sand. Barriers shall be transplanting, which reduces transplant shock. Plugs solutions have been detailed for this use, but simple spaced maximum of 3 m apart. Areas prone to localised shall be well developed, with appropriate foliage strategies such as brush-packing and barring may be water erosion can be stabilised with eco-logs placed mass and be thoroughly rooted through the container. employed as well. Barring refers to the use of randomly perpendicular to the water movement at 500 mm Shrubs shall be containerised, have a bushy and placed galvanised wire strands across a closed path. intervals and staked with 300 mm stakes 500 mm apart. well-shaped crown for that species and have a well- developed, fibrous root system. Erosion and salt spray protection Planting All plants shall be pit-planted ensuring minimum All rehabilitation in exposed areas shall be protected All plant material shall be locally sourced from a disturbance to roots during transplanting. The pits from erosion and salt spray by means of wind barriers similar ecotone. Locally will be defined as an area shall be cut in the bio-jute, excavated to adequate and Bio-jute. of 100 km from the site and with similar climatic, dimensions to accommodate the root system fully soil and ecological conditions. The plant material spread, and backfilled with the soil mixture. will be inspected by the landscape architect or their

74 Species list Finishing off Species should be selected for their ecological function in the landscape as well as for aesthetic purposes. On completion of planting all areas shall be tidied and finished. All Bio-jute and windbreaks must be checked and secured to the complete satisfaction of the project Plant species proposed for revegetation manager.

Coastal thicket wild coffee (Diospyros whyteana) Maintenance sea guarri (Euclea racemosa) mountain maytenus (Maytenus oleoides) Following rehabilitation planting, the area shall be bietou (Osteospermum moniliferum) maintained for a period of at least three months or white milkwood (Sideroxylon inerme subsp. inerme) until sufficient cover has been established. Sufficient cover in this context means that at least 60% of the Strandveld bietou (Osteospermum moniliferum) rehabilitation area has plant cover three months wild rosemary (Eriocephalus africanus) after planting. During the maintenance period strandveld metalasia (Metalasia muricata) planting arrears shall be checked on a daily basis beach salvia (Salvia africana-lutea) for the first month and thereafter twice a week for sickleleaf brightfig (Lampranthus falciformis) a further two months or until adequate cover has been established. Plant areas shall be checked for Foredune sour fig (Carpobrotus acinaciformis) faunal and environmental damage and any damage carpet geranium (Geranium incanum) repaired. Windbreaks and Bio-jute will be checked and waxberry (Myrica cordifolia) restacked where necessary. During periods of extreme Wetland arum lily (Zanthedeschia aethiopica) environmental stress rehabilitation areas may need to torch lily (Kniphofia uvaria) be watered once a week. All dead planting must be glastee (Cliffortia ferruginea) replaced until sufficient cover has been achieved. blue sceptre (Aristea capitata) basket grass (Cyperus textilis) common rush (Juncus effusus)

Other commonly used species for coastal rehabilitation, grysbietou (Osteospermym incanum) which may be suitable for both strandveld and kusgousblom (Arctotis stoechadifolia) foredune stabilisation Gazania rigens Ruschia macowanii kalkklipvygie (Delosperma litorale) Disphyma crassifolium sour fig (Carpobrotus edulis) Otholobium bracteolatum coastal malva (Pelargonium capitatum)

75 3 Area Plans and Specific Guidelines

Section 1: Seaforth Beach

76 Section 1: Seaforth Beach No. Status quo Rehabilitation actions 1 Degraded strandveld Access to the area must be limited to the trail indicated on the plan: some surface protection and steps may be required depending on with exposed dunes the final trail alignment Trampled and exposed areas must be de-compacted and protected by means of Biojute and EcoLogs Allow for re-vegetation across 50% of the area Exclude human traffic from rehabilitation areas 2 Relatively intact coastal thicket Protect from ingress: some waste (old bottles, paper and glass on surface and amongst rocks to be cleaned and removed) 3-6 Alien and invasive vegetation Area is suitable for treatment with herbicides and will require follow up. Once the alien vegetation has been removed the area can be patch to be removed rehabilitated Follow guidelines for vegetation to re-establish coastal thicket Allow for replanting of 50% of area Brachylaena discolor to be retained 7 Relatively intact coastal thicket Limit movement to existing walkway Waste (old bottles, paper and glass) on surface must be removed on an ongoing basis 8 New coastal thicket screen Follow guidelines for vegetation to re-establish coastal thicket Allow for replanting of 70% of area Limit movement to spill-over beach space Phoenix canariensis to be retained 9 Existing degraded lawn Lawn to be removed as per sketch plan 10-11 Alien and invasive vegetation Remove alien invasive plants and re-vegetate as per sketch plan patch to be removed

