Download Article As 1.29 MB PDF File

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Download Article As 1.29 MB PDF File BURROWS: FOREST FLORA OF CANTERBURY 23 THE FOREST FLORA OF CANTERBURY: ECOLOGICAL INFERENCES C. J. BURROWS University of Canterhury Species lists have been collected for glabeJ/a. Pyrrosia serpens. tLycopodium varium. *L. forested and related scrubland areas through- voluNk. "'L. scario.wm. Tmesipteri.\' tannensis. out Canterbury. The total number of species HERS-S. involved is about 350. The patterns of dis- *Microlaena avenacea, tDanthonia cunningham;;, tributions reflect the influence of one or *Gahnia pauciflora, tUncinia uncinata, Astelia nervosa, a combination of several of the following Arthropodium candidum. Libertia ixioides, Dianella imer- factors: media, Earina nmcronata, *Pterostylis banks;;, tCorybas triloba, *Gastrodia cunninghamii, tVrtiea incisa, Austra. 1. The Pleistocene glaciation and sub- lina pusilla. Chenopodium triandrum, tRmwneulus hiI'. tus, Aeaena novae-zealandiae, *A. fissistipula, Linum sequent climate amelioration. monop,ynum, Haloragi:,' ereeta, Hydroeotyle moschata, Angelica geniculata, tSte/larii1 parviflora, *Nertera seW- 2. The differential migration potential losa, N. dicholldraefolia, tN. depres.w, *Galium umbro- and length of life of beech trees and .mm, *Wahlenbergia gracilis, tLagenophora petiolata, podocarp/hardwood species. *Erechrire.t prenanrhoides. 3. Climate deterioration within the last VINES. millenillm. Rhipogollum scandens, "'Muehlenbeckia australis, *Clemati.~ indivisa, *c. forsteri, *c. marata, *Rubus 4. Widespread fires from 500 to 800 years cissioides, R. schmide/ioide!-;, tR. squarrosus, Metro- ago. sideros ditJusa, Parsomia heterophylla, tP. capsularis, CaJystegia tuguriorum. 5. The existing climate, especially effec- tive rainfall, with relation to topog- PARASITES. raphy and degree of exposure. Lorant1ms micranthus, *Tupeia antarctica, Korthalsella 6. The advent of Europeans. Felling and lindsayi. burning. The effects of grazing animals. SHRUBS. Drimys c%rata. tPittosporum divaricatllm, Melicope Distribution patterns influenced by the simpll'x, Coriaria arborea, tAristotelia fruticosa, *Lepto- post-Pleistocene mild climate are found in spermum ericoides, Myrtus obcordata, tM. pedunculata, the presence of mosaics of podocarp and Fuchsia colensoi, tGaultheria antipoda, *Cyathodes broadleaved hardwood tree species and their lIcerosa, Leucopogon fasciculatus, tSu((onia divaricata, Tellcidillm parvitolium, Solanum aviculare, tHebe salici~ associated herbs, vines, shrubs and ferns folia. *H. traversii, *Coprosma lucida, C. robusta, C. throughout lowland Canterbury.. These in- rotundifolia. C. areolata, *c. rhamnoides, C. rigida, C. clu&: I'irescens, tc. linariifolia, i Diearia arborescens, to. avicenniaefolia, O. forsteri, O. fragrantissima, *0, lineata, PTERIDOPHYTES. Helichrysum glomeratum, Notospartium torulowm. Mecodiul1I sanguinolentum, '~M. rarum, tM. villosum, TREES. M. fiabellatum. *M. flexlwsum, *Meryngillm multifidum, *Hymenophyllum peltatum, Polyphlebium venosum, Dacrydium cupressinum. Podocurpus totara, P. Cya/hea dealbata, C. smith ii, Dicksonia squarrosa, Adlatl. spicatus, P. dacrydioides, Paratrophis microphyIia, film affine, Hypolepis (enul/olia. tHo mille/allum, Pel. tCarpodetus serratus, tPittosporum tenuifolium, p, toea rOlunc!ifolia. *Paesia scaberula, *Histiopteris incisa, eugenioides, tSophora microphyl1a, Pennantia corym- Blechnum paterson;. B. discolor, tB. lanceo/alum, *E. hosa, *Aristotelia serrata, *Elaeocllrpus hookerianus, E. procerum, tH. fi/lviatile, *8. vu/canicum, *Asplenium dent(l(u:,', Plagiantlws betulinus, Hoheria angustifolia, hookerial1um. A. bulbilerum, *A. colensoi, *A richardi, Melicytw' ramifloms, M. micranthus, *Fuchsia exeoTti- tA. flaccidum, A. lucidum var. fyolli;, CycJosorus penni- eata, Nothoparwx arboreum, N. anomalum, *Schefflera gera, *Sticherus cunninghamii, *Leptopteris hymenophyl- digitatQ, tPseudopanax crassifolium, tGriselinia littoralis, Joides, Ctenopteris grammitidis, *Microsorium diversi. *Metrosideros umbel/ata, Nothotagus so/andri sensu folium, tPolystichum vestitum, P. richardi, Ctenitis strictu. 