Blair, Keyne Blair, Praise for the First Edition & Scragg & L Edited by by Edited “This volume is a major achievement of extensive and durable value. All students of Anglo-Saxon apidge, The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of England, at whatever level, will wish to have it at hand.” English Historical Review
“This is a great addition to the works of reference available to students of Anglo-Saxon England at s every level: one never opens the book without learning something.” - Notes and Queries Anglo Saxon
“Lapidge et al. have compiled a unique storehouse of knowledge, a synthesized compendium of Anglo The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of classic and contemporary research from a wide array of interdisciplinary fields withinA nglo-Saxon and medieval studies.” H-Net Reviews England
An essential reference work for this period of English history, The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Second Edition Anglo-Saxon England is now available in a new edition. It brings together more than 700 articles written by 150 leading scholars on the people, places, activities, and creations of the Anglo-Saxons. - Edited by Michael Lapidge, Saxon England It is the only reference work to cover the history, archaeology, arts, architecture, literatures, and John Blair, Simon Keynes & Donald Scragg languages of England from the Roman withdrawal to the Norman Conquest (c.450 - 1066).
This new edition has been thoroughly updated to include the latest scholarship, and features 52 brand-new entries and a new appendix detailing English archbishops and bishops from 597 to 1066. As in the first edition, the Encyclopedia includes maps, line drawings, photos, a table of rulers of the English from 450 to 1066, and a comprehensive classified index of headwords. With an accessible layout and authoritative content, this is indispensable reading, both for specialists in this interdisciplinary field and for students looking for a thorough grounding in key topics.
Michael Lapidge is Emeritus Elrington and Bosworth Professor of Anglo-Saxon at the University of Cambridge, and a Fellow of Clare College, Cambridge.
John Blair is Professor of Medieval History and Archaeology at the University of Oxford, and a Fellow of The Queen’s College, Oxford.
Simon Keynes is Elrington and Bosworth Professor of Anglo-Saxon at the University of
Cambridge, and a Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge.
Donald Scragg is Emeritus Professor of Anglo-Saxon Studies at the University of Manchester. Second Edition
hb_9780470656327.indd 1 21/8/13 12:57:19
The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England
Chapter No.: 1 Title Name:
The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England Second Edition
Edited by
Michael Lapidge, John Blair, Simon Keynes, and Donald Scragg
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Edition History: Blackwell Publishing Ltd (1e hardback 1999, 1e paperback 2001)
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Blackwell encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England The Wiley Blackwell encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England / edited by Michael Lapidge, John Blair, Simon Keynes, and Donald Scragg. – Second edition. pages cm Revised edition of: The Blackwell encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-470-65632-7 (cloth) 1. Great Britain–History–Anglo-Saxon period, 449–1066–Encyclopedias. 2. England–Civilization–To 1066–Encyclopedias. I. Lapidge, Michael. II. Title. DA152.B58 2014 942.01–dc23 2013015800 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Cover image: Gold mount resembling a stylized sea-creature, from the Staffordshire Hoard. Photo © Birmingham Museums Trust. Cover design by Nicki Averill Design.