77 Section 2: Waters Edge (Seaforth Beach to TMNP: Boulders Section)

78 Section 2: Waters Edge (Seaforth beach to TMNP: Boulders Section) No. Status quo Rehabilitation actions 1 Isolated exotics If practical, interplant with coastal thicket species and remove exotics once indigenous vegetation has established in exposed locality 2 Relatively intact coastal thicket Protect from ingress. Waste (old bottles, paper and glass) on surface and amongst rocks to be removed Existing penguin-proof gate to be replaced 3 Degraded strandveld with Access to the area must be limited to the trail indicated on the plan. Some surface protection and steps may be required depending on exposed dunes the final trail alignment Trampled and exposed areas must be de-compacted and protected by means of Biojute and EcoLogs Isolated Acacia cyclops must be removed. Allow for re-vegetation across 20% of the area Exclude human traffic from rehabilitation areas 4 Relatively intact coastal thicket Protect from ingress. Waste (old bottles, paper and glass) on surface must be removed Existing fence is being undercut and must be protected, remove old diamond mesh 5 Relatively intact coastal thicket Limit movement to existing walkway. Waste (old bottles, paper and glass) on surface must be cleaned and removed on an ongoing basis Existing penguin-proof gate must be replaced or fixed Bee garden in serious need of replanting; convert the rest of the area into coastal thicket Phoenix canariensis to be retained as these have heritage value being associated with the Waters Edge house Araucaria heterophylla must be removed in the long run Link back to Kleintuin Road is zoned street reserve and needs formal protection as public open space

79 Section 3: Burghers’ Walk (TMNP: Boulders Section to Windmill Beach)

80 Section 3: Burghers’ Walk (TMNP Boulders Section to Windmill Beach) No. Status quo Rehabilitation actions 1 Relatively intact coastal thicket Disturbance isolated and localised Monitor degraded patches and take action if need be only 2 Relatively intact coastal thicket Disturbance localised and no re-vegetation required Existing penguin-proof gate to be maintained Sideroxylon inerme must be protected Carissa species must be removed Monitor interface with residential areas Close all redundant walkways Boardwalk must be replaced by trail in long run Localised steps, log retaining walls and water bars may be required Trampled and exposed areas must be de-compacted and protected by brush-packing and human barriers 3 & 4 Alien and invasive vegetation Area disturbed during construction of house and may contain building waste patch to be removed Suitability of the growing medium needs to be established Area is suitable for treatment with herbicides and will require follow up; once the alien vegetation has been removed the area can be rehabilitated Follow guidelines for vegetation to re-establish coastal thicket Allow for replanting of 50% of area Limit movement to existing trail Owner may be allowed access via 600 mm wide path with gate 5 Degraded area of coastal Area disturbed during construction of house and may contain building waste thicket Suitability of the growing medium needs to be established Follow guidelines for vegetation to re-establish coastal thicket Allow for replanting of 60% of area Limit movement to proposed trail Localised steps, log retaining walls and water bars may be required Public access point on Links Crescent must be clearly established, with appropriate signage and entrance This area is zoned street reserve and must be appropriately zoned for conservation

81 Section 3: Burghers’ Walk (TMNP Boulders Section to Windmill Beach) No. Status quo Rehabilitation actions 6 Degraded area of coastal Area disturbed through trampling and associated erosion thicket Stabilise or prevent erosion, erect windbreaks and/or cover exposed sections with Biojute Rehabilitate through exclusion Limit movement to proposed trail Localised steps, log retaining walls and water bars may be required along the trail in this section 7 Alien and invasive vegetation Area is suitable for treatment with herbicides and will require follow up: once the alien vegetation has been removed the area can be patch to be removed rehabilitated Follow guidelines for vegetation to re-establish coastal thicket Allow for replanting of 50% of area Limit movement to existing trail Owner may be allowed access via 600 mm wide path with gate 8 Degraded area of coastal Stabilise or prevent erosion, erect windbreaks and/or cover exposed sections with Biojute thicket Rehabilitate through combination of exclusion and re-vegetation Follow guidelines for vegetation to re-establish coastal thicket Allow for replanting of 30% of area Limit movement to existing trail Owner may be allowed access via 600 mm wide path with gate 9 Alien and invasive vegetation Some of the area is suitable for treatment with herbicides and will require follow up; once the alien vegetation has been removed the patch to be removed – area can be rehabilitated rehabilitate to coastal thicket Stabilise or prevent erosion, erect windbreaks and; or cover exposed sections with Biojute and Ecologs and strandveld in exposed Follow guidelines for vegetation to re-establish strandveld directly adjacent to trail and coastal thicket closer to the adjacent properties sandy areas. Allow for replanting of 60% of area Sideroxylon inerme must be protected Coprosma repens must be removed Limit movement to existing trail Owner may be allowed access via 600 mm wide path with gate 10 Relatively intact coastal thicket Disturbance isolated and localised Monitor degraded patches and take action only if required