24 BURROWS: FOREST FLORA OF CANTERBURY Numbers of these are also found usually var. cliffortioides. The broad patterns of dis- between 1000 and 2500 ft. in upland Canter- tribution of it and the other species N. fusca bury, accompanying beech forest in the and N. menziesii are, as shown by Holloway basins of the large rivers. (These are indi- (1954), partly determined by their differen- cated by an asterisk on the previous list.) tial migration rate and longevity com- Their distributions here often link with pared with podocarp and other those in true lowland and foothill areas. species, superimposed on the ancient distribution pattern after the retreat Other species form on upland facies of of ice from the glaciated valleys, podocarp broad leaved forest, with Liboce- together with effects of climate change and drus bidwillii and Podocarpus hal/ii the ancient fires. N. fusca appears to have con- dominants, growing in the heads of Rakaia tracted its area, being present only in the and Rangitata tributaries between 2000 and northern part of Canterbury with scattered 3500 ft. There are indications that the same outliers. N. menziesii and N. cliffortioides type of forest was once well developed at are found in the south and accompany N. high levels on Banks Peninsula, Seaward fusca in the north-west. N. menziesii also Kaikoura Range, Alford Forest and Mt. Hutt, appears to have had its area reduced as is Mt. Peel, Hunter Hills, in upper Waimakariri shown by its spot distributions. This process tributaries and widely in Tasman River, may have occurred in part during the post- Godley River and other McKenzie country glacial optimum. sites. The forest grades into a distinctive scrub community but many of the shrub The recent deterioration in climate (Rae- species grow in the forest proper and attain side 1948, Holloway 1954 and others) the size of trees. Species include numbers of has resulted in reduction of members of those already listed (marked with a dagger in both podocarp-broadleaved forest and beech the previous list) with important exceptions. forest to relict status in many places in Can- Additional species found here (many of terbury. Disjunct distributions show that them also in beech forest or scrub at high these species have once been more widely levels not near valley heads - marked with and continuously distributed. The long lived an asterisk) are: Podocarpus spicatus, P. dacrydioides, P. totara and Dacrydiwn cupressinum are now relict throughout. Weinmannia racemosa, FERNS. and Melicytus lal1ceolatus, extreme dis- Apieropteris maling;i. *Cyathea colellsoi, *Blechnum juncts, must be regarded as relict. It is minus, *Asplenium lrichomanes. probable also that species such as Elaeo- HERBS. carpus dentatus, Plagianthlls betulinus, *A.~teli(/ cockaynei, *Enargea parvi{fora, *MYOSOli.\" Olearia lineata, Hebe cupressoides, Metro- for.Herl, * Viola fi/kauUs. sideros umbel/ala, Rumohra hispida, Micro- SHR U BS. laena polYl1oda, Lindsaea cUl1eata and Gahl1ia *Podocarpus niva!is, *Phormium co/ensoi, *Olearia pauciflora, though able to regenerate in some haasEii, *0. cymbifolia, *0. nwnmularitolia, O. colensai, places, are in general in the same state. O. Jacunosa, O. iUd/olia, *Senecio bidwillii. S. eIeagni- folius. *5. ca.