Department of History/Jewish Studies

Hist. 202.401/JWST 202.401: - Ghetto Life in its Historical Context

Thomas Weber

Fall 2005 Class hours: Th 1.30 pm – 4.30 pm e-mail: [email protected] Classroom location: College Hall 311F Instructor’s phone: 898-5838 Office hour: Th. Noon – 1 pm Instructor’s office location: Logan Hall 212

Course website available on Blackboard

Course Description

This course examines the almost complete destruction of the European Jewry by Nazi and her allies. The first sessions deal with the Nazi policy towards the , anti-Jewish ideology and the dynamics of annihilation in a condition of war. It asks why the citizens of arguably the most educated country in the world became the perpetrators of . The second half of the course takes the case of the Lodz ghetto in occupied to study death and survival in the Holocaust from the victim’s perspective. It uses newly available photographs (which were taken secretly by a Jewish photographer) and contrasts them with written testimonies. The course aims to discuss the dilemmas the inmates of the ghetto found themselves in: collaboration vs. resistance, the ‘guilt’ of survival. etc. Did morality cease to exist in the ghetto? What difference did the actions of victims make? The final session investigates the problems of comparing genocide.

Course Requirements

Students are responsible for completing assigned readings prior to class, for regular attendance, and for active participation in discussions. To help that along, there will be weekly 750 words maximum (word processed) writing assignments that address questions about the readings, creating an accumulating record of the course as it develops. They will be graded and can be handed in at class. These assignments should be done for the week they are assigned. You are expected to complete at least five weekly assignments. These assignments are not mini essays and need not be particularly polished and will be graded accordingly. Their function is to organize your thoughts for the classroom discussions, not to overload you with work. If you choose to address one of the questions suggested in the outline of the course, you should obviously focus on normally only on one question. Do not try to address all questions!

You will also be expected to do one slightly more substantial assignment and to write one term paper. The assignment is due for session 3 and will be explained in the introductory session. The basic idea of the assignment is for students to make a case if British colonial violence is part of the history of colonial genocide that according to Hannah Arendt constitutes the precursor of the Holocaust. The suggested length of the assignment is 1,500 words.

The term paper is due by December 5th at 11 am on a topic to be determined in consultation with the instructor (maximum length: 5,000 words).

There will be no exam.

Course grades will be based on class participation as well as on written work. Course grades will be an average of the term paper (35 %), the assignment for session 3 (15 %) the weekly assignments (25 %), and of class participation (25 %), adjusted if necessary for weekly assignment deficiencies.

If you need to see me to discuss your work with me, you can either come to see me in my office during my office hour or, at other times, you can just take your chance and see if I am in my office anyway.

Required Texts

The core books for this course are Deborah Dwork and Jan van Pelt’s Holocaust: A History and my own Lodz Ghetto Album. In addition, selected other books, chapters from books and articles will be assigned. In addition, to the core books, you might want to consider purchasing Yitzhak Arad’s Documents on the Holocaust, Omer Bartov’s excellent The Holocaust: Origins, Implementation, Aftermath and finally Dan Stone’s The Historiography of the Holocaust. Stone’s book is a bit on the expensive side and you have got to decide yourselves if you can justify the expense of its purchase.

The following texts for the course are available on reserve at the van Pelt Library. They are also available for purchase at the University Bookstore:

♣ Dwork, Déborah; van Pelt, Robert Jan, Holocaust: A History (London, 2002)

♣ Weber, Thomas, Lodz Ghetto Album: Photographs by Henryk Ross (photographs selected by Martin Parr & Timothy Prus) (London, 2004)

Arad, Yitzhak et al., Documents on the Holocaust (Lincoln, Neb., 1999)

Bartov, Omer (ed.), The Holocaust: Origins, Implementation, Aftermath (London, 2000)

Stone, Dan, The Historiography of the Holocaust (Basingstoke, 2004)

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Outline and Readings

!!! Cf. the course website for updates on the weekly reading assignments !!!

Session 1 (8 September 2005): Introduction

Session 2 (15 September 2005): The Holocaust in History & anti- Semitism

Required Reading (c. 170-5 pp): Stargardt, Nicholas, ‘The Holocaust’, in Fulbrook, (ed.), German History since 1800, pp. 339-360; Moses, Dirk A., ‘The Holocaust and Genocide’, in Stone, Historiography, pp. 533-555; Dwork/vanPelt, ‘Introduction: Death’s Great Carnival’; Chapters 1 – 2; Weber, Thomas, ‘Anti- Semitism and Philo-Semitism among the British and German Élites: Oxford and Heidelberg before the First World War’, English Historical Review, No. 475 (February 2003), 86-119

Optional Reading: Leo Kuper, Genocide: Its Political Use in the Twentieth Century (New Haven, 1981), pp. 9-160; Marrus, The Holocaust in History

Questions to Consider: What is genocide? Does genocide require intent? What are ‘war crimes’? Did Raphael Lemkin conflate the fate of Jews with that of other groups or nationalities? What fuelled ethnic tensions in Central and Eastern Europe between the French revolution and 1945? How sufficient an explanation for the Holocaust is anti-Semitism?

Session 3 (19 September 2005, 7 pm – 9 pm; location tba): Colonial Violence

Required Reading (17 pp): Zimmerer, Jürgen, ‘Colonial Genocide and the Holocaust: Towards an Archeology of Genocide’, in Moses, Dirk A. (ed.), Genocide and Settler Society: Frontier Violence and Stolen Indigenous Children in Australian History (, 2004), pp. 49-76

Optional Reading: Frederickson, George M., Racism: A Short History (Princeton, 2002).

Questions to Consider: Are Hannhah Arendt and Juergen Zimmerer right in seeing in colonial violence the origin of the Holocaust? Britain What is the link between the evolution of racism in European history and the Holocaust?]

Session 4 (29 September 2005): Nazi Ideology and the Jews

Incl short Session on Source Criticism and on essay writing techniques.

Required Reading (c. 95-100 pp.): Dwork/van Pelt, Chapter 3; Noakes, Jeremy, ‘Hitler and the Third Reich’, in Stone, Historiography, pp. 24-51; Geyer, Michael, ‘War, Genocide, Extermination: The War against the Jews in an Era of World Wars’, in Geyer/Jarausch, Shattered Past, pp. 111-148

Optional Reading: Arad, Yitzhak et al., Documents on the Holocaust (Lincoln, Neb., 1999), pp. 7-88; Jean-Paul Sartre, Anti-Semite and Jew (New York: Schocken, 1995)

Questions to Consider: What, if any causal relationship exists between the First World War and the the Holocaust? Was Mein Kampf a blueprint for genocide? How do ‘intentionalist’ and ‘structuralist’ approaches to Nazi history differ? Was Hitler voted to power because or inspite of his anti- Semitism? How did Germans come to support Hitler? Was primarily a social or an ideological movement? How did function? How do you account for the growing support of Hitler in Germany between 1933 and 1939? What is the relationship between traditional anti-Semitism in Germany and Europe and the Holocaust? Does the ‘Working Towards the Fuehrer’ principle successfully account for the dynamics of the Third Reich? Was Nazism anti-Communism? What does Michael Geyer mean with ‘catastrophic nationalism’? 3

Session 5 (6 October 2005): Anti-Jewish Legislation and Practice from 1933 to the

Screening of Leni Riefenstahl’s Olympia or Triumph of the Will

Required Reading (c. 130 pp): Dwork/van Pelt, Ch. 4; Kershaw, Ian, ‘Hitler and the Holocaust’, in idem, The Nazi Dictatorship, pp. 93-133; Klemperer, Diaries, 1933-1941, entries for 10 March – 17 June 1933, 23 Oct. – 14 Nov. 1933, 13 June – 21 Aug. 1934, 2 May – 17 Sept. 1935, 13 Aug. – 24 Nov. 1936, 23 May – 15 Dec. 1938, 3 Sept. – 9 Dec. 1939; also please read contributions on the debate on Götz Aly’s recent Hitler’s Volksstaat: Raub, Rassenkrieg und nationaler Sozialismus (, 2005) on H-German

Questions to consider: Was ‘Reichskristallnacht’ a turning point in the anti-Semitic policies of the Third Reich? What does the reaction of the German public indicate about popular attitudes towards the Jews? Did Nazi leaders ever serious deliberate to settle Jews in Madagascar? Why did the German leadership permit emigration until 1941?

Session 6 (13 October 2005: Yom Kippur – to be rescheduled): The

Required Reading (151 pp): Dwork/van Pelt, Chs. 7, 10; Gerlach, Christian, ‘The Wannsee Conference …’ in Bartov, The Holocaust: Origins, Interpretation, Aftermath, pp. 106-61; Browning, Christopher R., ‘The Decision-Making Process’, in Stone, Historiography of the Holocaust, pp. 173-196; Aly, Götz, ‘The Planning Intelligentsia and the ‘Final Solution’, in Bartov, The Holocaust: Origins, Implementation, Aftermath, pp. 92-105

Optional Reading: Wistrich, Robert S., ‘The “Final Solution”’, in idem, Hitler and the Holocaust, pp. 95-125; Hilberg, Raul, The Destruction of the European Jews (STUDENT EDITION), (New York, 1985), pp. 99-153 [Einsatztruppen]

Questions to Consider: When did the decision to systematically kill the Jews of Europe become the only and ‘final’ solution to the ‘Jewish Question’? How central were the Einsatztruppen to the implementation of the Final Solution? Was the Holocaust triggered more by a culmination of cool economic analysis than by virulent anti-Semitism? What role did the regular German Army play in the implementation of the ‘Final Solution’? What difference did the Wannsee Conference make?