82 Section 4 Burghers’ Walk (Windmill Beach)

83 Section 4 Burghers’ Walk (Windmill Beach) No. Status quo Rehabilitation actions 1 Relatively intact strandveld Area disturbed through trampling and associated erosion and foredune Stabilise or prevent erosion, erect windbreaks and; or cover exposed sections with Biojute Rehabilitate through exclusion Limit movement to proposed trail Localised steps, log retaining walls and water bars may be required along the trail in this section 2 Relatively intact coastal thicket Disturbance localised and no re-vegetation required Sideroxylon inerme must be protected Carissa species must be removed Monitor interface with residential areas Close all redundant walkways Localised steps, log retaining walls and water bars may be required Trampled and exposed areas must be de-compacted and protected by brush-packing and human barriers 3 Alien and invasive vegetation Area is suitable for treatment with herbicides and will require follow up: once the alien vegetation has been removed the area patch to be removed and can be rehabilitated replaced with strandveld Stabilise or prevent erosion, erect windbreaks and/or cover exposed sections with Biojute and Ecologs Follow guidelines for vegetation to re-establish strandveld Allow for replanting of 60% of area Limit movement to trail

84 Section 4 Burghers’ Walk (Windmill Beach) No. Status quo Rehabilitation actions 4 Degraded area with mix Area disturbed through trampling and associated erosion of strandveld, foredune At least 50% of the area can be rehabilitated by exclusion and rehabilitated of old walkways or paths and coastal thicket Stabilise or prevent erosion, erect windbreaks and/or cover exposed sections with Biojute Follow guidelines for vegetation to re-establish foredune in exposed sandy patches, strandveld and coastal thicket along the embankment behind the ablution and on sections along the existing golf course fence Allow for replanting of 40% of area concentrating on the coastal thicket along the embankment. Limit movement to proposed trail Establish orientation point with seating wall at node close to Links Crescent Localised steps, log retaining walls and water bars may be required along the trail Existing ablution facility must be completely removed and area rehabilitated (pollution) Golf course water system must be replaced with underground, covered and screened system Overflow from the system must be treated in a bio-swale before release into adjacent area. The small seep/wetland that is present must be cleaned from alien invasive plants and re-established Ipomoea cairica must be treated with herbicide Yucca gloriosa must be removed manually Cupressus macrocarpa can be retained but exposed roots must be stabilised with retaining wall Existing tar walkway, kerbs and building rubble must be completely removed 5 Alien and invasive vegetation Area is suitable for treatment with herbicides and will require follow up: once the alien vegetation has been removed the area can be patch to be removed and rehabilitated replaced with strandveld Stabilise or prevent erosion, erect windbreaks and; or cover exposed sections with Biojute and Ecologs Follow guidelines for vegetation to re-establish strandveld Allow for replanting of 50% of area Limit movement to trail.

85 Section 4 Burghers’ Walk (Windmill Beach) No. Status quo Rehabilitation actions 6 Relatively intact strandveld Area disturbed through trampling and associated erosion and foredune Stabilise or prevent erosion, erect windbreaks and/or cover exposed sections with Biojute Rehabilitate through exclusion Manually remove Coprosma repens Limit movement to proposed trail Localised steps, log retaining walls and water bars may be required along the trail in this section 7 Relatively intact strandveld Area disturbed through trampling and associated erosion and foredune Stabilise or prevent erosion, erect windbreaks and/or cover exposed sections with Biojute Rehabilitate through exclusion Manually remove Yucca gloriosa Limit movement to proposed trail Localised steps, log retaining walls and water bars may be required along the trail in this section 8 Relatively intact coastal thicket Disturbance localised and no re-vegetation required Close all redundant walkways Localised steps, log retaining walls and water bars may be required Trampled and exposed areas to be de-compacted and protected by brush-packing and human barriers 9 Degraded wetland Degraded wetland needs to be rehabilitated by removal of kikuyu and replanting with indigenous sedges and wetland plants

