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Enhancing the Liveability and Resilience of Multi-Unit Residential Buildings (MURBs) MURB DESIGN GUIDE VERSION 2.0, FEBRUARY 2019 BY: TED KESIK, UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIAM O’BRIEN, CARLETON UNIVERSITY TERRI PETERS, RYERSON UNIVERSITY CONTRIBUTIONS BY: AYLIN OZKAN CRAIG BROWN AMANDA CHONG ANAMARIJA KOROLJ NADIA PULEZ SPONSORS: D AN MINISTRY OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IELS U OF T MURB Design Guide ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This design guide was made possible through the dedicated contributions of the individuals acknowledged herein, and by funding from public agencies. We gratefully acknowledge the financial support of BC Housing, through its Building Excellence Research and Education Grants Program, as well as the Ontario Ministry of Research and Innovation. DISCLAIMER The information presented in this publication is intended to provide guidance to knowledgeable industry professionals experienced in the design of multi-unit residential buildings. It remains the sole responsibility of the designers, constructors and authorities having jurisdiction that all work performed conforms to applicable code and standards, and adheres to sound building science principles. This guide is not a substitute for prudent professional practice and due diligence. References to external organizations, agencies, web sites and publications, and the provision of downloadable reference materials, do not constitute an endorsement of any of these sources of information. While care has been taken to ensure the accuracy of information presented herein, this publication is intended solely as a document of building science and architectural intent. The authors, contributors and sponsors assume no responsibility for consequential loss, errors or omissions resulting from the information contained herein. The views expressed in this guide are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the contributors and sponsors. 2 ENHANCING THE LIVABILITY AND RESILIENCE OF MULTI-UNIT RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS | MURB DESIGN GUIDE | VERSION 2.0 FEBRUARY 2019 Key Messages This publication is intended to serve as a framework guiding the design of multi-unit residential buildings in a Canadian climate, specifically mid-rise and high-rise housing HOW TO USE typologies. It is aimed primarily at practicing architects and engineers, but it can also MULTI-UNIT RESIDENTIAL BUILDING (MURB) be helpful for anyone interested in MURB design. In-depth reference materials may be THIS GUIDE downloaded to gain further insights beyond what is presented in this Guide. DESIGN GUIDE Overview MURB Design Basics Livability – Access to light and air, thermal comfort, accessibility, utility, amenity, privacy, safety and security. Sustainability/Resilience – Massing, structure, enclosure, flexibility, adaptability, materiality, serviceability. Civility – Street interface, impact on surroundings, indoor/outdoor connectivity, focus on pedestrians. Rules of Thumb for MURB Design The Building as a System, Overview and Rules of Thumb establish the Passive Systems Design and context for MURB design within this Guide, Active Systems Design Building as a System identifying common performance problems form the basis of integrative Passive versus Active Systems – Privilege passive systems to provide primary performance supplemented as and better practice opportunities. MURB design in this Guide. minimally as possible by active systems. Building Systems Integration – Massing, structure, enclosure, flexibility, adaptability, materiality, serviceability. Inhabitant Choice versus Automated Control – Manual override for all key functions, minimal and simple controls. The Building Thermal Comfort, Resilience Measures Passive Systems Design Daylighting and IAQ As a System Resilience measures beyond Enclosure – Rain control and moisture management, effective thermal resistance, thermal bridging, window-to-wall ratio, Strategies for enhancing thermal minimum code requirements airtightness, compartmentalization. comfort, daylighting and indoor for health and safety reinforce air quality (IAQ) are advanced with integrative design solutions. Materials – Durability, useful service life, ecological footprint (embodied energy and environmental impacts), material efficiency Aesthetics, design iterations. (reduce/reuse/recycle), no adverse health effects for inhabitants or workers. Thermal Comfort, Daylighting, IAQ, Site & Landscape – Stormwater management, plantings, accessibility, outdoor comfort and amenity. Energy Efficiency, Resilience / Active Systems Design Passive Active Sustainability HVAC Systems – Individualized heating, ventilating and air-conditioning for suites, sub-metering. Systems Systems Design Design Renewable Energy – Solar thermal domestic water heating, green power purchasing. Emergency