DOCSLIB.ORG

Different Techniques for Analysis of Aspirin, Caffeine, Diclofenac Sodium and Paracetamol: Review Article

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Different Techniques for Analysis of Aspirin, Caffeine, Diclofenac Sodium and Paracetamol: Review Article ISSN 2692-4374 Pharmaceutical Sciences | Review Article Different techniques for Analysis of Aspirin, Caffeine, Diclofenac Sodium and Paracetamol: Review Article Mahmoud M. Sebaiy1*, Sobhy M. El-Adl1, and Amr A. Mattar1&2 1 Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt. 2 Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt. *Аuthоrcоrrеspоndеncе: Е-mаil: mmsеbаiу@zu.еdu.еg; sеbаiуm@gmаil.cоm.Tеl: 01062780060. Fаx: 0552303266 Submitted: 27 April 2020 Approved: 11 May 2020 Published: 14 May 2020 How to cite this article: Sebaiy MM, El-Adl SM, Mattar AA. Different techniques for Analysis of Aspirin, Caffeine, Diclofenac Sodium and Paracetamol: Review Article. G Med Sci. 2020; 1(1): 013-031. https://www.doi.org/10.46766/thegms.pharma.20042701 Copyright: © 2020 Mahmoud MS. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unre- stricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ABSTracT Early treatment of pain is of a great importance as unrelieved pain can have profound psychological effects on the patient, and acute pain that is poorly managed initially can degenerate into chronic pain, which may prove to be much more difficult to treat. It is important to assess and treat the article,mental weand will emotional shed the aspects light on of different the pain waysas well of assome its physicalanalgesic aspects. drugs monitoring Although drug and therapyanalysis isusing a mainstay different of techniques pain treatment, in addition physical to methodsthe most such as physiotherapy (including massage and the application of heat and cold), surgery, and drug monitoring are also very valuable. In this review recommended combinations of our cited drugs for pain relief. INTRODUCTION According to British National Formulary: Analgesics can be divided into three broad classes: non-opioid (e.g. par- acetamol and Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), opioids (e.g. codeine phosphate ‘weak’ and morphine ‘strong’) Non-opioidand adjuvant (e.g. Analgesics[2]: antidepressants and antiepileptics)[1]. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs(NSAID) Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are a group of structurally unrelated organic acids that have anal- gesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. NSAIDs are inhibitors of the enzyme cyclooxygenase, and so directly inhibit the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and thromboxanes from arachidonic acid. There are 2 forms of cyclooxygenase (COX),COX-1, which is the constitutive form of the enzyme, andCOX-2, which is the form induced in the presence of inflammation.Inhibition of COX-2 is therefore thought to beresponsible for at least some of the analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties of NSAIDs whereas inhibition of COX-1 is thought to produce some of their toxic effects, particularly those on the gastrointestinal tract. Most of the NSAIDs currently available for clinical use inhibit both COX-1 and COX-2, although selective COX-2 inhibitors such as celecoxib are now available. NSAIDs 13 Different techniques for Analysis of Aspirin, Caffeine, Diclofenac Sodium and Paracetamol: Review Article are used for the relief of mild to moderate pain, minor fe are used in severe acute and chronic pain, including can disorders such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis,- diamorphine are also used as antitussives, althoughthe- brile conditions, and for acute and chronic inflammatory lattercer pain. two Some are usually opioids reserved such as forcodeine, use in morphine, terminal lungand juvenile idiopathic arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis. Indomethacin and some other NSAIDs are used to close somedisease. of Somethese opioidmay also analgesics be used such in higher as fentanyl dosesas and the its andpatent rheumatic ductus arteriosuspain, and insome premature are used neonates. in ophthalmic Some congeners are used mainly as adjuncts to anaesthesia; NSAIDs are applied topically for the relief of muscular sole anaesthetic drug. Opioids can produce