86 Section 5 Windmill Beach to Franks Bay

87 Section 5 Windmill Beach to Franks Bay No. Status quo Rehabilitation actions 1 Relatively intact strandveld Area disturbed through trampling and associated erosion and foredune Stabilise or prevent erosion, erect windbreaks and/or cover exposed sections with Biojute Rehabilitate through exclusion Limit movement to proposed trail Localised steps, log retaining walls and water bars may be required along the trail in this section 2 Alien and invasive vegetation Area is suitable for treatment with herbicides and will require follow up: once the alien vegetation has been removed the area patch must be removed and can be rehabilitated replaced with strandveld Stabilise or prevent erosion, erect windbreaks and/or cover exposed sections with Biojute and Ecologs Follow guidelines for vegetation to re-establish coastal thicket Rehabilitation by means of exclusion Limit movement to trail 3 Relatively intact coastal thicket Disturbance localised and no re-vegetation required Cullumia squarrosa must be protected Close all redundant walkways Localised steps, log retaining walls and water bars may be required Trampled and exposed areas to be de-compacted and protected by brush-packing and human barriers 4 Alien and invasive vegetation Area is suitable for treatment with herbicides and will require follow up: once the alien vegetation has been removed the area patch must be removed and can be rehabilitated replaced with strandveld Stabilise or prevent erosion, erect windbreaks and/or cover exposed sections with Biojute and Ecologs Follow guidelines for vegetation to re-establish coastal thicket Rehabilitation by means of 50 % replanting Limit movement to trail

88 Section 5 Windmill Beach to Franks Bay No. Status quo Rehabilitation actions 5 Degraded area with mix of Area disturbed through trampling and associated erosion strandveld, foredune and At least 50% of the area can be rehabilitated by exclusion and rehabilitated of old walkways or paths coastal thicket Stabilise or prevent erosion, erect windbreaks and; or cover exposed sections with Biojute Follow guidelines for vegetation to re-establish foredune in exposed sandy patches, strandveld and coastal thicket along the embankment behind the ablution and on sections along the existing golf course fence Allow for replanting of 50% of area concentrating on the coastal thicket along the embankment Limit movement to proposed trail Localised steps, log retaining walls and water bars may be required along the trail 6 Alien and invasive vegetation Area is suitable for treatment with herbicides and will require follow up: once the alien vegetation has been removed the area can be patch must be removed and rehabilitated replaced with coastal thicket Stabilise or prevent erosion, erect windbreaks and/or cover exposed sections with Biojute Follow guidelines for vegetation to re-establish coastal thicket Manually remove Agave sp. Rehabilitation by means of 30 % replanting Limit movement to trail 7 Relatively intact coastal thicket Disturbance localised and no re-vegetation required Close all redundant walkways Localised steps, log retaining walls and water bars may be required Trampled and exposed areas must be de-compacted and protected by brush-packing and human barriers 8 Alien and invasive vegetation Special care needs to be taken in the use of herbicides in or adjacent to wetland; once the alien vegetation has been removed the area patch to be removed and can be rehabilitated wetland restored Replant with suitable wetland species as plugs Follow guidelines for vegetation to re-establish coastal thicket Rehabilitation by means of 60 % replanting Limit movement to trail 9 Relatively intact strandveld Rehabilitate through exclusion Limit movement to proposed trail

89 Section 6 Franks Bay

90 Section 6 Franks Bay No. Status quo Rehabilitation actions 1 Relatively intact strandveld Area disturbed through localised trampling Stabilise to prevent erosion, erect windbreaks and/or cover exposed sections with Biojute Rehabilitate through exclusion Limit movement to proposed trail 2 Degraded strandveld Access to the area needs to be limited to the trail indicated on the plan. Some surface protection and steps may be required depending on the final trail alignment Trampled and exposed areas must be de-compacted and protected by means of Biojute and EcoLogs Allow for planting across 20% of the area Exclude human traffic from rehabilitation areas 3 Alien vegetation patch All alien shrubs and groundcovers must be removed and replaced by coastal thicket species and manicured area Establish 10m-wide buffer between lawn on Main Road side and wetland area Area is suitable for treatment with herbicides and will require follow up: once the alien vegetation has been removed the area can be rehabilitated Phoenix canariensis, Brachylaena discolor to be retained Sideroxylon inerme must be protected Ipomoea indica, Trapaeolum majus, Paraserinthes lophantha subsp. Lophantha must be removed Follow guidelines for vegetation to re-establish coastal thicket Rehabilitation by means of 50% replanting Limit movement to trails

