Energy and Environment and 27 Th KERALA KERALA , 26 Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology Th Centre for Environment and Development 25 ENVIRONMENT ENVIRONMENT
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Proceedings Kerala Environment Congress 2011 Kerala Energy and Environment Proceedings KERALAKERALA ENVIRENVIRONMENTONMENT CCONGRESSONGRESS 22OO1111 25th, 26th and 27th August 2011, Thiruvananthapuram Organised by Centre for Environment and Development Thozhuvancode, Vattiyoorkavu P.O, Thiruvananthapuram-695 013 Centre for Environment and Development Phone : 0471-2369720, 2369721, Fax : 0471-2369720 Thiruvananthapuram E-mail : [email protected], [email protected] URL : www.cedindia.org; www.indiawastemanagementportal.org In Association with Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology Thiruvananthapuram PROCEEDINGS OF KERALA ENVIRONMENT CONGRESS 2011 FOCAL THEME ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT 25th, 26th & 27th August 2011 Thiruvananthapuram Organised by CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT THIRUVANANTHAPURAM In Association with RAJIV GANDHI CENTRE FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY THIRUVANANTHAPURAM Proceedings of the Kerala Environment Congress - 2011 Editors Dr. Babu Ambat Dr. Vinod T R Published by Centre for Environment and Development Thozhuvancode, Vattiyoorkavu Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India-695013 Design & Pre-press Godfrey’s Graphics Sasthamangalam, Thiruvananthapuram Printed at GK Printers, Kochi Cover photo courtesy: Photolibrary Dr S K Khanduri IFS Directorate of Environment and Climate Change Director Social Forestry Office Complex Telefax: 0471 2365554 Vattiyootkavu PO Email: [email protected] Thiruvananthapuram 695013 FOREWORD Energy resources have always been considered indicators of the might of the nations and therefore global relations have always been influenced by the state of energy resources at disposal- be it fossil fuels, nuclear, forests or others. However, the recent realizations on global environment have unwound a close linkage between the energy resources, their use and the environmental consequences. While the availability is still by and large a local opportunity, environmental consequences due to their use pattern have proven to have global consequences and therefore, global relations are being subject of a large influence of the state of availability and use of energy resources of the nations. Climate change related international relations are the indicators of the global concerns on the behavior of individual nations. Climate change is one of the examples of the consequences of energy management by mankind. Green House Gases can only be termed as the bye products of the use of energy which has surpassed the ameliorative capacity of the earth, resulting into accumulation beyond normal. Environmental consequences of that resulting into faster changes in climatic patterns, are now calling for strong mitigatory measures for GHGs and adaptive measures for the irreversible changes that are imminent. Mitigatory measures can only come from judicious use of energy, may it be for conversion of one form into another usable one, for extraction from the nature for generation of usable form or for its use in the pursuit of human development. However, for adaptations to the changing environment, as we humans are capable of creating microenvironment with the use of energy, the need of energy can only enhance. Thus the demand supply gap related to energy can only widen in future irrespective of trend of the population. In such situation, unfolding the complexities of the energy - environment interface has specific importance. It is in this context that in the National Action Plan on Climate Change, three out of the eight national missions relate to various aspects of energy conservation and efficient use. Technologies on harnessing energy from newer non conventional resources constitute an area of utmost attention in view of the ever rising concerns about the finite nature of fossil fuels and the environmental consequences related to it. Other known systems have varied scope in view of the impending environmental, competing resource needs and safety concerns. In such situation, technological aspects on energy efficiency and optimizing productivity may have a long term utility which could not only promote judicious use but also check the environmental consequences often iii Kerala Environment Congress 2011 Thiruvananthapuram arising out of the escaping waste energy accumulating in material or energy form in the atmosphere. Public utilities are working overtime for achieving the required levels of energy in all essential forms to the citizens. However, as the efficient use of energy at individual and industrial level are equally consequential, the awareness about energy efficiency needs to spread fast. However, the state of socio-economic development, issues