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In 1920, the Eighteenth Amendment prohibited the making or selling of alcohol. Alcohol, like this beer, was thrown into rivers or down drains.

Looking at Key Terms .Red Scare. JazzAge. flapper. Prohibition. speakeasies

Looking at Key Words .quota: a limit an area around a .prosperous: successful, city that people live in especially in terms of .prohibit: to outlaw wealth .tariff: a tax on imports

.suburb: In 1919, Giovanni Lagomarsino need- 25 percent. By the end of 1919, more ed a job. The son of Italian immigrants, than 3,600 strikes had taken place. he spoke perfect English. He filled out a Public opinion turned against strikes. job application at a railroad. The man- Anti-union feelings spread. Ole Hanson, ager looked at his name on the form. As the Mayor of Seattle, crushed a general Lagomarsino left the office, he saw the strike. Governor Calvin Coolidge of manager tear up his application. A Massachusetts allowed striking Boston month later, he applied again. This time police officers to be fired. Both became he said his name was John Lagg. He got popular for these actions. the job. This was an example of how Many Americans believed workers prejudice against immigrants grew after were not acting on their own. They World War I. blamed "outsiders" for starting strikes. To them, these "outsiders" were Communists and immigrants.

Red Scare In 1917, Communists How did events after World War I lead tofearhad seized control of the Russian gov- and predzidice? ernment. They called for the workers of the world to unite and rebel. Many Americans thought strikes in the Mter World War I, the U.S. economy United States were the work of suffered a depression. Returning sol- Communists, or "Reds." They feared diers had trouble finding jobs. Factories that these Reds were plotting to over- closed to change from making war sup- throw the U.S. government. plies to making other goods. Europe no On January 2, 1920, Attorney longer needed to buy crops from U.S. General A. Mitchell Palmer began a farmers. Prices of goods shot up. Wages series of raids. Suspected Reds were stayed the same. rounded up. Thousands of immigrants were arrested. Newspapers said these Strikes and reactions Under "Red Raids" were a great success. these conditions, workers began to orga- However, no plot against the govern- nize. They formed unions. They ment was discovered. Palmer deported demanded better wages and shorter 550 people. Some people criticized hours. Business owners refused. So Palmer. They said he had violated peo- workers went on strike. ple's civil rights. In September 1919, the biggest strike in U.S. history stopped the steel indus- Sacco and Vanzetti Debate was try. More than 365,000 workers walked even greater about a murder case. In off the job. Steel companies hired armed April 1920, three robbers stole a factory strike breakers. Strike breakers beat payroll in South Braintree, Massa- workers with clubs. Twenty people were chusetts. During the robbery, the pay- killed in the fight. In early 1920, the master and a guard were killed. Two steelworkers' union ended the strike. Italian immigrants, Nicola Sacco and None of its demands had been met. The Bartolomeo Vanzetti, were accused of steel companies had won. the crime. Other strikes were more successful. Sacco and Vanzetti were opposed to Coal miners increased their wages over organized government. So they were assumed to be guilty. They were arrest- began immigrating again to the United ed for murder. In 1921, Sacco and States. They came from southern and Vanzetti were tried and convicted. They eastern Europe. They were not were sentenced to death. Protestants, like most Americans at Many people felt the trial was unjust. that time. Most immigrants were They said Sacco and Vanzetti were con- Catholics or Jews. These differences victed because of their beliefs and fueled prejudice. because they were immigrants. Too little evidence was presented against them. Limiting immigration The eco- Also, before the trial, the judge said he nomic depression also caused anti- wanted to convict them. He thought they immigrant feelings. Jobs were scarce. were Reds. The case was appealed. But Americans worried that immigrants the Massachusetts Supreme Court would take away jobs. Many argued for refused to retry Saccoand Vanzetti. They limits on immigration. were executed in 1927. In the early 1920s, Congress passed two laws slashing immigration. A 1921 "Different" immigrants As the law set temporary quotas on immigra- Sacco- Vanzetti case shows, the Red tion. A quota (KWOH-tah) is a limit. Scare was inspired by a fear of immi- The Immigration Act of 1924 was grants. After World War I, Europeans tougher. It lowered those limits and Fear or prejudice against immigrants grew during the 1920s. The Ku Klux Klan was a group who attacked not only Mrican Americans, but immigrants, Catholics, and others. Here, the Ku Klux Klan holds a parade in Washington, D.C. in 1925. made them permanent. The laws put an corruption of Klan leaders was exposed. end to the immigration of Asians. Klan membership began to decline. The Ku Klux Klan Several groups raised fears about immigrants and other groups. The worst was the Ku Klux Klan. The Klan was formed after the Civil War. It had almost died out. But, in 1915, the Klan started growing. Now it targeted not only African Americans, but immigrants, Catholics, Jews, and labor unions as well. The Klan used violence. As strike Why did the US. economy improve in breakers, they beat up union members. the 1920s? The Klan attacked immigrants. They terrorized Catholics and Jews. Klan Newspapers allover the country cele- members murdered African Americans. brated an amazing event. On November Often, the Klan lynched their victims. 2, 1920, 500 people heard a person read In 1923, the Klan was at the height of the news over a squawky box. Warren its power. It claimed over 4 million G. Harding was pronounced winner of members in both the North and the the 1920 presidential election. This South. In 1925, scandals broke out. The news came from a new invention-the