91 Section 6 Franks Bay No. Status quo Rehabilitation actions 4 Existing lawns against Lawn area may have to be treated with herbicides coast must be converted to Toe of embankment is eroding and must be stabilised with a retaining wall strandveld and coastal thicket Allow for replanting of 20% of area Localised steps, log retaining walls and water bars may be required along the trail 5 Alien and invasive vegetation Special care must be taken in the use of herbicides in or adjacent to wetland: once the alien vegetation has been removed the area can patch must be removed and be rehabilitated wetland restored Replant with suitable wetland species as plugs Follow guidelines for vegetation to re-establish coastal thicket Rehabilitation by means of 60% replanting Limit movement to trail 6 Relatively intact coastal thicket Disturbance localised and no re-vegetation required Close all redundant walkways Localised steps, log retaining walls and water bars may be required Trampled and exposed areas to be de-compacted and protected by brush-packing and human barriers 7 Relatively intact strandveld Area disturbed through localised trampling Stabilise or prevent erosion, erect windbreaks and/or cover exposed sections with Biojute Rehabilitate through exclusion Limit movement to proposed trail

92 ANNEXURES

93 Annexure A: List of relevant legislation

Acts Every person shall have the right to an environment natural resources. In order to achieve these goals, which is not detrimental to his or her health or the act made provision for the South African National Constitution Act 108 of 1996 well-being): Biodiversity Institute (SANBI), which has been The right to an environment that is not harmful to designated certain functions and has been afforded • Every person has the responsibility to care for the health or well-being (section 24(a)): powers and duties in respect of this act. environment and not do anything that will harm the • Everyone has this right and can make a case in a environment (pollution: air, water, land, sea). The African Penguin is listed in this act as a TOPS court if this right is not respected. • Deals with large scale development, factories, species. The right to have the environment protected (section business, waste management, etc.) 24(b)). Government must take steps to protect the Threatened or Protected Species Regulations (TOPS) National Environmental Management: Biodiversity environment by making laws that: Act, Act 10 of 2004 These are specific regulations in respect of threatened and protected species. The regulations deal with • prevent pollution and damage to the environment; The objectives of the Act are to provide for: protection, disturbance and trade in these species. • promote conservation; • Management and conservation of South Africa’s • Balance economic, social and environmental biodiversity within the framework of the National National Environmental Management: Protected Areas development. Environmental Management Act, Act 107 of 1998 Act, Act 57 of 2003 National Environmental Management Act, Act 107 of • The protection of species and ecosystems that • To provide for the protection and conservation 1998 warrant national protection of ecologically viable areas representative of South Africa’s biological diversity and its natural One of the most important environmental laws relating • The sustainable use of indigenous landscapes and seascapes; to most aspects of the environment including EIA’s biological resources the roles of DEA, environmental information and legal • The fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising • For the establishment of a national register of all standing etc. from bio-prospecting involving indigenous national, provincial and local protected areas; biological resources • For the management of those areas in accordance Section 28 Duty of Care (linked with SA Constitution: • The establishment and functions of a South African with national norms and standards; Environment): National Biodiversity Institute • For inter-governmental cooperation and public consultation in matters concerning protected areas; In essence, the act was put in place to safeguard and for matters in connection therewith. the important biodiversity attributes in the country, whilst allowing people to benefit equally from the