physical de- preparations for ocular inflammatory disorders. Aspirin pendence and withdrawal symptoms if suddenly stopped. is considered to be an NSAID, although it also has other They are also subject to abuse. Aspirinproperties. and other salicylates On the other hand, caffeine has been used with the aim of whetherenhancing caffeine the effects enhances of non-opioid the effect and of ergotamine opioid analgesics in the but is of debatable benefit. There are similar doubts about adverse effects and in large doses can itself cause head Aspirin and other salicylates have analgesic, anti-inflam- treatment of migraine; it may also add to gastrointestinal matory, and antipyretic properties. Like other NSAIDs, - they are inhibitors of the enzyme cyclooxygenase; how- 1.ache. Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic acid) ever, aspirin (though not the non-acetylated salicylates) ylatesirreversibly are used acetylates for the the relief enzyme of mild whereas to moderate other NSAIDs pain, minorcompete febrile with conditions,arachidonic and acid for for acute the active and chronic site. Salic in- - flammatory disorders such as osteoarthritis, rheuma- rubefacienttoid arthritis, preparations juvenile idiopathic for the reliefarthritis, of muscularand ankylos and- ing spondylitis. Some salicylates are applied topically in rheumatic pain. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation Molecular Formula: H and is used in cardiovascular disorders. Non-acetylated 9 8 salicylates do not have antiplatelet activity. 4. Paracetamol and other para-aminophenols Chemical name: C O M.Wt: 2-(Acetyloxy)benzoic acid. Paracetamol is the principal para-aminophenol derivative Mode of180.2. Action and uses: Salicylate; in use. Acetanilide and phenacetin have generally been re- placed by safer analgesics. Paracetamol has analgesic and non-se- elucidated,antipyretic propertiesbut may be and due weak to inhibition anti-inflammatory of prostaglandin activ- lective cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor; antipyretic; analgesic; ity. The mechanism of analgesic action remains to be fully Characters:anti-inflammatory. used for the relief of mild to moderate pain and minor fe synthesis both centrally and peripherally. Paracetamol is Appearance: White or almost white, crystalline pow - Opioidbrile conditions. Analgesics[2]: - Solubility:der or colourless crystals. and codeine and their derivatives as well as synthetic Slightly soluble in water, freely soluble in Opioid analgesics include the opium alkaloids morphine ethanolMelting (96 point: per cent). substances with agonist, partial agonist, or mixed agonist ate analgesics refers only to those opioids derived from Storage: About 143 °C. and antagonist activity at opioid receptors. The term opi- cotic analgesics has legal connotations and is no longer MethodsIn of an determination: airtight container. opium, or their semisynthetic congeners. The term nar- used as analgesics, and morphine is the standard against Pharmacopeial methods: used pharmacologically or clinically. Most opioids are British pharmacopeia[3]: treatmentwhich all other of less opioid severe analgesics pain, and are are compared. often combined Opioids such as codeine or dextropropoxyphene are used in the with non-opioid analgesics such as aspirin, other NSAIDs, or paracetamol. More potent opioids such as morphine In a flask with a ground-glass stopper, dissolve 1.000 g 14 in 10 ml of ethanol (96 per cent) R.Add 50.0 ml of 0.5 Different techniques for Analysis of Aspirin, Caffeine, Diclofenac Sodium and Paracetamol: Review Article M sodium hydroxide. Close the flask and allow to stand or by Chromatographicultraviolet spectrophotometry[11]. methods: for 1 h. Using 0.2 ml of phenolphthalein solution R as indicator, titrate with 0.5 M hydrochloric acid. Carry out 1.2. a blank titration. nation of aspirin, caffeine, and acetaminophen by using a Chromatographic method for the simultaneous determi- H 11 ml of9 0.58 M sodium hydroxide is equivalent to 45.04 mg of C O4 duplex column having aqueous solutions of sodium bicar- United States pharmacopeia[4]: bonate and sulfuric acid as immobile phases on a Celite support was determined[12]. phenytoin as an internal standard, the solvent was then evaporatedAspirin can beunder extracted reduced with pressuredichloromethane then the using residue me- Place about 1.5 g of Aspirin, accurately weighed, in a flask, add 50 ml of 0.5 N Sodium hydroxide VS, and boil the mix- ture gently for 10 minutes. Add phenolphthalein TS, and reconstituted and analyzed by high performance liquid titrate the excess sodium hydroxide with 0.5 N sulfuric chromatography (HPLC)[13]. acid VS. Perform a blank determination. 