A Review of Extraaxial Developmental Venous Anomalies of the Brain
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Morphology of the Dural Venous Complex of Skull Base in Human
Brain and Nerves Research Article ISSN: 2515-012X Morphology of the dural venous complex of skull base in human ontogenesis Maryna Kornieieva* Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology Department, AUC School of Medicine, Lowlands, Sint Maarten, Netherlands Antilles Abstract The development of the dural venous complex of the skull base formed by the cavernous, intercavernous, and petrous dural sinuses and their connections with the intra- and extracranial veins and venous plexuses, was investigated on 112 premature stillborn human fetuses from 16 to 36 weeks of gestation by methods of vascular corrosion casting. It was established that the main intracranial dural canals approach similar to the mature arrangement at the very beginning of the early fetal period. In fetuses 16 weeks of gestation, the parasellar dural venous complex appeared as a plexiform venous ring draining the venous plexus of the orbits into the petrous sinuses. The average diameter of dural canals progressively enlarged and reached its maximum value 2.2 ± 0.53 mm approaching the 24th week of gestation. This developmental stage is characterized by the intensive formation of the emissary veins connecting the cavernous sinus with the extracranial venous plexuses. Due to the particular fusion of the intraluminal canals, the average diameter of the lumen gradually declined to reach 1.9 ± 0.54 mm in 36-week-old fetuses. By the end of the fetal development, 21.3% of fetuses featured a considerable reduction of the primary venous system with the formation of the one-canal shaped dural venous sinuses, obliteration of several tributaries, and decreased density of the extracranial venous plexuses. -
Why Should We Report Posterior Fossa Emissary Veins?
Diagn Interv Radiol 2014; 20:78–81 NEURORADIOLOGY © Turkish Society of Radiology 2014 PICTORIAL ESSAY Why should we report posterior fossa emissary veins? Yeliz Pekçevik, Rıdvan Pekçevik ABSTRACT osterior fossa emissary veins pass through cranial apertures and par- Posterior fossa emissary veins are valveless veins that pass ticipate in extracranial venous drainage of the posterior fossa dural through cranial apertures. They participate in extracranial ve- sinuses. These emissary veins are usually small and asymptomatic nous drainage of the posterior fossa dural sinuses. The mas- P toid emissary vein, condylar veins, occipital emissary vein, in healthy people. They protect the brain from increases in intracranial and petrosquamosal sinus are the major posterior fossa emis- pressure in patients with lesions of the neck or skull base and obstructed sary veins. We believe that posterior fossa emissary veins can internal jugular veins (1). They also help to cool venous blood circulat- be detected by radiologists before surgery with a thorough understanding of their anatomy. Describing them using tem- ing through cephalic structures (2). Emissary veins may be enlarged in poral bone computed tomography (CT), CT angiography, patients with high-flow vascular malformations or severe hypoplasia or and cerebral magnetic resonance (MR) venography exam- inations results in more detailed and accurate preoperative aplasia of the jugular veins. They are associated with craniofacial syn- radiological interpretation and has clinical importance. This dromes (1, 3). Dilated emissary veins may cause tinnitus (4, 5). pictorial essay reviews the anatomy of the major and clini- We aim to emphasize the importance of reporting posterior fossa em- cally relevant posterior fossa emissary veins using high-reso- lution CT, CT angiography, and MR venography images and issary veins prior to surgeries that are related to the posterior fossa and discusses the clinical importance of reporting these vascular mastoid region. -
Multiple Osteomas of the Falx Cerebri and Anterior Skull Base: Case Report