94 National Environmental Management: Integrated National Environmental Management: National Sea Birds and Seals Protection Act, Act 46 of Coastal Management Act, Act 24 of 2008 Air Quality Act, Act 39 of 2004 1973 and subsequent amendment of the Marine Living Resources Act to include a Policy on the management of To establish a system of integrated coastal and To provide for enhancing the quality of ambient air for seabirds and Seals (Notice 1717 of 2007) estuarine management in the Republic, including the sake of securing an environment that is not harmful norms, standards and policies, in order to promote to the health and well-being of the people. This policy on the Management of Seals, Seabirds and the conservation of the coastal environment, and Shorebirds is issued by the Minister of Environmental maintain the natural attributes of coastal landscapes National Heritage Resources Act, Act 25 of 1999 Affairs and Tourism (‘the Minister’). The purpose of this and seascapes, and to ensure that development and The Act provides for the protection of heritage policy is to set out the considerations that will apply to the use of natural resources within the coastal zone is resources. the management of Seals, Seabirds and Shorebirds by socially and economically justifiable and ecologically the Minister. sustainable; to define rights and duties in relation World Heritage Conservation Act, Act 49 of 1999 to coastal areas; to determine the responsibilities of The objectives of the policy are to facilitate and ensure: organs of state in relation to coastal areas; to prohibit The act incorporates the World Heritage Convention • Management of conservation of seals, incineration at sea; to control dumping at sea, pollution into South African law. seabirds and shorebirds; in the coastal zone, inappropriate development of the Provincial Ordinances • Cooperative management; coastal environment and other adverse effects on the coastal environment; to give effect to South Africa's • Sustainable, non-consumptive use of seals, seabirds Problem Animal Control Ordinance No. 26 of 1957 international obligations in relation to coastal matters; and shorebirds; and to provide for matters connected therewith. Regulates problem animals. • Research and monitoring; • Management of adverse interactions; and The CCT has published its Coastal Management Cape Nature and Environmental Conservation • Implementation of international obligations. Program in terms of the NEM: ICMA Ordinance No. 19 of 1974

The purpose of this ordinance is to regulate Municipal By-laws Marine Living Resources Act, Act 18 of 1998 wild animals and plants and the establishment • Introduces regulating measures for the conservation of nature reserves. Draft Coastal By-law of the marine ecosystem, long term sustainable use of resources, and access to exploitation, utilization Public Parks By-law 2010 and protection of certain resources • Act provides control over the resources in a fair and equitable manner to the benefit of all citizens.

95 Streets Public Places and the Prevention of Noise Biodiversity Strategy Nuisances By-law An overarching framework for a consolidated approach to protecting and enhancing the rich biodiversity of the Animals By-law 2010 Legislation, within the City, City of Cape Town. that governs the management of dogs, cats and working equines Coastal Management Programme Environmental Health By-law Published in terms of NEM: ICM Act.

Events By-law City of Cape Town Large Marine Animal Stranding Policy The policy outlines the response protocol in the Filming By-law event of a large marine mammal stranding or a mass Informal Trading Amendment By-law 2013 stranding of marine mammals.

Integrated Waste Management Amended By-law 2010 Coastal Zone Management Strategy A management framework, targets and goals for the Outdoor Advertising and Signage By-law No. 5801 integrated management of the City of Cape Town’s of 2001 First Amendment By-law 2013 coastal zone.

Parking By-law 2010 Framework for a Strategy and Action Plan for the Management of Invasive Alien Species in Storm Water Management By-law the City of Cape Town

Traffic By-law 2011 A strategy and action plan for controlling invasive alien plant and animal species in Cape Town. The strategy Municipal Policies and Strategies provides guidelines and approaches to be employed by the City in addressing the concern of invasive species. City of Cape Town Integrated Metropolitan Environmental Plan Other Important birding areas (IBAs). Boulders Beach This policy forms the foundation for an environmental is recognised as an IBA through BirdLife International management strategy for the City of Cape Town. The and Birdlife South Africa. policy was officially adopted by the City of Cape Town on 31 October 2001. Table Mountain National Park, Park Management Plan 2015 – 2025 sets out every aspect of the management and operations around the park and adjacent marine protected areas.