9H8 In rat whole blood, aspirin and salicylic acid were extract- Each mL of 0.5 N sodium hydroxide is equivalent to 4 ed from acidified whole blood into a 50/50 v/v ethy1ac- 45.04Other mg methods of C O of. determination: uumetate/butylchloride was evaporated, organic the dried solvent residue system was reconstituted containing withinternal mobile standard phase then and organicseparation extract by ion under suppression partial vac re- 1.1 Spectrophotometric methods: - verse phase on a 5 µm octyldecasil and column with de- nol and volumes of aspirin samples were micropipetted tection by UV absorbance at 280 nm was performed[14]. Aspirin was determined by dilution with anhydrous etha- Determination of aspirin and slicylic acid
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Metamizol Suicide - Lethal Outcome Despite Maximum Therapy
    Toxichem Krimtech 2012;79(2):71 Report from the Clinical Toxicology Committee of the Society of Toxicological and Forensic Chemistry (GTFCh) Metamizol Suicide - Lethal Outcome Despite Maximum Therapy Detlef Haase, Sabine Hübner, Silke Kunellis, Gerlinde Kotzerke, Harald König Helios Hospital Schwerin, Institute for Laboratory and Transfusion Medicine, Toxicology Department, Wismarsche Straße 393-397, D-19049 Schwerin, Germany Abstract A 70 year old female patient, suffering for years from rheumatoid arthritis and associated chronic pain was referred to the hospital by an emergency physician. Her blood pressure was no longer measurable; a hemiparesis has developed. A preliminary examination was carried out in the emergency department by a neurologist and a cerebral CT was requested. Immediately after examination, the patient suffered from hypodynamic cardiac arrest and had to be cardiopulmonary resuscitated. After stabilisation she was transferred to the Stroke Unit, where tonic-clonic convulsive seizures occurred. Toxicological general-unknown analysis of the patient's serum confirmed a suspected metamizol intoxication. Despite a maximum permissible dose of noradrenaline, she died four days after hospitalisation due to multiple organ failure. 1. Introduction 1.1. Metamizol Metamizol (novaminsulfone), closely related to phenazone and propyphenazone, is the most powerful analgesic and antipyretic of the pyrazolone derivatives and still on the market. 4-N- methyl-aminoantipyrine (MAA) is also effective, but formed through metamizol hydrolysis in the body. Patients with glucose-6-dehydrogenase deficiency should never use metamizol, be- cause a haemolytic crisis could be triggered. In addition, metamizol has a considerable poten- tial for side-effects, of which agranulocytosis is the most significant [1]. Therefore, metamizol is no more licensed in many countries.
    [Show full text]
  • Issue 3 Combinations Were Banned in the Month of March, 2016
    344 FDC’s REGIMEN Banned in CHIPS India The Health Ministry has banned 344 ‘Fixed HIP C S ✪ Dose Combination’ (FDC) ✪ drugs, leading to an immediate suspension of the manufacturing and sale of some popular medicines in India. Fixed drug combinations have mushroomed in the market as the Pharmaceutical companies ✪ in their quest for newer products and to increase G ✪ UNTUR FR Drug Information News Letter its sales, mix and match ingredients into a single OM C EATION molecule to market them as newer remedies. 344 of such ONCEPT TO CR Jan-Mar 2016, Volume 1, Issue 3 combinations were banned in the month of March, 2016. Keeping in view of the Risk that is associated with these Fixed drug combinations and safer alternatives being available in the market, the Ministry moved ahead with its decision to ban all the 344 fixed drug combinations. Simethicone, *fixed dose combination of Magaldrate + Papain + Fungul Here is the list of 344 banned fixed Drug Combinations in India Diastase + Simethicone, *fixed dose combination of Rabeprazole + Zinc + Domperidone, *fixed dose combination of Famotidine + Oxytacaine + *Aceclofenac + Paracetamol + Rabeprazole, *Nimesulide + Diclofenac, *Diphenoxylate + Atropine + Furazolidone, * Combikit of Fluconazole Magaldrate,*fixed dose combination of Ranitidine + Domperidone + *Nimesulide + Cetirizine + Caffeine, *Nimesulide + Tizanidine, Tablet, Azithromycin Tablet and Ornidazole Tablets, *Ciprofloxacin + Simethicone,*fixed dose combination of Alginic Acid + Sodium *Paracetamol + Cetirizine + Caffeine*Diclofenac +
