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Thesis Reference Thesis Systèmes veineux de la base du crâne et de la jonction cranio-cervicale : anatomie macroscopique et radiologique et implications cliniques SAN MILLÁN RUÍZ, Diego Abstract Il s'agit d'une étude sur l'anatomie macroscopique et radiologique des systèmes veineux de la base du crâne et de la jonction cranio-cervicale. L'utilisation de méthodes d'investigation diverses sur le cadavre et le vivant, basées d'une part sur la dissection classique et des études de corrosions veineuses, et d'autre part sur l'artériographie digitalisée de soustraction et l'angiographie IRM et CT, permettent d'apppréhender cette anatomie complexe. L'accent est porté sur des trouvailles anatomiques à ce jour méconnues et sur des imprécisions qui font foi dans la littérature. L'optique sera surtout celle du clinicien, orientant la discussion vers des données anatomiques dont les implications cliniques auront un intérêt pour le neuroradiologue ou pour le neurochirurgien. L'illustration par des cas cliniques concrets a pour but de renforcer cette optique. Finalement, une nouvelle classification du drainage veineux de la base du crâne est proposée. Reference SAN MILLÁN RUÍZ, Diego. Systèmes veineux de la base du crâne et de la jonction cranio-cervicale : anatomie macroscopique et radiologique et implications cliniques. Thèse de doctorat : Univ. Genève, 2006, no. Méd. 10493 URN : urn:nbn:ch:unige-4486 DOI : 10.13097/archive-ouverte/unige:448 Available at: http://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:448 Disclaimer: layout of this document may differ from the published version. 1 / 1 UNIVERSITE DE GENEVE FACULTE DE MEDECINE Département de Physiologie Cellulaire et Métabolisme Département de Radiologie et Informatique Médicale Thèse préparée sous la direction de Jean HD Fasel, Professeur et Daniel A Rüfenacht, Professeur _________ SYSTEMES VEINEUX DE LA BASE DU CRÂNE ET DE LA JONCTION CRANIO-CERVICALE: ANATOMIE MACROSCOPIQUE ET RADIOLOGIQUE ET IMPLICATIONS CLINIQUES Thèse Présentée à la Faculté de Médecine de l’Université de Genève pour obtenir le grade de Docteur en médecine par Diego San Millán Ruíz de Genève Thèse n° Genève 2006 A mi abuela Maruja, Con todo mi cariño ii Table of Contents Acknowledgments p. vi List of abbreviations p. vii Résumé Introduction p. viii-ix Matériels et Méthodes p. ix-x Résultats et Discussion Les veines de la fosse crânienne antérieure p. x-xi Les veines de la fosse crânienne moyenne Les veines de la region latérosellaire p. xi Le sinus sphénopariétal de Breschet p. xi-xii Le sinus pétrosquameux p. xii Les veines de la fosse crânienne postérieure et de la jonction crânio-cervicale p. xii-xiii Conclusions p. xiii General introduction p. 1 General material & methods: Introduction p. 2 Post-mortem study Classical anatomic dissections: after gelatine injection p. 2-3 Classical anatomic dissections: after acrylic cement injection p. 3 Corrosion casts p. 3 In-vivo study Digital subtraction angiography studies p. 4 MRI studies p. 4 CT studies p. 4-5 Clinical cases p. 5 Part I: venous systems in the anterior cranial fossa Introduction p. 6 Case descriptions and results iii Case 1 p. 6-8 Case 2 p. 8-9 Discussion p. 9-10 Conclusion p. 10-11 Part II: venous systems in the middle cranial fossa Background p. 12-13 The termination of the superficial middle cerebral vein Introduction p. 14 Results Gross anatomy of the superficial middle cerebral vein and its termination p. 15-19 Angiographic anatomy of the termination of the superficial middle cerebral vein p. 19-20 Discussion Termination of the superficial middle cerebral vein in the middle cranial fossa p. 21-28 Embryological hypothesis p. 28-29 Clinical implications of the laterocavernous sinus p. 29 The sphenoparietal sinus of Breschet, the meningeal, and the diploic veins Introduction p. 30-31 Results Anatomic findings p. 31-35 Angiographic correlation p. 35-36 Clinical case p. 36-37 Discussion Anatomy p. 38-41 Clinical implications p. 41 The petrosquamosal sinus Introduction p. 42 Materials and Methods iv Postmortem study p. 42 Clinical imaging cases p. 43 Results Postmortem study p. 43-44 Clinical imaging cases Case 1 p. 44-45 Case 2 p. 45-49 Discussion p. 50-53 Conclusion p. 54-56 Part III: venous systems in the posterior fossa and cranio-cervical junction Introduction p. 56-57 Results Dural sinuses p. 57 Internal vertebral venous plexus p. 58-59 Vertebral veins p. 59 Anterior, posterior, and lateral condylar veins, and other emissary veins p. 60-62 The anterior condylar confluent of Trolard p. 62-63 Discussion p. 63-65 Conclusion p. 65-66 Bibliography p. 67-73 * * * v Acknowledgements: The work presented in this manuscript is obviously not only mine. Dr Philippe Gailloud was the first one to observe a venous channel in the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus, and