96 Annexure B: References

Adamson, R.S. and Salter T.M. (eds). 1950. Flora Department of Environmental Affairs. 2012 Government Gazette No. 32689. 2009. Draft National of the Cape Peninsula. Cape Town and Johannesburg: Environmental Programmes. Revised and updated List of Threatened Ecosystems in terms of the National Juta & Co. policy on the use of herbicides and mycoherbicides for Environmental Management Act, 2004 (Act 10 of 2004). the control of alien vegetation. Department of Environmental Affairs Notice 1477 of Bromilow, C. 2010. Problem plants of southern Africa. 2009 in Government Gazette No 32689, 6 November 3rd edition, 1st impression, Pretoria: Briza Publications Dewar, D. and Uytenbogaardt, R. 1991. South African 2009. cities. [Cape Town]: Urban Problems Research Unit. CapeNature. 2016. Mainstreaming spatial biodiversity University of Cape Town. Government Gazette No. 36966. 2013. Department plans in the Western Cape: progress to date and the of Environmental Affairs. No. 824. African Penguin way forward. Rhett Smart Land Use Advisor: Scientific Driver, A., Maze, K., Rouget, M., Lombard, A.T., Nel, Biodiversity Management Plan, 31 October 2013. Services. J., Turpie, J.K., Cowling, R.M., Desmet, P., Goodman, P., Harris, J., Jonas, Z., Reyers, B., Sink, K and Strauss, Hayward, R. and McGlynn, S. 1993. Making better City of Cape Town. 2013. Urban Design Policy. T. 2005. National Spatial Biodiversity Assessment places. Oxford: Butterworth-Architecture. Cape Town. (2004): priorities for biodiversity conservation in South Africa. Strelitzia 17. Pretoria: South African National Helme, N.A. and Trinder-Smith, T.H. 2006. The endemic City of Cape Town. 2015. Burghers’ Walk Management Biodiversity Institute. flora of the Cape Peninsula, South Africa. South African Plan for the conservation of the African Penguin Journal of Botany 72(2): 205-210. (Spheniscus demersus), in the Simon’s Town Penguin Fisher, R., Le Roux, S. and Maré, E. 1998. Architecture of Management Area. the Transvaal. Pretoria: University of South Africa. Henderson, L. 2001. Alien Weeds and Invasive Plants. A complete guide to declared weeds and invaders City of Tshwane. 2007. Housing, City Planning and Frederick, M. 2007. 101 things I learned in architecture in South Africa. Plant Protection Research Institute Environmental Management Department. Tshwane : school. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Handbook. No. 12. Agricultural Research Council, Streetscape Design Guidelines. South Africa. Garrett Rice, E. and Compton, R.H. 1950. Wild Flowers Childs, M. 2012. Urban composition. New York: of the Cape of Good Hope. The Botanical Society of Holmes, P., Stipinovich, A. and Purves, A. 2012. City Princeton Architectural Press. South Africa, Cape Town. of Cape Town Biodiversity Network: Methods and Results Technical Report (C-Plan and Marxan Analysis) Dalton, D.L., Vermaak, E., Roelofse, M. and Kotze, A. Glen, H. and Van Wyk, B. 2016. Guide to trees Environmental Resource Management Department 2016. Diversity in the toll-like receptor genes of the introduced into southern Africa. Cape Town: Struik (ERMD), City of Cape Town, January 2012. African Penguin (Spheniscus demersus). PloS ONE, Nature. 11(10), DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0163331. Llewelyn, Davies and Yeang. 2000. Urban Design Golding, J.S. (ed). 2002. South African plant red data Compendium. London: Department of the Environment, Transport and list. Southern African Botanical Diversity Network the Regions. 2000. By design – urban design in the (SABONET) Rep. No.14. English Partnerships/Housing Corporation. planning system: Towards better practice. London.

97 Lynch, K. 1960. The image of the city. Cambridge, Rebelo, A.G., Boucher, C., Helme, N., Mucina, L., and SANParks. 2011. Draft scoping report for Mass.: MIT Press. Rutherford, M.C. et al. 2006. Fynbos Biome. In: L. developmental activities in national parks in terms of Mucina and M.C. Rutherford (eds). The Vegetation of section 21 & 22 of the environment conservation act Manning, J. 2009. Wild flowers of South Africa. Cape South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Strelitzia 19: 139. (act 73 of 1989) for the development proposals for Town: Struik Nature. Pretoria: South African National Biodiversity Institute. Boulders, in the Cape Peninsula National Park (project no. Idc/cp1 ). Manning, J. 2013. Field guide to the Fynbos. Cape RSA (Republic of South Africa). 2011. National Town: Penguin Random House South Africa. Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act (1 SANParks. 2016. Table Mountain National Park: Park 0/2004): National list or ecosystems that are threatened Management Plan 2015 - 2025. Accessed in Jube 2017. Maytham Kidd, M. 1950. Wild flowers of the Cape and in need of protection section 52(1)(a) of the Peninsula. Cape Town: Oxford University Press. National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act SANParks. 2017. Table Mountain National Park Alien 2004 (Act No. 10 of 2004). Clearing. Accessed on May 2017. Mucina L. and Rutherford, M.C. (eds). 2006. The Vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. SANBI. 2009. Plants of Southern Africa. POSA version 3. Spilhaus, M.W. 1950. Indigenous trees of the Cape Strelitzia 19. Pretoria: South African National http://posa.sanbi.org. (Accessed in May 2017). Peninsula. Cape Town and Johannesburg: Juta & Co. Biodiversity Institute,. SANBI. 2017. Threatened Species Programme. Red Trancik, R. 1986. Finding lost space. New York: Van Parsons, N.J., Schaefer, A.M. and Vanstreels, R.E. 2016. List of Southern African Plants. http://redlist.sanbi.org/ Nostrand Reinhold. Health evaluation of African penguins (Spheniscus (Accessed May 2017). demersus) in southern Africa. Onderstepoort Journal of United States Department of Agriculture Trail Veterinary Research 83(1): 1-13. SANParks (2001). Draft Scoping Report for Construction and Maintenance Notebook 2007 Edition. Developmental Activities in National Parks in Terms Petersen, S.L., Ryan, P.G. and Gremillet, D. 2006. Is of Section 21 & 22 of the Environment Conservation Van Oudtshoorn, F.V. 1999. Guide to grasses of food availability limiting African Penguins (Spheniscus Act (Act 73 of 1989) for the Development Proposals Southern Africa. Briza Publications. demersus) at Boulders? A comparison of foraging effort for Boulders, in the Cape Peninsula National Park at mainland and island colonies. Ibis 148(1): 14-26. (Project No. IDC/Cp1). Cape Peninsula National Park, Van Wyk, A.E and Van Wyk, P. 2013. Field guide to November 2001. trees of southern Africa. Pretoria: Briza. Raimondo, D., von Staden, L., Foden, W., Victor, J.E., Helme, N.A., Turner, R.C., Kamundi, D.A. and Manyama http://www.birdlife.org.za/conservation/seabird- P.A. (eds.) 2009. Red List of South African plants conservation/african-penguin-conservation 2009. Strelitzia 25. Pretoria: South African National Biodiversity Institute.