    [Show full text]
  • Ascorbic Acid/ Paracetamol/ Phenylephrine Hydrochloride PSUSA/00000255/202006 List of Nationally Authorised Medicinal Products
    11 February 2011 Human Medicines Evaluation Division List of nationally authorised medicinal products Active substance: ascorbic acid/paracetamol/phenylephrine hydrochloride Procedure no.: PSUSA/00000255/202006 Official address Domenico Scarlattilaan 6 ● 1083 HS Amsterdam ● The Netherlands Address for visits and deliveries Refer to www.ema.europa.eu/how-to-find-us Send us a question Go to www.ema.europa.eu/contact Telephone +31 (0)88 781 6000 An agency of the European Union © European Medicines Agency, 2021. Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Member State where Product full name MRP/DCP or CP National Authorisation MAH of product in the member product is (in authorisation country) Authorisation number Number state authorised OMEGA PHARMA HUNGARY Coldrex méz és citrom ízű por belsőleges oldathoz not available OGYI-T-1715/06 KFT. HU OMEGA PHARMA HUNGARY Coldrex méz és citrom ízű por belsőleges oldathoz not available OGYI-T-1715/05 KFT. HU OMEGA PHARMA HUNGARY Coldrex méz és citrom ízű por belsőleges oldathoz not available OGYI-T-1715/11 KFT. HU Blackcurrant Coldrex Powders not available PL 02855/0271 OMEGA PHARMA LTD UK AZIENDE CHIMICHE RIUNITE TACHIFLUDEC polvere per soluzione orale gusto ANGELINI FRANCESCO - menta not available 034358073 A.C.R.A.F. S.P.A. IT AZIENDE CHIMICHE RIUNITE TACHIFLUDEC polvere per soluzione orale gusto ANGELINI FRANCESCO - menta. not available 034358085 A.C.R.A.F. S.P.A. IT List of nationally authorised medicinal products Page 2/8 COLDREX MAXGRIP MENTHOL & BERRIES, 1000 mg/70 mg/10 mg, suukaudse lahuse pulber kotikeses not available 798812 RICHARD BITTNER AG, EE GLAXOSMITHKLINE CONSUMER HEALTHCARE Beechams Cold & Flu Hot Lemon not available MA 932/00103 (UK) TRADING LIMITED MT OMEGA PHARMA HUNGARY Coldrex citrom ízű por belsőleges oldathoz not available OGYI-T-1715/01 KFT.
    [Show full text]
  • Management of Poisoning
    MOH CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINES December/2011 Management of Poisoning Health Ministry of Sciences Chapter of Emergency College of College of Family Manpower Authority Physicians Physicians, Physicians Academy of Medicine, Singapore Singapore Singapore Singapore Medical Pharmaceutical Society Society for Emergency Toxicology Singapore Paediatric Association of Singapore Medicine in Singapore Society (Singapore) Society Executive summary of recommendations Details of recommendations can be found in the main text at the pages indicated. Principles of management of acute poisoning – resuscitating the poisoned patient GPP In a critically poisoned patient, measures beyond standard resuscitative protocol like those listed above need to be implemented and a specialist experienced in poisoning management should be consulted (pg 55). GPP D Prolonged resuscitation should be attempted in drug-induced cardiac arrest (pg 55). Grade D, Level 3 1 C Titrated doses of naloxone, together with bag-valve-mask ventilation, should be administered for suspected opioid-induced coma, prior to intubation for respiratory insuffi ciency (pg 56). Grade C, Level 2+ D In bradycardia due to calcium channel or beta-blocker toxicity that is refractory to conventional vasopressor therapy, intravenous calcium, glucagon or insulin should be used (pg 57). Grade D, Level 3 B Patients with actual or potential life threatening cardiac arrhythmia, hyperkalaemia or rapidly progressive toxicity from digoxin poisoning should be treated with digoxin-specifi c antibodies (pg 57). Grade B, Level 2++ B Titrated doses of benzodiazepine should be given in hyperadrenergic- induced tachycardia states resulting from poisoning (pg 57). Grade B, Level 1+ D Non-selective beta-blockers, like propranolol, should be avoided in stimulant toxicity as unopposed alpha agonism may worsen accompanying hypertension (pg 57).