~4 ~~apler11 radio. New products like the radio changed the U.S. economyin the 1920s.

Pro-business Presidents Harding promised a return to prosperous times. Prosperous means successful, especially in terms of wealth. He tried to help U.S. businesses grow. Harding cut taxes for wealthy people. He argued that if the wealthy had more money, they would invest it in business- es. Then businesses could expand and hire more workers. Workers would have more income. Some Americans dis- agreed with these tax cuts. Under Harding, Congress passed an act raising tariffs. A tariff is a tax on imports. This act tried to protect U.S. businesses from foreign competition. Harding also cut federal spending. Many people Harding put in power were corrupt. Several scandals broke out. In 1923, Harding died of a heart attack. Vice-President Calvin Coolidge took over. Coolidge continued Harding's pro-business plans. He was reelected in 1924. The Roaring Twenties were a time when busi- nesses in the United States boomed. The auto- mobile industry led the way. Cars jammed this Roaring Twenties Between 1923 New York City street. and 1929, U.S. businesses boomed. This time was called the "Roaring Twenties." American industries grew. Businesses late 1920s, 70 percent of U.S. homes had made huge profits. To many, the 1920s electricity. Americans wanted products were even better than times before that ran on electricity. They bought World War I. Manufactured goods had radios and refrigerators. been scarce during the war. Customers They also bought machines that saved had saved their money for years. Now labor, such as washing machines and they spent it. vacuum cleaners. Time spent washing There were many jobs. Wages clothes could now be spent in other improved. By 1929, workers' incomes ways. All of these new products changed had risen by almost one third from the daily life of Americans. 1900. More people could afford the prod- ucts that poured from U.S. factories. Effects of the car The product that made the greatest changes in Revolution in new products American life was the car. Henry Ford's Products were very different than those assembly line made cars that people made just a few years before. By the could afford. (See page 8.) The auto

..,EaJ IIEIF rants were built on major roads. New companies produced the materials need- ed to build cars. Glass and rubber com- panies grew. Steel companies increased production. These new businesses added to the prosperity of the 1920s.

Unequal wealth Not everyone shared in this prosperity, however. Even in boom times, 10 percent of the work force was out of a job. This percent was even greater for peo- ple of color. A 1926 report said that most Native Americans were "extremely poor." Some African Americans had found wartime jobs in the factories of the North and Midwest. But they often lost these jobs to returning white sol- diers. In the early 1920s, discrimination against Mexican Americans increased. Some people argued that all Mexican immigrants should be deported.

American culture changed in the 1920s. The Jazz Age came alive with singers like Besse Smith, making this music famous around the country and the world. industry took off. By the end of the 1920s, one out of five Americans owned a car. Once people owned cars, they demanded better roads. The Federal How did American culture change in the Highway Act of 1921 encouraged road- 1920s? building in the United States. Roads connected distant places as never Alvin "Shipwreck" Kelly started the before. People could travel much more fad. He sat on top of a flagpole as a easily. Many began moving from cities movie stunt. Then a theater owner had to suburbs. A suburb is an area in him do it again to advertise the movie. which people live around a city. Soon people allover the country were Cars also created new business oppor- sitting on flagpoles. All the changes in tunities. Trucks replaced shipping by the "Roaring Twenties" made people a train. Gasoline stations sprang up all bit dizzy. Fads were just part of the over the country. Motels and restau- national mood.