~sinioides, *Cassinia vauvilliasi, *Coprosma Beech forest has been enabled to expand hanksii, *C. pseudocu/lcota, *c. foetidissima, *c. co/en- sol, "'c. rugosa, C. ciliata, ."Dracophyllum longifofiunJ, at the expense of podocarp-broadleaved *Hebe vernicosa, *Nolhopanax colensoi, Archeria (ra- forest partly because of the decline in climate. versii. Patterns of invasion by mountain beech are TREES. present in Waimakariri, Rangitata and Rakaia valleys and on the foothills. Species Dacrydium hi/arme, Liboadms hidwiJIii, *Podocarpus halJii, *PhyllocladliS alpin us, DracophyJllim Jravcr.rii, found normally in intact podocarp-type Nothopanax simplex, Hoheria glabrala. forest (e.g. Carpodetus" seratus, Notho- panax anomalllm, Elaeocarpus hookerianus, It will be noted that this is very similar to Podocarpus hallii, Cyathea colensoi, Blech- the forests of upper levels in Westland. num vu/canicum, Metrosideros umbellata, Myrtus pedunculata) are found widely scat- Almost the sole species in beech forest in tered in otherwise pure mountain beech much of Canterbury . is Nothofagus solandri forest. Sometimes several such species exist BURROWS: FOREST FLORA OF CANTERBURY 25 as an island in a sea of beech. In areas where or others of its kind. Another is the develop- (in rain shadow zones from both north-west ment of a patch containing a few of one and south-west rain) rainfall has become species, remote from any others, e.g. Podo- deficient, even the hardy mountain beech has carpus hallii (often surrounded by a field of failed and forest is now fragmen tary or large boulders), Leptospermum ericoides, missing. This applies to a strip from the O/earia forsteri, Nothopal1ax arboreum, middle Clarence River through Lake Cole- Nothofagus solandri var. clitfortioides. A ridge to the middle Rangitata in a line. third involves the presence of a number of parallel to the main divide. so-called scrub hardwoods, e.g. Criselinia littoralis, Fuchsia excorticata, Melicytus The main feature of the climatic ehange ramifIorus, Nothopanax arboreum, forming in Can terbury within the last thousand years a small patch, with some ferns and shrubs has been a decline in rainfall of at least underneath, in a sheltered gully. On the 20 in.
Recommended publications
  • Edition 2 from Forest to Fjaeldmark the Vegetation Communities Highland Treeless Vegetation
    Edition 2 From Forest to Fjaeldmark The Vegetation Communities Highland treeless vegetation Richea scoparia Edition 2 From Forest to Fjaeldmark 1 Highland treeless vegetation Community (Code) Page Alpine coniferous heathland (HCH) 4 Cushion moorland (HCM) 6 Eastern alpine heathland (HHE) 8 Eastern alpine sedgeland (HSE) 10 Eastern alpine vegetation (undifferentiated) (HUE) 12 Western alpine heathland (HHW) 13 Western alpine sedgeland/herbland (HSW) 15 General description Rainforest and related scrub, Dry eucalypt forest and woodland, Scrub, heathland and coastal complexes. Highland treeless vegetation communities occur Likewise, some non-forest communities with wide within the alpine zone where the growth of trees is environmental amplitudes, such as wetlands, may be impeded by climatic factors. The altitude above found in alpine areas. which trees cannot survive varies between approximately 700 m in the south-west to over The boundaries between alpine vegetation communities are usually well defined, but 1 400 m in the north-east highlands; its exact location depends on a number of factors. In many communities may occur in a tight mosaic. In these parts of Tasmania the boundary is not well defined. situations, mapping community boundaries at Sometimes tree lines are inverted due to exposure 1:25 000 may not be feasible. This is particularly the or frost hollows. problem in the eastern highlands; the class Eastern alpine vegetation (undifferentiated) (HUE) is used in There are seven specific highland heathland, those areas where remote sensing does not provide sedgeland and moorland mapping communities, sufficient resolution. including one undifferentiated class. Other highland treeless vegetation such as grasslands, herbfields, A minor revision in 2017 added information on the grassy sedgelands and wetlands are described in occurrence of peatland pool complexes, and other sections.