Session 7 (20 October 2005): Willing Executioners? The Grass-Root Perpetrators of the Holocaust

Required Reading (137 pp): Browning, Christopher R., ‘Ordinary Men’, in idem, Ordinary Men, (=ch. 18), pp. 159-189; Browning, ‘Behavior and Motivation in the Light of New Evidence’, in idem, Nazi Policy, pp. 143-175; Klemperer, Diaries, 1942- 1945, 19 Febr. 1942, 16 March 1942, 11 May 1942, 7 June 1942, 16-28 June 1942, 14 July 1942, 27 + 29 July 1942, 25 Aug 1942; 115 Jan. 27 Febr. 1945

Optional Reading: Matthäus, Jürgen, ‘Historiography and the Perpetrators of the Holocaust’, in Stone, Historiography and the Holocaust, pp. 197-215; Goldhagen, Hitler’s Willing Executions, chs. on Police Batalion 241; Bartov, ch. 7, in Bartov: The Holocaust; Dwork/ van Pelt, Ch. 11; Dwork/ van Pelt, ch. 14; Gellately, Backing Hitler

Questions to Consider: Why did ordinary Germans become willing perpetrators of the Holocaust? Were the perpetrators ‘ordinary men’? How far reaching was German society responsible for the Holocaust? 4

Session 8 (27 October 2005): Non-German Perpetrators of the Holocaust & the Reaction of the West to the shoah

Required Reading (139 pp.): Snyder, Tim, ‘The Causes of Ukrainian-Polish Ethnic Cleansing 1943’, Past and Present, 179 (May, 2003), 197-234; Dean, Martin, ‘Local Collaboration in the Holocaust in Eastern Europe’, in Stone, Historiography and the Holocaust, pp. 120-140; Dwork/ van Pelt, chs., 5, 12, 13

Optional Reading: Gross, J.T., Neighbors: The Destruction of the Jewish Community in Jedwabne, Poland (Princeton, 2001); Wasserstein, Bernard, Britain and the Jews of Europe 1939-1945 (2nd ed., New York, 1999); Arad, Documents, pp. 88-154, Kushner, Tony, ‘Britain, the and the Holocaust: In Search of a Historiography’, in Stone, Historiography, pp. 253-275, Wistrich, ‘Britain, America and the Holocaust’, in idem, Hitler and the Holocaust, pp. 190-215; Rubinstein, William R., ‘The Myth of Bombing Auschwitz’, in idem, The Myth of Rescue, pp. 157-181

Questions to consider: What was the role of non-German perpetrators? How did gentile – Jewish relations in the German-occupied territories impact on the implementation of the Holocaust? Why was Auschwitz not bombed? Is the role of the West best described as one of bystanders? How did the internal conflict in Palestine impinge on the problem? What role did the unwillingness of the countries of the West to receive refugees from German-controlled Europe before 1939 play for our understanding of the Holocaust? What is the role of the Vatican in the Holocaust?

Session 9 (3 November 2005): The Lodz Ghetto

Required Reading (153 pp).: Krakowski, Shmuel, ‘Lodz’, in Gutman, Encyclopedia, iii, pp. 900-9; Gutman, ‘Ghetto’, in idem, Encyclopedia, ii, 579-582; Landau, Zbigniew, ‘’Ghettos, Nutrition in’, Gutman, Encyclopedia, ii, pp. 583-4; Krakowski, Shmuel, ‘Rumkowski, Mordechai Chaim’, in Gutman, Encyclopedia, iii, pp. 1312–14; Trunk, Isaiah, : The Jewish Councils in Eastern Europe under Nazi Occupation (Lincoln, Neb.), pp. 388-450; Dobroszycki, Lucjan (ed.), The Chronicle of the Lodz Ghetto (New Haven,1987), pp. 425-452, 489-536 [check page numbers]

Optional Reading: Cole, Tim, ‘Ghettoization’, in Stone, Historiography, pp. 65-87; Pohl, Dieter, ‘War, Occupation and the Holocaust in Eastern Europe’, in Stone, Historiography, pp. 88-119Dwork/van Pelt, ch. 8 & 9; Michman, Dan, ‘Jewish Leadership in Extremis’, in Stone, Historiography, pp. 319-340; Hilberg, Destruction [Student Edition], pp. 74-98

Questions to consider: How did the Jews react? What role did Jewish Councils play in the Holocaust? How did Lodz differ from other ghettos? What role did Chaim Rumkowski play? How do the strategies of survival of Lodz and Warsaw differ? How aware were the Jews of the Holocaust?

Session 10 (10 November 2005): Screening of Alan Adelson’s documentary Lodz Ghetto

Session 11 (17 November 2005): Holocaust Photography from the Lodz Ghetto

Required Reading: Weber, Thomas, Lodz Ghetto Album: Photographs by Henryk Ross (photographs selceted by Martin Parr & Timothy Prus) (London, 2004)

Optional Reading: Ben-Menahem, Arieh, ‘Grossman, Mendel’, in Gutman, Encyclopedia, pp. 622–23; Shaar, Pinchas, ‘Mendel Grossman: Photographic Bard of 5

the Lodz Ghetto’, in Shapiro, Holocaust Chronicles, pp. 125-153, Waxmann, Zoë, ‘Testimony and Representation’, in Stone, Historiography, pp. 487-507; Browning, Collected Memories: Holocaust History and Postwar Testimony

Questions to consider: Should we use visual imagery any different form the way we are using textual evidence? What has been the role of survivors in shaping our image of ghetto life?

24 November 2005: Thanksgiving – No Class

Session 12 (1 December 2005): Death and Survival in the Ghetto

Required Reading (113 pp): Levi, Primo, ‘The Gray Zone’ in Bartov, Holocaust: Origins, Implementation, Aftermath, pp. 251-271; Trunk, Judenrat, pp. 548-75 [Collaboration]; Trunk, Judenrat, pp. 451-74 [Resistance]; Dwork/van Pelt, ch. 14; Rozett, Robert, ‘Jewish Resistance’, in Stone, Historiography of the Holocaust, pp. 341-363

Optional Reading: Dwork/van Pelt, ch. 11; Arad et al.; Documents, pp. 201-13, 228- 41, 276-86, 292-327

Questions to consider: Was the dilemma of resistance vs. collaboration confined to the Jewish Councils, the ghetto police and a small number of collaborators around that group? Did morality cease to exist in the ghetto? Why was resistance not more widespread?.

Session 13 (8 December 2005): The Afterlife of the Holocaust & The Holocaust and Genocide in the 20th Century

Required Reading: Neier, Aryeh, ‘War and War Crimes: A Brief History’, in Bartov, O. Grossmann, Nolan (eds.), Crimes of War: Guilt and Denial in the Twentieth Century (New York, 2002); Wistrich, Robert S., ‘Modernity and Nazi Genocide’, in idem, Hitler and the Holocaust, pp. 216-245; Kuper, Leo, Genocide: Its Political Use in the Twentieth Century (New Haven, 1981), pp. 161-220

Questions to consider: What makes the Holocaust distinct from other ? Why do advanced as well as primitve societies engage in genocide? What is the role of modernity in genocide in the 20th Century?

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Bibliography

This bibliography is meant to assist you in identifying relevant reading for your course assignments. However, the bibliography is only meant as a first point of entry into the historiography of modern Germany. You are encouraged to make full use of the riches of the Regenstein Library and other local libraries.

Use the internet INTELLEGENTLY! The internet is a great resource for historical research. But many websites particularly on the Third ! Reich are at best of mediocre quality, the use of which is the best way to lower the quality of your coursework. The use of the internet MUST not replace the reading of the assigned secondary texts.

⊗ Benz, Wolfgang (ed.) Dimension des Völkermords: Die Zahl 1) The Holocaust der jüdischen Opfer des Nationalsozialismus (München, 1991) a) Handbooks and Encyclopaedias

Benz, Wolfgang, The Holocaust: A German Historian ⊗ Gilbert, Martin, Atlas of the Holocaust, 3rd ed. (New Examines the Genocide (London, 2000) York, 2002)

Browning, Christopher R., Fateful Months: Essays on the ⊗ Gutman, (ed.), Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, Emergence of the Final Solution (New York, 1985) (New York/London, 1990)

⊗ Idem, Nazi Policy, Jewish Workers, German Killers Spector, Shmuel; Wigoder, Geoffrey (eds.), The (Cambridge, 2000) Encyclopedia of Jewish Life before and During the

Holocaust (Jersualem, 2001) Idem, The Path to Genocide: Essays on Launching the Final Solution (Cambridge, 1995 (1992)) b) General Works on the Holocaust

Burleigh, Michael, Ethics and Extermination: Reflections ⊗ Aly, Götz, ‘Final Solution’: Nazi Population Policy and on Nazi Genocide (Cambridge, 1997) the Murder of the European Jews (London, 1999)

⊗ Burrin, Philippe, Hitler and the Jews (London, 1994) Ibid, Hitler’s Volksstaat: Raub, Rassenkrieg und nationaler Sozialismus (Frankfurt, 2005) Cesarani, David (ed.), The Final Solution: Origins and

Implementation (London, 1997) Bartov, Omer, Germany's War and the Holocaust:

Disputed Histories (Ithaca, NY, 2003) Corni, Gustavo, Hitler’s Ghettos: Voices from a

