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Nuclear Weapons Journal May/June 2003

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Nuclear Weapons Journal May/June 2003 nuclear weweapjournalonsons May/June 2003 QUAL-1 Plutonium Thermodynamics Certified Plutonium 1 9 4 3 - 2 0 0 3 Resonant Ultrasound Lujan Center NATIONAL LABORATORY Ideas That Change the World Los Alamos, NM 87545 Weapons Science and Engineering at Los Alamos National Laboratory • May/June 2003 LALP-03-011 Nuclear Weapons Journal is an unclassified publication. A Backward Glance Los Alamos National Laboratory Mail Stop A107 Los Alamos, NM 87545 In the spring of 1943, Seth Ned­ around a sewer pipe, the group er in the dermeyer introduced to Los helped place that pipe inside a history of Los Alamos. Alamos the original concept of sleeve made from an ordinary using high explosives as a method kitchen stovepipe. Then they took Parsons was not enthusiastic of producing a critical mass of cover and detonated the about implosion and disapproved fissile material in a very short apparatus. By coincidence, the of Neddermeyer’s continued time. Neddermeyer’s idea was experiment proved to be just the work on the method. It wasn’t to surround a hollow cylinder of correct combination to blow the until John von Neumann visited Los Alamos and blessed implo­ sion that the Laboratory took this method seriously. • About the cover: In April 2003, Los Alamos National Laboratory restored the nation’s capability to manufacture nuclear weapons with delivery of the QUAL-1 pit. The Laboratory announced this achievement during its an- niversary celebration to commemorate 60 years of service to the nation and ideas that change the world. active material—whose dimen­ iron pipe into a solid mass and • For the record: In the March/April issue, the Point of View article was based on a talk given by John C. Browne, Laboratory Director (1997-2003), at the High Alti- sions were incapable of sustaining keep it that way. tude Thinking: The International Informatics Summit, October 27–30, 2002, a fast neutron chain reaction— in Santa Fe, and should have been attributed accordingly. with enough TNT to blow it into Parsons left shortly after the deto­ • Nuclear Weapons Journal highlights accomplishments in the nuclear weapons program a solid mass in which a fast chain nation to buy a saddle horse for at Los Alamos National Laboratory. NWJ is funded by the Weapons Physics and Weapons reaction would take place. his wife. The remaining five wait­ Engineering and Manufacturing Directorates. The Weapons Communication Team produces NWJ bimonthly: ed until he was out of earshot, Alison Grieggs, Senior Science Writer/Editor By July 4, 1943, Neddermeyer then they loaded a duplicate piece Randy Summers, Designer had acquired enough TNT and of stovepipe with the Ed Lorusso, Science Writer/Editor Larry McFarland, Science Writer/Editor primacord to conduct his ex­ remaining TNT and set off the Lupe Archuleta is printing coordinator, Denise Derkacs is editorial advisor, and Sieg Shalles is periment. On that Independence biggest­ever 4th of July fire crack­ technical advisor. Send comments, questions, and address changes to [email protected]. Seth Neddermeyer Day, Neddermeyer gathered his boss, Navy Captain William Roger Meade, LANL historian, extracted this story from an ar­ (Deak) Parsons, and Ed McMil­ ticle by Charles Critchfield, a mathematical physicist and Ordnance Los Alamos lan, Hugh Bradner, John Streib, Group Leader who was at South Mesa that day. For more informa­ NATIONAL LABORATORY National Nuclear Security Administration and Charles Critchfield tion on Neddermeyer’s work, his report The Collapse • Los Alamos National Laboratory, an affirmative action/equal opportunity employer, is operated by the at a site on South Mesa, near the of Hollow Steel Cylinders by High Explosives (U) (LA­18, University of California for the US Department of Energy under contract W-7405-ENG-36. All company names, logos, and products mentioned herein are trademarks of their respective companies. Reference to current­day Otowi Building, to Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, August 1943) is available any specific company or product is not to be construed as an endorsement of said company or product by witness his test. online from the Laboratory’s Research Library collection at the Regents of the University of California, the United States Government, the US Department of Energy, or any of their employees. http://lib­www.lanl.gov/documents/g/00349600.pdf or search After wrapping the explosives the library catalog for LA­18 at http://lib­www.lanl.gov. of Point John D. Immele Deputy Director •View National Security Los Alamos and the New Triad Since the beginning of the Laboratory, defense ernment implements NPR, Los Alamos National policy has worked hand-in-hand with science to Laboratory continues to evaluate its evolving re- support