~I ~ ~ .-..il ~napt~r11 The Jazz Age American culture Hero worship The greatest hero of changed in the 1920s. This was the the age was Charles Lindbergh (LIND- Jazz Age. Jazz is a kind of music that berg). In 1927, Lindbergh flew alone was very popular then. from New York to Paris. He was the Jazz was created by African first person to cross the Atlantic alone Americans in New Orleans in the 1880s. by air. It blended West African rhythms and Lindbergh was welcomed back with a African American blues. African parade in New York City; Congressaward- American musicians such as Jelly Roll ed him the CongressionalMedal of Honor. Morton and Billie Holiday made jazz Babies were named after him. Songswere famous. Soon people allover the country written about him. A new dance, "The danced to this music in hotels, clubs, Lindy," was createdin his honor. and dance halls. Jazz caused great debate. People Changes for women For many either loved it or hated it. It captured young women, the 1920s brought new the hearts of young people. They saw freedoms. Long skirts and long hair themselves as different from their par- ents. To them, jazz represented free- spirited, fun-loving youth. Jazz became The 1920s brought new freedoms to women. a symbol of the new American culture in Here, three flappers in Harlem are dressed in the 1920s. short skirts and bobbed hair, the new style of the 20s. Fun and games Mter World War I, many Americans just wanted to have fun. Play was very important to them. Movies, sports, and other entertainment occupied people's minds. In the 1920s, movies became part of life. Actors like Rudolph Valentino, Douglas Fairbanks, and Mary Pickford became stars. They had millions of fans. In 1927, The Jazz Singer became the first movie with sound. In 1920, 50 mil- lion Americans went to the movies every week. By 1930, the number had doubled to 100 million. Attendance at sports events also soared. Baseball became important. Great athletes like Babe Ruth drew huge crowds. In 1927, Ruth set a base- ball record. He hit 60 home runs in a single season. Millions of people watched college football throughout the Fall. Track-and-field events were also popular. Women athletes became famous. In 1926, Americans celebrated when Gertrude Ederle became the first woman to swim the English Channel.

~~apter11 ~1 were out. These young women were prohibited making or selling alcohol. called flappers. They wore short skirts Prohibit means to outlaw. Alcohol com- and silk stockings. They bobbed, or cut panies closed. Bars shut down. The short, their hair. They wore makeup. United States went "dry." They even smoked. Many people found Prohibition was greatly debated. this shocking. Many Americans disagreed with it. But there were deeper changes as Millions broke the law. Speakeasies, or well. Women in the 1920s had new illegal bars, opened. People made alco- roles. During World War I, many women hol in secret. Others smuggled it into took over factory jobs. They lost most of the country. They were called bootleg- these jobs when soldiers returned. Still, gers. Gangs began to organize these ille- after the war, more women worked out- gal sales. Soon, gangsters controlled side the home. They became typists, most speakeasies. They made billions of salespeople, and secretaries. Some dollars. They paid off corrupt officials to women opened their own shops. College- keep quiet. Prohibition actually encour- educated women became teachers and aged crime. social workers. By 1933, it was clear that Prohibition Women also gained political rights. In did not work. The Eighteenth 1920, the Nineteenth Amendment gave Amendment was repealed. It was the women the right to vote. Women no end of an era. longer had to fight for suffrage. The League of Women Voters was started to inform women about political issues. In 1924, two women were elected gover- nors-Miriam Ferguson in Texas and Nellie Taylor Ross in Wyoming.

Prohibition In 1919, the states adopted the Eighteenth Amendment. It

~I ~ ~I ~hapter11 The Silent March of 1917 down New York City's Fifth Avenue protested lynching, discrimination, and segregation. One of the marchers was Dr. W.E.B. DuBois. Looking at Key Terms .black nationalism. Harlem Renaissance