Beleaguered Society 1939-1944 (London, 2002) Idem, Mirrors of Destruction: War, Genocide, and

Modern Identity (New York, 2002) Dawidowicz, Lucy, The War against the Jews, 1933-

1945 (London, 1975) ⊗ Idem, Murder in Our Midst: The Holocaust, Industrial Killing, and Representation (New York, 1996) Diner, Dan, Beyond the Conceivable: Studies on Germany, Nazism, and the Holocaust (Berkeley, CA, ⊗ Bartov, Omer (ed.), The Holocaust: Origins, 2000) Implementation, Aftermath (London, 2000) ⊗ Dwork, Déborah; van Pelt, Robert Jan, Holocaust: A ⊗ Bauer, Yehuda, A History of the Holocaust, rev. ed. History (London, 2002) (New York, 2001) Favez, Jean-Claude, The Red Cross and the Holocaust Idem, Rethinking the Holocaust (New Haven, CT, 2000) ((Cambridge, 1999)

Bauman, Zygmunt, Modernity and the Holocaust (Ithaca, Fleming, Gerald, Hitler and the Final Solution (Berkeley, N.Y., 1989) 1984)

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Moore, Bob, ‘The Rescue of Jews from Nazi Friedländer, Saul, Nazi Germany and the Jews vol. Persecution: A West European Perspective’, Journal of I 1933-1939 (New York, 1997) Genocide Research, 5: 2 (June 2003), 293-316

Friedländer, Saul (ed.), Probing the Limits of Ofer, Dalia; Weitzman, Lenore (eds.), Women in the Representation: Nazism and the “Final Solution” Holocaust (New Haven, Connecticut, 1998) (Cambridge, Mass., 1992) Pohl, Dieter, Holocaust: Die Ursachen, das Geschehen, Friedlander, Henry, The Origins of Nazi Genocide: From die Folgen (Freiburg, 2000) Euthanasia to the Final Solution (Chapel Hill, NC, 1995) Reitlinger, Gerald, The Final Solution: The Attempt to Friedlander, Henry; Milton, Sybil (eds.), The Holocaust: Exterminate the Jews of Europe 1939-1945 (New York, Ideology, Bureaucracy and Genocide (Millwood, 1980) 1961)

Friedman, Philip, Roads to Extinction: Essays on the Roseman, Mark, The Villa, the Lake, the Meeting: Holocaust (without place, 1980) Wannsee and the Final Solution (London, 2003)

Schleunes, Karl A., The Twisted Road to Auschwitz: Gilbert, Martin, The Holocaust: The Jewish Nazi Policy toward German Jews, 1933-1939 (London, Tragedy (London, 1986) 1970

Gruner, Wolf, Öffentliche Wohlfahrt und Stargardt, Nicholas, ‘The Holocaust’, in Fulbrook, Mary Judenverfolgung: Wechselwirkungen lokaler und (ed.), German History since 1800 (London, 1997), pp. zentraler Politik im NS-Staat, 1933-1942 (, 2002) 339-360

Gutman, Israel, ‘Ghetto’, in idem, Encyclopedia of the Ibid., Witnesses of War: Children’s Lives under the Nazis Holocaust, ii. (New York/London, 1990), 579-582 (London, 2005)

Herbert, Ulrich (ed.), National-Socialist Extermination Weindling, Paul Julian, Epidemics and Genocide in Policies: Contemporary German Perspectives and Eastern Europe, 1890-1945 (Oxford, 2000) Controversies (New York, 2000) Wistrich, Robert S., Hitler and the Holocaust (London, ⊗ Hilberg, Raul, The Destruction of the European Jews, 2001) 3 vols. (Chicago, 1961); 1 vol. student edition: (New York, London: 1985) c) Perpetrators Idem, Perpetrators, Victims, Bystanders: The Jewish Catastrophe 1933-1945 (New York, 1993) Adam, Uwe Dietrich, Judenpolitik im Dritten Reich (Düsseldorf, 1972) Jersak, Tobias, ‘A Matter of Foreign Policy: “Final Solution” and “Final Victory” in Nazi Germany’, Arendt, Hannah, Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on German History, 21: 3 (2003), 369-91 the Banality of Evil (London, 1963)

Bankier, David, The Germans and the Final Solution: Jones, David H., Moral Responsibility in the Holocaust: A Public Opinion under Nazism (Oxford, 1992) Study in the Ethics of Character (Lanham, Maryland,

1999) Bartov, Omer, The Eastern Front 1941-45: German Troops and the Barbarization of Warfare (London, 1985) Kogon, Eugen, The Theory and Practice of Hell – The German Concentration Camps and the System Birn, Ruth Bettina; Finkelstein, Norman G., A Nation on Behind Them (London, 1950) Trial: The Goldhagen Thesis and Historical truth (New York, 1998) Longerich, Peter, Politik der Vernichtng: Eine Gesamtdarstellung der nationalsozialistischen Breitman, Richard, Architect of Genocide: Himmler and Judenverffolgung (Munich, 1998) the Final Solution (New York, 1991)

Mayer, Arno, Why did the Heavens not Darken? The Browning, Christopher, The Final Solution and the “Final Solution” in History (New York, 1988) German Foreign Office (New York, 1978)

Mogilanski, Roman, The Ghetto Anthology: A ⊗ Idem, Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and Comprehensive Chronicle of the Extermination of Jewry the Final Solution in Poland (New York, 1993 (1992)) in Nazi Death Camps and Ghettos in Poland (Los Angeles, 1985) Eley, Geoff (ed.), The "Goldhagen Effect": History,

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Memory, Nazism: Facing the German Past (Ann Arbor, Ball-Kaduri, K.Y., ;Evidence of Witness. Its Value and 2000) Limitations’ Studies, 3 (1959), 79-90

⊗ Goldhagen, Daniel J., Hitler's Willing Executioners: Bauer, Yehuda, Jewish Reactions to the Holocaust (Tel Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust (London, 1996) Aviv, 1989) Briefe an Goldhagen: Eingeleitet und Beantwortet von Daniel Jonah Goldhagen (, 1997) Dehmlow, Raimund, Bücher und Bibliotheken in Ghettos und Lagers (1933-1945) (Hanover, 1996) Gordon, Sarah, Hitler, Germans and the “Jewish Question” (Princeton, 1984) Des Pres, Terrence, The Survivor: An Anatomy of Life in the Death Camps (New York 1976) Heer, Hannes; Naumann, Klaus (eds.), War of Extermination: The German Military in World war II 1941- Dobroszycki, Lucjan, ‘Jewish Elites under German Rule’, 1944 (New York, 2000) in, Friedlander, Henry; Milton, Sybil (eds.), The Holocaust: Ideology, Bureaucracy and Genocide Housden, Martyn, Hans Frank, Lebensraum and the (Millwood, 1980), pp. 221-230 Holocaust (Basingstoke, 2003) Dwork, Debórah, Children with a Star: Jewish Youth in Kautz, Fred, The German Historians: Hitler's Willing Nazi Europe (New Haven, CT, 1991) Executioners and Daniel Goldhagen (Montreal, 2003) Erler, Hans; Paucker, Arnold; Ehrlich, Ernst Ludwig Kershaw, Ian, ‘Improvised Genocide? The Emergence of (eds.), „Gegen alle Vergeblichkeit“. Jüdischer the „Final Solution“ in the „Warthegau“’ Transactions of Widerstand gegen den Nationalsozialismus (Frankfurt the Royal Historical Society, II (6th series), 1992, pp. 51- am Main 2003) 78. Friedberg, Maurice, ‘The Question of the Judenräte’ in, Lifton, Robert J., The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and Commentary, July 1973, 61-63 the Psychology of Genocide (New York, 1986) Friedman, Philip, ‘Social Conflicts in the Ghetto’, in idem, Mallmann, Klaus-Michael; Rieß, Volker; Pyta, Wolfram Roads, pp. 131-152 (eds.), Deutscher Osten 1939-1945: Der Weltanschauungskrieg in Photos und Texten Ibid., ‘The Jewish Ghettos of the Nazi Era’, in, idem, (Darmstadt, 2003) Roads, pp. 59-87

Rieß, Volker, Die Anfänge der Vernichtung Ibid., ‘Jewish Resistance to Nazism’, in, idem, Roads, „lebensunwerten Lebens“ in den Reichsgauen Danzig- pp. 387-408 Westpreußen und Wartheland 1939/40, (Frankfurt am Main, 1995) Glass, James M., Jewish Resistance during the Holocaust: Moral Uses of Violence and Will Scheffler, Wolfgang, ‘The Forgotten Part of the „Final (Baasingstoke, 2004) Solution“: The Liquidation of the Ghettos’ Simon Wiesenthal Center Annual, 2 (1985), 31-51. Hilberg, Raul, ‘The Judenrat- Conscious or Unconscious Tool’, in Gutman, Yisrael; Half, Cynthia (eds.), Patterns Schoeps, Julius H. (ed.), Ein Volk von Mördern? Die of Jewish Leadership in Nazi Europe 1933-1945 Dokumentation zur Goldhagen-Kontroverse um die Rolle Proceedings of the Third Yad Vashem International der Deutschen im Holocaust (Hamburg, 1996) Historical Conference (Jerusalem, 1977)

Shandley, Robert S. (ed.), Unwilling Germans? The Ibid., ‘Rettung und Kollaboration - der Fall Lodz’, in, Goldhagen Debate (Minneapolis, 1998) Kiesel, Strategien, pp. 65-76.