the military in the defense of the United sponsibilities. States. Over time, this partnership has success- fully met and countered evolving threats. As we The New Triad provides an celebrate our 60th anniversary, the partnership has for most matured to the point that Los Alamos’ scientific intellectual architecture contributions support conventional and nuclear of our national security missions defense as well as reducing the threats of pro- liferation, weapons of mass destruction (WMD), and terrorism against the homeland. New Triad Conference On April 28–May 1, Los Alamos hosted The Nuclear Posture Review (NPR) and the Na- a conference on Nuclear and Conventional Forces: tion’s Quadrennial Defense Review (QDR) indicate Issues for National Security, Science, and Technol- sweeping changes in the nation’s military posture ogy. Over four days, panel discussions and corresponding capabilities—some of which and presentations looked at emerging future tech- were illustrated in Operation Enduring Freedom. nologies and strategies to integrate nuclear and The NPR calls for DoD and DOE to work toward conventional forces and related capabilities into a a smaller nuclear weapons stockpile* with a flexible New Triad to meet the four key US and responsive infrastructure that goals of assurance, dissuasion, deterrence, is able to address an uncertain future. As the gov- and defeat. The centerpiece of the NPR is the New Triad of flex- Nonnuclear & Nuclear Strike ible response capabilities: nonnuclear and nuclear strike Capabilities capabilities, active and passive defenses, and responsive infrastructure. These elements are integrated into an effec- tive defense posture through effective C4ISR ICBMs (Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Intel- ligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance). Bombers SLBMs In addition to the enduring Los Alamos mission in stewardship of the nuclear deterrent and related C4ISR infrastructure, the Laboratory will support active and passive defenses through our nonproliferation and homeland security programs. Our work in advanced sensors and automated target detection Active & Passive Responsive will contribute to C4ISR. Defenses Infrastructure *Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty, May 24, 2002 (http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/05/20020524-3.html) Continued on page 30 • 1 UAL- Q20031 On April 22, 2003, Los Alamos National Laboratory delivered to NNSA the first nuclear weapon pit that meets specifications for use in the US stockpile since production ceased at the Rocky Flats Plant in 1989. In delivering QUAL-1, the first pit in the qualification series, Los Alamos restored the nation’s pit-manufacturing capability. Many reports on pit manufacturing at Los Ala- mos have summarized the equipment installations, the acquisition of a manufacturing and quality infrastructure, the process qualification, the develop- - ment of work instructions, and the disciplined operator qualification. Considerable attention has been given to the technical challenges that were en- countered, mitigated, and resolved, including cast product grain size, standards for measuring con- tact between materials, resolution of radiographic anomalies, characteristics of welds and brazes, and challenges associated with surface morphology. All of this is well documented. However, as project di- rector for pit manufacturing, I thought it might be useful to provide my per- spective on the project management aspect of this accomplishment—what worked and what did not. Forming a project We took a pit manufacturing effort that was under way as a loosely connected set of programmatic activities and formed a project. We did this because focusing effort against a set of objectives dramati- cally increases the likelihood of delivering the product on schedule, a premise that has been con- sistently proven in many industries. But how do you know when you have a project? The 2 • following are key indicators: was, “Refer to the baseline plan.” • A project is unique and finite. You know An important element of the baseline plan was when you are done. the written definition of key concepts—like the • The project team comprises a focused group QUAL-1 pit. When we delivered QUAL-1 to of people. NNSA, the cover letter contained verbatim lan- • The team and the customer have documented guage from the baseline plan. No one could a baseline agreement that incorporates scope, question that we did what we agreed to do. schedule, and budget. • The baseline is not vague. Teamwork is essential. All other shortcomings • The scope explains clearly where the team can be mitigated. Teamwork is talked about and is headed. studied and characterized ad nauseam. Everyone • The milestones are measurable, and there is wants it, but how do you achieve it? It is elusive, no ducking the intent. tough to
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