An Engineering and Economic Study of a Vehicular Crossing Between Hong Kong and Kowloon
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An engineering and economic study of a vehicular crossing between Hong Kong and Kowloon Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic); maps Authors Chung, Po-han, 1931- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 27/09/2021 19:52:33 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/551654 AN ENGINEERING AND ECONOMIC STUDY OF A VEHICULAR CROSSING BETWEEN HONG KONG AND KOWLOON by Po-Han Chung A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 19 6 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of re quirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in The University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in their judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of schol arship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED: APPROVAL BY THESIS DIRECTOR This thesis has been approved on the date shown below: ii / ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to make a comparison between a tunnel and a bridge as a harbor crossing facility between Hong Kong Island and Kowloon City from a transportation planning point of view. The scope of this study is limited to: 1. Analysis of past and current cross-harbor traffic volume by ferry from which the selected design-year 1980 traffic volume may be estimated, based on vehicle crossing data available to the writer, and on the concept of traffic generation developed from selected similar facilities in the United States. 2. The selection of the most feasible crossing locations and approaches for both tunnel and bridge based on the writer’s knowledge of land uses and land values. 3. The selection of a tunnel, or a bridge, based on economic analyses for both types of facilities using data reported for similar types of crossings in the United States as the basis for cost estimates. The selection of the type of a facility is.based on a compari son of the advantages and disadvantages of bridge vs. tunnel, and on the tolls required to earn sufficient revenue to cover the costs of operation, maintenance, and debt retirement. Before final determina tion, further considerations are given to: (1) special abutment device iii to protect bridge piers from drifting ships during typhoons, (2) the obstructing effect of bridge towers to the air traffic pattern at the nearby airport, and (3) the development of a double-deck bridge design in the future beyond the year 1980. c o n t e n t s Page No. Introduction 1 1-1 General Comments ............................ 1 1-2 Purpose of Study .......... .. 2 1-3 Scope, of Study . v ............ .. 2 I- 4 ; - Summary of Findings from Previous Studies 2 C'v;: Procedures . ,;;v\ .• ; .......... .. 5 II- l Selection of Design Y e a r ............. , 5 11-2;.;':Establishing the Trend for Vehicle Crossings . 5 1. History of Population . 5. 2. .Automobile Ownership . .- • 5 ■: 3. Vehicle Crossings by Ferry 6 4. Trends of-Related Factors . .. 6 ■ H-3'.'?'Forecasting Total Annual Vehicle Crossings . , \ 6 ■ M. ;: "i ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ : \ - IIr4-$(Selecting Design Criteria, for Bridge Or Tunnel 7 ' • ’ .■ .':V/ :;vy: l - Alignment and. Grade. ..... i ' . 7 - / v ■: ■ ■ 9 Lane Capajcity .......... .. v 7 . : v -a Clearance :and Depth of Cover . ; . ; 7 ■ ■ ; M 4. Cost Data ............ C .. .. 7 . •... ' s 'V -KO 5. Selection of.Type.of Facility . 8 . " ■ ■; .f III.; ' Presentation of Dat# '.; ; .......... .... ;. 9 III-l Population ; , ' . 9 Ill-2 Vehicle Registration and Automobile Ownership ; 9 v Page III-3 Vehicle Crossings .................................. 9 III-4 Related Economic D a t a ........... 10 III- 5 Design Data ... .................................... 10 HI-6 Unit Prices and Operating Cost D a t a ... 12 IV. Analyses of Data ............................. 35 IV- 1 Establishing the Design Year . ....... 35 IV-2 Establishing the Trend for Vehicle Crossings .... 35 1. Population Growth Projected to Design Year . 35 2. Automobile Ownership Projected to Design Year . 36 3. Vehicle Crossings by Ferry Projected to Design Year 37 4. Trends of Related Economic Factors ....... 37 , 5. Relationship Between Population, Vehicle Ownership, Vehicle Crossings, and the Related Economic Factors 38 ; 6. Vehicle Crossings by Bridge or Tunnel Projected to Design Y e a r ................ ................ 