Weinreich, Max, Hitler;s Professors: The Part of Kiesel, Doron; Kugelmann, Cilly, Loewy, Hanno and Scholarship in Germany’s Crimes against the Jewish Neuhauss, Dietrich (eds.), ‘Wer zum Leben, wer zum People (New York, 1946) Tod …’ Strategien jüdischen Überlebens im Ghetto (Frankfurt am Main, 1992) d) Victims Klein, Bernard, ‘The Judenrat’ Jewish Social Studies, 22 Aaron, Frieda W., Bearing the Unbearable. Yiddish and (1960), 27-42 Polish Poetry in the Ghettos and Concentration Camps (New York, 1990) Krakowski, Shmuel, The War of the Doomed: Jewish Resistance in Poland 1941-1944 (New York, 1984) Ainsztein, Reuben, Jewish Resistance in Nazi-occupied Eastern Europe (London, 1974) Landau, Zbigniew, ‘Ghettos, Nutrition in’, Gutman, Israel (ed.), Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, ii. (New York, 1990), pp. 583-4 9

Kaplan, Marion A., Between Dignity and Despair : Jewish Levi, Primo, ‘The Gray Zone’ in Bartov, Omer (ed.), The life in Nazi Germany (Oxford, 1998) Holocaust: Origins, Implementation, Aftermath (London, 2000) Roseman, Mark, The Past in Hiding (London, 2000)

Ibid., Survival in Auschwitz: The Nazi Assault on f) Austria Humanity (New York, 1958) Rabinovici, Doron, Instanzen der Ohnmacht: Wien Lustiger, Arno, Zum Kampf auf Leben und Tod! Vom 1938-1945. Der Weg zum Judenrat (Frankfurt am Main, Widerstand der Juden 1933-1945 (Munich, 1997) 2000)

Marrus, Michael, ‘Jewish Resistance to the Holocaust’, g) Poland Journal of Contemporary History, 30 (1995), pp. 83-110. aa) General and Places other than Lodz Mokotoff, Gary; Sack, Sallyann Amdur, Where Once We Walked: A Guide to the Jewish Communities Destroyed Abramsky, Chimen; Jachimczyk, Maciej; Polonsky, in the Holocaust (Teaneck, N.J., 1991) Antony (eds..), The Jews in Poland (Oxford, 1987)

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Jersch-Wenzel, Stefi (ed.), Deutsche-Juden-Polen. Ihre Roland, Charles G, Courage under Siege: Starvation, Beziehungen von den Anfängen bis ins 20. Jahrundert Disease, and Death in the (Berlin, 1987) (New York, 1992)

Kaplan, Chaim A., Buch der Agonie: Das Warschauer Rossino, Alexander B., Hitler strikes Poland: , Tagebuch des Chaim A. Kaplan, ed. by Abraham I. Ideology, and Atrocity (Kansas, 2003) Katsh (Frankfurt am Main, 1967) Sakowska, Ruta, Die zweite Etappe ist der Tod. NS- Kermish, Joseph (ed..), To Live with Honor and Die with Ausrottungspolitik gegen die polnischen Juden, gesehen Honor!... Selected Documents from the Warsaw Ghetto mit den Augen der Opfer (Berlin, 1993) Underground Archives O.S. [„Oneg Shabbath“] (Jerusalem, 1986) Ibid., Menschen im Ghetto: die jüdische Bevölkerung im besetzten Warschau 1939-1943 (Osnabrück ,1999) Kłańska, Maria (ed.), Jüdisches Städtebild Krakau (Frankfurt am Main, 1994) Schelvis, Jules, Vernichtungslager Sobibór (Berlin, 1998)

Kapralski, Sławomir, The Jews of Poland, 2 vols. Snyder, Tim, ‚The Causes of Ukrainian-Polish Ethnic (Cracow, 1999) Cleansin 1943’, Past and Present, 179 (May, 2003), 197- 234 Kleßmann, Christoph (ed.), September 1939: Krieg, Besatzung, Widerstand in Polen. Acht BeiträgeS Stampfer, Shaul, ‘Marital Patterns in Interwar Poland’, in: (Göttingen, 1989) Gutman et al.: Jews, pp. 173-197.

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Guesnet, François, Lodzer Juden im 19. Jahrhundert: Ihr Puś, Wiesław: The Development of the City of Łódź Ort in einer multikulturellen Stadtgesellschaft (, (1820-1939), in, Polin, 6 (1991), 3-19 1997) Pytlas, Stefan, ‘Die Beziehungen zwischen jüdischen Hensel, Jürgen (ed.), Polen, Deutsche und Juden in und christlichen Unternehmern in Lodz bis 1914’, in, Lodz 1820-1939: Eine schwierige Nachbarschaft Hensel, Polen, pp. 131-138 (Osnabrück, 1999) Pytlas, Stefan, ‘The National Composition of Łódź Hofmann, Andreas R., ‘Die vergessene Okkupation: Industrialists before 1914’, Polin 6 (1991), 37-56 Lodz im Ersten Weltkrieg’, in, Löw, Andrea; Robusch, Kerstin; Walter, Stefanie (eds.), Deutsche – Juden – Samuś, Paweł, ‘The Jewish Community in the Political Polen: Geschichte einer wechselvollen Beziehung im 20. Life of Łódź in the years 1865-1914’, Polin, 6 (1991), 88- Jahrhundert (Frankfurt am Main, 2004), pp. 59-78 104

Janczak, Julian K., ‘The National Structure of the Ibid., ‘Łódź an der Jahrhundertwende – Stadt der Polen, Population in Łódź in the years 1820-1939’, Polin, 6 Deutschen und Juden’, Maier; Stöber (eds), Abgrenzung, (1991), pp. 20-26 pp. 159-174

Kamińska, Maria, ‘References to Polish-Jewish Ibid., ‘Lodz: Heimatstadt von Polen, Deutschen und Coexistence in the Memoirs of Łódź Workers: A Juden’, in, Hensel, Polen, pp. 13-32. Linguistic Analysis’ Polin, 6 (1991), 207-222 Shapiro, Robert Moses, ‘Aspects of Jewish Self- Klein, Peter, Spuren aus dem Getto Lódz 1940-1944: government in Łódź 1914-1939’ Polin, 6 (1991), 133- Dokumente der Sammlung Wolfgang Haney, Berlin: eine 154. Ausstellung in der Gedenk- und Bildungsstätte Haus der Wannsee-Konferenz vom 28. März 1999 bis zum 30. Stier, Frank, Kriegsauftrag 160: Behelfsheimbau im Dezember 2000: Textheft zur Ausstellung (enthält alle Ghetto Litzmannstadt (Lódz) und im KZ-Aussenlager Texte und ausgewählte Abbildungen sowie ergänzende Königs Wusterhausen durch das Deutsche Dokumente) (Berlin, 2000) Wohnungshilfswerk (Berlin, 1999)

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Yad Vashem & Organization of Former Residents of Grossman, Mendel and Smith, Frank Dabba, My Secret Lodz in Israel, Lodz – Names: List of the Ghetto Camera : Life in the Lodz Ghetto (London, 2000) Inhabitants, 1940-1944 (Jerusalem, 1994) Shaar, Pinchas, ‘Mendel Grossman: Photographic Bard bbb) Chaim Rumkowski of the Lodz Ghetto’, in Shapiro, Robert Moses (ed.), Holocaust Chronicles: Individualising the Holocaust Bloom, S.F., ‘Dictator of Lodz Ghetto: The Strange through Diaries and Other Contemporaneous Personal History of Mordechai Chaim Rumkowski’, Commentary, Accounts (Hoboken, NJ, 1999), pp. 125-153 7/2 (February 1949), 111-122 Szner, Zvi; Sened, Alexander (eds.), Mendel Grossman Epstein, Leslie, King of the Jews (New York, c. 1979) – With a Camera in the Ghetto (Tel Aviv, 1970)

Friedman, Philip, ‘Pseudo-Saviors in the Polish Ghettos: Unger, Michal, The Last Ghetto: Life in the Lodz Ghetto, Mordechai Chaim Rumkowski of Lodz’, in Friedman, 1940-1944 (Jerusalem, c. 1995) Ada June (ed.), Roads to Extinction: Essays on the Holocaust (Philadelphia, 1980), pp. 333-52 Weber, Thomas, Lodz Ghetto Album: Photographs by Henryk Ross (photographs selceted by Martin Parr & Huppert, S., ‘King of the Ghetto: Mordechai Haim Timothy Prus) (London, 2004) Rumkowski, the Elder of the Lodz Ghetto’, Yad Vashem Studies, xv (1983), 125-157 Wrocklage, Ute, Fotografie und Holocaust – Annotierte Bibliographie, (ed. by Institut – Studien- und Krakowski, Shmuel, ‘Rumkowski, Mordechai Chaim’, in Dokumentationszentrum zur Gerschichte und Wirkung Gutman, Israel (ed.), Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, iii. des Holocaust, Frankfurt/M.), (Frankfurt, 1998) (New York, 1990), pp. 1312–14 Szner, Zvi; Sened, Alexander (eds), Mendel Grossman – Mostowicz, Arnold, ‘Es war einmal ein König...’, in With a Camera in the Ghetto (Tel Aviv, 1970) Loewy, Hanno; Schoenberger, Gerhard (eds.), “Unser einziger Weg ist Arbeit”: Das Ghetto in Lódz 1940 – ddd) Diaries and Letters 1944, exhibition catalogue of the Jüdisches MuseumsFrankfurt/Main (Vienna, 1990), pp. 41-44 Grinberg, Daniel, ‘Unpublished Diaries and Memoirs in the Archives of the Jewish Historical Institute in Poland’, Tushnet, Leonard, The Pavement of Hell (London, 1972) in Shapiro, Robert Moses (ed.), Holocaust Chronicles: Individualising the Holocaust through Diaries and Other ccc) Ghetto Photography Contemporaneous Personal Accounts (Hoboken, NJ, 1999), pp. 257-64 Adelson, Alan, ‘The Photographs and Photographers’, in idem (ed.), Diary of D. Sierakowiak: Five Notebooks from Gumkowski, Janusz; Rutkowski, Adam and Arnfrid, Astel the Lodz Ghetto, London 1996, pp. 296-98 (eds.), Briefe aus Litzmannstadt (Cologne, 1967)