    [Show full text]
  • Antipyretic Efficacy of an Initial 30-Mg/Kg Loading Dose of Acetaminophen Versus a 15-Mg/Kg Maintenance Dose
    Antipyretic Efficacy of an Initial 30-mg/kg Loading Dose of Acetaminophen Versus a 15-mg/kg Maintenance Dose Jean Marc Tre´luyer, MD, PhD*; Sylvie Tonnelier, PharmD*; Philippe d’Athis‡; Beatrice Leclerc§; Isabelle Jolivet-Landreau, MD§; and Ge´rard Pons, MD, PhD* ABSTRACT. Objective. To compare the antipyretic comfort.1 Among the available antipyretic agents, efficacy of an initial 30-mg/kg acetaminophen loading acetaminophen is one of the most widely used be- dose versus a 15-mg/kg maintenance dose. cause it has an antipyretic efficacy equivalent to the Methods. A double-blind, parallel-group, random- other antipyretic drugs and a good safety profile.2–4 ized clinical trial was conducted. A total of 121 febrile Acetaminophen antipyretic efficacy is dose-depen- (rectal temperature between 39°C and 40°C) but other- dent.5,6 The recommended dose is 15 mg/kg every 6 wise healthy outpatients who were 4 months to 9 years of 2 age and weighed 4 to 26 kg were assigned randomly to 1 hours. Following this dosing schedule, it usually -takes several hours after the first acetaminophen ad ؍ and 30 mg/kg (n (62 ؍ of the dose groups: 15 mg/kg (n 59). ministration to obtain the maximal clinical efficacy of Results. In an “intention to treat” analysis, the time to the drug.7 Therefore, Mahar et al8 suggested a phys- obtain a temperature lower than 38.5°C was significantly ical “cold therapy” at the initiation of the chemical shorter in the 30-mg/kg than in the 15-mg/kg group treatment to decrease the time course to antipyretic minutes vs 139 ؎ 113 minutes).
    [Show full text]
  • 1. Generic Name Paracetamol, Phenylephrine, Chlorpheniramine Maleate, Sodium Citrate, Menthol 2. Qualitative and Quantitative Co
    1. Generic Name Paracetamol, Phenylephrine, Chlorpheniramine maleate, Sodium citrate, Menthol 2. Qualitative and Quantitative composition Paracetamol 125 mg Phenylephrine 5 mg Chlorpheniramine maleate 1 mg Sodium citrate 60 mg Mentholated flavoured syrupy base q.s. 3. Dosage form and strength Oral syrup containing Paracetamol 125 mg, Phenylephrine 5 mg, Chlorpheniramine maleate 1 mg. 4. Clinical particulars 4.1 Therapeutic indication Sinarest Syrup is indicated in children below 40 kg weight for: • Relief of nasal and sinus congestion. • Relief of allergic symptoms of the nose or throat due to upper respiratory tract allergies. • Relief of sinus pain and headache. • Adjunct with antibacterial in sinusitis, tonsillitis and otitis media. 4.2 Posology and method of administration Children of age between 2 to 12 years (body weight- 6 - 40 kg): The usual recommended dose is as shown in the table below which will be given to the patient: Weight Age Dose 6 – 22.9 2 – 7 years 5 ml BID 11.9 – 40 7 – 12 years 5 ml TID 4.3 Contraindication The use of Sinarest syrup is contraindicated in patients with: Hypersensitivity to any of the ingredients of the formulation. Severe hypertension. 4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use In case a hypersensitivity reaction occurs which is rare, Sinarest syrup should be discontinued. Sinarest syrup contains Paracetamol and therefore should not be used in conjunction with other Paracetamol containing products. Sinarest syrup should be used with caution in patients with renal or hepatic dysfunction, diabetes mellitus, hyperthyroidism, cardiovascular problems, epilepsy and closed angle glaucoma. 4.5 Drug interactions Clinically significant drug interactions may occur on concomitant administration of Sinarest syrup with monoamine oxidase inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants, beta-adrenergic agents, and methyldopa, reserpine and veratrum alkaloids.
