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Contemporary Land-Use Change Structures Carnivore Communities in Remaining Tallgrass Prairie
Contemporary land-use change structures carnivore communities in remaining tallgrass prairie by Kyle Ross Wait B.S., Kansas State University, 2014 A THESIS submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Horticulture and Natural Resources College of Agriculture KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY Manhattan, Kansas 2017 Approved by: Major Professor Dr. Adam A. Ahlers Copyright © Kyle Ross Wait 2017. Abstract The Flint Hills ecoregion in Kansas, USA, represents the largest remaining tract of native tallgrass prairie in North America. Anthropogenic landscape change (e.g., urbanization, agricultural production) is affecting native biodiversity in this threatened ecosystem. Our understanding of how landscape change affects spatial distributions of carnivores (i.e., species included in the Order ‘Carnivora’) in this ecosystem is limited. I investigated the influence of landscape structure and composition on site occupancy dynamics of 3 native carnivores (coyote [Canis latrans]; bobcat [Lynx rufus]; and striped skunk [Mephitis mephitis]) and 1 nonnative carnivore (domestic cat, [Felis catus]) across an urbanization gradient in the Flint Hills during 2016-2017. I also examined how the relative influence of various landscape factors affected native carnivore species richness and diversity. I positioned 74 camera traps across 8 urban-rural transects in the 2 largest cities in the Flint Hills (Manhattan, pop. > 55,000; Junction City, pop. > 31,000) to assess presence/absence of carnivores. Cameras were activated for 28 days in each of 3 seasons (Summer 2016, Fall 2016, Winter 2017) and I used multisession occupancy models and an information-theoretic approach to assess the importance of various landscape factors on carnivore site occupancy dynamics. -
Eastern Spotted Skunk Spilogale Putorius
Wyoming Species Account Eastern Spotted Skunk Spilogale putorius REGULATORY STATUS USFWS: Petitioned for Listing USFS R2: No special status USFS R4: No special status Wyoming BLM: No special status State of Wyoming: Predatory Animal CONSERVATION RANKS USFWS: No special status WGFD: NSS3 (Bb), Tier II WYNDD: G4, S3S4 Wyoming Contribution: LOW IUCN: Least Concern STATUS AND RANK COMMENTS The plains subspecies of Eastern Spotted Skunk (Spilogale putorius interrupta) is petitioned for listing under the United States Endangered Species Act (ESA). The species as a whole is assigned a range of state conservation ranks by the Wyoming Natural Diversity Database (WYNDD) due to uncertainty concerning the proportion of its Wyoming range that is occupied, the resulting impact of this on state abundance estimates, and, to a lesser extent, due to uncertainty about extrinsic stressors and population trends in the state. NATURAL HISTORY Taxonomy: There are currently two species of spotted skunk commonly recognized in the United States: the Eastern Spotted Skunk (S. putorius) and the Western Spotted Skunk (S. gracilis) 1-3. The distinction between the eastern and western species has been questioned over the years, with some authors suggesting that the two are synonymous 4, while others maintain that they are distinct based on morphologic characteristics, differences in breeding strategy, and molecular data 5-7. There are 3 subspecies of S. putorius recognized by most authorities 3, but only S. p. interrupta (Plains Spotted Skunk) occurs in Wyoming, while the other two are restricted to portions of the southeastern United States 1. Description: Spotted skunks are the smallest skunks in North America and are easily distinguished by their distinct pelage consisting of many white patches on a black background, compared to the large, white stripes of the more widespread and common striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis). -
Integrating Black Bear Behavior, Spatial Ecology, and Population Dynamics in a Human-Dominated Landscape: Implications for Management
Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 8-2017 Integrating Black Bear Behavior, Spatial Ecology, and Population Dynamics in a Human-Dominated Landscape: Implications for Management Jarod D. Raithel Utah State University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd Part of the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons Recommended Citation Raithel, Jarod D., "Integrating Black Bear Behavior, Spatial Ecology, and Population Dynamics in a Human- Dominated Landscape: Implications for Management" (2017). All Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 6633. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/6633 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INTEGRATING BLACK BEAR BEHAVIOR, SPATIAL ECOLOGY, AND POPULATION DYNAMICS IN A HUMAN-DOMINATED LANDSCAPE: IMPLICATIONS FOR MANAGEMENT by Jarod D. Raithel A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Ecology Approved: _______________________ _______________________ Lise M. Aubry, Ph.D. Melissa J. Reynolds-Hogland, Ph.D. Major Professor Committee Member _______________________ _______________________ David N. Koons, Ph.D. Eric M. Gese, Ph.D. Committee Member Committee Member _______________________ _______________________ Joseph M. Wheaton, Ph.D. Mark R. McLellan, Ph.D. Committee Member Vice President for Research and Dean of the School of Graduate Studies UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY Logan, Utah 2017 ii Copyright Jarod Raithel 2017 All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Integrating Black Bear Behavior, Spatial Ecology, and Population Dynamics in a Human-Dominated Landscape: Implications for Management by Jarod D. -
First Documentation of Scent-Marking Behaviors in Striped Skunks (Mephitis Mephitis)
Mammal Research (2021) 66:399–404 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13364-021-00565-8 ORIGINAL PAPER First documentation of scent-marking behaviors in striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis) Kathrina Jackson1 & Christopher C. Wilmers 2 & Heiko U. Wittmer 3 & Maximilian L. Allen4 Received: 9 October 2020 /Accepted: 16 March 2021 / Published online: 11 April 2021 # Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Bialowieza, Poland 2021 Abstract Communication behaviors play a critical role in both an individual’s fitness as well as the viability of populations. Solitary animals use chemical communication (i.e., scent marking) to locate mates and defend their territory to increase their own fitness. Previous research has suggested that striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis) do not perform scent-marking behaviors, despite being best known for using odor as chemical defense. We used video camera traps to document behaviors exhibited by striped skunks at a remote site in coastal California between January 2012 and April 2015. Our camera traps captured a total of 71 visits by striped skunks, the majority of which (73%) included a striped skunk exhibiting scent-marking behaviors. Overall, we documented 8 different scent-marking behaviors. The most frequent behaviors we documented were cheek rubbing (45.1%), investigating (40.8%), and claw marking (35.2%). The behaviors exhibited for the longest durations on average were grooming (x =34.4s) and investigating (x = 21.2 s). Although previous research suggested that striped skunks do not scent mark, we documented that at least some populations do and our findings suggest that certain sites are used for communication via scent marking. -
Riqueza De Espécies E Relevância Para a Conservação
O Brasil é reconhecidamente um dos países de megadiversidade de mamíferos do mundo, abrigando cerca de 12% de todas as espécies desse grupo existentes no nosso planeta, distribuídas em 12 Ordens e 50 Famílias. Dentre as espécies que ocorrem no País, 210 (30% do total) são exclusivas do território brasileiro. Esses números não só indicam a importância do País para a conservação mundial desses animais como também trazem para a mastozoologia brasileira a responsabilidade de produzir e disseminar conhecimento científico de qualidade sobre um grupo carismático, bastante ameaçado pela ação antrópica e importante componente dos ecossistemas naturais. O próprio aumento no número de espécies reconhecidas para o Brasil nos últimos 15 anos já é um indicativo da resposta que vem sendo dada pelos pesquisadores do País a esse desafio de gerar conhecimento científico de qualidade sobre os mamíferos. Na publicação pioneira de Fonseca e colaboradores (Lista Anotada dos Mamíferos do Brasil, 1996), houve a indicação de 524 espécies brasileiras de mamíferos. Na compilação mais recente, de 2012, esse número passou para 701, o que representa um aumento de quase 34% em 16 anos (Paglia et al., Lista Anotada dos Mamíferos do Brasil , 2a ed., 2012). Visando contribuir para essa produção de conhecimento científico de qualidade sobre mamíferos, há alguns anos atrás nós organizamos uma publicação que reunia estudos científicos inéditos sobre vários aspectos da biologia do grupo, intitulada Mamíferos do Brasil: Genética, Sistemática, Ecologia e Conservação. Esse livro, publicado em 2006, contou com a participação de vários mastozoólogos brasileiros de destaque. A nossa intenção, com o mesmo, era contribuir para a produção e divulgação da informação científica para um público mais amplo, incluindo alunos de graduação e não-acadêmicos interessados em mastozoologia, além é claro dos pesquisadores especialistas na área. -