Looking at Key Words .casualty: someone who .autobiography: the story has been injured or killed of one's own life written by .renaissance: rebirth oneself On a steamy August day in 1920, The Klan The Ku Klux Klan was 50,000 African Americans marched again threatening African Americans. through Harlem. Thousands more lined (See page 94.) By day, its members held the sidewalks. They cheered loudly as a parades in Northern as well as man in a gold-trimmed uniform rolled Southern cities. The Klan put pressure past in an open car. The man was on politicians to support Klan policies. Marcus Garvey. That night, Garvey By night, Klan riders attacked addressed 25,000 Mrican Americans in African Americans in their homes. New York City's Madison Square Sometimes African Americans were Garden. His words stirred African tarred and feathered. The number of American pride. lynchings had fallen during World War I. Now the number rose again. A new life African Americans were tired of these attacks. Some fought back with force. Others wanted to find politi- cal solutions. Members of the NAACP Why wereAfrican Americans attracted to tried to change laws. However, one Marcus Garvey'sprogram? thing was clear. Something must be done about discrimination against Mter World War I, Mrican Americans African Americans. began to focus on discrimination. W.E.B. W.E.B. DuBois fought to get African DuBois urged African Americans to Americans to honor their African roots. fight it hard. This battle soon became These ideas were not new. In the early very bitter. 1800s, Paul Cuffe wanted African Americans to go back to Africa. DuBois Race Riots The Great Migration believed people of African descent had had left its mark. African American popu- common interests. They should join lations of cities in the North and Midwest together to struggle for freedom. This steadily increased.(See page 24.) struggle would occur both in the United Some whites resented these new States and overseas. neighbors. Many whites worried African Americans would take their jobs. Other Beginnings of a Movement whites did not want African Americans African roots inspired another African in their neighborhoods. Bombs American leader-Marcus Garvey. He destroyed the offices of Chicago real was one of the most important leaders estate agents. They had sold homes in of his time. white neighborhoods to African Garvey was born in Jamaica. As a Americans. Tensions grew between the young man, he traveled in Europe and two groups. Then, in 1919, race riots the Americas. He was struck by the broke out across the nation. injustices people of African descent During that summer, casualties everywhere faced. At age 25, Garvey mounted. A casualty is someone who went to London. There he met African has been injured or killed. Six died and scholars and thinkers. They taught him 150 were injured in Washington, D.C. about his rich African heritage. The toll in Chicago was 38 dead and 537 Then in 1914, he founded the injured. By year's end, race riots had Universal Negro Improvement Asso- ripped through 25 U.S. cities and towns. ciation (UNIA) in Jamaica. Its goal was Followers of Marcus Garvey, such as these Garveyite families, valued their Mrican heritage and believed in black nationalism. Garvey's goal was economic,political, and cultural independence for people of Mrican descent. economic, political, and cultural inde- newspaper, the Negro World, published pendence for people of Mrican descent. stories about African American leaders. In 1916, Garvey brought the UNIA to Such stories were usually left out of the United States. He opened a branch in white newspapers. Harlem, the Mrican American section of The UNIA also worked for economic New York City. Garvey decided to run independence.In 1919, Garvey founded a the UNIA from there. This began the steamship company,the Black Star Line. first powerful black nationalist move- He hoped it would develop business ties ment in the United States. Black between Africa and people of African nationalism is the belief that people of descent allover the world. Garvey also African descent should rely on them- started the Negro Factories Corporation. selves. They should also be proud of their It created grocery stores, laundries, a blackness and of their Mrican roots. restaurant, and a publishing company. DuBois and the NAACP had attracted mostly a upper and middle class follow- A movement collapses Then dis- ing. Garvey appealed to ordinary aster struck. Rumors began to spread. Mrican Americans. He offered pride and People said the Black Star Line was in uplifting messages. The UNIA grew financial trouble. It was true. Garvey fast. By 1920, it claimed to have two was a poor manager. He let others run the business. They spent huge sums on million members. leaky ships and poorly-trained crews. The work of the UNIA The UNIA The U.S. government investigated the supported Mrican American culture. Its Black Star Line. In 1922, Garvey was Reading A Timeline How long after founding the UNIA did Garvey come to the U.S.? What happened the same year race riots broke out across the nation? I

arrested for mail fraud. It was not ways. An explosion of Mrican American proven that Garvey meant to commit a art and culture took place in Harlem. crime. Yet, he was found guilty. He was sentenced to five years in prison. President Coolidge freed Garvey in 1927. He had served two years of hissentence.1. What is black nationalism? Then Garvey was deported 2. Name two ways the UNIA tried from the United States. meet its goals. Lasting effects Without Garvey, the UNIA fell apart. Yet, black national- ism did not disappear. It returned, ~frican imericans ~reate tbe Harlem stronger, in the 1960s. African Americans saw Garvey's great achieve- Renaissance. ment. He began a movement to make What were the contributions of the artiBts of Mrican Americans a united people. "In a the Harlem Renaissance? world where black is despised [hated]," said New York's Amsterdam News, "he It was Saturday night in New York taught them that black is beautiful." City. Taxis and limousines headed During the 1920s, this African uptown. Hundreds of white people hur- American pride was expressed in new ried to the hottest spot in town- IEIF .,I~3 W.E.B. DuBois is standing to the right in the editorial office of The Crisis. DuBois was one of the most influential leaders of the early civil rights movement. He was one of the founders of the NAACP and was a longtime editor of The Crisis magazine.