Set in 9/10.5pt Minion by SPi Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India
1 2014
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List of Illustrations vi List of Contributors viii Preface to the Second Edition xi Preface to the First Edition xiii List of Abbreviations xv
THE ENCYCLOPEDIA ENTRIES 1
Appendix I: Rulers of the English, c.450–1066 521 Appendix II: Archbishops and Bishops, 597–1066 539 Note on Maps 9–12 567
Index of Contributors 573 Classified Index of Head-words 579
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Plates
1 Aerial photograph of crop marks 11 Earls Barton tower. Photograph by showing cemetery. Copyright reserved, Simon Keynes 159 Cambridge University Collection of 12 The Gosforth Cross. © Department Aerial Photography 13 of Archaeology, University of Durham 219 2 The Alfred Jewel. AN1836p.135.371, 13 A hogback at Ingleby Arncliffe (Yorks.). Ashmolean Museum, University © Corpus of Anglo-Saxon Stone of Oxford 31 Sculpture. Photograph by 3 The Coppergate Helmet, York. T. Middlemass 245 Photograph © York Castle Museum 48 14 King Cnut and Queen Ælfgifu from the 4 Bradford-on-Avon church. © Crown New Minster Liber vitae. British Library, Copyright. English Heritage 77 Stowe 944 fol. 6r. © The British 5 A carpet page from the Lindisfarne Library Board 297 Gospels, London, British Library, 15 The Repton crypt. Photograph by Cotton Nero D.IV, fol. 94v. Dr John Crook 403 © The British Library Board 88 16 The Ruthwell Cross. © Corpus 6 A charter of Æthelwulf, King of Wessex of Anglo-Saxon Stone Sculpture; and Kent, 843. London, British Library, photograph by T. Middlemass 415 Stowe Charter 17. © The British 17 The seal of Godwine (matrix and Library Board 100 impression), walrus ivory, eleventh 7 A writ of Edward the Confessor for century. © The Trustees of the monastery of St Denis (1053 × 1057). the British Museum 427 Cartons des rois, AE III 60 (K 19, no. 6). 101 18 The Winchester purse reliquary. 8 Anglo-Saxon coins from the Fitzwilliam Winchester Museums Service 435 collection. © The Fitzwilliam Museum, 19 The Kirkdale sundial and inscription. Cambridge 117 © Corpus of Anglo-Saxon Stone 9 Images of kingship on Anglo-Saxon Sculpture. photograph by coins from the Fitzwilliam collection. T. Middlemass 445 © The Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge 119 20 Aerial view of Sutton Hoo. Photograph 10 ‘An Anglo-Saxon king dispenses by Nigel MacBeth 448 justice’. London, British Library, 21 Wall painting in the church of Nether Cotton Claudius B.IV, fol. 59r. Wallop. © Crown Copyright. © The British Library Board 131 English Heritage 484
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22 Winchester School decoration: the 24 Hatfield Forest, wood-pasture, New Minster Charter. London, British showing pollard trees cut for the Library, Cotton Vespasian A.VIII, fol. 2v. first time. Photograph by © The British Library Board 503 Dr Oliver Rackham 508 23 The church at Wing. Photograph © P. S. Spokes; source: English Heritage 504
Maps
1 Anglo-Saxon mills 319 7 Sutton Hoo in its European context 450 2 Offa’s Dyke 349 8 The Tribal Hidage 474 3 The main Scandinavian settlement- 9 The ‘Heptarchy’ (c.700) 569 names in southern Britain 377 10 The Mercian Supremacy (c.800) 570 4 Princely burials 385 11 The Kingdom of the 5 Barrows and barrow cemeteries 386 Anglo-Saxons (c.900) 571 6 Anglo-Saxon high-status sites 411 12 The Kingdom of the English (c.1000) 572
Figures
1 Brixworth: Anglo-Saxon phase (broken 11 Monastic sites and enclosures 327 line) in relation to the present church. 12 The spatial development By permission of Oxford University of Anglo-Saxon Mucking. Press 78 © English Heritage 333 2 Cheddar: palace and minster (plan). 13 Seventh- to ninth-century church © Philip Rahtz 104 groups 364 3 Cheddar: the Anglo-Saxon palaces. 14 The development of Anglo-Saxon © Philip Rahtz 105 Repton 402 4 The clothing of early Anglo-Saxon 15 The ecclesiastical re-use of Roman women (reconstruction). © Gale R. remains 409 Owen-Crocker 110 16 The Anglo-Saxon cemetery at 5 Deerhurst St Mary as it may have Sutton Hoo: burials known up been in the ninth century. © Rahtz to 1992 451 and Watts 142 17 Reconstruction of the burial deposit 6 Anglo-Saxon embroidery (drawn from in Sutton Hoo Mound 1 452 the Cuthbert stole and maniple). 18 Late Anglo-Saxon tiles from © Elizabeth Coatsworth 172 Winchester 465 7 An Anglo-Saxon fishweir at Colwick, 19 Planned towns, eighth to late ninth Notts. © C. R. Salisbury 190 centuries 470 8 The Fuller Brooch, housed at 20 The Old Minster, Winchester The British Museum 202 (re-construction). © Winchester 9 A selection of Anglo-Saxon Excavations Committee 487 jewellery types 264 21 Yeavering (Northumbria): the late 10 Anglo-Saxon watermill at Tamworth sixth- and seventh-century ritual (reconstruction). © Philip Rahtz 321 and assembly site and royal residence 518
