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Eco-Efficient Solutions for China's Urbanization. Guidebook

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Eco-Efficient Solutions for China's Urbanization. Guidebook VTT TECHNOLOGY 105 NOL CH OG E Y T • • R E E C S N E E A I 105 R C C S H • S H N I G O I H S L I I V G • H S T Eco-efficient solutions for China´s urbanization. Guidebook Eco-efficient solutions for China’s urbanization Guidebook Satu Paiho | Salla Palos | Miimu Airaksinen | Mia Ala-Juusela | Guangyu Cao | Ismo Heimonen | Ha Hoang | Riikka Holopainen ISBN 978-951-38-7993-8 (URL: http://www.vtt.fi/publications/index.jsp) | Antti Knuuti | Mari Sepponen | Terttu Vainio | Teemu Vesanen | ISSN-L 2242-1211 ISSN 2242-122X (Online) Mikko Virtanen | Jyri Nieminen VTT TECHNOLOGY 105 Eco-efficient solutions for China’s urbanization Guidebook Satu Paiho, Salla Palos, Miimu Airaksinen, Mia Ala-Juusela, Guangyu Cao, Ismo Heimonen, Ha Hoang, Riikka Holopainen, Antti Knuuti, Mari Sepponen, Terttu Vainio, Teemu Vesanen & Mikko Virtanen VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Jyri Nieminen Finnmap Consulting ISBN 978-951-38-7993-8 (URL: http://www.vtt.fi/publications/index.jsp) VTT Technology 105 ISSN-L 2242-1211 ISSN 2242-122X (Online) Copyright © VTT 2013 JULKAISIJA – UTGIVARE – PUBLISHER VTT PL 1000 (Tekniikantie 4 A, Espoo) 02044 VTT Puh. 020 722 111, faksi 020 722 7001 VTT PB 1000 (Teknikvägen 4 A, Esbo) FI-02044 VTT Tfn +358 20 722 111, telefax +358 20 722 7001 VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland P.O. Box 1000 (Tekniikantie 4 A, Espoo) FI-02044 VTT, Finland Tel. +358 20 722 111, fax +358 20 722 7001 Technical editing Anni Repo 2 Eco-efficient solutions for China’s urbanization Guidebook Ekotehokkaat ratkaisut Kiinan kaupungistumiseen – Opas. Satu Paiho, Salla Palos, Miimu Airaksinen, Mia Ala-Juusela, Guangyu Cao, Ismo Heimonen, Ha Hoang, Riikka Holopainen, Antti Knuuti, Mari Sepponen, Terttu Vainio, Teemu Vesanen, Mikko Virtanen & Jyri Nieminen. Espoo 2013. VTT Technology 105. 176 p. Abstract China is one of the largest economies in the world and also one of the world’s biggest energy consumers. China is a big country, with five major climates requiring different building and building energy solutions. In addition, China’s urbanisation rate is over 40%. It is estimated that the proportion of urban dwellers out of the whole population will be about 70% by the end of 2030. The EESCU project (Eco-efficient Solutions for China’s Urbanization) aimed at building the theoretical and practical bases in order to support the implementation of the Finnish eco-efficient solutions and concepts in Chinese markets. This is the final report of the project which summarizes the main results. The project started with an inventory phase focusing on basic building energy- related issues in China. These covered urbanisation, climate regions, energy regulations and current building energy consumption values based on the available statistics and literature. The total energy consumption in 2009 was 3 billion tons of standard coal. The project had three main research sections, namely “Zero Energy Buildings”, “Regional Energy Solutions” and “Energy Renovations of Existing Buildings”. All these sections consisted of theoretical sections, concept developments and examples from both Finland and China. In addition, building commissioning in China was discussed, pilots and show cases from real buildings were reported and business-related topics covered. In “Zero Energy Buildings”, the concept of net zero energy buildings was first specified, providing a definition of zero energy building, energy use and supply mismatch, and explaining the differences between the cold climate zero energy concept and the warm climate zero energy concept. After the concept overview, examples of zero energy buildings were presented from Europe and China. Then, the low-exergy principle referring to the quality of energy was discussed with examples. In “Regional Energy Solutions”, the system selection and performance evaluation principle was introduced first. This was followed by the design guidelines for district energy systems and the principles of a district energy system concept. In this study, the main emphasis was on renewable energy production technologies and, therefore, their basic production means were also discussed. Renewable energy solutions often require some energy storage solutions as well, so the basic means were also covered. This section ended with case study examples. 