    [Show full text]
  • Temporal Development and Regeneration Dynamics of Restored Urban Forests
    Temporal Development and Regeneration Dynamics of Restored Urban Forests By Katherine de Silva A thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters in Ecology & Biodiversity School of Biological Sciences Faculty of Sciences Victoria University of Wellington October 2019 Supervisors: Stephen Hartley. Director of the Centre of Biodiversity & Restoration Ecology, Victoria University of Wellington Kiri Joy Wallace. Postdoctoral Fellow, Environmental Research Institute, University of Waikato. Katherine de Silva: Temporal Development and Regeneration Dynamics of Restored Urban Forests, © October 2019. 2 ABSTRACT Urban forest restoration programmes are a key tool used to initiate, re-create or accelerate the succession of forest species; improving ecosystem services, function, resilience and biodiversity. Succession is a temporal shift in species dominance driven by abiotic and biotic influences, but over decadal timescales the trajectory and success of restoration plantings in degraded urban environments can be hindered. To facilitate the successful reconstruction of forest ecosystems from scratch, an understanding of the temporal patterns in planted forest development, dynamics of seedling regeneration and dominant drivers of seedling diversity is required. Using a chronosequence approach, permanent plots were established at 44 restored urban forests aged 5 to 59 years since initial plantings took place, across five New Zealand cities between Wellington and Invercargill. Vegetation surveys were undertaken and data on micro- climate were collected. This study examined the 1) temporal dynamics of restored urban forest development and seedling regeneration and 2) dominant drivers of seedling regeneration. Data were analysed using linear regression models, breakpoint analysis and mixed-effects modelling. Early forest development (<20 years) exhibited the most changes in canopy composition and structure, forest floor dynamics, seedling community and microclimate.
    [Show full text]
  • NZ BOT SOC Sept2014
    NEW ZEALAND BOTANICAL SOCIETY NEWSLETTER NUMBER 117 September 2014 New Zealand Botanical Society President: Anthony Wright Secretary/Treasurer: Ewen Cameron Committee: Bruce Clarkson, Colin Webb, Carol West Address: c/- Canterbury Museum Rolleston Avenue CHRISTCHURCH 8013 Webmaster: Murray Dawson URL: www.nzbotanicalsociety.org.nz Subscriptions The 2014 ordinary and institutional subscriptions are $25 (reduced to $18 if paid by the due date on the subscription invoice). The 2014 student subscription, available to full-time students, is $12 (reduced to $9 if paid by the due date on the subscription invoice). Back issues of the Newsletter are available at $7.00 each. Since 1986 the Newsletter has appeared quarterly in March, June, September and December. New subscriptions are always welcome and these, together with back issue orders, should be sent to the Secretary/Treasurer (address above). Subscriptions are due by 28 February each year for that calendar year. Existing subscribers are sent an invoice with the December Newsletter for the next years subscription which offers a reduction if this is paid by the due date. If you are in arrears with your subscription a reminder notice comes attached to each issue of the Newsletter. Deadline for next issue The deadline for the December 2014 issue is 25 November 2014. Please post contributions to: Lara Shepherd Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa 169 Tory St Wellington 6021 Send email contributions to [email protected]. Files are preferably in MS Word, as an open text document (Open Office document with suffix “.odt”) or saved as RTF or ASCII. Macintosh files can also be accepted.