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Richard Abels, United States Naval Academy, Laurence Cameron, University of Halifax Annapolis, Maryland James P. Carley, York University, Toronto Grenville Astill, University of Reading Martin Carver, University of York Mark Atherton, Regents Park College, Oxford Mary Clayton, University College, Dublin Richard N. Bailey, University of Newcastle Simon Esmonde Cleary, University of Birmingham Peter S. Baker, University of Virginia Elizabeth Coatsworth, Manchester Metropolitan Debby Banham, Newnham College, Cambridge University Julia Barrow, University of Leeds Julie Coleman, University of Leicester Martha Bayless, University of Oregon (†)H. E. J. Cowdrey, St Edmund Hall, Oxford Alex Bayliss, University College, London Barrie Cox, University of Nottingham Paul Bibire, Crail, Scotland Rosemary Cramp, University of Durham Martin Biddle, Hertford College, Oxford Sally Crawford, University of Birmingham Carole Biggam, University of Glasgow John Crook, Winchester (†)M. A. S. Blackburn, The Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge C. R. E. Cubitt, University of York John Blair, The Queen’s College, Oxford Maria Amalia D’Aronco, University of Udine C. J. Bond, Walton-in-Gordano (Somerset) R. J. Darrah, Hodnet (Shropshire) Martin Brett, Robinson College, Cambridge Tania M. Dickinson, University of York Mark Brisbane, University of Bournemouth Robert DiNapoli, University of the Third Age, Nicholas Brooks, University of Birmingham Melbourne Kevin Brown, English Heritage, Bristol Nicole Guenther Discenza, University of South Florida Michelle P. Brown, Institute of English Studies, University of London Daniel Donoghue, Harvard University Esther Cameron, Institute of Archaeology, Oxford Fiona Edmonds, Clare College, Cambridge
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Rosamond Faith, Finstock (Oxon.) Alan Kennedy, University of Sydney Dora Faraci, University of Aquila Simon Keynes, Trinity College, Cambridge Gillian Fellows-Jensen, University of Copenhagen (†)Birthe Kjølbye-Biddle, Oxford Sarah Foot, Christ Church, Oxford Anne L. Klinck, University of New Brunswick Paul Fouracre, University of Manchester Lucia Kornexl, University of Jena P. J. Fowler, University of Newcastle Michael Lapidge, Clare College, Cambridge Allen J. Frantzen, Loyola University (†)Vivien Law, Trinity College, Cambridge Richard Gameson, University of Durham Graeme Lawson, Corpus Christi College, George Garnett, St Hugh’s College, Oxford Cambridge Mary Garrison, University of York M. K. Lawson, St Paul’s School, London Richard Gem, Cathedrals Commission, London Patrizia Lendinara, University of Palermo Helen Gittos, University of Kent, Canterbury R. M. Liuzza, University of Tennessee Malcolm Godden, University of Oxford R. C. Love, Robinson College, Cambridge Diana E. Greenway, Institute of Historical K. A. Lowe, University of Glasgow Research, London Peter J. Lucas, University College, Dublin (†)Mechthild Gretsch, University of Göttingen Niels Lund, University of Copenhagen Michael Gullick, The Red Gull Press Arthur MacGregor, The Ashmolean Museum, (†)R. A. Hall, York Archaeological Trust Oxford Thomas N. Hall, formerly University of Patrick McGurk, formerly Birkbeck College, Notre Dame London Helena Hamerow, University of Oxford Helen McKee, Oxford Paul Antony Hayward, University of Lancaster Keith Manchester, University of Bradford Isabel Henderson, Newnham College, Cambridge Richard Marsden, University of Nottingham T. A. Heslop, University of East Anglia Audrey Meaney, Cambridge (†)John Higgitt, University of Edinburgh Sean Miller, formerly Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge N. J. Higham, University of Manchester (†)Bruce Mitchell, St Edmund Hall, Oxford Joyce Hill, formerly University of Leeds Marco Mostert, University of Utrecht Terry Hoad, St Peter’s College, Oxford Rory Naismith, Clare College, Cambridge Philip Holdsworth, Archaeology Section, Cumbria County Council, Kendal Janet Nelson, King’s College, London Stephanie Hollis, University of Auckland Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, St John’s College, Cambridge Carole Hough, University of Glasgow William Noel, Walters Art Gallery, Baltimore Gillian Hutchinson, National Maritime Museum, Katherine O’Brien O’Keeffe, University of Greenwich California at Berkeley (†)George Jack, University of St Andrews Éamonn Ó Carragáin, University College, Cork Rohini Jayatilaka, formerly University of Oxford Andy Orchard, University of Oxford Joy Jenkyns, St Edmund Hall, Oxford Gale R. Owen-Crocker, University of Manchester S. E. Kelly, Portsmouth O. J. Padel, St Neots, Cornwall