CASE REPORT J Neurosurg 124:1339–1342, 2016 Multiple osteomas of the falx cerebri and anterior skull base: case report Khaled M. Krisht, MD,1 Cheryl A. Palmer, MD,2 and William T. Couldwell, MD, PhD1 1Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences Center, and 2Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah The authors describe a rare case of intracranial extraaxial parafalcine and anterior skull base osteomas in a 22-year- old woman presenting with bifrontal headaches. This case highlights the possible occurrence of such lesions along the anterior skull base and parafalcine region that, as such, should be considered as part of the differential diagnosis for extraaxial calcific lesions involving the anterior skull base. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first reported case of a patient who underwent complete successful resection of multiple extraaxial osteomas of the anterior skull base and parafalcine region. http://thejns.org/doi/abs/10.3171/2015.6.JNS15865 KEY WORDS osteoma; anterior skull base; parafalcine; falx cerebri; differential; CT; oncology STEOMAS are benign neoplasms consisting of ma- was first evaluated 6 years earlier, undergoing contrast- ture normal osseous tissue. They commonly arise enhancing MRI of the brain that disclosed a nonenhanc- from the long bones of the extremities. In the re- ing extraaxial T1-weighted isointense and T2-weighted Ogion of the head and neck, they are usually limited to the hypointense parafalcine lesion. At her latest presentation paranasal sinuses, facial bones, skull, and mandible.4,5,7 repeat brain MRI with and without contrast enhancement Their etiology is still a matter of debate. -
Pfeiffer Syndrome Type II Discovered Perinatally
Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging (2012) 93, 785—789 CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector LETTER / Musculoskeletal imaging Pfeiffer syndrome type II discovered perinatally: Report of an observation and review of the literature a,∗ a a a H. Ben Hamouda , Y. Tlili , S. Ghanmi , H. Soua , b c b a S. Jerbi , M.M. Souissi , H. Hamza , M.T. Sfar a Unité de néonatologie, service de pédiatrie, CHU Tahar Sfar, 5111 Mahdia, Tunisia b Service de radiologie, CHU Tahar Sfar, 5111 Mahdia, Tunisia c Service de gynéco-obstétrique, CHU Tahar Sfar, 5111 Mahdia, Tunisia Pfeiffer syndrome, described for the first time by Pfeiffer in 1964, is a rare hereditary KEYWORDS condition combining osteochondrodysplasia with craniosynostosis [1]. This syndrome is Pfeiffer syndrome; also called acrocephalosyndactyly type 5, which is divided into three sub-types. Type I Cloverleaf skull; is the classic Pfeiffer syndrome, with autosomal dominant transmission, often associated Craniosynostosis; with normal intelligence. Types II and III occur as sporadic cases in individuals who have Syndactyly; craniosynostosis with broad thumbs, broad big toes, ankylosis of the elbows and visceral Prenatal diagnosis abnormalities [2]. We report a case of Pfeiffer syndrome type II, discovered perinatally, which is distinguished from type III by the skull appearing like a cloverleaf, and we shall discuss the clinical, radiological and evolutive features and the advantage of prenatal diagnosis of this syndrome with a review of the literature. Observation The case involved a male premature baby born at 36 weeks of amenorrhoea with multiple deformities at birth. The parents were not blood-related and in good health who had two other boys and a girl with normal morphology. -
Gross Anatomy Assignment Name: Olorunfemi Peace Toluwalase Matric No: 17/Mhs01/257 Dept: Mbbs Course: Gross Anatomy of Head and Neck
GROSS ANATOMY ASSIGNMENT NAME: OLORUNFEMI PEACE TOLUWALASE MATRIC NO: 17/MHS01/257 DEPT: MBBS COURSE: GROSS ANATOMY OF HEAD AND NECK QUESTION 1 Write an essay on the carvernous sinus. The cavernous sinuses are one of several drainage pathways for the brain that sits in the middle. In addition to receiving venous drainage from the brain, it also receives tributaries from parts of the face. STRUCTURE ➢ The cavernous sinuses are 1 cm wide cavities that extend a distance of 2 cm from the most posterior aspect of the orbit to the petrous part of the temporal bone. ➢ They are bilaterally paired collections of venous plexuses that sit on either side of the sphenoid bone. ➢ Although they are not truly trabeculated cavities like the corpora cavernosa of the penis, the numerous plexuses, however, give the cavities their characteristic sponge-like appearance. ➢ The cavernous sinus is roofed by an inner layer of dura matter that continues with the diaphragma sellae that covers the superior part of the pituitary gland. The roof of the sinus also has several other attachments. ➢ Anteriorly, it attaches to the anterior and middle clinoid processes, posteriorly it attaches to the tentorium (at its attachment to the posterior clinoid process). Part of the periosteum of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone forms the floor of the sinus. ➢ The body of the sphenoid acts as the medial wall of the sinus while the lateral wall is formed from the visceral part of the dura mater. CONTENTS The cavernous sinus contains the internal carotid artery and several cranial nerves. Abducens nerve (CN VI) traverses the sinus lateral to the internal carotid artery. -