    [Show full text]
  • Forests and Scrublands of Northern Fiordland
    80 Vol. 1 FORESTS AND SCRUBLANDS OF NORTHERN FIORDLAND J. WARDLE, J. HAYWARD, and J. HERBERT, Forest and Range Experiment Station, New Zealand Forest Service, Rangiora (Received for publication 18 January 1971) ABSTRACT The composition and structure of the forests and scrublands of northern Fiordland were recorded at 1,053 sample points. The vegetation at each sample point was classified into one of 16 associations using a combination of Sorensen's 'k' index of similarity, and a multi-linkage cluster analysis. The associations were related to habitat and the distribution of each was determined. The influence of the introduced ungulates, red deer and wapiti, on the forests and scrublands was determined. Stand structure was analysed to provide infor­ mation on the susceptibility of the vegetation to damage from browsing and on the history of ungulate utilisation of the vegetation. Browse indices were calculated to provide information on current ungulate utilisation of the vegetation. INTRODUCTION A reconnaissance of northern Fiordland was carried out during the summer of 1969-70 by staff of the Forest and Range Experiment Station. The purpose was to describe the composition, structure, and habitat of the forest and scrub associations, to determine both present and past influence of ungulates on them, and to establish a number of permanent reference points to permit measurement of future changes in the vegetation. The area studied lies between the western shores of Lake Te Anau and the Tasman Sea. The southern boundary is the South Fiord of Lake Te Anau, the Esk Burn and Windward River catchments, and Charles Sound; the northern boundary is the Worsley and Transit River catchments (Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • World Heritage Values and to Identify New Values
    FLORISTIC VALUES OF THE TASMANIAN WILDERNESS WORLD HERITAGE AREA J. Balmer, J. Whinam, J. Kelman, J.B. Kirkpatrick & E. Lazarus Nature Conservation Branch Report October 2004 This report was prepared under the direction of the Department of Primary Industries, Water and Environment (World Heritage Area Vegetation Program). Commonwealth Government funds were contributed to the project through the World Heritage Area program. The views and opinions expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Department of Primary Industries, Water and Environment or those of the Department of the Environment and Heritage. ISSN 1441–0680 Copyright 2003 Crown in right of State of Tasmania Apart from fair dealing for the purposes of private study, research, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part may be reproduced by any means without permission from the Department of Primary Industries, Water and Environment. Published by Nature Conservation Branch Department of Primary Industries, Water and Environment GPO Box 44 Hobart Tasmania, 7001 Front Cover Photograph: Alpine bolster heath (1050 metres) at Mt Anne. Stunted Nothofagus cunninghamii is shrouded in mist with Richea pandanifolia scattered throughout and Astelia alpina in the foreground. Photograph taken by Grant Dixon Back Cover Photograph: Nothofagus gunnii leaf with fossil imprint in deposits dating from 35-40 million years ago: Photograph taken by Greg Jordan Cite as: Balmer J., Whinam J., Kelman J., Kirkpatrick J.B. & Lazarus E. (2004) A review of the floristic values of the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area. Nature Conservation Report 2004/3. Department of Primary Industries Water and Environment, Tasmania, Australia T ABLE OF C ONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................................................................................................1 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Supplementary Material Saving Rainforests in the South Pacific
    Australian Journal of Botany 65, 609–624 © CSIRO 2017 http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/BT17096_AC Supplementary material Saving rainforests in the South Pacific: challenges in ex situ conservation Karen D. SommervilleA,H, Bronwyn ClarkeB, Gunnar KeppelC,D, Craig McGillE, Zoe-Joy NewbyA, Sarah V. WyseF, Shelley A. JamesG and Catherine A. OffordA AThe Australian PlantBank, The Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, Mount Annan, NSW 2567, Australia. BThe Australian Tree Seed Centre, CSIRO, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. CSchool of Natural and Built Environments, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia DBiodiversity, Macroecology and Conservation Biogeography Group, Faculty of Forest Sciences, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany. EInstitute of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222 Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand. FRoyal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst Place, RH17 6TN, United Kingdom. GNational Herbarium of New South Wales, The Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia. HCorresponding author. Email: [email protected] Table S1 (below) comprises a list of seed producing genera occurring in rainforest in Australia and various island groups in the South Pacific, along with any available information on the seed storage behaviour of species in those genera. Note that the list of genera is not exhaustive and the absence of a genus from a particular island group simply means that no reference was found to its occurrence in rainforest habitat in the references used (i.e. the genus may still be present in rainforest or may occur in that locality in other habitats). As the definition of rainforest can vary considerably among localities, for the purpose of this paper we considered rainforests to be terrestrial forest communities, composed largely of evergreen species, with a tree canopy that is closed for either the entire year or during the wet season.