STRIPED SKUNK Mephitis Mephitis
WILDLIFE IN CONNECTICUT INFORMATIONAL SERIES EASTERN STRIPED SKUNK Mephitis mephitis Habitat: Fields, fencerows, wooded ravines and rocky Diet: Insects (especially grubs), small mammals, outcrops. May also be found under buildings, in culverts earthworms, snails, grains, nuts, fruits, reptiles, vegeta- and near garbage dumps. tion, amphibians, birds, eggs, carrion and garbage. Weight: 6 to 14 pounds. Length: 21 to 26 inches. Males are somewhat larger than females. Identification: The eastern striped skunk’s body is born between late April and early June. At three weeks covered with fluffy black fur. It has a narrow white stripe of age, young skunks open their eyes and begin up the middle of the forehead and a broad white area crawling. At seven weeks, they begin to venture out on the top of the head and neck, which usually divides with the female and are able to spray musk; they into two stripes continuing along the back. The long, usually disperse during the fall of their first year. Adult bushy tail is a mixture of white and black hairs. Some males are generally solitary except during the mating skunks have more white than black hairs. Skunks have season. a small head, small eyes and a pointed snout. Their History in Connecticut: The eastern striped skunk is short legs and flat-footed gait makes them appear to adaptable to a wide range of habitats but prefers areas waddle when they walk. Sharp teeth and long claws of open fields with low, brushy vegetation. Early enable them to dig in soil or sod and pull apart rotten farming in Connecticut probably increased the suitability logs in search of food. -
Genus/Species Skull Ht Lt Wt Stage Range Abalosia U.Pliocene S America Abelmoschomys U.Miocene E USA A
Genus/Species Skull Ht Lt Wt Stage Range Abalosia U.Pliocene S America Abelmoschomys U.Miocene E USA A. simpsoni U.Miocene Florida(US) Abra see Ochotona Abrana see Ochotona Abrocoma U.Miocene-Recent Peru A. oblativa 60 cm? U.Holocene Peru Abromys see Perognathus Abrosomys L.Eocene Asia Abrothrix U.Pleistocene-Recent Argentina A. illuteus living Mouse Lujanian-Recent Tucuman(ARG) Abudhabia U.Miocene Asia Acanthion see Hystrix A. brachyura see Hystrix brachyura Acanthomys see Acomys or Tokudaia or Rattus Acarechimys L-M.Miocene Argentina A. minutissimus Miocene Argentina Acaremys U.Oligocene-L.Miocene Argentina A. cf. Murinus Colhuehuapian Chubut(ARG) A. karaikensis Miocene? Argentina A. messor Miocene? Argentina A. minutissimus see Acarechimys minutissimus Argentina A. minutus Miocene? Argentina A. murinus Miocene? Argentina A. sp. L.Miocene Argentina A. tricarinatus Miocene? Argentina Acodon see Akodon A. angustidens see Akodon angustidens Pleistocene Brazil A. clivigenis see Akodon clivigenis Pleistocene Brazil A. internus see Akodon internus Pleistocene Argentina Acomys L.Pliocene-Recent Africa,Europe,W Asia,Crete A. cahirinus living Spiny Mouse U.Pleistocene-Recent Israel A. gaudryi U.Miocene? Greece Aconaemys see Pithanotomys A. fuscus Pliocene-Recent Argentina A. f. fossilis see Aconaemys fuscus Pliocene Argentina Acondemys see Pithanotomys Acritoparamys U.Paleocene-M.Eocene W USA,Asia A. atavus see Paramys atavus A. atwateri Wasatchian W USA A. cf. Francesi Clarkforkian Wyoming(US) A. francesi(francesci) Wasatchian-Bridgerian Wyoming(US) A. wyomingensis Bridgerian Wyoming(US) Acrorhizomys see Clethrionomys Actenomys L.Pliocene-L.Pleistocene Argentina A. maximus Pliocene Argentina Adelomyarion U.Oligocene France A. vireti U.Oligocene France Adelomys U.Eocene France A. -
Patterns in Bobcat (Lynx Rufus) Scent Marking and Communication Behaviors