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Eley, Geoff (ed.), The "Goldhagen Effect": History, ⊗ Courtois, Stephane (ed.), The Black Book of Memory, Nazism: Facing the German Past (Ann Arbor, Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression 2000) (Cambridge/Mass., 1999)

Evans, Richard J., Lying about Hitler: History, Holocaust, Fein, Helen, Genocide: A Sociological Perspective and the David Irving Trial (New York, 2001) (London, 1993)

Finkelstein, Norman G., : Gellately, Robert and Ben Kiernan (eds.), The Specter of Reflections on the Exploitation of Jewish Suffering (New Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective York, 2000) (Cambridge, 2003)

Herf, Jeffrey, Divided Memory: The Nazi Past in the Hinton, Alexander Laban (ed.), Annihilating Difference: Two Germanys (Cambridge, Mass., 1997) The Anthropology of Genocide (Berkeley, 2002)

The Irving Judgment: David Irving v. Penguin Books and Howitz, Irving Louis, Genocide: State Power and Mass Professor Deborah Lipstadt (London, 2000) Murder (New Brunswick, N. J. 1976)

Langer, Lawrence L., Holocaut Testimonies: The Ruins Jones, Adam (ed.), Genocide, War Crimes and the West: of Memory (New Haven, 1991) History and Complicity (London, 2001)

Lipstadt, Deborah E., Denying the Holocaust: The Kiernan, Ben, The Pol Pot Regime: Race, Power, and Growing Assault on Truth and Memory (New York, Genocide in Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge, 1975- 1993) 79 (New Haven, CT, 2002)

Novick, Peter, The Holocaust and Collective Kuper, Leo, Genocide: Its Political Use in the Memory: The American Experience (London,1999) Twentieth Century (New Haven, 1982)

Schneider, Richard Chaim, Fetisch Holocaust: Die Lemkin, Raphael, Axis Rule in Occupied Europe Judenvernichtung – Verdrängt und Vermarktet (Washington, D.C., 1944) (Munich, 1997) Naimark, Norman M., Fires of Hatred: Ethnic Cleansing Schwarz, Daniel R., Imagining the Holocaust (New in Twentieth-Century Europe (Cambridge, Mass., 2001)

York, 1999) Neier, Aryeh, War Crimes: Brutality, Genocide, Terror

and the Struggle for Justice (New York, 1998) Sereny, Gitta, Into that Darkness: An Examination of Conscience (New York, 1983) 16

Rawson, Claude, God, Gulliver, and Genocide: ⊗ Stone, Dan, The Historiography of the Holocaust Barbarism and the European Imagination, 1492-1945 (Basingstoke, 2004) (Oxford, 2001) s) Documents Power, Samantha, ‘A Problem from Hell’: America and the Age of Genocide (New York, 2002) ⊗ Arad, Yitzhak, Gutmann, Yisrael and Margaliot,

Abraham (eds.), Documents on the Holocaust: Selected Rosenbaum, Alan S., Is the Holocaust Unique? Sources on the Destruction of the Jews of Germany and Perspectives on Comparative Genocide (Boulder, Austria, Poland, and the Soviet Union (Lincoln, London, Colorado, 1996) 1999)

Storr, Anthony, Human Destructiveness: the roots of Arad, Yitzhak; Krakowski, Shmuel; Spector, Shmuel genocide and human cruelty (London, 1991) (eds.), The Einsatztruppen Reports (New York, 1989)

Totten, Samuel, et al., Century of Genocide (New York, Frei, Norbert, National Socialist Rule in Germany: The 2004) Führer State 1933 –1945 (Oxford, 1993), pp. 156-203

Valentino, Benjamin A., Final Solutions: Mass Killings Goebbels, Joseph, The Early Goebbels Diaries: The and Genocide in the Twentieth Century (Ithaca, 2003) Journals of from 1923-1926 (edited by

Helmut Heiber) (London, 1962) Weitz, Eric D., A Century of Genocide: Utopias of Race and Nation (Princeton: 2003) Idem, The Goebbels Diaries, 1939-1941 (edited by Fred Zimmerer, Jürgen, ‘Colonial Genocide and the Taylor) (New York, 1983) Holocaust: Towards an Archeology of Genocide’, in Moses, Dirk A. (ed.), Genocide and Settler Society: Idem, The Goebbels Diaries: The Last Days (edited, Frontier Violence and Stolen Indigenous Children in introduced and annotated by Hugh Trevor-Roper) Australian History (New York, 2004), pp. 49-76

Zimmerer, Jürgen; Zeller, Joachim (eds.), Völkermord in Grynberg, Michal (ed.), Words To Outlive Us: Deutsch-Südwestafrika: Der Kolonialkrieg in Namibia Eyewitness Accounts from the Warsaw Ghetto (London, (1904-1908) und die Folgen (Berlin, 2nd ed., 2003) 2003) r) Historiographical ⊗ Friedlander, Henry; Milton, Sybil (eds.), Archives of the Holocaust, 22 vols. (New York, 1989) Regenstein Stacks Bauer, Yehuda, The Holocaust in Historical Perspective Call No.: D804.3.A70 1989) (Seattle, 1978) Hilberg, Raul (ed.), Documents of Destruction; Germany Bosworth, R.J.B., Explaining Auschwitz and Hiroshima: and Jewry, 1933-1945 (Chicago, 1971) History Writing and the Second World War 1945-1990 (London, 1993) His Majesty’s Stationary Office, Documents on German ⊗ Evans, Richard J., In Hitler's Shadow: West German Foreign Policy, 1918-1945. Series C.1- / from the Historians and the Attempt to Escape from the Nazi Past archives of the German Foreign Ministry London, 1949- (London, 1989) ⊗ Hitler, Adolf, Mein Kampf, with an introduction by D.C. Hilberg, Raul, Sources of Holocaust Research: An Watt, transl. (London, 1992 (1969)) Analysis (Chicago, c.2001) Hitler, Adolf, Hitler's Table Talk, 1941-44: His Private ⊗ nd Kershaw, Ian, The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Conversations Table Talks 1941-44, 2 ed. (London, Perspectives of Interpretation, 4th ed. (London, 2000) 1973)

⊗ Maier, Charles S., The Unmasterable Past: History, Holocaust, and German National Identity (Cambridge, Hichstadt, Steve (ed.), Sourves of the Holocaust MA, 1988) (Basingstoke, 2004)

⊗ Marrus, Michael R., The Holocaust in History (London, Höss, Rudolf, Commandant of Auschwitz: The 1993 (1987)) Autobiography of Rudolf Höss (London, 1961)

Ibid., ‘Reflections on the Historiography of the ⊗ Klemperer, Victor, I Shall Bear Witness: The Diaries of Holocaust’, Journal of Modern History, 66 (1994), 92-116 Victor Klemperer, 1933-41 (abridged and translated from

17 the German edition) (London, 1998) Gay, Peter, The Bourgeois Experience: Victoria to Freud, 6 vols. (New York, 1995-93) (on cultural history) ⊗ Idem, To the Bitter End: The Diaries of Victor ⊗ Klemperer, 1942-1945 (abridged and translated from the Hobsbawm, Eric, The Age of Empire, 1875-1914 German edition) (London, 1999), diary of German Jewish (London, 2000 (1987)); Age of Extremes: The Short academic who survived the war in Dresden Twentieth Century, 1914-1991 (London, 1994 (paperback, 1995)) (written by the leading Anglo-Marxist historian; arguably the most stimulating general overview von Lang, Jochen (ed.), Eichmann Interrogated: of Modern European history Transcripts from the Archives of the Israeli Police (New York, 1984 (German ed. 1982) Joll, James, Europe Since 1870 (various editions)

Mann, Thomas, Addresses delivered at the Library of ⊗ Merriman, John, A History of Modern Europe (New Congress, 1942-1949 (Washington, 1963) York, 1996)

Idem, The Coming Victory of Democracy (London, 1938) Mazower, Mark, Dark Continent: Europe’s Twentieth Century (London, 1998 (paperback, 1999))

Idem, Thomas Mann Diaries 1918-1939: 1918-1921, Mommsen, Wolfgang J. and Hirschfeld, Gerhard (eds.), 1933-1939 (selection and foreword by Hermann Kesten) Social Protest, Violence and Terror in Nineteenth- and (London, 1983) Twentieth-Century Europe (London, 1982)

Mendelsohn, John (ed.), The Holocaust: Selected , J.M., Europe 1880-1945 (London, 3 rd. ed. Documents in Eighteen Volumes. 12, The "Final solution" 2001 (1967)) in the Extermination Camps and the Aftermath (New York, 1982) Stone, Norman, Europe Transformed 1878-1918 (Oxford, 2nd ed. 1999 (1983)) (written by an expert on German history) ⊗ Noakes, Jeremy and Pridham, Geoffrey (eds.), Nazism