    [Show full text]
  • R. B. a Plant Communities of the Steepland Conifer- Broadleaved Hardwood Forests of Central Westland, South Island, New Zealand
    Sonderdrucke aus der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg ALBERT REIF R. B. ALLEN Plant Communities of the Steepland Conifer- Broadleaved Hardwood Forests of Central Westland, South Island, New Zealand Originalbeitrag erschienen in: Phytocoenologia 16 (1988), S. 145 - 224 Phytocoenologia 16 (2) 145-224 Stuttgart-Braunschweig, May 18, 1988 Plant communities of the steepland conifer-broadleaved hardwood forests of central Westland, South Island, New Zealand by A. REIF, Bayreuth, and R. B. ALLEN, Christchurch with 8 photos, 20 figures and 5 tables Abstract. This paper presents a phytosociological classification of the conifer-broadleaved hardwood forests in central Westland, South Island, New Zealand. The analysis was made using the BRAUN-BLANQUET approach. Because this approach has rarely been applied in New Zealand, syntaxa were not named using BRAUN-BLANQUET nomenclature. The following community groups and communities were distinguished: 1. The Melicytus ramiflorus community group contained shrubland and low statured forest (c. 4-12 m tall) on disturbed sites up to c. 750 m altitude: — The Melicytus ramiflorus — Carpodetus serratus community (A) was frequently found on lower faces, on terraces, in gullies, and in canopy gaps. Soils were recent to weakly de- veloped and contained fine earth. Most relevēs were from schist and greywacke areas. — The Coriaria arborea community (B) was sampled in a few schist areas adjacent to streams. 2. The Prumnopitys ferruginea community group contained 3 communities: — The Dacrycarpus dacrydioides community (C) was c. 20-30 m tall forest. It occurred locally on poorly drained sites, usually terraces, up to c. 300 m a.s.l. (above sea level). — The Dacrydium cupressinum community (D) was c.
    [Show full text]
  • Nothopanex Simplex, Archeria Racemosa, Phyllocladus Alpinus and Dacrophyllum Adamsii Prevents a Comprehensive View from the Actual Trig Position
    Nothopanex simplex, Archeria racemosa, Phyllocladus alpinus and Dacrophyllum adamsii prevents a comprehensive view from the actual trig position. However to the north, the steep reverting sheep country between Lottin Point and Hicks Bay leads the eye eastwards to fe Araroa with steep hills towards East Cape about 20 miles away. On the descent is a grand view of the three river valleys; in the foreground Karakatuwhero, in the middle distance Kopoapounamu and furthest south the Taurangakautuku could be traced heading northwards to join the Awatera. The sheep country at the head of these rivers is extensively eroding as also are the ridges leading up to the Raukumara Range at 4404 feet and about ten miles south west of Pukeamaru. On April 25th last Mr. Colin Peach of Tokomaru Bay and the writer revisited Pukeamaru. The crimson drupes of Alseuosmia, the wine- coloured drupe of Coprosma colensoi, the orange drupes of Coprosma foetidissima, G. robusta and C,_lucida added colour to the forest. One tree of Dacrydium intermedium had steel blue nuts encased in red arils. These arils are fleshy in character forming a wide cup-like structure a quarter of an inch in diameter and adding colour to the interesting yellow-silver pine. The seed requires damp humus to germinate and good drainage, together with shade and protection from strong winds - indeed such a situation as rock crevices provide. (Our thanks to Mr. Cresswell for an informative account of a very interesting trip. I am sure that any of our members who happen to be holidaying in that direction during the summer will take care, if they can possibly manage it, to pause for some happy hunting on Pukeamaru.