Harlem. It was the place to be. White lived there. The NAACP and the crowds cheered Mrican American per- National Urban League had their head- formers at the Cotton Club. They lis- quarters in New York. Being part of the tened to jazz at the Catagonia Club. Harlem community gave African They danced the Charleston at the Americans a sense of power and pride. Savoy. Harlem in the 1920s was burst- ing with excitement. Culture reborn Harlem was also the heart of a new creative movement. African American capital of the This was the Harlem Renaissance. A world The Great Migration had renaissance is a rebirth. In European changed New York City above 110th history, it was a time when the ideas of Street. Harlem was once an all-white the past were rediscovered. The Harlem neighborhood. It was now home to more Renaissance was the rebirth of Mrican than 100,000 Mrican Americans. By the American culture. For the first time, 1920s, it was the nation's largest whites appreciated African American Mrican American community. art and literature. In the 1920s, Harlem was the cultural Mrican American writers, artists, and center for all people of Mrican descent. musicians were lured to Harlem in the It was known as the Mrican American 1920s. The Crisis, the NAACP magazine, "Capital of the World." The greatest offered cash prizes for excellent writing. African American leaders, such as So did the Urban League's Opportunity. W.E.B. DuBois and Marcus Garvey, The Harmon Foundation gave awards to --{[3~3 }= African American writers and artists. It focus. They explored how it felt to be set up exhibits of African American African American. African American painters and sculptors. culture inspired their work. Harlem's location also was an attrac- tion. The major publishers were in New Writers Mrican Americans writers York City. Broadway theaters offered burst on to the 1920s scene. They creat- national fame for writers and perform- ed a great body of literature. Many dis- ers. New York City was the center of the cussed racism and prejudice. They music business. shared the pain of discrimination with Most important, in Harlem, African their readers. They also shared their American artists could meet and vision of African American pride. exchange ideas. This created a sense of Novels, short stories, plays, and poetry excitement and hope. Many new talents poured out of Harlem writers. bloomed. Some worked with common Writers such as James Weldon themes such as love, childhood, and Johnson, Jean Toomer, Jessie R.. Fauset, grief. However, many dealt with a new and Claude McKay excelled. Zora Neale Hurston collected African American folktales. She wrote her own short sto- Langston Hughes was one of the greatest ries, novels, and an autobiography, Harlem Renaissance writers and poets. His Dust Tracks on a Road. An autobiogra- poetry expressed the desire for African phy is the story of one's own life written American equality. by oneself. Her writing celebrated being Mrican American. Poet Countee Cullen also wrote about the Mrican American experience. His poem "Heritage" dealt with his Mrican roots. Langston Hughes was one of the greatest Harlem Renaissance writers. He captured the spirit of African American music, especially jazz and the bl ues, in his work. He wrote fiction, autobiographies, plays, and movie scripts. But he was best known for his poetry. One famous Hughes poem was "I, Too, Sing America." In it, he demand- ed equality for Mrican Americans.

Artists Painters and sculptors also took part in the Harlem Renaissance. Many drew inspiration from Mrica and from Mrican American history. Artist Aaron Douglas created murals. He also illustrated the books of such writers as Hughes 'and Cullen. He used ideas from African sculpture. Hale Woodruff was another great mural painter. Other artists were Augusta Savage, Sargent Johnson, and Horace Pippin. Traveling exhibitions brought Chocolates became smash hits. Stars their work to national attention. such as Florence Mills and Josephine Baker gained worldwide fame. Musicians In the 1920s, African Paul Robeson was one of the greatest American music became very popular. singers of his time. He also was a famous In 1922, Louis Armstrong brought his actor. Robeson thrilled audiences as cornet from New Orleans to Chicago. Shakespeare's Othello. Robeson spoke His brilliant playing changed the sound out for African American civil rights. of U.S. music. Some people mark this as This made him powerful enemies. People the beginning of the Jazz Age. accused him of being a Communist. The Soon, clubs, ballrooms, and theaters U.S. State Department called him "one of dotted Harlem. In each, African the most dangerous men in the world." American musicians played jazz and They took back Robeson's passport. He blues. Jazz greats such as Fats Waller was forced to live abroad. Even the stars and Duke Ellington drew huge crowds. of the Harlem Renaissance could not They became world famous. escape discrimination. Many African American musicians became successes. Composer William End of an era African American Grant Still wrote operas, ballets, and artists worked after the 1920s. But the movie soundtracks. Bessie Smith was Harlem Renaissance did not survive the called the Empress of the Blues. Her decade. The economic boom of the 1920s 1923 recording "Down Hearted Blues" ended. In 1929, the nation plunged. into sold more than 2 million copies. Another poverty. African Americans suffered blues singer, Ethel Waters, won millions with the rest of the country. of fans.

Performers Mrican American per- formers also got the spotlight. In the 1920s, jazz came to the stage. Broadway musicals began featuring African American actors, singers, and dancers. Shows such as Shuffle Along and Hot