J Ethol DOI 10.1007/s10164-014-0418-0 VIDEO ARTICLE Patterns in bobcat (Lynx rufus) scent marking and communication behaviors Maximilian L. Allen • Cody F. Wallace • Christopher C. Wilmers Received: 18 June 2014 / Accepted: 26 November 2014 Ó Japan Ethological Society and Springer Japan 2014 Abstract Intraspecific communication by solitary felids http://www.momo-p.com/showdetail-e.php?movieid=momo is not well understood, but it is necessary for mate selection 141104bn01a, http://www.momo-p.com/showdetail-e.php? and to maintain social organization. We used motion-trig- movieid=momo141104bn02a, http://www.momo-p.com/ gered video cameras to study the use of communication showdetail-e.php?movieid=momo141104lr01a, http://www. behaviors in bobcats (Lynx rufus), including scraping, urine momo-p.com/showdetail-e.php?movieid=momo141104lr02a, spraying, and olfactory investigation. We found that http://www.momo-p.com/showdetail-e.php?movieid=momo olfactory investigation was more commonly used than any 141104lr03a and http://www.momo-p.com/showdetail-e. other behavior and that—contrary to previous research— php?movieid=momo141104lr04a. scraping was not used more often than urine spraying. We also recorded the use of cryptic behaviors, including body Keywords Scent marking Á Bobcat Á Lynx rufus Á rubbing, claw marking, flehmen response, and vocaliza- Scraping Á Behavior Á Communication tions. Visitation was most frequent during January, pre- sumably at the peak of courtship and mating, and visitation become more nocturnal during winter and spring. Our Introduction results add to the current knowledge of bobcat communi- cation behaviors, and suggest that further study could Communication is an important component of the study of enhance our understanding of how communication animal behavior, but it can be difficult to study in cryptic is used to maintain social organization. -
Conservation Plan for Gray Wolves in California PART I December 2016
California Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation Plan for Gray Wolves in California Part I December 2016 Charlton H. Bonham, Director Cover photograph by Gary Kramer This document should be cited as: Kovacs, K. E., K.E. Converse, M.C. Stopher, J.H. Hobbs, M.L. Sommer, P.J. Figura, D.A. Applebee, D.L. Clifford, and D.J. Michaels. Conservation Plan for Gray Wolves in California. 2016. California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Sacramento, CA 329 pp. The preparers want to acknowledge Department of Fish and Wildlife staff who contributed to the preparation of this document. They include Steve Torres, Angela Donlan, and Kirsten Macintyre. Further, we appreciate the agencies and staff from the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Washington Department of Wildlife, and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service for their generous support in our efforts to prepare this document. We are also indebted to our facilitation experts at Kearns and West, specifically Sam Magill. Table of Contents – PART I INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 2 Plan Development ....................................................................................................................................... 2 Plan Goals ..................................................................................................................................................... 4 Summary of Historical Distribution and Abundance of Wolves in California ..................................... -
Influence of Habitat on Presence of Striped Skunks in Midwestern North
diversity Article Influence of Habitat on Presence of Striped Skunks in Midwestern North America Katelyn Amspacher 1,* , F. Agustín Jiménez 2 and Clayton Nielsen 1,3 1 Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA; [email protected] 2 School of Biological Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA; [email protected] 3 Forestry Program, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis) are urban-adapted, generalist mesocarnivores widely dis- tributed throughout North America. Although striped skunks have been studied extensively at small scales, knowledge of habitat influences on striped skunks at large scales is lacking. We developed a species distribution model (SDM) to examine potential striped skunk presence in a 16,058 km2 portion of southern Illinois, USA. We built models using SDM Toolbox and MaxEnt, and incorporated known presence locations, 1 km2 land cover data, and an index of human modification of the landscape. Land cover and human modification explained 98% and 2% of variation in our model, respectively. The highest presence of striped skunks existed in areas with forest cover and developed open space with moderate human modification. The striped skunk presence was lowest in areas with cultivated crops and woody wetlands with either low or high human modification. Forest cover provides natural food and shelter resources for striped skunks, but resources are likely augmented by human activity in developed open space. Cultivated crops only provide seasonal resources, and inundation limits denning in wooded wetlands. Our model indicated striped skunks are a synanthropic species that regularly inhabits both natural and anthropogenic habitats over a large scale. -