    [Show full text]
  • Native Trees Field Guide to New Zealand’S Native Trees
    FIELD GUIDE TO NEW ZEALAND’S NATIVE TREES FIELD GUIDE TO NEW ZEALAND’S NATIVE TREES JOHN DAWSON & ROB LUCAS CONTENTS Introduction 7 Conifers 9 Visual key to conifers 14 Tree ferns 51 Flowering trees 67 This book is derived from New Zealand’s Native Trees by John Dawson and Rob Lucas (2012). Visual key to flowering trees 72 The text was abridged and edited by Sue Hallas. The ‘distinguishing features’ boxes were compiled Glossary 426 by Sue Hallas and Cathy Jones. Thanks to Barry Sneddon and Phil Garnock-Jones for contributing the introductions to conifers and flowering trees Further reading 430 respectively. Thanks also to the photographers who supplied photographs as credited in captions. Index 431 First published in 2012 by Craig Potton Publishing Craig Potton Publishing 98 Vickerman Street, PO Box 555, Nelson, New Zealand www.craigpotton.co.nz Text © John Dawson; photographs © Rob Lucas unless specified otherwise. Design and layout: Jane Connor and Karen Jones Cover design: Chris Chisnall ISBN 978 1 877517 82 2 Printed in China by Everbest This book is copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of private study, research, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part may be reproduced by any process without the permission of the publishers. INTRODUCTION WHAT'S SPECIAL ABOUT mountains near the treeline, beech forests are of- New ZEALAND'S NATIVE TREES ten swathed in mist, and with the constant high AND Forests? humidity, water drips from every twig. At these New Zealand’s native trees and forests are unique. high altitudes, the trees are often stunted and con- They look, smell and feel like no other forests, torted, giving these subalpine beech forests, often which is not surprising, as more than 80% of the referred to as cloud forests or goblin forests, an otherworldly feel.
    [Show full text]
  • A Potential Network of Permanent Forest Plots for the West Coast Conservancy
    A potential network of permanent forest plots for the West Coast Conservancy P J Bellingham Landcare Research PO Box 69 Lincoln Published by Department of Conservation Head Office, PO Box 10-420 Wellington, New Zealand This report was commissioned by the West Coast Conservancy ISSN 1171-9834 1998 Department of Conservation, P.O. Box 10-420, Wellington, New Zealand Reference to material in this report should be cited thus: Bellingham, P. J. 1998 A potential network of permanent forest plots for the West Coast Conservancy. Conservation Advisory Science Notes No. 188. Department of Conservation, Wellington. Keywords: forest measurement, indigenous forests, biodiversity, sustainable management, carbon budgets, West Coast Conservancy, National Vegetation Survey Abstract Permanent plots in indigenous forests administered by the Department of Conservation's West Coast Conservancy in the National Vegetation Survey (NVS) database were analysed to show which forest types were adequately sampled according to identifiable forest types, and within each type, in space and in time. From 404 permanent forest plots considered in analysis, eight forest types were determined, of which only one (southern rata - kamahi - Hall's totara) is adequately represented in total number of plots and in meas- urements over time. Even this type is inadequately represented in space. Permanent plot coverage in Westland is overall very patchy, with the Whitcombe Ecological District having more than half the total number of permanent forest plots. There are no permanent forest plots in the NVS data- base in most Ecological Districts in the West Coast Conservancy, and cover- age of major protected natural areas is often either scant (e.g., in Paparoa National Park), or absent entirely (the West Coast Conservancy parts of Kahurangi National Park).