1-Anatomy of the Pituitary Gland
Color Code Important Anatomy of Pituitary Gland Doctors Notes Notes/Extra explanation Please view our Editing File before studying this lecture to check for any changes. Objectives At the end of the lecture, students should be able to: ✓ Describe the position of the pituitary gland. ✓ List the structures related to the pituitary gland. ✓ Differentiate between the lobes of the gland. ✓ Describe the blood supply of pituitary gland & the hypophyseal portal system. الغدة النخامية Pituitary Gland (also called Hypophysis Cerebri) o It is referred to as the master of endocrine glands. o It is a small oval structure 1 cm in diameter. o It doubles its size during pregnancy. lactation ,(الحمل) pregnancy ,(الحيض) A women experiences changes in her hormone levels during menstruation But only the pituitary gland will only increase in size during pregnancy .(سن اليأس) and menopause ,(الرضاعة) X-RAY SKULL: LATERAL VIEW SAGITTAL SECTION OF HEAD & NECK Extra Pituitary Gland Position o It lies in the middle cranial fossa. o It is well protected in sella turcica* (hypophyseal fossa) of body of sphenoid o It lies between optic chiasma (anteriorly) & mamillary bodies** (posteriorly). Clinical point: *سرج الحصان Anterior to the pituitary gland is the optic chiasm, so if there was a tumor in the pituitary gland or it was ** Part of hypothalamus enlarged this could press on the chiasm and disrupt the patients vision (loss of temporal field). Extra Pictures The purple part is the sphenoid bone Hypophyseal fossa Pituitary Gland The relations are important Important Relations • SUPERIOR: Diaphragma sellae: A fold of dura mater covers the pituitary gland & has an opening for passage of infundibulum (pituitary stalk) connecting the gland to hypothalamus. -
Anatomical Variants of the Emissary Veins: Unilateral Aplasia of Both the Sigmoid Sinus and the Internal Jugular Vein and Development of the Petrosquamosal Sinus
Folia Morphol. Vol. 70, No. 4, pp. 305–308 Copyright © 2011 Via Medica C A S E R E P O R T ISSN 0015–5659 www.fm.viamedica.pl Anatomical variants of the emissary veins: unilateral aplasia of both the sigmoid sinus and the internal jugular vein and development of the petrosquamosal sinus. A rare case report O. Kiritsi1, G. Noussios2, K. Tsitas3, P. Chouridis4, D. Lappas5, K. Natsis6 1“Hippokrates” Diagnostic Centre of Kozani, Greece 2Laboratory of Anatomy in Department of Physical Education and Sports Medicine at Serres, “Aristotle” University of Thessaloniki, Greece 3Orthopaedic Department of General Hospital of Kozani, Greece 4Department of Otorhinolaryngology of “Hippokration” General Hospital of Thessaloniki, Greece 5Department of Anatomy of Medical School of “National and Kapodistrian” University of Athens, Greece 6Department of Anatomy of the Medical School of “Aristotle” University of Thessaloniki, Greece [Received 9 August 2011; Accepted 25 September 2011] We report a case of hypoplasia of the right transverse sinus and aplasia of the ipsilateral sigmoid sinus and the internal jugular vein. In addition, development of the petrosquamosal sinus and the presence of a large middle meningeal sinus and sinus communicans were observed. A 53-year-old Caucasian woman was referred for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) investigation due to chronic head- ache. On the MRI scan a solitary meningioma was observed. Finally MR 2D veno- graphy revealed this extremely rare variant. (Folia Morphol 2011; 70, 4: 305–308) Key words: hypoplasia, right transverse sinus, aplasia, ipsilateral sigmoid sinus, petrosquamosal sinus, internal jugular vein INTRODUCTION CASE REPORT Emissary veins participate in the extracranial A 53-year-old Caucasian woman was referred for venous drainage of the dural sinuses of the poste- magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) investigation due to rior fossa, complementary to the internal jugular chronic frontal headache complaints. -
Megalencephaly and Macrocephaly