1919-1945, 4 vols., (Exeter, 1983-88) Fulbrook, Mary, Europe since 1945 (Oxford, 2001) Perochodnik, Calel; ed. and translated by Frank Fox, Am I a Murderer? Testament of a Jewish Ghetto Policeman 3. Nationalism in European (Boulder, 1996) History Remak, Joachim (ed.), The Nazi Years: A Documentary History (Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1969) Anderson, Benedict, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (London, 2nd ed. 1991) Ringelblum, Emanuel, Notes from the Warsaw Ghetto: The Journal of Emanuel Ringelblum (ed. and trans. Breuilly, John, Nationalism and the State (Manchester, Jacob Sloan, New York, 1974) 2nd ed., 1993)

⊗ Speer, Albert, Inside the Third Reich – Memoirs Gellner, Ernest, Nations and Nationalism (Oxford, 1983) (London, 1970) Hobsbawm, Eric, Nations and Nationalism since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality (Cambridge, 1990) Stackelberg, Roderick, Hitler's Germany: Origins,

Interpretations, Legacies (London, 1999) 4. Fascism ⊗ Stackelberg, Roderick; Winkle, Sally A. (eds.), The Nazi Germany Sourcebook: An Anthology of Texts Allardyce, G., ‘What Fascism is Not: Thoughts on the (London, 2002) Deflation of a Concept’, American Historical Review (1979)

Triumph of the Will, 1934 (Triumph des Willens), Dir. Blinkhorn, Martin (ed.), Fascists and Conservatives: The Leni Riefenstahl. Documentary of Nuremberg Radical Right and the Establishment in Twentieth- Nazi rally. The most famous Nazi propaganda Century Europe (London, 1990) film De Grand, Alexander, Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany: The ‘Fascist’ Style of Rule (London. 1995) 2. General Works on European History ⊗ Furet, François and Nolte, Ernst, Fascism and Communism (Lincoln, 2001) 18

IIggers, Georg, ‘Academic Anti-Semitism in Germany ⊗ Griffin, Roger, Fascism (Oxford, 1995) 1870-1933: A Comparative Perspective’, Tel Aviver Jahrbuch für deutsche Geschichte, 27 (1998), 473-89 ⊗ Idem, The Nature of Fascism (London, 1991) Liedtke, Rainer, Jewish Welfare in Hamburg and Laqueur, Walter (ed.), Fascism: A Reader’s Guide; Manchester c.1850-1914 (Oxford: 1998) Analyses, Interpretations, Bibliography (London, 1976) ⊗ Weber, Thomas, ‘Anti-Semitism and Philo-Semitism Mosse, George, (ed.), International Fascism: New among the British and German Élites: Oxford and Thoughts and New Approaches (London, 1979) Heidelberg before the First World War’, English Historical Review, No. 475 (February 2003), 86-119 Mühlberger, D. (ed.), The Social Basis of European Fascist Movements (London, 1987) cc) Germany

⊗ Nolte, Ernst, Three Faces of Fascism: Action Gay, Ruth, The Jews of Germany (New Haven, 1992) française, Italian Fascism, National Socialism (New York, 1966) Gilman, Sander and Ziper, Jack (eds.), Yale Companion to Jewish Writing and Thought in German Culture 1096- Payne, Stanley G., A History of Fascism, 1914-1945 1996 (Newhaven, 1997) (London, 1995) Graml, H., in the Third Reich (Oxford, 1992) 5. Jewish History and History of anti-Semitism Goldhagen, Daniel, Hitler’s Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust (London, 1996) (cf. aa) General the chapter on the history of German anti-Semitism)

Almog, S. (ed.), Antisemitism through the Ages (Oxford, Keith, Pickus, Constructing Modern Identities: Jewish 1988) University Students in Germany, 1815-1914 (Detroit, 1999) Cała, Alina, ‚Die Anfänge des Antisemitismus im Königreich Polen in der zweiten Hälfte des neunzehnten Levy, Richard S., The Downfall of the Anti-Semitic Jahrhunderts’, International Review of Social History, 30 Political Parties in Imperial Germany (New Haven, 1975) (1985), 342-373 Massing, Paul, Rehearsal for Destruction: A Study of Comay, Joan (ed.), Who’s Who in Jewish History after Political anti-Semitism in Imperial Germany (New York, the Period of the Old Testament (London, 1995 (1975)) 1949)

Katz, Jacob, From Persecution to Destruction: Anti- Niewyk, Donald L., The Jews in Weimar Germany Semitism, 1700-1933 (Cambridge, Mass, 1980) (Manchester, 1980)

Lindemann, Albert S., Esau’s Tears: Modern Anti- Panayi, Panikos, Ethnic Minorities in Nineteenth and Semitism and the Rise of the Jews (Cambridge, 1997) Twentieth Century Germany: Jews, Gypsies, Poles, Turks and others (Harlow, 2000) Poliakov, Leon, History of Antisemitism (4 vols., London, 1974- ) ⊗ Pulzer, Peter, Jews and the German State: The Political History of a Minority, 1848-1933 (Oxford, 1992) Sartre, Jean-Paul, Anti-Semite and Jew (New York: Schocken, 1995) ⊗ Idem, The Rise of Political Anti-Semitism in Germany and Austria (London, 1988 (1964)) ⊗ Strauss, Herbert A. (ed.), Hostages of Modernization. Studies on Modern Antisemitism 1870-1933/39, vol. 3, i: ⊗ Retallack, James, ‘Conservatives and Antisemites in Germany - Great Britain – France (Berlin, 1993) Baden and Saxony’, German History, 17,4 (1999), 507- 26 Vital, David, A People Apart: The Jews of Europe, 1789- 1939 (Oxford, 1998) ⊗ Smith, Helmut Walser, The Butcher's Tale: Murder and Anti-Semitism in a German Town (New York, 2002) bb) Comparative ⊗ Idem (ed.), Protestants, Catholics and Jews in ⊗ Brenner, Michael; Liedtke, Rainer and Rechter, David Germany 1800-1914 (Oxford: Berg, 2001) (eds.), Two Nations: British and German Jews in Comparative Perspective (Tübingen, 1999) Idem, ‘Religion and Conflict: Protestants, Catholics, and Anti-Semitism in the State of Baden in the Era of 19

Wilhelm II’, Central European History, 27 (1994), 283- ⊗ Fulbrook, Mary (ed.), German History since 1800 314 (London, 1997)

Wertheimer, Jack, Unwelcome Strangers: East Idem (ed.), A Concise History of Germany (Cambridge, European Jews in Imperial Germany (New York, 1987) 1990), Updated ed. 1995

Idem, The Divided Nation: A History of Germany, 1918- 6. German History 1990 (Oxford, 1992) a) General Idem, Interpretations of the Two Germanies, 1945-1990, nd ⊗ Berger, Stefan, The Search for Normality: National 2 ed. (Basingstoke, 2000) Identity and Historical Consciousness in Germany since 1800 (Oxford, 1997) Idem (ed.), Twentieth Century Germany: Politics, Culture -Muhlack, Ulrich, ‘Debate: Stefan Berger, The and Society 1918-1990 (London, 2001) Search of Normality […]’, Bulletin of the German Historical Institute London, 22,2 (2000), 36-43 ⊗ Hildebrand, Klaus, Reich, Nation-State, Great Power: Reflections on German Foreign Policy 1871-1945 Berghahn, Volker, Modern Germany: Society, (London, 1995) Economics and Politics in the Twentieth Century (Cambridge, 2nd ed., 1987) Jarausch, Konrad H.; Geyer, Michael, Shattered Past: Reconstructing German histories (Princeton, 2003) ⊗ Blackbourn, David and Eley, Geoff, The Peculiarities of German History (Oxford, 1984) (the most influential Iggers, Georg, ‘Reflections on Writing National History in and famous attack against the thesis) Germany, 1870-1970’, Bulletin of the German Historical Institute London, 21,2 (1999), 16-32 Carr, William, A History of Germany, 1815-1990, 4th ed., (London, 1991 (1969)) (good, if dated, overview) Holborn, Hajo, A History of Modern Germany, 3 vols. (London, 1969) ⊗ Craig, Gordon, German History 1867-1945 (Oxford, 1978) (classic exposition of the older generation of ⊗ James, Harold, A German Identity 1770 to the Present proponents of a German Sonderweg) Day (London, 1994 (1989))

Idem, The Germans (Harmondsworth, 1991) Joll, James, National Histories and National Historians: Some German and English Views of the Past (Annual Dahrendorf, Ralf, Society and Democracy in Germany Lecture of the German Historical Institute London 1984) (London, 1967 (German ed. 1965)) (still indispensable) (London, 1985)

Eley, Geoff, From Unification to Nazism: Reinterpreting ⊗ Kocka, Jürgen, ‘German History before Hitler: The the German Past (, 1985) Debate about the German Sonderweg’, Journal of Contemporary History, 23 (1988), 3-16 ⊗ Eley, Geoff, (ed.), Society, Culture, and the State in Germany, 1870-1930 (Ann Arbor, 1996) Idem, ‘Nach dem Ende des Sonderwegs. Zur Tragfähigkeit eines Konzepts’, in Bauernkämper, Arnd; ⊗ Elias, Norbert, The Germans: Power Struggles and the Sabrow, Martin and Stöver, Bernd (eds.), Doppelte Development of Habitus in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Zeitgeschichte: Deutsch-deutsche Beziehungen 1945- Centuries (Cambridge, 1996 (German ed. 1989)) 1990 (Göttingen, 1998), pp. 364-75