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(†)R. I. Page, Corpus Christi College, Cambridge Pauline Stafford, University of Huddersfield David Park, Courtauld Institute of Art, London Wesley M. Stevens, University of Winnipeg David Parsons, University of Leicester Matthew Stiff, Oxford David A. E. Pelteret, formerly University of Alan Thacker, Victoria History of the Counties of Toronto England, London Richard W. Pfaff, University of North Carolina at Rodney M. Thomson, University of Tasmania Chapel Hill David E. Thornton, Bilkent University, Ankara Kathryn Powell, formerly University of Manchester Elaine M. Treharne, Stanford University David Pratt, Downing College, Cambridge Elisabeth van Houts, Emmanuel College, Cambridge (†)Phillip Pulsiano, Villanova University (†) Alan Vince, City of Lincoln Archaeology Unit, Lincoln Oliver Rackham, Corpus Christi College, Cambridge Keith Wade, Bury St Edmunds (†)Philip Rahtz, University of York Lorna Watts, Harome (Yorks.) Susan Rankin, Emmanuel College, Cambridge Leslie Webster, The British Museum, London Christine Rauer, University of St Andrews Jonathan Wilcox, University of Iowa Barbara C. Raw, Oxford Ann Williams, Wanstead, London Roger E. Ray, University of Toledo Tom Williamson, University of East Anglia Paul G. Remley, University of Washington D. R. Wilson, University of Keele Charlotte A. Roberts, University of Durham Ian Wood, University of Leeds Jane Roberts, King’s College, London (†)Patrick Wormald, Christ Church, Oxford David Rollason, University of Durham Margaret Worthington, formerly University Susan Rosser, formerly University of Manchester of Manchester Donald Scragg, University of Manchester Charles D. Wright, University of Illinois at Richard Sharpe, Wadham College, Oxford Urbana-Champaign Alice Sheppard, formerly Cornell University B. A. E. Yorke, King Alfred’s College, Winchester Jeremy J. Smith, University of Glasgow S. M. Youngs, The British Museum, London
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During the fifteen years which have elapsed since left the field altogether; some, indeed, have left this the publication of the first edition, this Encyclopedia life. We made a concerted effort to contact all the has remained constantly in print, and has sold in sat- original contributors, and succeeded in contacting isfying numbers. But inevitably there have been some 115 of them; and, with a very few exceptions, changes: Blackwell Publishers have become Wiley all were willing to undertake revision and updating Blackwell Publishers; the volume of publication in of their original entries. (In the case of the thirty-five the field of Anglo-Saxon studies has continued or so unlocatable or deceased contributors, the unabated; and many new discoveries, particularly in general editors have supplied updated references to the field of archaeology – one thinks especially of obvious secondary sources, such as ODNB or the Prittlewell princely burial and the Staffordshire OHASA, but have not thought it appropriate to Hoard – have brought many new Anglo-Saxon undertake more extensive revision without the orig- artifacts to light. And there have been huge advances inal authors’ permission.) The general editors have in fields relating to archaeological discovery, notably also written or commissioned some fifty-two new archaeobotany and palaeopathology. A number of entries, so as to fill perceived lacunae in the first edi- large-scale publications, such as the Oxford tion, and to provide coverage of new and important Dictionary of National Biography (ODNB) and the subjects (notably the Prittlewell princely burial and Oxford Handbook to Anglo-Saxon Archaeology the Staffordshire Hoard). And Simon Keynes has (OHASA), have facilitated research on many aspects compiled a comprehensive list of all Anglo-Saxon of the wider field. Developments such as these archbishops and bishops as a new, second, appendix, suggested to Wiley Blackwell, and to Tessa Harvey to accompany the (now lightly revised) Appendix of in particular, that there was a strong case for pro Rulers of the English which formed part of the first ducing a second, revised, edition of the original edition. Encyclopedia. In many ways it is more difficult to revise a work In some ways the undertaking was relatively on this scale than it would be simply to begin afresh. straightforward: the original team of four general Particularly in the business of contacting original editors (John Blair, Simon Keynes, Donald Scragg contributors, we have had excellent