of access and affordability and social compulsions at times direct the policies towards unsustainable management of the energy resources at the disposal of public institutions. Such losses need to be controlled by judicious policy interventions. Technologies can provide effective ways and means for achieving such objectives. The 7th Kerala Environment Congress aims at highlighting the recent advances in the energy related aspects in science and technology. The Centre for Environment and Development has once again achieved the distinction of focusing on the linkage of science and the most important aspect of the human environment. The inputs from the participants on technologies, processes and societal role in energy efficiency, green processes and optimizing carbon footprints offer a deeper insight into the issues and thus options for consideration in the state. The information will be helpful in appreciation of relevant facts for formulation of energy related policies in a more objective manner. S K Khanduri iv KERALA ENVIRONMENT CONGRESS 2011 The Centre for Environment and Development(CED)initiated the Kerala Environment Congress in 2005 with the objective of creating a platform for bringing together scientists and technologists, policy-decision makers, development managers and students for sharing of knowledge, expertise and experience in subjects of relevance to support the development of the country and the State of Kerala in particular. CED established in 1993 with its headquarters at Thiruvananthapuram is an independent research, training and consultancy organization specialising on environment and sustainable development related sectors. CED tries to work with various state,national and international agencies and provide scientific and technical support in the form of research inputs, capacity building and training and consultancy services and also providing implementation support to the Local Self Government Institutions particularly in states such as Kerala, Orissa, Pondicherry, Gujarat, West Bengal and Andhra Pradesh. The major Program Areas of the Centre are (i) Environmental Resources Management (ii) Environmental Engineering,Health &Hygiene (iii) Climate Change and Green Initiatives and (iv) Institutional Development and Knowledge Management. CED established its Eastern Regional Centre at Bhubaneswar, Orissa to give major thrust to our activities in the eastern and north-eastern regions and has nine Project Offices spread over the state of Kerala and outside. CED along with Human Development Foundation in Bhubaneswar has promoted the HDF-CED School of Management at Bhubaneswar, approved by AICTE and Government of Orissa where we have a campus with necessary infrastructure facilities including hostels and guest houses offering Management courses, MSW, BBA,MDPs and short term courses on Geoinformatics, Solid Waste Management, etc.. Our plan is to establish a National Institute of Innovation, Technology and Management(NIITM) under which there will be School of Management, School of Technology, School of Social Sciences and so on, with focus on research, not only in Bhubaneswar but in different parts of the country. CED is also managing two major Solid Waste Processing Plants of Thiruvananthapuram and Kochi Corporations. The Centre has at present nearly 350 staff from multidisciplinary areas.CED is the “Centre of Excellence of Ministry of Urban Development,Government of India on Solid Waste and Wastewater Management”, the Regional Resource Agency of Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India and also the Accredited Agency of Government of Kerala for Solid Waste Management. During the last 18 years, CED has completed nearly 70 research, consultancy and training projects supported by various international and national agencies like the World Bank, UNDP-GEF, JICA, RNE, IDRC, ADB, Commonwealth Local Government Forum, Ministry of Environment & Forests.GoI; Ministry of Urban Development, GoI; Department of Science & Technology.GoI; Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (formerly DNES),GoI; Rural Development Department, Kerala; Kerala State Council for Science, Technology & Environment, Local Self Government Department, Kerala, State Disaster Management Agency, Kerala, Planning & Coordination Department, Orissa, Orissa Water Resources Department, Municipal v Kerala Environment Congress 2011 Thiruvananthapuram Administration, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh Municipal Development Department, Fisheries Department,Pondicherry, etc. The Centre is also coordinating the National Environment Awareness Campaign(NEAC) of MoEF in Kerala and Lakshadweep Islands. The first Kerala Environment Congress was held at Kochi on 6th & 7th May, 2005 with the focal theme “Coastal and Marine Environment-Issues, Problems and Potentials”. The second Congress was held at Kozhikode on 15th &16th December,2006 with the focal theme” Forest Resources of Kerala”. The third Kerala