39 IV-3 Estimate of Traffic Lanes Required by 1980 ..... 41 1. Assumptions . ................. .. 41 2. Estimate . ... .. 41 IV-4 Estimate of Toll Lanes Required by 1980 ....... 42 V. Design For Tunnel and Bridge ............... 44 V-l Assumptions and Concepts of Selecting Locations . 44 1. Assumptions . .................. 44 2. Concepts of Selecting Locations .... ........ 45 V-2 Design for Tunnel ..................... 46 1. Design for G r a d e .............................. 46 2. Design for Approach ............................. 47 vi Page V<*3 ' Design for Bridge . 51 : , 1. Design for Grade. :. 51 2. Design for Approach .. 52 VI. Comparative Cost Analysis ... 54 . VI-1 Total Initial Cost of Facility . 54 - \ 1. Assumptions . 54 V 2. Estimate Cost for Tunnel. 54 Estimate Cost for Bridge . 55 ■ ' 3. ' ' - ‘ V : " • • VI-2 Annual Operating Expended . 55 . Establishing"Annual Cost for Tunnel . .. , 55 Establishing Annual Cost for Bridge .. 57 - : •■■■?■ VI”3.Establishing, Tolls for Retiring Indebtedness and Maintaining Facility. %. '.W; ........ 59 1. Establishing Tolls for Tunnel . 59 . Establishing Tolls for Bridge . 60 VII. Conclusion and Discussion of Limitations 68 . VII-1 Comparison . 68 VII-2 Conclusion . ............ .. 72 V1I-3 Limitations- in the Study and Design . ... ., . 72 VIII. Recommendations for Further Study ........ 75 IX. List of References . '. :.............. .. • • 76 X. Appendices .... ................... • • 78 vii LIST OF TABLES Page No Table 1-1 Area and Population of Hong K o n g ................ 1 Table Hl-l.'a. Annual Population (1920-1962) Hong Kong-Kowloon Study Area . ..................................... 15 Table XIX-2.a Annual Vehicle Registration, Hong Kong-Kowloon . 18 Table XXX-3.a Annual Vehicle Crossings Data (1948-1962) Hong Kong- Kowloon, Study A r e a .............................. 20 Table XXX-3.b Adjustment for Traffic Generation ......... 21 Table XXX-4.a Related Economic Data, Hong Kong-Kowloon ..... 25 Table XXX-5.a Traffic Generation on Selected Toll Crossing . 26 Table XXX-5.b Comparison of Some Physical Characteristics of Selected Crossings ...................... .... 27 Table XXX-5.c Selected Toll Booths Design Criteria ............. 29 Table XXX-5.d Comparison of Vertical Clearance and Channel Span From Selected Bridges ........... 30 Table XXX-6.a Tunnel Unit Price Comparison ........ ...... 32 Table XXX-6.b Comparison of Unit Price and Adjusted for ENR Index for Selected Bridges . ............ 33 Table XXX-6.c Comparison of Estimates for Operating Expenses From Selected Crossings.................... 34 Table VX7I Schedule of Estimated Annual Operating Cost for Tunnel ........................................... 57 Table VX-2 Schedule of Estimated Annual Operating Cost for Bridge ..................... ............... 58 Table VI-3 Estimate of Tolls for Tunnel ................... 62 Table VX-4 Estimate of Tolls for Tunnel and Bridge ...... 64 Table VI-5 Estimate of Tolls for B r i d g e ................ 66 viii Appendix Page No Table III-l.A.a Least Squares Analysis of Population Data . 79 Table III-2.A.a Least Squares Analysis of Vehicle Registration D a t a .......................... .............. 82 Table III-3.A.a Least Squares Analysis of Vehicle Crossing Data . 84 Table III-3.A.b Adjustments for Traffic Generation ............ 86 ix LIST OF FIGURES Page No. Fig. XIX-1.a Population Growth (1920-1980) Hong Kong-Kowloon, Study A r e a ............................ ............ 17 Fig. III-2.a Vehicle Registration (1946-1980) Hong Kong-Kowloon, Study A r e a .......................... 19 Fig. III-3.a Vehicle Crossings (1948-1980) Hong Kong-Kowloon, Study Area. Ferry Operation o n l y .................. 22 Fig. XXX-3.b Project for Vehicle Crossings, Adjusted for Traffic Generation Resulting from a Bridge or Tunnel .... 23 Fig. Ill-4.a Related Economic Factors, Hong Kong-Kowloon, Study A r e a .................................. .. 24 Fig. Ill-*5.a Hong Kong Harbour Cross Section Between Navy Dockyard and Canton-Kowloon Railway Station at the Proposed Tunnel Location . .................. 31 Fig. V-l.a Tunnel Vertical Alignment .......................... 48 Fig. V-2.a Approach Roads for the Proposed Bridge and Tunnel Locations, Hong Kong S i d e ............ .. 49 Fig. V-2.b Approach Roads for the Proposed Bridge and Tunnel Locations, Kowloon Side .... ....................... 50 Fig. V-3.a Bridge Vertical Alignment .......................