Power – Combined heat and power (CHP) and/emergency storage. Commissioning Commissioning Commissioning Plan – Owner’s project requirements, performance targets, mock-ups, agents/consultants. Commissioning ensures that the intended quality and performance are achieved and Review, Inspection, Testing – Peer review of details and specifications, quality assurance program, field testing. maintained after design and construction. Operations and Maintenance – Project documents, equipment manuals, warranties, operations and maintenance schedules. Post-Occupancy Evaluation Post-Occupancy Evaluations Measurement and Verification – Thermography, airtightness testing, energy and water consumption, Post-occupancy evaluations are vital temperatures and thermal comfort. feedback loop informing future design and engaging inhabitants to live responsibly. Occupant Survey – Comfort, convenience, cleanliness, privacy, etc. Inhabitant Engagement – Information dissemination, feedback mechanisms, social events/initiatives. 3 ENHANCING THE LIVABILITY AND RESILIENCE OF MULTI-UNIT RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS | MURB DESIGN GUIDE | VERSION 2.0 FEBRUARY 2019 This design guide is aimed at design professionals such as planners, architects and NAVIGATING THIS engineers, but may also provide helpful insights to legislators and policy makers wishing to improve the performance of MURBs. It may also serve as an educational resource in MURB DESIGN GUIDE professional programs of architecture, planning and urban design. How to Use This Guide The approach adopted within this guide is to provide users with a Knowledge Map (Metadata) Structure • Intended primarily as a digital desktop reference document “knowledge map” of the field of performative multi-unit residential building MURB • Digital guide is structured as a cognitive framework design to help them navigate more integrative solutions. This digital guide DESIGN • Focus is on energy efficiency, comfort and resilience (including document in .pdf format represents a cognitive framework that outlines GUIDE durability) the key considerations in the development of efficient, comfortable and • Knowledge map connects users to external sources of resilient multi-unit residential buildings in a Canadian context. This guide information contains hyperlinks to a downloadable digital archive that contains USER KNOWLEDGE detailed and in-depth information in the form of journal articles, technical FEEDBACK STRUCTURE studies, design guides, and literature reviews about specialized topics (Adaptation & MURB DESIGN (Metadata) related to MURBs. Evolution) KNOWLEDGE Use download icon to access digital archive Users are encouraged to take a tour of this entire document and then to MANAGEMENT selectively access knowledge and information resources according to their CYCLE Downloadable Digital Archive needs and interests. Feedback from users is welcome and encouraged. • Case Studies DIGITAL • Technical Reports ARCHIVE KNOWLEDGE • Design Guides (Reference BASE • Journal Papers and Articles & Learning (Heuristics) • Best Practices Resources) The initial research project supporting this publication is intended to establish a knowledge base for a MURB design guide that can evolve, adapt and grow based on user feedback and innovation. 4 ENHANCING THE LIVABILITY AND RESILIENCE OF MULTI-UNIT RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS | MURB DESIGN GUIDE | VERSION 2.0 FEBRUARY 2019 DOWNLOADS KNOWLEDGE MAP Scale / Typology Massing Orientation Rules of Thumb for Structure MURB Design Toronto Condo MURB Design Healthy MURB Design Units Guides Projects Survey Communities MURB Design Guide Materials Enhancing the Livability and Resilience of Access / Streets Multi-Unit Residential Buildings (MURBs) Indoor / Outdoor Connectivity The Building Passive vs. Active Systems Building Science Building System ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS as a System Building Systems Integration Basics Performance HOW TO USE THIS GUIDE Rain Control, Air Leakage and Moisture Management Thermal Control Passive Systems Thermal Persistence Building Thermal MURB Energy Daylighting Natural Design Recommended Levels of Thermal Insulation Enclosure Bridging Efficiency Ventilation OVERVIEW Daylighting Design Natural Ventilation HVAC System Considerations Mechanical Ventilation Strategies Active Systems MURB Ventilation MURB HVAC Individual vs. Central HVAC Systems & Indoor Air Technology Design Operability and Controls Quality HVAC System Energy Sources Thermal Comfort Daylighting Factors Affecting Thermal Comfort Thermal Comfort Discomfort from Wall and Window Surfaces Thermal Comfort Discomfort from Floors in Housing Discomfort from Solar Radiation Occupant Comfort Software Tools Resilience and Integrative Design Resilience Strategies Resilience Integration of Resilience Strategies MURB & Combine Heat
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