help and support and myself) all agreed on the merits of a new edition from the desk editors at Wiley Blackwell, especially and all were willing to devote their time and ener- Anna Maria Mendell and Sally Cooper. At the copy- gies to achieving it. But there were problems. There editing stage, the volume has had the benefit of the were some 150 contributors to the first edition; acute and intelligent attention of Janet Moth, to the during the intervening fifteen years, a number of great improvement of its layout and stylistic consist- these have changed institutions, making it difficult ency. Throughout the several years of discussion, to locate their present whereabouts, and many have negotiation, and production, Tessa Harvey has been
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a wonderful pillar of support (as she was fifteen and somehow found time to help bring this revised more years ago with the first edition), and that the edition of the Encyclopedia to completion. revised edition appears at all is largely due to her unflagging enthusiasm for the project. Finally, I am very grateful for the support which I have had Michael Lapidge throughout from my three co-editors, each of whom (for the Editors) has many other academic commitments, but has January 2013
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The past generation has seen enormous advances The need for a single handbook which would in all aspects of Anglo-Saxon studies. Archaeology provide such orientation has long been felt. Some has brought to light hundreds of sites and thou- fifteen years ago, Blackwell Publishers took steps to sands upon thousands of artifacts (including address the need by establishing an editorial com- countless coins, which often provide indispensable mittee under the direction of R. I. Page, with the aim evidence for dating) and revolutionary new tech- of producing a single-volume companion to all niques have evolved to assist the analysis of this aspects of Anglo-Saxon studies. The editorial board unfathomable wealth of evidence; architectural consisted (at various times) of R. I. Page as general historians have identified innumerable new build- editor, together with Catherine Hills, Christine Fell, ings, secular and ecclesiastical; refinements in pal- Simon Keynes, Malcolm Godden, Fred Robinson, aeographical method have made it possible for the and myself. Many hours’ work went into devising first time to identify, list, and date all the manu- a list of head-words, drawing up guidelines for scripts likely to have been written or owned in contributors, drafting specimen entries, and com- Anglo-Saxon England; historians have developed missioning articles from specialists. Although many and perfected new skills in analysing the surviving invitations were sent out to contributors in 1984–5, documentary evidence; many new Anglo-Latin and although a number of contributions were authors and texts have been discovered; and even received, the project faltered, perhaps because of its the relatively stable corpus of literature in Old comprehensive scope, perhaps because the editors English has undergone waves of reassessment as had underestimated the amount of energy which new critical approaches gain ascendancy. The bur- would be required to see it to completion. geoning of knowledge – and ipso facto the vitality A number of years later, on the occasion of the of the subject – are witnessed by that fact that each ISAS meeting in Oxford (July 1993), I happened to year some 1,000 publications are recorded in the find myself in conversation with John Davey (then annual bibliography, covering all aspects of the chief editor of Blackwell Publishers, and one of the subject, which is printed in Anglo-Saxon England. initiators of the original conception of a compan- The time has long passed when any professional ion to Anglo-Saxon studies). We reiterated our scholar, let alone layman, could expect to control mutual conviction that the conception of the the whole of the field of Anglo-Saxon studies; and single-volume companion was an excellent one, so vast is the secondary literature in any particular and lamented that it had been abandoned. After field that hardly anyone is in a position to keep up some discussion I agreed to try to resuscitate the with it. Growing specialization in individual fields project, on the condition that a new editorial team has meant that it is increasingly difficult to find could be appointed, which would have the single- even basic bibliographical orientation in ancillary minded determination necessary to see the project disciplines. through to completion.
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