linked it to the drainage of the superficial middle cerebral vein. This observation opened the door to all the investigations of the cerebral venous system that appear in the present paper. He also performed the study on the angiographic anatomy of this venous channel, whose results are included here. I am indebted to him for awakening in me the interest for neurovascular anatomy and many other enlightening fields. I’m thankful to Dr Jacqueline Delavelle for her help obtaining MRI phlebography images, but most of all for her constructive critical remarks, on which I know I can always count. My gratitude also to Dr Gian-Paolo Pizzolato who gave us access to his autopsy material for the study of the termination of the superficial cerebral vein. His patience was laudable when confronted to the multicoloured, injected brains we returned to him… Finally, my immense gratitude to my mentors, Professors Jean Fasel and Daniel Rüfenacht; their support and enthusiasm has made this work possible. * * * vi List of abbreviations: Abréviations françaises ADS Angiographie digitalisée par soustraction CCA Confluent condylien antérieur FAVD Fistule artérioveineuse durale FCA Fosse crânienne antérieure FCM Fosse crânienne moyenne FCP Fosse crânienne postérieure SC Sinus caverneux SLC Sinus latérocaverneux SPC Sinus paracaverneux SPAS Sinus de la petite aile du sphénoïde SphS Sinus sphénopariétal de Breschet SPSQ Sinus pétrosquameux VCMS Veine cérébrale moyenne superficielle VFC Veine émissaire du foramen caecum English abbreviations ACC Anterior condylar confluent ACF Anterior cranial fossa AMMV Anterior branch of the middle meningeal veins CS Cavernous sinus DAVF Dural arteriovenous fistula DMCV Deep middle cerebral vein DSA Digital subtraction angiography EJV External jugular vein EVVP External vertebral venous plexus ICA Internal carotid artery IJV Internal jugular vein IPS Inferior petrosal sinus IVVP Internal vertebral venous plexus LCS Laterocavernous sinus LSW Lesser sphenoid wing MCA Middle cerebral artery MCF Middle cranial fossa MMV Middle menigeal veins PCF Posterior cranial fossa PCS Paracavernous sinus PGF Postglenoid foramen PP Pterygoid plexus PSS Petrosquamosal sinus SLSW Sinus of the lesser sphenoid wing SMCV Superficial middle cerebral vein SOV Superior ophthalmic vein SphS Sphenoparietal sinus of Breschet SPS Superior petrosal sinus SS Sigmoid sinus SSS Superior sagittal sinus TS Transverse sinus VAVP Vertebral artery venous plexus VFC Vein of the foramen caecum VVS Vertebral venous system vii Résumé Introduction Le drainage veineux du crâne se fait par les veines cérébrales, les sinus veineux de la dure mère, et les veines du neurocrâne, qui comprennent les veines méningées, diploïques et émissaires. La complexité et la grande variabilité de ce système rend son étude difficile, au point que son anatomie reste, de nos jours, loin d’être complètement élucidée. Or, le système veineux est de plus en plus considéré, d’un point de vue physiologique, clinique, et pathophysiologique, comme jouant un rôle prépondérant dans l’homéostasie de la circulation cérébrale (Greitz D 2004), et le développement de nombreuses pathologies vasculaires cérébrales et spinales (Brunereau L et al 1998, Dillon WP 1997, Kiley MA 2002). Son importance est reconnue dans diverses affections vasculaires telles que les anomalies du développement veineux, les malformations et fistules artérioveineuses intracrâniennes, l’angiomatose leptoméningée (maladie de Sturge-Weber), et même, depuis peu, dans la genèse de l’hypertension intracrânienne idiopathique ou bénigne. L’hypertension veineuse, dénominateur commun de ces affections vasculaires, joue un rôle primordial dans l’apparition des manifestations neurologiques liées à ces maladies. Une compréhension détaillée de l’anatomie veineuse devient des lors indispensable dans la distinction entre la variante anatomique normale et l’anatomie pathologique, et intervient dans l’analyse morphologique et la classification des affections vasculaires encéphaliques (Brunereau L et al 1996, Cognard C et al 1998). Notre intérêt s’est porté sur l’étude des systèmes veineux de la base du crâne et la jonction crânio-cervicale. La majorité du sang veineux encéphalique rejoint les sinus de la dure-mère de la fosse crânienne postérieure (FCP), en particulier les sinus transverses et sigmoïdes, pour ensuite être acheminée vers les veines jugulaires internes et les plexus veineux vertébraux internes et externes. Une petite partie du retour veineux encéphalique est acheminé vers les sinus veineux des fosses crâniennes moyennes (FCM) pour rejoindre le système jugulaire externe, qui lui est essentiellement impliqué dans le drainage veineux du viscéro-crâne. Le retour veineux encéphalique passant par les axes jugulaires internes et
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