⊗ Evans, Richard J., In Hitler's Shadow: West German Mann, Golo, The History of Germany Since 1789 Historians and the Attempt to Escape from the Nazi Past (London, 1968) (grand narrative; written by the son of (London, 1980) Thomas Mann)

⊗ Idem, Rethinking German History (London, 1987) Martel, Gordon (ed.), Modern Germany Reconsidered, (collection of essays; revises Wehler’s approach) 1870-1945 (London, 1992)

⊗ ⊗ Idem, Rereading German History: From Unification to Mosse, George, The Crisis of German Ideology: Reunification 1800-1996 (London, 1997) (similar in Intellectual Origins of the Third Reich (New York, 1998 character to idem, Rethinking; good essays on (1964)) Sonderweg some of which are intellectually stimulating) Pulzer, Peter, Germany, 1870-1945: Politics, State Fischer, Fritz, From Kaiserreich to Third Reich: Elements Formation, and War (Oxford, 1997) of Continuity in German History (London, 1986) Röhl, John, From Bismarck to Hitler: The Problem of Continuity in German History (London, 1970) 20

⊗ Childers, Thomas, Idem, The Nazi Voter: The Social Stern, Fritz, The Politics of Cultural Despair: A Study in Foundations of Fascism, 1919-1933 (Chapel Hill, NC, the Rise of the Germanic Ideology (Berkeley, 1961) 1983)

⊗ Winkler, Heinrich A., Der Lange Weg nach Westen, 2 Idem (ed.), The Formation of the Nazi Constituency, vols. (Munich, 2000) 1918-1933 (London, 1986)

⊗ Idem, The Long Shadow of the Reich: Weighing Up German History (Annual Lecture of the German Geary, Dick, Unemployment and the Collapse of the Historical Institute London 2001) (London, 2002) (Teddington, 2001) b) Weimar Germany Fischer, Conan, The German Communists and the Rise of Nazism (1991) aa) Versailles and the Long Shadows of the First World War ⊗ Hamilton, Richard, Who Voted for Hitler? (Princeton, NJ, 1982) ⊗ Bessel, Richard, Germany After the First World War (Oxford, 1993) ⊗ Kershaw, Ian (ed.), Weimar: Why did German ⊗ Macmillan, Margaret, Peacemakers: The Paris Democracy Fail? (London, 1990) Conference of 1919 and its Attempt to End War (London, 2002) ⊗ Nicholls, Anthony J., Weimar and the Rise of Hitler, 4th ed. (Basingstoke, 2000) ⊗ Winter, Jay; Parker, Geoffrey and Habeck, Mary R. (eds.), The Great War and the Twentieth Century (New ⊗ Turner, Henry A., German Big Business and the Rise Haven, CT, 2000) of Hitler (Oxford, 1985) bb) General ⊗ Idem, Hitler's Thirty Days to Power: January 1933 (London, 1997 (1996)) Fischer, Conan, The Ruhr Crisis, 1923-1924 (Oxford, 2003) c) The Third Reich

Kolb, Eberhard, The Weimar Republic (London, 1988) aa) Nazi Germany - Overviews

⊗ Mommsen, Hans, The Rise and Fall of Weimar ⊗ Bessel, Richard (ed.), Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany: Democracy (Chapel Hill, NC, 1996 (German ed. 1990) Comparisons and Contrasts (Cambridge, 1996)

⊗ ⊗ Idem, From Weimar to Auschwitz: Essays in German Idem (ed.), Life in the Third Reich (Oxford, 1987) History (Cambridge, 1991) ⊗ Bracher, Karl Dietrich, The German Dictatorship: The Scheck, Rafael, Alfred von Tirpitz and German Right- Origins, Structure, and Effects of National Socialism Wing Politics, 1914-1930 (Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: (London, 1971 (German ed. 1969)) Humanities Press, 1998) Broszat, Martin, German National Socialism, 1919-1945 cc) The Collapse of the Republic and the Rise of the (Santa Barbara, CA, 1966)

⊗ Idem, The Hitler State: The Foundation and Abraham, David., The Collapse of the Weimar Republic: nd Development of the Internal Structure of the Third Reich Political Economy and Crisis (New York, 2 ed., 1986) (London, 1981 (German, 1969))

Allen, William Sheridan, The Nazi Seizure of Power: The Burleigh, Michael, The Third Reich: A New History Experience of a Single German Town, 1922-1945 (London, 2000), original interpretation that interpets (without place, 1966) Nazism as a political religion)

⊗ Bessell, Richard, Political Violence and the Rise of Burleigh, Michael and Wippermann, Wolfgang, The Nazism: The Storm Trooper in Eastern Germany, 1925- Racial State (London, 1991) 34 (New Haven, 1984) Caplan, Jane, Government Without Administration: State ⊗ Broszat, Martin, Hitler and the Collapse of Weimar and Civil Service in Weimer and Nazi Germany (Oxford, Germany (Leamington Spa, 1987) 21

1988) bb) Hitler

Caplan, Jane and Childers, Tim, Re-evaluating the Third Bullock, Alan, Hitler: A Study in Tyranny Reich (New York, 1993) (Harmondsworth, 1962)

Dülffer, Jost, Nazi Germany 1933-1945: Faith and ⊗ Idem, Hitler and Stalin – Parallel Lives (London, 1998) Annihilation (London, 1996) Idem, Personality and Power: The Strange Case of Hitler Evans, David, and Jenkins, Jane, Years of Weimar and and Stalin (London, 1995) the Third Reich (London, 1999)

Evans, Richard J., The Coming of the Third Reich Burrin, Philippe, Hitler and the Jews (London, 1994) (London, 2003) Carr, William, Hitler: A Study in Personality and Politics ⊗ Frei, Norbert, National Socialist Rule in Germany: The (London, 1978) Führer State 1933 –1945 (Oxford, 1993) Fest, Joachim C., Hitler (London, 1974 (German ed. Gregor, Neil, Nazism (Oxford, 2000) 1973))

Hildebrand, Klaus, The Third Reich (London, 1984) Geary, Dick, Hitler and Nazism (London, 1993)

Kirk, Tim, The Longman Companion to Nazi Germany Haffner, Sebastian, The Meaning of Hitler (London, (London, 1995) 1979)

⊗ Kershaw, Ian, The "Hitler Myth": Image and Reality in ⊗ Hamann, Brigitte, Hitler's Vienna: A Dictator's the Third Reich (Oxford, 1987 (German ed. 1980) Apprenticeship (Oxford, 2000)

Idem, Popular Opinion and Political Dissent in the Third Harris, Robert, Selling Hitler: The Story of the Hitler Reich: 1933-1945 (Oxford, 1983) Diaries (London, 1996 (1986))

Kogon, Eugen, The Theory and Practice of Hell: The Jäckel, Eberhard, Hitler in History (Hanover, N. H., 1984) German Concentration Camps and the System behind them (New York, 1980) Idem, Hitler's Weltanschauung: A Blueprint for Power (Middleton, CT, 1972 (German ed. 1969)) Krausnick, Helmut. et al., Anatomy of the SS State (London, 1968) ⊗ Kershaw, Ian, Hitler: 1889-1936: Hubris (London, 1998) Leitz, Christian (ed.), The Third Reich: The Essential Readings (Oxford, 1999) ⊗ Idem, Hitler: 1936-1945: Nemesis (London, 2000) ⊗ Meinecke, Friedrich, The German Catastrophe: Reflections and Recollections (Boston, MA, 1963 Rosenbaum, Ron, Explaining Hitler: The Search for the (1950)), transl. Origins of his Evil (London, 1998)

Trevor-Roper, Hugh, The Last Days of Hitler, 6th ed Noakes, Jeremy (ed.), Government, Party and People in (London, 1987) Nazi Germany (Exeter, 1980)

cc) Economic, Social, and Cultural ⊗ Overy, Richard J., The Penguin Historical Atlas of the Third Reich (London, 1996) Hayes, Peter, Industry and Ideology: IG Farben in the Nazi Era, new ed. (Cambridge, 2001 (1987)) ⊗ Stackelberg, Roderick, Hitler's Germany: Origins, Interpretations, Legacies (London, 1999) ⊗ Herbert, Ulrich, Hitler's Foreign Workers: Enforced Stachura, Peter D. (ed.), The Shaping of the Nazi State Foreign Labor in Germany under the Third Reich (London, 1978) (Cambridge, 1997)

James, Harold, The Deutsche Bank and the Nazi Economic War against the Jews: The Expropriation of 22

Jewish-owned Property (Cambridge, 2001) ⊗ Weinberg, Gerhard L., The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Germany. Volume 1: Diplomatic Revolution in Europe, ⊗ Mason, Tim, Nazism, Fascism and the Working Class, 1933-36 (Chicago, 1970); Volume 2: Starting World War edited by Jane Caplan (Cambridge, 1995) II, 1937-1939 (Chicago, 1980)