    [Show full text]
  • Clinical Report—Fever and Antipyretic Use in Children Abstract
    Guidance for the Clinician in Rendering Pediatric Care Clinical Report—Fever and Antipyretic Use in Children Janice E. Sullivan, MD, Henry C. Farrar, MD, and the abstract SECTION ON CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS, and COMMITTEE ON DRUGS Fever in a child is one of the most common clinical symptoms managed by pediatricians and other health care providers and a frequent cause KEY WORDS fever, antipyretics, children of parental concern. Many parents administer antipyretics even when ABBREVIATIONS there is minimal or no fever, because they are concerned that the child NSAID—nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug must maintain a “normal” temperature. Fever, however, is not the The guidance in this report does not indicate an exclusive primary illness but is a physiologic mechanism that has beneficial course of treatment or serve as a standard of medical care. effects in fighting infection. There is no evidence that fever itself wors- Variations, taking into account individual circumstances, may be ens the course of an illness or that it causes long-term neurologic appropriate. complications. Thus, the primary goal of treating the febrile child This document is copyrighted and is property of the American Academy of Pediatrics and its Board of Directors. All authors should be to improve the child’s overall comfort rather than focus on have filed conflict of interest statements with the American the normalization of body temperature. When counseling the parents Academy of Pediatrics. Any conflicts have been resolved through or caregivers of a febrile child, the general well-being of the child, the a process approved by the Board of Directors.
    [Show full text]
  • Risk Perception of Medicinal Marijuana in Medical Students from Northeast Mexico[Version 1; Referees: Awaiting Peer Review]
    F1000Research 2017, 6:1802 Last updated: 04 OCT 2017 RESEARCH ARTICLE Risk perception of medicinal marijuana in medical students from northeast Mexico [version 1; referees: awaiting peer review] Sandra Castillo-Guzmán1, Dionicio Palacios-Ríos1, Teresa A. Nava-Obregón1, Julio C. Arredondo-Mendoza1, Olga V. Alcalá-Alvarado1, Sofía A. Alonso-Bracho1, Daniela A. Becerril-Gaitán1, Omar González-Santiago 2 1Pain and Palliative Care Clinic, Anesthesiology Service, Hospital Universitario Dr. José E. González y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico 2Postgraduate in Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemical Science, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolas de Los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico v1 First published: 04 Oct 2017, 6:1802 (doi: 10.12688/f1000research.12638.1) Open Peer Review Latest published: 04 Oct 2017, 6:1802 (doi: 10.12688/f1000research.12638.1) Referee Status: AWAITING PEER Abstract Background. Several studies have shown support from the public toward the REVIEW use of medicinal marijuana. In this cross-sectional study, we assess the risk perception to medicinal marijuana in a sample of medical students. Discuss this article Methods. To estimate risk perception, a visual scale that ranges from 0 cm Comments (0) (without risk) to 10 cm (totally risky) was used. Risk perception was expressed as the median of the cm marked over the scale. Differences among groups was tested with the Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests, as appropriate. Results. 283 students participated in the study. Risk perception to medicinal marijuana was 4.22, paracetamol 1.56 and sedatives 5.0. A significant difference in risk perception was observed in those that self-reported to smoke and consume alcohol.
    [Show full text]
  • Perception of the Risk of Medicinal Marijuana in Postgraduate Medical Residents[Version 1; Peer Review: Awaiting Peer Review]
    F1000Research 2019, 8:381 Last updated: 14 MAY 2021 RESEARCH NOTE Perception of the risk of medicinal marijuana in postgraduate medical residents [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review] Sandra Castillo-Guzmán , Dionicio Palacios Ríos, Teresa Adriana Nava Obregón, Daniela Alejandra Becerril Gaitàn, Keren Daniela Juangorena García, Danya Carolina Domínguez Romero, Misael Jerónimo Reyes Rodríguez Pain and Palliative Care Clinic, Anesthesiology Service, Hospital Universitario Dr.Jose Eleuterio González y Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, 66463, Mexico v1 First published: 04 Apr 2019, 8:381 Open Peer Review https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.17394.1 Latest published: 04 Apr 2019, 8:381 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.17394.1 Reviewer Status AWAITING PEER REVIEW Any reports and responses or comments on the Abstract article can be found at the end of the article. Background: Drugs can often cause adverse reactions, and the perception of the risk of prescription drugs could influence prescription behaviour. Methods: This was a prospective cross-sectional study of the perception of postgraduate physicians in training of the risk of using medical marijuana, comparing it with their perception of paracetamol and sedatives. A visual analogue scale with ranges from 0 (no risk) to 10 (totally risky) was used. Results: A total of 197 postgraduate students were evaluated; 48 women and 149 men took part, with a mean age 27.8 years. Among the different specialties, there was a difference with regard to the perception of medical marijuana and paracetamol and all perceived a greater risk with sedatives. There was no evidence of a risk perception of marijuana in relation to factors such as alcohol consumption and smoking.