    [Show full text]
  • On the Flora of Australia
    L'IBRARY'OF THE GRAY HERBARIUM HARVARD UNIVERSITY. BOUGHT. THE FLORA OF AUSTRALIA, ITS ORIGIN, AFFINITIES, AND DISTRIBUTION; BEING AN TO THE FLORA OF TASMANIA. BY JOSEPH DALTON HOOKER, M.D., F.R.S., L.S., & G.S.; LATE BOTANIST TO THE ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION. LONDON : LOVELL REEVE, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN. r^/f'ORElGN&ENGLISH' <^ . 1859. i^\BOOKSELLERS^.- PR 2G 1.912 Gray Herbarium Harvard University ON THE FLORA OF AUSTRALIA ITS ORIGIN, AFFINITIES, AND DISTRIBUTION. I I / ON THE FLORA OF AUSTRALIA, ITS ORIGIN, AFFINITIES, AND DISTRIBUTION; BEIKG AN TO THE FLORA OF TASMANIA. BY JOSEPH DALTON HOOKER, M.D., F.R.S., L.S., & G.S.; LATE BOTANIST TO THE ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION. Reprinted from the JJotany of the Antarctic Expedition, Part III., Flora of Tasmania, Vol. I. LONDON : LOVELL REEVE, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN. 1859. PRINTED BY JOHN EDWARD TAYLOR, LITTLE QUEEN STREET, LINCOLN'S INN FIELDS. CONTENTS OF THE INTRODUCTORY ESSAY. § i. Preliminary Remarks. PAGE Sources of Information, published and unpublished, materials, collections, etc i Object of arranging them to discuss the Origin, Peculiarities, and Distribution of the Vegetation of Australia, and to regard them in relation to the views of Darwin and others, on the Creation of Species .... iii^ § 2. On the General Phenomena of Variation in the Vegetable Kingdom. All plants more or less variable ; rate, extent, and nature of variability ; differences of amount and degree in different natural groups of plants v Parallelism of features of variability in different groups of individuals (varieties, species, genera, etc.), and in wild and cultivated plants vii Variation a centrifugal force ; the tendency in the progeny of varieties being to depart further from their original types, not to revert to them viii Effects of cross-impregnation and hybridization ultimately favourable to permanence of specific character x Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection ; — its effects on variable organisms under varying conditions is to give a temporary stability to races, species, genera, etc xi § 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Table of Contents
    JOURNAL OF THE MISSISSIPPI ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Volume 56 April-July 2011 Number 2-3 Editor Michelle Tucci Table of Contents University of Mississippi Medical Center Articles Associate Editor 151 Does Localized Mycocardial K Channel Opening Ken Butler ATP University of Mississippi Medical Result in Global Cardiac Instability? - Richard Center L.Summers, , Zizhuang Li, , Drew Hildebrandt . Editorial Board 158 Survey of Oral Hygiene Knowledge and Practice Among Mississippi Nursing Home Staff – Robin Howard and Maria Begonia Donna Sullivan. Jackson State University Gregorio Begonia 166 A Review of Native Vegetation Types in the Black Belt of Jackson State University Mississippi and Alabama, with Suggested Relationships Ibrahim Farah to the Catenas of Soil Series- J.J.N. Campbell and W.R. Jackson State University Seymour, Jr.. Robin Rockhold University of Mississippi Medical 185 Water Quality Studies on the Lower Mississippi River in Center Port Gibson, MS – Alex D. W. Acholonu and Michael Harris. Program Editor 190 The Phylogenetic Position Of Subfamily Ken Butler Monotropoideae (Ericaceae) Inferred From Large University of Mississippi Medical Ribosomal Subunit (26S)- Ray Neyland and Mark Center Merchant The Journal of the Mississippi Acad- emy of Sciences (ISSN 0076-9436) is published in January (annual meeting Departments abstracts), April, July, and October, by the Mississippi Academy of Sciences. 197 Completed Abstracts Members of the Academy receive the journal as part of their regular (non- 203 Member Recognition student) membership.
    [Show full text]