3 Building renovation is rare in China. The real average life span of China’s residential buildings is only 25 to 30 years. For non-residential buildings, it is often even shorter. The factors affecting the low renovation rate and the renovation process have been discussed and then energy-efficient and modular technologies for building renovation have been reported. Keywords Eco efficiency, China, urbanisation, pilot project 4 Ekotehokkaat ratkaisut Kiinan kaupungistumiseen Opas Eco-efficient solutions for China’s urbanization – Guidebook. Satu Paiho, Salla Palos, Miimu Airaksinen, Mia Ala-Juusela, Guangyu Cao, Ismo Heimonen, Ha Hoang, Riikka Holopainen, Antti Knuuti, Mari Sepponen, Terttu Vainio, Teemu Vesanen, Mikko Virtanen & Jyri Nieminen. Espoo 2013. VTT Technology 105. 176 s. Tiivistelmä Kiina on yksi maailman suurimmista talouksista ja energian kuluttajista. Kiina on suuri maa, jossa on viisi merkittävää ilmastovyöhykettä. Erilaiset ilmastovyöhykkeet vaativat erityyppisiä rakennuksia ja rakennusten energiaratkaisuja. Kiinan kaupungistumisvauhti on yli 40 %. On arvioitu, että kaupunkilaisten osuus koko väestöstä on noin 70 % vuoden 2030 loppuun mennessä. EESCU-projektin (Eco-efficient Solutions for China’s Urbanization) tavoitteena oli rakentaa teoreettiset ja käytännön lähtökohdat suomalaisten ekotehokkaiden ratkaisujen ja konseptien viennille kiinalaisille markkinoille. Tämä on EESCU-projektin loppuraportti, joka tiivistää tutkimushankkeen päätulokset. Projekti alkoi inventaariovaiheella, joka keskittyi tavanomaisiin rakentamisen energiaan liittyviin asioihin Kiinassa. Inventaariovaihe kattoi kaupungistumisen, ilmastovyöhykkeet, energian säännöstelyt sekä nykyisen rakennuskannan energiankulutuksen perustuen saatavilla olevaan tilastotietoon ja kirjallisuuteen. Vuonna 2009 Kiinan energiantuotanto kulutti 3 miljardia tonnia hiiltä. EESCU-projektilla oli kolme pääasiallista tutkimusosuutta: ”Zero Energy Buildings” (nollaenergiatalot), ”Regional Energy Solutions” (alueelliset energiaratkaisut) ja ”Energy Renovations of Existing Buildings” (olemassa olevien rakennusten energiakorjaukset). Kaikki osuudet koostuvat teoriasta, konseptien kehittämisestä sekä esimerkeistä Suomesta ja Kiinasta. Lisäksi selvitettiin rakennuttamisen käytännöt Kiinassa, esiteltiin pilotti- ja portfolioprojektit toteutetuista kohteista sekä raportoitiin yritystoimintaan liittyviä aiheita. Luvussa ”Zero Energy Buildings” määritellään aluksi nollaenergiatalojen konsepti. Luvussa selitetään käsite nollaenergiatalo, käsitellään energiankäytön ja tuotannon epäsuhtaa sekä selitetään eroja kylmän ilmastovyöhykkeen ja lämpimän ilmastovyöhykkeen konseptien välillä. Konseptien yleiskäsittelyn jälkeen esitellään esimerkkejä toteutetuista nollaenergiataloista Euroopassa ja Kiinassa. Luvun lopuksi selitetään case-esimerkein matalaexergia-periaatetta, jolla viitataan energian laatuun. Luvussa ”Regional Energy Solutions” käsitellään aluksi järjestelmän valinta ja suorituskyvyn arviointiperiaate. Tämän jälkeen selitetään suunnittelun suuntaviivat alueellisille energiajärjestelmille ja käsitteen alueellinen energiajärjestelmä periaatteet. Tutkimuksen pääpaino on uusiutuvissa energiantuotantoteknologioissa. Siksi luvussa käsitellään uusiutuvien energiatuotantoteknologioiden bruttotuotantoa. Luvussa selitetään myös uusiutuvilla energiaratkaisuilla tuotetun energian varastointia. Luku päättyy case- esimerkkeihin. 5 Korjausrakentaminen on harvinaista Kiinassa. Kiinalaisten asuinrakennusten todellinen keskimääräinen käyttöikä on vain 25–30 vuotta. Muilla kuin asuinrakennuksilla se on vielä alhaisempi. Julkaisussa käsitellään korjausrakentamisen vähäisen määrän ja korjausrakennusprosessin syitä. Lopuksi esitellään energiaa säästäviä ja modulaarisen rakentamisen teknologioita korjausrakentamisessa. Avainsanat Eco efficiency, China, urbanisation, pilot project 6 Preface Nowadays China is experiencing the world’s most extensive urbanisation. It seems obvious that the population in rural areas will show a marked decrease by 2030. Urbanization has stimulated rapid economic growth. For the past 20 years, building energy consumption in China has been increasing at more than 10% a year. In 1996 building stocks accounted for about 24.1% of total national energy use, rising to about 27.5% in 2001, and were projected to increase to about 35% in 2020. Although carbon emissions per capita in China are low, its total emissions are second only to the US. Residential buildings constructed after 2000 will account for half of the existing civil buildings by 2015. About 70–80 million m2 of new inefficient residential and office buildings will be built each year. The EESCU project (Eco-efficient Solutions for China’s Urbanization) is aimed at building theoretical and practical foundations for eco-efficient solutions to support the implementation of the Finnish concept of High-Tech EcoCity by utilizing and developing the social platform established in VTT’s earlier China- related projects. The main research contribution to the project was made by the VTT researchers. In addition, some Chinese input – mainly in joint meetings – was provided by Tongji University, from Dalian University of Technology (DUT) and from Shenyang Jianzhu University (SJZU). The project
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