Waste Management in Medieval Krakow: 1257-1500

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Waste Management in Medieval Krakow: 1257-1500 Leslie Carr-Riegel Waste management in medieval Krakow: 1257-1500 MA Thesis in Medieval Studies Central European University Budapest May 2016 CEU eTD Collection Waste management in medieval Krakow: 1257-1500 by Leslie Carr-Riegel (The United States of America) Thesis submitted to the Department of Medieval Studies, Central European University, Budapest, in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Arts degree in Medieval Studies. Accepted in conformance with the standards of the CEU. ____________________________________________ Chair, Examination Committee ____________________________________________ Thesis Supervisor ____________________________________________ Examiner ____________________________________________ Examiner CEU eTD Collection Budapest May 2016 Waste management in medieval Krakow: 1257-1500 by Leslie Carr-Riegel (The United States of America) Thesis submitted to the Department of Medieval Studies, Central European University, Budapest, in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Arts degree in Medieval Studies. Accepted in conformance with the standards of the CEU. ____________________________________________ External Reader CEU eTD Collection Budapest May 2016 Waste management in medieval Krakow: 1257-1500 by Leslie Carr-Riegel (The United States of America) Thesis submitted to the Department of Medieval Studies, Central European University, Budapest, in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Arts degree in Medieval Studies. Accepted in conformance with the standards of the CEU. ____________________________________________ External Supervisor CEU eTD Collection Budapest May 2016 I, the undersigned, Leslie Carr-Riegel, candidate for the MA degree in Medieval Studies, declare herewith that the present thesis is exclusively my own work, based on my research and only such external information as properly credited in notes and bibliography. I declare that no unidentified and illegitimate use was made of the work of others, and no part of the thesis infringes on any person’s or institution’s copyright. I also declare that no part of the thesis has been submitted in this form to any other institution of higher education for an academic degree. Budapest, 19 May 2016 __________________________ Signature CEU eTD Collection Abstract This thesis outlines the wastes produced in medieval Krakow - Animal, Industrial, and Domestic – and the efforts made to control them between the dates of the city’s incorporation under Magdeburg law in 1257 up to 1500. Applying a cross-disciplinary approach to the subject, civic notary books, chronicles, literature, archaeological evidence, art, and modern chemical analysis are all utilized to draw a picture of what waste in Krakow was like during the medieval period. Chapter one covers the city government’s efforts to manage waste build- up in Krakow, the insufficiencies of which lead to the continued rise of the city’s street level until the sixteenth century. This management is compared with that of other polities and shows that although the city developed impressive infrastructure, civic leaders failed to implement sufficient legislation, enforcement, and public services to keep Krakow clean. In chapter two, industrial waste is discussed focusing on the most noxious trades - metallurgy, tanning, meat processing, and textile manufacture – detailing contemporary knowledge of the harmful effects of these activities and efforts made to manage them. Chapter three focusses on domestic waste and outlines how residents dealt with rubbish in everyday life. CEU eTD Collection 1 Acknowledgements First, thanks to God, the rock of ages, my redeemer and sustainer who is ever by my side in times of trial and to whom I offer these first fruits. Next, thank you to my loving husband Karol Nowoszynski who has given me unending support with translation, creating graphics, and keeping me sane. To my parents, for spending hours helping me with edits and ideas and for always encouraging me to do the work I love even though it takes me far away. To my advisory Gerhard Jaritz who helped so much in translating Krakow’s medieval German statutes and provided excellent pointers and advice. To Zsuzsa Reed who assisted in editing and for my many colleagues who listened for hours as I droned on about waste and gave helpful suggestions on how to improve. Thanks to you all. CEU eTD Collection 2 Contents Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 9 Krakow: A Brief Introduction ............................................................................................ 9 Literature Review .............................................................................................................. 10 Primary Sources ................................................................................................................. 12 Research Questions ............................................................................................................ 14 Methodology ....................................................................................................................... 14 Chapter 1 – Civic Waste Management ................................................................................ 15 The Roadways .................................................................................................................... 21 The Waters ......................................................................................................................... 26 The Fresh Water Supply .................................................................................................. 29 Private Wells .................................................................................................................... 30 Public Wells ..................................................................................................................... 35 The rurmus System .......................................................................................................... 37 The Waste Water System ................................................................................................. 44 Civic Waste Management.................................................................................................. 47 Road Cleaning Legislation ............................................................................................... 48 CEU eTD Collection Water Legislation ............................................................................................................. 51 Specific Waste-Legislation .............................................................................................. 53 Latrine Legislation ........................................................................................................... 54 Legislating Animals in the City ....................................................................................... 56 3 Enforcement ....................................................................................................................... 62 Court Records .................................................................................................................... 63 Public Services .................................................................................................................... 64 Lack of Public Garbage Services ..................................................................................... 64 Lack of Public Latrines .................................................................................................... 67 City Fresh Water Services ............................................................................................... 67 Why Did Krakow Have Such Poor Waste Management? ............................................. 71 Sixteenth Century: Improved Sanitation?....................................................................... 75 Chapter 2 - Industrial Pollution ........................................................................................... 77 Industrial Pollution in Krakow......................................................................................... 78 Metallurgy .......................................................................................................................... 81 Medieval Perception of Metallurgic Pollution ................................................................. 81 Modern Assessment of Medieval Metallurgic Pollution ................................................. 83 The Wider Ramifications of Krakow’s Medieval Industrial Pollution ............................ 89 City Management of the Metallurgic Guilds ................................................................... 92 Tanning ............................................................................................................................... 96 Red and White Tanners .................................................................................................... 97 Furriers ........................................................................................................................... 100 CEU eTD Collection City Management of the Tanning Trades ..................................................................... 102 The Meat Processing Trades ........................................................................................... 104 Butchering ...................................................................................................................
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