Genetic Diversity Between and Within the Arenavirus Species Indigenous to Western Venezuela ☆
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector Virology 378 (2008) 205–213 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Virology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/yviro Genetic diversity between and within the arenavirus species indigenous to western Venezuela ☆ Charles F. Fulhorst a,⁎, Maria N.B. Cajimat b, Mary Louise Milazzo a, Hector Paredes c, Nuris M.C. de Manzione c, Rosa A. Salas d,1, Pierre E. Rollin e, Thomas G. Ksiazek e a University of Texas Medical Branch, Department of Pathology, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555-0609, USA b University of Texas Medical Branch, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Microbiology and Immunology Graduate Program, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555-1019, USA c Centro de Investigaciones de Virosis Hemorrágicas y Enfermedades Transmisibles, Sector La Colonia Parte Alta, Via Escuela Granja, Quinta CIVIHET, Guanare, Estado Portuguesa, Venezuela d Instituto Nacional de Higiene “Rafael Rangel”, Ciudad Universitaria, Los Chaguaramos, Caracas, Venezuela e Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Special Pathogens Branch, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA article info abstract Article history: The results of analyses of Z, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, glycoprotein precursor, and nucleocapsid protein Received 4 October 2007 gene sequence data suggested that Guanarito virus was the most common cause of Venezuelan hemorrhagic Returned to author for revision fever in a 7-year period in the 1990s and that the evolution of Pirital virus in association with Sigmodon 27 March 2008 alstoni (Alston's cotton rat) has occurred at a significantly higher rate than the evolution of Guanarito virus in Accepted 13 May 2008 association with Zygodontomys brevicauda (short-tailed cane mouse) on the plains of western Venezuela. -
Using Stable Isotope Analysis to Estimate Black Bear (Ursus Americanus) Diet in Vermont Eliese Antona Dykstra University of Vermont
University of Vermont ScholarWorks @ UVM Graduate College Dissertations and Theses Dissertations and Theses 2015 Using stable isotope analysis to estimate black bear (Ursus americanus) diet in Vermont Eliese Antona Dykstra University of Vermont Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis Part of the Natural Resources and Conservation Commons, and the Natural Resources Management and Policy Commons Recommended Citation Dykstra, Eliese Antona, "Using stable isotope analysis to estimate black bear (Ursus americanus) diet in Vermont" (2015). Graduate College Dissertations and Theses. 388. https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/388 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Dissertations and Theses at ScholarWorks @ UVM. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate College Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ UVM. For more information, please contact [email protected]. USING STABLE ISOTOPE ANALYSIS TO ESTIMATE BLACK BEAR (URSUS AMERICANUS) DIET IN VERMONT A Thesis Presented by Eliese A. Dykstra to The Faculty of the Graduate College of The University of Vermont In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science Specializing in Natural Resources January, 2015 Defense Date: November 14, 2014 Thesis Examination Committee: James D. Murdoch, Ph.D., Advisor Andrea Lini, Ph.D., Chairperson C. William Kilpatrick, Ph.D. Cynthia J. Forehand, Ph.D., Dean of the Graduate College ABSTRACT The black bear (Ursus americanus) is an iconic species with cultural, economic and ecological importance in Vermont, USA. Bears exhibit a highly variable diet, and few studies have described bear diet in the state. Information on diet may provide insight into foraging behavior, thus allowing managers to better assess patterns of human-bear conflict.