98 Annexure C: Abbreviations/Acronyms

BioNet Biodiversity Network E. coli Escherichia coli BWMP Burghers' Walk Management Plan EDRR Early Detection and Rapid Response programme CBAs Critical Biodiversity Areas EMI Environmental Management Inspectors CCT City of Cape Town EN Endangered (Conservation Status) CCT-IWMP Integrated Waste Management Policy ESA Ecological Support Area CESAs Critical Ecological Support Areas EW Extinct in the Wild (Conservation Status) CFR Cape Floristic Region EX Extinct (Conservation Status) CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species IDP Integrated Development Plan City The administrative body of the City of Cape Town IMEP Integrated Metropolitan Environmental Policy COD Chemical oxygen demand IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature CO2 Carbon dioxide IWMP Integrated Waste Management Plan CO2e Carbon dioxide equivalent GEF Global Environment Fund CR Critically Endangered (Conservation Status) GHGs Greenhouse gases CRO Chief Resilience Officer Hh Low risk CTEET Cape Town Environmental Education Trust HH High-risk DAFF Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries METT Management Effectiveness Tracking Tool DCCP Dassenberg Coastal Catchment Partnership MLRA Marine Living Resources Act DDD Data Deficient - Insufficient Information (Conservation Status) NEMBA National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act DDT Data Deficient - Taxonomically Problematic (Conservation Status) NEM:ICM National Environmental Management Integrated Coastal Management Act DEA Department of Environmental Affairs NEM:PAA National Environmental Management Protected Areas Act DEA&DP Provincial Department of Environmental Affairs and Development Planning NEMWA National Environmental Management: Waste Act DWA Department of Water Affairs NHRA National Heritage Resources Act DWS Department of Water and Sanitation NO2 Nitrogen dioxide

99 NT Near Threatened (Conservation Status) SMMEs Small, Medium and Micro-sized Enterprises OESA Other Ecological Support Area SO2 Sulphur dioxide PGF Peninsula granite fynbos SSEG Small-scale embedded generation PM10 Particulate matter SUDS Sustainable urban drainage systems POSA Plants of Southern Africa TMNP Table Mountain National Park PV Photovoltaic TOPS Threatened or Protected Species RE Regionally Extinct (Conservation Status) VU Vulnerable (Conservation Status) SAHRA South African Heritage Resource Agency WCWDM Water conservation and water demand management SANBI South African National Biodiversity Institute WFW Working for Water SANCOBB South African Foundation for the Conservation of Coastal Birds WHO World Health Organisation SANDF South African National Defence Force WSUD Water Sensitive Urban Design SANParks South African National Parks WWF World Wildlife Fund SDF Spatial Development Framework WWTW Wastewater treatment works SEMA Strategic Environmental Management Act

Contact Details [email protected] 021 487 2284 100