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Development of a Three-Dimensional Model of Sedimentary Texture in Valley-fill Deposits of Central Valley, California, USA

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Development of a Three-Dimensional Model of Sedimentary Texture in Valley-fill Deposits of Central Valley, California, USA Development of a three-dimensional model of sedimentary texture in valley-fill deposits of Central Valley, California, USA Claudia C. Faunt & Kenneth Belitz & Randall T. Hanson Abstract A three-dimensional (3D) texture model was Introduction developed to help characterize the aquifer system of Central Valley, California (USA), for a groundwater flow For more than 50 years, California’s Central Valley model. The 52,000-km2 Central Valley aquifer system (Fig. 1) has been one of the most productive agricultural consists of heterogeneous valley-fill deposits. The texture regions in the world. In an area of about 52,000 km2, model was developed by compiling and analyzing Central Valley produces over 250 different crops, which approximately 8,500 drillers’ logs, describing lithologies had an estimated value of 17 billion dollars in 2002 (Great up to 950m below land surface. The lithologic descriptions Valley Center 2005, Fig. 1). The vast majority of crops is on the logs were simplified into a binary classification of irrigated and relies on surface-water diversions and coarse- and fine-grained. The percentage of coarse-grained groundwater pumping. Approximately three-quarters of sediment, or texture, was then computed for each 15-m depth the irrigated land in California and one-sixth of the interval. The model was developed by 3D kriging of the Nation’s irrigated land is in Central Valley (Bureau of percentage of coarse-grained deposits onto a 1.6-km spatial Reclamation 1994). About one-fifth of the Nation’s grid at 15-m depth intervals from land surface down to 700m pumped water is from its aquifers (Planert and Williams below land surface. The texture model reflects the known 1995). Because Central Valley contains so many com- regional, spatial, and vertical heterogeneity in the aquifer munities, industries, and ecosystems that depend directly system. The texture model correlates to sediment source or indirectly on groundwater, and because competition for areas, independently mapped geomorphic provinces, and available water is intensifying, there is a need to quantify factors affecting the development of alluvial fans, thus the region’s water resources and the trends affecting them demonstrating the utility of using tcdrillers’ logs as a source so that the potential for possible future water-use conflicts of lithologic information. The texture model is upscaled to a can be reduced or avoided. In response, the US Geological layered groundwater flow model for use in defining the Survey (USGS) is assessing the availability and use of hydraulic properties of the aquifer system. Central Valley’s groundwater resources. In order to understand the status of the groundwater Keywords USA . General hydrogeology . Geostatistics . system, the geologic framework, transmitting properties, Unconsolidated sediments and storage properties of the aquifer system are being assessed. The sand and gravel sediments underlying Central Valley make up the aquifer system. The primary purpose of this report is to assess the texture of the deposits in Central Valley (Fig. 1). Texture is defined as the percentage of coarse-grained sediment within a specified subsurface depth interval (Laudon and Belitz Received: 20 October 2008 /Accepted: 18 September 2009 1991). It is used as a basis for mapping the deposits. Published online: 29 October 2009 Although grain shape and sorting are often included as * Springer-Verlag 2009 texture characteristics, they were not included as part of the texture classification used in this study. Statistical Electronic supplementary material The online version of this techniques used to analyze spatial correlations, commonly article (doi:10.1007/s10040-009-0539-7) contains supplementary referred to as “geostatistics,” were used to develop a material, which is available to authorized users. spatial correlation model of the percentages of coarse- grained textures in Central Valley. The texture model C. C. Faunt ()) : K. Belitz : R. T. Hanson developed in this study was evaluated in the context of US Geological Survey, regional geomorphology and depositional setting of California Water Science Center, San Diego Projects Office, Central Valley. This evaluation is summarized in the 4165 Spruance Road, Suite 200, San Diego, CA 92024, USA “ ” e-mail: [email protected] Results and Discussion section. The texture model was Tel.: +1-619-2256142 developed to provide information on the local-scale Fax: +1-619-225-6101 heterogeneity of the hydrogeologic framework and as a Hydrogeology Journal (2010) 18: 625–649 DOI 10.1007/s10040-009-0539-7 626 Fig. 1 Map of Central Valley showing major geomorphic provinces (modified from Davis et al. 1959; Olmsted and Davis 1961; Jennings 1977), alluvial fans of the San Joaquin Basin (Weissmann et al. 2005), and extent and thickness of Corcoran Clay (modified from Page 1986; Burow et al. 2004) basis for estimates of hydraulic properties. The