277 Megalencephaly and Macrocephaly KellenD.Winden,MD,PhD1 Christopher J. Yuskaitis, MD, PhD1 Annapurna Poduri, MD, MPH2 1 Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Address for correspondence Annapurna Poduri, Epilepsy Genetics Massachusetts Program, Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Electrophysiology, 2 Epilepsy Genetics Program, Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Department of Neurology, Fegan 9, Boston Children’s Hospital, 300 Electrophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (e-mail: [email protected]). Semin Neurol 2015;35:277–287. Abstract Megalencephaly is a developmental disorder characterized by brain overgrowth secondary to increased size and/or numbers of neurons and glia. These disorders can be divided into metabolic and developmental categories based on their molecular etiologies. Metabolic megalencephalies are mostly caused by genetic defects in cellular metabolism, whereas developmental megalencephalies have recently been shown to be caused by alterations in signaling pathways that regulate neuronal replication, growth, and migration. These disorders often lead to epilepsy, developmental disabilities, and Keywords behavioral problems; specific disorders have associations with overgrowth or abnor- ► megalencephaly malities in other tissues. The molecular underpinnings of many of these disorders are ► hemimegalencephaly now understood, providing insight into how dysregulation of critical pathways leads to ► -
CHAPTER 8 Face, Scalp, Skull, Cranial Cavity, and Orbit
228 CHAPTER 8 Face, Scalp, Skull, Cranial Cavity, and Orbit MUSCLES OF FACIAL EXPRESSION Dural Venous Sinuses Not in the Subendocranial Occipitofrontalis Space More About the Epicranial Aponeurosis and the Cerebral Veins Subcutaneous Layer of the Scalp Emissary Veins Orbicularis Oculi CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF EMISSARY VEINS Zygomaticus Major CAVERNOUS SINUS THROMBOSIS Orbicularis Oris Cranial Arachnoid and Pia Mentalis Vertebral Artery Within the Cranial Cavity Buccinator Internal Carotid Artery Within the Cranial Cavity Platysma Circle of Willis The Absence of Veins Accompanying the PAROTID GLAND Intracranial Parts of the Vertebral and Internal Carotid Arteries FACIAL ARTERY THE INTRACRANIAL PORTION OF THE TRANSVERSE FACIAL ARTERY TRIGEMINAL NERVE ( C.N. V) AND FACIAL VEIN MECKEL’S CAVE (CAVUM TRIGEMINALE) FACIAL NERVE ORBITAL CAVITY AND EYE EYELIDS Bony Orbit Conjunctival Sac Extraocular Fat and Fascia Eyelashes Anulus Tendineus and Compartmentalization of The Fibrous "Skeleton" of an Eyelid -- Composed the Superior Orbital Fissure of a Tarsus and an Orbital Septum Periorbita THE SKULL Muscles of the Oculomotor, Trochlear, and Development of the Neurocranium Abducens Somitomeres Cartilaginous Portion of the Neurocranium--the The Lateral, Superior, Inferior, and Medial Recti Cranial Base of the Eye Membranous Portion of the Neurocranium--Sides Superior Oblique and Top of the Braincase Levator Palpebrae Superioris SUTURAL FUSION, BOTH NORMAL AND OTHERWISE Inferior Oblique Development of the Face Actions and Functions of Extraocular Muscles Growth of Two Special Skull Structures--the Levator Palpebrae Superioris Mastoid Process and the Tympanic Bone Movements of the Eyeball Functions of the Recti and Obliques TEETH Ophthalmic Artery Ophthalmic Veins CRANIAL CAVITY Oculomotor Nerve – C.N. III Posterior Cranial Fossa CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS Middle Cranial Fossa Trochlear Nerve – C.N. -
Carotid Cavernous Sinus Fistula with Central Retinal Artery Occlusion: a Case Report
Carotid cavernous sinus fistula with central retinal artery occlusion: A case report Suntaree Thitiwichienlert1, Chonwarat Phattarapongdilok1, Paiboon Bawornwattanadilok1 1Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine Thammasat University, Thailand Background: A carotid-cavernous sinus fistula (CCF) is an abnormal arteriovenous communication between the cavernous sinus and the internal carotid artery (ICA) and/or external carotid artery (ECA). Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) is a rare posterior segment complication occurring as result of traumatic CCF from an ocular hypoperfusion. Case Report: We present a 58-year-old female complaining of acute visual loss, with redness and swelling of the right eye following a motor vehicle accident. Her visual acuity was light perception (PL) in the right eye and 20/40 in the left eye. The intraocular pressure (IOP) was 52 mm Hg in the right eye and normal in the left eye. Eye examinations revealed proptosis, ptosis, complete total ophthalmoplegia and a 5-mm fixed dilated right pupil with relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD) positive in her right eye. The fundus examination showed CRAO in the right eye. Cerebral angiogra- phy revealed a high flow direct CCF Barrow’s type A. Endovascular treatment was performed using balloon embolization. During the one-year follow-up, the patient had improvement of eye redness, proptosis, and ophthalmoplegia. However, the visual prognosis was poor due to optic atrophy and macular ischemia with the final visual acuity of PL. Conclusion: A complete fundus examination found vision- threatening complications in patients who have traumatic CCFs. Early recognition of CRAO is important in the management of these patients. Conflicts of interest: The authors report no confilcts of interest. -
Torcular Herophili)Ÿ W
Neuroanatomy, 2002, Volume1, Page 14. Letter to the Editor Published online November 7, 2002 © neuroanatomy.org R. Shane Tubbs We would like to clarify a commonly misunderstood term (torcular Herophili)Ÿ W. Jerry Oakes that has infiltrated all fields associated with neuroanatomy e.g. neurosurgery, neurology, neurosciences. The term torcular (wine press) is an incorrect version of the original Greek word (a canal or gutter) [1]. Herophili is after the celebrated Greek physician/anatomist Herophilus (335 B.C.-280 B.C.) born in Chalcedon which is now Kadikoy, Turkey. Herophilus is known as the father of anatomy because he was the first to base his conclusions on dissection of the human body. Herophilus studied the brain, recognizing it as the center Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children’s Hospital, Birmingham, Alabama 35233 USA of the nervous system. The original term was meant to describe the concavity on the internal aspect of the occipital bone that housed the confluence of sinuses. However, over time this term has been used incorrectly as an interchangable term with the confluence of sinuses. Almost every textbook of anatomy with few exceptions, that we reviewed, interchange these terms with no distinction [e.g. 2-4]. True these two entities are intimately related Correspondence Address but clearly represent different anatomical structures. Just as other venous sinuses erode the inner table of the skull producing same named sulci or R. Shane Tubbs, Pediatric Neurosurgery ACC 400, 1600 7th Ave grooves e.g. the transverse sinus sulcus, the confluence of sinuses (formed by South, Birmingham, Alabama 35233 USA the superior sagittal, straight, occipital, and transverse sinuses) erode the Phone: 205-939-9914 Fax: 205-939-9972 occipital bone where the major venous sinus tributaries congregate thus forming E-mail: [email protected] the torcular Herophili. -
Non-Pathological Opacification of the Cavernous Sinus on Brain CT
healthcare Article Non-Pathological Opacification of the Cavernous Sinus on Brain CT Angiography: Comparison with Flow-Related Signal Intensity on Time-of-Flight MR Angiography Sun Ah Heo 1, Eun Soo Kim 1,* , Yul Lee 1, Sang Min Lee 1, Kwanseop Lee 1 , Dae Young Yoon 2, Young-Su Ju 3 and Mi Jung Kwon 4 1 Department of Radiology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul 14068, Korea; [email protected] (S.A.H.); [email protected] (Y.L.); [email protected] (S.M.L.); [email protected] (K.L.) 2 Department of Radiology, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul 14068, Korea; [email protected] 3 National Medical Center, Seoul 04564, Korea; [email protected] 4 Department of Pathology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul 14068, Korea; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Purpose: To investigate the non-pathological opacification of the cavernous sinus (CS) on brain computed tomography angiography (CTA) and compare it with flow-related signal intensity (FRSI) on time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography (TOF-MRA). Methods: Opacification of the CS was observed in 355 participants who underwent CTA and an additional 77 participants who underwent examination with three diagnostic modalities: CTA, TOF-MRA, and digital subtraction angiography (DSA). Opacification of the CS, superior petrosal sinus (SPS), inferior petrosal sinus Citation: Heo, S.A.; Kim, E.S.; Lee, Y.; Lee, S.M.; Lee, K.; Yoon, D.Y.; Ju, Y.-S.; (IPS), and pterygoid plexus (PP) were also analyzed using a five-point scale.