⊗ Idem, Social Policy in the Third Reich: The Working ff) The Origins of War and General Accounts of the Class and the 'National Community'; edited by Jane Second World War Caplan (Providence, R.I., 1993) Finney, Patrick (ed.), The Origins of the Second World War (London, 1997) ⊗ Mosse, George, Nazi Culture: Intellectual, Cultural and Social Life in the Third Reich (London, 1966) Martel, Gordon (ed.), The Origins of the Second World War Reconsidered: A.J.P. Taylor and the Historians, 2d ⊗ Peukert, Detlev, Inside Nazi Germany: Conformity, ed. (London, 1999) Opposition, and Racism in Everyday Life (London, 1987 (German ed. 1982)) ⊗ Overy, Richard, The Origins of the Second World War (London, 1987) ⊗ Overy, Richard J., War and Economy in the Third Reich (Oxford, 1994) Parker, R. A. C., The Second World War: A Short History, rev. ed. (Oxford, 1997) Schoenbaum, David, Hitler's Social Revolution: Class and Status in Nazi Germany, 1933-1939 (New York, 1980 (1966)) Rothwell, Victor, Origins of the Second World War (Manchester, 2001) dd) Coercion & Race Taylor, A.J.P., The Origins of the Second World War ⊗ Burleigh, Michael, Death and Deliverance: (Harmondsworth, 1964 (1961)) "Euthanasia" in Germany c. 1900-1945 (Cambridge, 1994) Watt, Donald Cameron, How War Came About: The Immediate Origins of the Second World War, 1938-1939 ⊗ Frederickson, George M., Racism: A Short History (London, 1989) (Princeton, 2002) ⊗ Weinberg, Gerhard, A World at Arms: A Global History ⊗ Gellately, Robert, Backing Hitler: Consent and of World War II. (Cambridge, 1994) Coercion in Nazi Germany (Oxford, 2001) gg) The German Armed Forces ⊗ Idem, The Gestapo and German Society: Enforcing Racial Policy 1933-1945 (Oxford, 1990) ⊗ Bartov, Omer, The Eastern Front 1941-45: German Troops and the Barbarisation of Warfare (London, 1985) ⊗ Johnson, Eric, The Nazi Terror: Gestapo, Jews and Ordinary Germans (London, 2000) ⊗ Idem, Hitler's Army: Soldiers, Nazis, and War in the Third Reich (New York, 1991) Weindling, Paul, Health, Race and German Politics Between National Unification and Nazism, 1870-1945 Beevor, Antony, Stalingrad (New York, 1998) (Cambridge, 1989) ⊗ Heer, Hannes, and Klaus Naumann (eds.), War of ee) Foreign Policy Extermination: The German Military in World War II 1941-1944 (New York and London, 2000) ⊗ Hildebrand, Klaus, The Foreign Policy of the Third Reich (Berkeley, CA, 1973) ⊗ Kitchen, Martin, Nazi Germany at War (London, 1995)

Rich, Norman, Hitler’s War Aims, 2 vols. (London, 1973- ⊗ Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt (ed.), Germany 4) and the Second World War. Oxford, 1990- (German ed. 1979-)), Vol. 1, The Build-Up of German Aggression Smith, Woodruff D., The Ideological Origins of Nazi (Oxford, 1990), * Vol. 2, Germany's Initial Conquests in Imperialism (Oxford, 1986) Europe (Oxford, 1991), * Vol. 3, The Mediterranean, South-East Europe, and North Africa 1939-1941: From Italy's Declaration of Non-Belligerence to the Entry of the United States into the War (Oxford, 1995), * Vol. 4, The23

Attack on the Soviet Union (Oxford, 1998), * Vol. 5, Bannasch, Bettina; Hammer, Almuth (eds.), Verbot der Organization and Mobilization of the German Sphere of Bilder – Gebot der Erinnerung: Mediale Repräsentation Power. Part 1, Wartime Administration, Economy, and der Schoah (Frankfurt am Main, 2004) Manpower Resources, 1939-1941 (Oxford, 2000), * Vol. 6, The Global War: Widening of the Conflict into a World Brothers, Caroline, War and Photography: A Cultural war and the Shift of the Initiative 1941-1943 (Oxford, History (London, 1997) 2001) Fotogeschichte; Doppelheft zu ‚Krieg und Fotografie’, Wegner, Bernd, The Waffen-SS: Organization, Ideology Heft 85/86, 2002 and Function (Oxford, 1990) Hamburger Institut fuer Sozialforschung Verbrechen der Wehrmacht: Dimension des Vernichtungskrieges 1941- ⊗ Weinberg, Gerhard, Germany, Hitler and World War II 1994: Ausstellungskatalog (Hamburg, 2002) (Cambridge, 1995) Hamburger Institute for Social Research, The German Wheeler-Bennett, John, Nemesis of Power: German Army and Genocide: Crimes against War Prisoners, Army in Politics 1918-45 (London, 1953) Jews, and other Civilians in the East, 1939-1944 (translated from the German by Scott Abbott with Yelton, David, Hitler’s Volkssturm: The Nazi Militia and editorial oversight by Paula Bradish) (New York, 1999) the Fall of Germany, 1944-1945 (Lawrence, 2002) Jahn, Peter and Schmiegelt, Ulrike (eds.), Foto-Feldpost: d) Post-1945 Germany Geknipste Kriegserlebnisse 1939-1945 (Berlin, 2000) Keller, Ulrich, The Warsaw Ghetto in Photographs: 206 Views Made in 1941 (New York, 1984) Buruma, Ian, The Wages of Guilt: Memories of War in

Germany and Japan (London, 1995) Knightley, Phillip, First Casualty: The War Correspondent as Hero and Myth-Maker from the Criemea to Iraq, 3rd. Fox, Thomas, Stated Memory: and the (Baltimore, 2004) Holocaust (Rochester, NY, 1999) Knoch, Habbo, Tat als Bild: Fotografien des Holocaust in Fulbrook, Mary, German National Identity After the der deutschen Erinnerungskultur (Hamburg, 2001) Holocaust (Cambridge, 1999) Kramer, Sven, Die Shoah im Bild (Munich, 2003)

Moeller, Robert J., War Studies: The Search for a Usable Liss, Andrea, Trespassing through Shadows: Memory, Past in the Federal Republic (Berkeley, 2001) Photography, and the Holocaust (Minneapolis, 1998)

⊗ Overy, Richard J., (ed.), Interrogations: Inside the Markon, Genya; Milton, Sybil, History of Photography; Minds of the Nazi Elite (London, 2002 (2001) Vol. 23, No. 4 (Winter, 1999): ‘Photography and the Holocaust’ Sereny, Gitta, Albert Speer: His Battle with Truth (London, 1995) Milton, Sybil, ‘The Camera as a Weapon: Documentary Photography and the Holocaust’, Simon Wiesenthal Center Annual, 1 (1984), pp. 45-68. Idem, The German Trauma: Experiences and Reflections, 1938-2001 (London, 2001 (2000)) Schwarberg, Günther, Im Ghetto von Warschau: Heinrich Jösts Fotografien (Göttingen, c. 2001) Tusa, Ann and Tusa, John, The Nuremberg Trial (London, 1995) Sontag, Susan, Regarding the Pain of Others (New York, 2003) b) West Germany Struk, Janina, Photographing the Holocaust: Interpretations of the Evidence (London, 2003) Rieber, Alfred (ed.), Forced Migration in Central and Eastern Europe, 1939-1950 (London, 2000) 8. Journals

7. War and Holocaust Photography ⊗ Holocaust and Genocide Studies

Arani, Miriam Yegane; ed. by Blank, Margot, ⊗ Beutestücke: Kriegsgefangene in der deutschen und Yad Vashem Studies sowjetischen Fotografie 1941-1945 (Mit Texten von Peter Jahn and Christoph Hammann) (Berlin, 2003)

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8. Websites

Holocaust-related Websites http://www.gfh.org.il/english/ - Ghetto Fighters' House According to USHMM website, this is a “Website of an Israel museum founded in 1949 by , ghetto fighters and partisans and devoted to the Holocaust and Jewish resistance. Includes information focused on Janusz Korczak, the head of the orphanage in the Warsaw ghetto, including excerpts from his writings and historical photographs. Also provides a searchable database of partisans and resistance fighters.” http://www.ushmm.org - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/index.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005059 - Holocaust Learning Center: Ghettos Acc. to USHMM website, this website “includes entries related to the history and fate of Jewish ghettos under Nazi rule. Summarizes the creation of the ghettos and general conditions within their walls. Provides links to additional entries on the ghettos of Kovno, Krakow, Lodz, and Warsaw, as well as relevant photographs, personal histories, and historical film footage.” http://www.ushmm.org/museum/exhibit/online/phistories/index.php?content=phi_ghettos_ghettoization_uu.htm - Personal Histories “Includes brief statements (in both text and video format) from Holocaust survivors about their experiences in the ghettos.” www.silentvoicesspeak.com - Silent Voices Speak Holocaust Art Web Site http://warsawghetto.epixtech.co.uk - The Warsaw Ghetto today

Lodz-related Websites www.shtetlinks.jewishgen.org/lodz/statistics.htm - Lodz Shtetl Links http://motlc.wiesenthal.com/albums/palbum/p02/a0112p2.html - Simon Wiesenthal Center, Multimeadia Learning Center Online, Museum of Tolerance

Other Websites of Interest http://www.ghi-dc.org – German Historical Institute, Washington DC (The section ‘German History in Documents and Images is particularly useful) http://www.h-net.org/~german/ - H-Net German. Website of scholarly email list on German history. (The website contains online documents, etc.) http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/imt/munich1.htm - Avalon Project, Yale Law School. Arguably the best collection of documents of 18th to 20th c. international history http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ - Internet Sourcebooks Project (Fordham University) http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/ - Calvin College, Michigan: German Propaganda Archive (Nazi and East German propaganda)

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