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22 016 457 a Navigation Compendium. Wised Edition DOCUMINT 222012 ID 292 099 22 016 457 TITL! A Navigation Compendium. Wised Edition. INSTITUTION Naval Training Command, Pensacola, Fla.; Naval Training Publications Detachment, Washington, D.C. REPORT WO NAVTRA-10424-A PUB DATE 72 NOTE 207p. AVAILABLE PROMSuperintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 20420 (Stock No. 0502-052-4710; no price quoted) !DRS PRICE NP-$0.75 HC-510.20 PLUS POSTAGE DESCRIPTORS Electronics; Instruction; *Instructional Materials; *Navigation; *Oceanology; Physics; Science Education; Teaching Guides; *Technical Education IDENTIFIERS Navy ABSTRACT This unit of instruction was prepared for use in navigation study at the Officer Candidate School, the various Naval ROTC Units, and within the fleet. It is considered a naval text. It covers a wide and expanding subject area with brevity. Basic and elementary navigational terms and instruments are presented and described. The use of charts and publications which constitute a source of information which the navigator constantly uses are presented in detail. Such topics as tides and currents, basic and advanced electronic navigation systems, nautical astronomy, time and timepieces, sight reduction and celestial computations are included in +he program. The appendixes include nautical charts, useful physical laws and trigonometric functions, extracts from various publications, and various forms of instruction from navigation workbooks. (!B) A NAVIGATION COMPENDIUM ki-A&_11 w \ s-. ,ss 41 .._.... 1 111 0 ,,, ....,,- ..... .,,.....,. ... ... ,1,1 CA .. A Prepared by NAVAL TRAINING COMMAND NAVTRA 10494A 1972 THE OCEAN: HIGHWAY OF ALL NATIONS 41111 Vg ivillreh S lb VI! , i , 1 _, 1 . o '' Tell tett tAinNr-.a e,. VN: ., 7'. Pk Y,;:, ' W: rt: ' 'ta01 . i'' .,11 \ `I , ,- ", 0414 4 tt: - ,.4 .1................. wale fo. _01111.1111 !tie S. Painted 1)Eduan! .111,ran STOCK ORDERING NUMBER 0502 -052 -4110 CR!DITS Source Lag Used by permission from United 2-1, 3-19, 9-14, 8-118-9, 8-6,9-1 States Naval Institute, Dutton's Navigation and Piloting, 12th Edition, 1969 Sperry Rand Corp, 2-6, 3-5 PREFACE This Compendium has been prepared for use in Navigatitm study at the Officer Candidate School, the various Naval ROTC Units, and within the fleet. Originally prepared and used by CAPT H. 1i. Moore, USN (rd.) when tin instructor in the grade of LT at the Officer Candidate School, then published as a commercial text, it isnow in a second edition as a naval text. The matee.al presented is intendett to provide the essentials tothe practice of gation. Accordingly, the Compendium coversa wide and expanding sui)ject area with brevity. This publcation has been prepared for printing by the Naval Training Publicationti Detachment, Washington, D. C,, for the Chiefof Naval Training, Published by NAVAL TRAINING COMMAND First edition 1966 Revised 1972 UNITED STATES GOVERNNIENT PRINTING 01,11C WASIIIN(T()N, 1). C.: 1972 THE UNITED STATES NAVY GUARDIAN OF OUR COUNTRY The United States Navy is responsible for maintaining control of the sea and is a ready force on watch at home and overseas, capable of strong action to preserve the peace or of instant offensive action to win in war. It is upon the maintenance of this control that our country's glorious future depends; the United States Navy exists to make it so. WE SERVE WITH HONOR Tradition, valor, and victory are the Navy's heritage from the past, To these may be added dedication, discipline, and vigilance as the watchwords of the present and the future. At home or on distant stations we serve with pride, confident in the respect of our country, our shipmates, and our families. Our responsibilities sober us; our adversities strengthen us. Service to God and Country is our special privilege. We serve with honor. THE FUTURE OF THE NAVY The Navy will always employ new weapons, new techniques, and greater power to protect and defend the United States on the sea, under the sea, anti in the air. Now and in the future, control of the sea gives the United States her greatest advantage for the maintenance of peace and for victory in war. Mobility, surprise, dispersal, and offensive power are the keynotes of the new Navy. The roots of the Navy lie in a strong belief in the future, in continued dedication to our tasks, and in reflection on our heritage from the past. Never have our opportunities and our responsibilities been greater. ii CONTENTS CHAPTERS AND SECTIONS PAGE 1 INTRODUCTION TO NAVIGATION 101Navigation Defined,................ 1 102 Basic Definitions....swiss's.... 1 103 Direction, a.m... , .... 3 104 Basic Units,, , 3 2 THE COMPASS 4 201Introduction... ............ .... 4 202 Magnetism ,................ 4 203Earth's Magnetism , .1.......... 