texture this study follows the methods used in several previous model may be used to assess vertical and lateral hydraulic regional and site-specific investigations in the use of conductivity and storage property distributions for a sediment texture as a continuous variable in Central Valley numerical groundwater flow model of the region. (Laudon and Belitz 1991; Belitz et al. 1993; Burow et al. Traditionally, assessing the geologic framework focuses 2004; C. Brush, US Geological Survey, personal commu- on a description of the hydrogeologic or stratigraphic units nication, 2006; Phillips et al. 2007). that compose the aquifer system. For the purpose of Recently, a variety of geostatistical approaches have been estimating the groundwater storage capacity of the valley, applied to specific areas within Central Valley, although Davis et al. (1959, 1964)werethefirst to extensively study these methods are too detailed or generally not applicable to the texture and volume of deposits in Central Valley. a basin-scale approach. Phillips et al. (2007) used transition- Although a number of stratigraphic deposits have been probability geostatistical approaches (TProGS; Carle et al. identified (Tuscan, Tehama, and Tulare formations), their 1998) to derive the spatial distribution of sedimentary spatial character as well as their lateral and vertical extent is hydrofacies in about 17 km2 of the eastern San Joaquin poorly known. Because of the limited stratigraphic control, Valley near the Merced River (Fig. 2a); Burow et al. (2004) Hydrogeology Journal (2010) 18: 625–649 DOI 10.1007/s10040-009-0539-7 627 Fig. 2 a Map of Central Valley showing groundwater basins and subbasins, groups of basins and subbasins into spatial provinces and domains for textural analysis, and b distribution of wells used for mapping texture. Detailed description of the spatial provinces and domains are in Table 1. c Graph showing count of wells for each depth increment by domains developed a 50-km2 hydrofacies model near Modesto, and of freshwater in the entire 52,000-km2 area of Central Weissmann et al. (2002) constructed a sequence stratigraphic Valley. Later investigations, particularly those by Laudon model of the stream-dominated King’s River alluvial fan by and Belitz (1991), show that drillers’ logs can provide combining multiple adjacent individual TProGS realizations. valid texture information if the logs are classified and This study relies heavily on lithologic data from screened on the basis of the degree of detail in the log. In drillers’ logs, which are frequently assumed to be poor addition to regional studies, different depth intervals at sources of lithologic information. However, a number of specific sites ranging from 1,300 to 2,600 km2 in the previous studies in Central Valley have shown their utility west-central San Joaquin Valley have been studied if carefully used. Page (1986) utilized 685 geophysical (Prokopovich 1987; Belitz and Heimes 1990; Laudon logs to investigate the texture of deposits above the base and Belitz 1991; Belitz et al. 1993;C.Brush,US Hydrogeology Journal (2010) 18: 625–649 DOI 10.1007/s10040-009-0539-7 628 Fig. 2 (continued) Geological Survey, personal communication, 2006). In stratigraphy of Central Valley. Olmsted and Davis (1961) the Brush (C. Brush, US Geological Survey, personal wrote a comprehensive report on the geology, geomorphol- communication, 2006) study, they developed texture ogy, hydrogeology, and geologic history of the Sacramento maps for the semi-confined aquifer above the Corcoran Valley. Numerous other reports have also been written Clay (Fig. 1; further described in section Description of concerning specific areas or subjects within Central Valley. study area) for a 2,600 km2 area in the western San Central Valley is virtually one large sediment-filled Joaquin Valley. Burow et al. (2004) developed a 3D trough between the Coast Ranges and the Sierra Nevada. kriged estimate of the percentages of coarse-grained texture The Sierra Nevada, which forms the eastern side of the in the Modesto area in the eastern San Joaquin Valley. valley, is the eroded edge of a huge tilted block of Although that study was based on more than 3,500 drillers’ crystalline rock. The valley fill overlies a westward- logs, it only covered an area of 2,350 km2. sloping surface of basement rocks that are the subsurface continuation of the Sierra Nevada. Throughout the history of the Sierra Nevada, the crestal elevations of the southern Description of study area part of the range greatly exceed those of the northern part of the range (Farrar and Bertoldi 1988). Central Valley, also known as the Great Valley of A huge volume of sediments of deep marine, shallow California, is one of the more notable structural depres- marine, deltaic, and continental origin fill Central Valley sions in the world. For convenience in discussion, the (Farrar and Bertoldi 1988). The sequence of valley fill valley can be divided into two major parts: the northern deposits ranges in thickness from 0 along the western one third is known as the Sacramento Valley, the southern slopes of the Sierras on the eastern half of the valley to two thirds as the San Joaquin Valley.
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