    [Show full text]
  • Study Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan
    PROTOCOL: Cannabidiol for Fibromyalgia AUTHOR: Marianne Uggen Rasmussen, The Parker Institute, Copenhagen University Hospital DATE: 2020-12-14 Protocol number P142; Version: 4; EudraCT: 2019-002394-59, Regional Ethical Committee Journal Number H-20047715. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: CLINICAL TRIAL PROTOCOL Cannabidiol for Fibromyalgia The CANNFIB trial Protocol for a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, single-center trial Sponsor Investigator Marianne Uggen Rasmussen (MUR) RN, MPH, PhD; Post-doctoral fellow Primary Investigator and Supervisor Kirstine Amris (KA) MD, DMSc; Senior Rheumatologist CO-investigator and statistical advisor Robin Christensen (RC) MSc, PhD; Professor of Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology CO-investigator and advisor Eva Ejlersen Wæhrens (EEW) OT, DMSc; Senior Researcher CO-investigator and advisor Henning Bliddal (HB) MD, DMSc; Professor of Rheumatology Sponsor contact details Marianne Uggen Rasmussen The Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Nordre Fasanvej 57, DK-2000 Frederiksberg Phone: +45 38164197 Email: [email protected] 0 PROTOCOL: Cannabidiol for Fibromyalgia AUTHOR: Marianne Uggen Rasmussen, The Parker Institute, Copenhagen University Hospital DATE: 2020-12-14 Protocol number P142; Version: 4; EudraCT: 2019-002394-59, Regional Ethical Committee Journal Number H-20047715. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ACR American college of rheumatology ADL-Q Activities of daily living questionnaire AE Adverse events AMPS Assessment
    [Show full text]
  • The Use of Stems in the Selection of International Nonproprietary Names (INN) for Pharmaceutical Substances
    WHO/PSM/QSM/2006.3 The use of stems in the selection of International Nonproprietary Names (INN) for pharmaceutical substances 2006 Programme on International Nonproprietary Names (INN) Quality Assurance and Safety: Medicines Medicines Policy and Standards The use of stems in the selection of International Nonproprietary Names (INN) for pharmaceutical substances FORMER DOCUMENT NUMBER: WHO/PHARM S/NOM 15 © World Health Organization 2006 All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization can be obtained from WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel.: +41 22 791 3264; fax: +41 22 791 4857; e-mail: [email protected]). Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications – whether for sale or for noncommercial distribution – should be addressed to WHO Press, at the above address (fax: +41 22 791 4806; e-mail: [email protected]). The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters.
    [Show full text]
  • Pharmacological Evaluation of Novel Dimers of an Arylpropionic Acid Class of Non-Selective Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors
    Halimi et al Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research February 2017; 16 (2): 327-336 ISSN: 1596-5996 (print); 1596-9827 (electronic) © Pharmacotherapy Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Benin City, 300001 Nigeria. All rights reserved. Available online at http://www.tjpr.org http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v16i2.10 Original Research Article Pharmacological evaluation of novel dimers of an arylpropionic acid class of non-selective cyclooxygenase inhibitors Syed Muhammad Ashhad Halimi1*, Muhammad Saeed1, Safiullah1 and Khalid Muhammed Khan2 1Department of Pharmacy, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, 2H.E.J. International Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan *For correspondence: Email: [email protected]; Tel: +92 91 9216750; Fax: +92 91 9218318 Received: 4 August 2016 Revised accepted: 5 January 2017 Abstract Purpose: To explore and identify cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors with optimal potency and efficacy using an arylpropionic acid class of drugs as lead molecules. Methods: The selected lead molecules were dimerised through chemical processes (reflux condensation) and characterised in terms of structural properties using infrared, proton nuclear magnetic resonance, electron impact mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis techniques. The molecules were evaluated pharmacologically for acute toxicity and anti-inflammatory (carrageenan- induced paw oedema test), analgesic (acetic acid-induced writhing test in mice), and antipyretic (Brewer’s yeast-induced pyrexia test in mice) activities against control (normal saline) and relevant reference standard drugs. Docking analyses were also performed to assess possible protein–ligand interactions. Results: The test compounds were non-toxic at doses of 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg body weight, ip.
    [Show full text]