4 204Variation and Deviation ,,,,,,, ., 6 205 Compass Designationwit...is.... 6 206 Compass Nomenclature,............. 6 207Limitations..... , 8 208 Compass Error , ...... 9 209 Compass Correction, OOOOOOOOOOOOOOO, 10 210Swinging Ship.......... OOOOOOOOO 10 211Practical Compass Adjustment....,,,.,. 10 212 TheGyrocompass................. 11 213Principles of Gyrocompass Operation 11 214 Comparison of Gyrocompass and Magnetic Compass 12 215Gyro Error a 12 216Gyro Systems 14 217The Gyro Repeater i 14 3 NAVIGATIONAL INSTRUMENTS 15 301General 15 302Bearing Taking Devices 15 303Speed Measuring Devices 16 304 Automatic Dead Reckoning Equipment 19 305Short Range Measuring Instruments 20 306Depth Measuring Devices 21 307Electronic Instruments 22 308Celestial Navigation Instruments 23 309Timepieces 24 310Plotting Instruments 25 311. Weather Instruments 27 312Miscellaneous Instruments 28 iii ensidvito arm smoume 10Vd MO OJAI CINV SMOLI,V011efld 11911111111111111111 65 uononpoalut ....... 68 COP Ann 14.M10 5 seeseeeseeses e 65 COP aolicam uonovioad ............... 65 POP laMcild Illene ............... IC 90P muotuoup um:woad CC SOP nicki WOW 22C1400241 e see.. lose sees ' et LOP opoo uenooreld sew. RO, egli°211°3 I UMIDIMNP pat o9 ore se. 60? IMMO GUILITIMad PUS UMII°94"0 See 99 OTf antip itountoov III II II III II lb II . 69 tn, an" Impute 69 riv guonioncmd ........ 1111..... 69 9 .................szNammoaNvssau to, /02 gOnonposvn lb II II II Cf opm 5, ipopmeru ................ C, P09 ,f 909 ................esuejtanomu 909 ppm lugarno germ 2, /an uomzepleuo0 ;co elm pug wo,,txu0 Lf 9 avsa Damon t09 uononporm ........... 99, 009 loldeu 9P 909 09, 1, 01111.01Id ................. t9 T01, uononpolluI OOOOOOOOOOOOOOO . 19 501, 111041 3o uonTsod 19 90k 19 101, SunoeTeS exretupuirT . 59 901, otnniO uT iliroduzoo Jozas Eg 901, &mum gem 000000000 ........ Eg Lot gegiormads ................ 99 901, &Munn xTig fuchus 99 001, pellulTigS uoragod 99 otk eaxT3 it4 mum* lu ***** 99 tu zearea siluTreog Txre Jelluva aoT2tuv *** gu reopon sonsTaelovreqo IT 211110nd 311011111011 69 5T1, uoToTouxcl SuTzououv 09 pu actor's E9 T 9 940;1 C9 9T1, Alwas. Jo glom ******** C9 1,T1, Suroweact BuTITTSTs p a ltIBT'l °°°°° o 99 Ent, 1041 0.10409S 99 su ZuTaios 'Too*" 99 T A CHAPTERS AND SECTIONS PAGE 8 BASIC ELECTRONIC NAVIGATION SYSTEMS.. 66 801Gimeral . ............... .a .66 802MarineRada:monseseese II 66 803Radio Direction Finder esseesseese.s 66 804Radar was .s 67 805Advantages and Limitations ofRadi;r,6 geese67 808Accuracy of Radar . .. eases68 807Radar Fixessees . sees 68 808Virtual PPI Refleotosoope (VPR) . 6d 809Radar Beacons. 69 810TI__ can _ _ ................eeeee se69 811Shoran, . 69 812Sonar ,............... sees.e 69 813Loran . 69 814Theory of Loran-A Operation ,, .,. 70 815Loran-,1 Interference .. ... 72 816Advantages and Limitations of Loran-A . 73 817Loran-A Charts 73 818Loran-A Operation. ,,, 74 819Loran-C 76 820Decoa 76 9 ADVANCED ELECTRONIC NAVIGATION SYSTEMS, 78 901General .. 11111111110 0 90000111111111111111. 78 902Ratan ,.....www..... .78 903Eaydist . 78 904Loran-D. .. 79 905C0111301 .s 79 906Conealan. ............ 79 907omega.............. 79 908satellite Navigation (NAVSAT) ... .... 80 909Inertial Navigation.. .... w .. .83 91f,, Acoustic Doppler Navigation .. ...... so84 10 NAUTICAL ASTRONOMY ....sm.'s. 85 1001Astronomy..... ...... 85 1002Universe in Motion 85 1003Celestial Sphere Concept 87 1004Time Diagram 89 1005Horizon System of Coordinates 89 1006Astronomical Triangle 91 1007Special Celestial Relationships. .. 91 11 TIME 94 1101Introduction 94 1102Time Measurement 94 1103Solar Time 94 1104Time and Arc 97 1105Sidereal Time 97 1106Timepieces 98 V CHAPTERS AND SECTIONS PAGE 12 SIGHT REDUCTION 100 1201Introduction 100 1202Marine Sextant 101 1203 Correcting Sextant Altitudes 103 1204Finding Greenwich Hour Angle and Meridian Angle 106 1205Finding Declination 108 1206 GHA and Declination by Air Almanac 108 1207Solution of the Astronomical Triangle by H.O. 214 109 1208Plotting the Celestial Fix 112 1209Sight Reduction by H.O. 249 113 1210Sight Reduction by MO. 229 114 1211Sight Reduction by H.O. 211 116 13 OTHER CELESTIAL COMPUTATIONS 117 1301Introduction 117 1302Latitude by Meridian Sight 117 1303 Computing Zone Time of Local Apparent Noon (LAN) 119 1304Latitude by Polaris 120 1305Sunrise, Moonrise, and Twilight 122 1306Star Identification' 123 1307 Azimuth of the Sun 127 1308 Azimuth by Polaris 129 14 DUTIES OF THE NAVIGATOR 130 1401Introduction 130 1403Detailed Duties 130 1403Leaving and Entering Port 131 1404Coastal Piloting 133 1405Navigation at Sea. 134 1406Preparation of the Position Report 134 1407Life Boat Navigation 135 APPENDICES 138 INDEX 194 vi CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO NAVIGATION 101. NAVIGATION DEFINED PILOTING. A near-shore navigation method by which the movements of
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