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Geologic Features and Ground-Water Storage Capacity of the Sacramento Valley California

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Geologic Features and Ground-Water Storage Capacity of the Sacramento Valley California Geologic Features and Ground-Water Storage Capacity of the Sacramento Valley California By F. H. OLMSTED and G. H. DAVIS GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1497 Prepared in cooperation with the California Department of ff^ater Resources UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1961 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FRED A. SEATON, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan, Director Tlie TT.S. Geological Survey Library catalog card for this publication appears after page 241. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D.C. CONTENTS Page Abstract___________________________________________________ -_ 1 Introduction.-.--- .___-___________-___._--.______-----_ 5 Purpose and scope of the investigation.__________________ ______ 5 Location of area__-__-________-____________-_-___-_-__--____-_- 6 Development of ground water___________________-___-__ ___ __ 7 Acknowledgments....-------- ____________ _________________ 8 Well-numbering system..________________________________ _ 9 Geology--__--_--_--__----_--_-----____----_ --_ ___-__-- 10 Geomorphology_____________________________________________ 10 General features _______________________________________ 10 Mountainous region east of the Sacramento Valley...__________ 11 Sierra Nevada_______________________________________ 11 Cascade Range.._____________________-__--_-__-_---- 13 Plains and foothill region on the east side of the Sacramento Valley..__-_________-_.-____.___________ 14 Dissected alluvial uplands west of the Sierra Nevada _____ 14 Dissected alluvial uplands west of the Cascade Range______ 16 Low alluvial plains and fans west of the Sierra Nevada_____ 17 Low alluvial plains and fans west of the Cascade Range __ 18 Flood plains__________________________________________ 19 Central Sacramento Valley..._______________________________ 21 Sacramento River flood plains and natural levees._________ 21 Feather River flood plains and natural levees________-.__ 24 Flood basins_______-_-________-________-____________ 25 Sutter Buttes.___________________________ 27 Alluvial fans of Sutter Buttes____-_----------_--_______ 28 Plains and foothill region on the west side of the Sacramento Valley________-_-___-_..____________________________ 28 Low alluvial plains and fans.____________________________ 28 Low hills and dissected uplands._______________________ 30 Coast Ranges____________________________ 33 Geologic units_____________________________________ 34 Summary of stratigraphy__________________________________ 34 Rocks that yield little or no water_______________________ 39 Basement complex of the Sierra Nevada block (pre-Tertiary) _ 39 Shasta series (Lower Cretaceous)_____________________-_- 40 Chico formation (Upper Cretaceous)_______________ 41 Paleocene series_____._______________________________ 43 Eocene series________________________________________ 44 General description________________________________ 44 Lower Eocene formations_______________________ 44 Middle Eocene formations__________-___________-___ 46 Upper Eocene formations.____________-__-__-__-__ 48 Water-bearing character____________________________ 50 Basalt (Tertiary)._____________________________ 52 Sedimentary rocks of volcanic origin on the west side of the Sacramento Valley.._________________________________ 53 General character...______________________________ 53 Water-bearing character___________________________ 56 m IV CONTENTS Geology Continued Geologic units Continued Rocks that yield little or no water Continued Page Volcanic rocks of the Sutler Buttes (Pliocene and Pleisto­ cene?)___________________________________________ 57 Intrusive rhyolite and andesite, and vent tuff________ 57 Tuff-breccia_____________________________________ 57 Water-bearing character____________________________ 58 Rocks that yield water freely________________________ ___ 58 Volcanic rocks from the Sierra Nevada (Eocene? to Plio­ cene) _____________________________________________ 58 Tuscan formation (Pliocene)__________________________ 67 Tehama formation (Pliocene)__ _______________________ 72 Tehama formation and related continental sediments, un- differentiated (Pliocene and Pleistocene)________ ___ 81 Laguna formation and related continental deposits (Plio­ cene? and Pleistocene) __ __ _ 82 Fanglomerate from the Cascade Range (Pleistocene)______ 88 Red Bluff formation (Pleistocene).______________ _ 90 Victor formation and related deposits (Pleistocene)______ 93 Alluvial-fan deposits (Pleistocene and Recent)__ _______ 101 River deposits (Recent)_________________ __________ _ 107 Flood-basin deposits (Recent) __ 114 Geologic history______________________ _ 117 Sierra Nevada, Cascade Range, and eastern Sacramento Valley__ 117 Northern Coast Ranges and western Sacramento Valley________ 124 Geologic structure.-_______________________ ______ _ ___ 127 Regional features_____ ____________________ ________ 127 Sierra Nevada___________________________ ___________ 128 Northern Coast Ranges_____ ___ _____ 129 Sacramento Valley___ ______ __ 131 Configuration of the base of the principal body of fresh water _ __ 134 Yield of wells.___________________________________ 136 Ground-water storage capacity- _ 144 Elements considered._____ ___ ______________________ ______ 145 Subdivision of the valley into storage units.___ _ __ 145 Selection of depth zones__._______ ____________ __ 147 Classification of materials in drillers' logs __ ____ 147 Peg model________________________________ 148 Assignment of specific-yield values ___ __________________ 149 Computation of storage capacity____--____________-____________ 152 Description of ground-water storage units ________________________ 154 Flood-plain and channel deposits (Group A)______________ 154 Cache Creek (unit Al)___________________ ______ __ 154 Cosumes River (unit A2)_______________________ 156 Sacramento River south of Colusa (unit A3)____________ 157 Sacramento River north of Colusa (unit A4)__________ 160 Feather, Yuba, and Bear Rivers (unit A5)_ __________ 164 Low alluvial-plain and alluvial-fan deposits (group B)______ 167 Putah plain (unit Bl)_______________________ 167 Low plains south of the American River (unit B2)________ 169 Low plains south of the Bear River (unit B3) _____________ 172 CONTENTS V Ground-water storage capacity Continued Description of ground-water storage units Continued Low alluvial-plain and alluvial-fan deposits Continued Page Low plains south of the Dunnigan Hills (unit B4)__ 173 Low plains east of the Dunnigan Hills (unit B5)__ 175 Alluvial fans, west side, Delevan to Zamora (unit B6)_* 178 Low plains north of the Bear River (unit B7)_ ____ __ 181 Low plains west of the Feather River (unit B8)-____ 183 Alluvial plains enclosing Sutter Buttes (unit B9)____ - 185 Chico alluvial fan (unit BIO)__________________ 186 Stony Creek alluvial fan (unit Bll)______________ 189 Dissected alluvial deposits (group C)_____________ 192 Deposits south of the American River (unit Cl)_ 192 Deposits south of Winters (unit C2)___________ 194 Plainfield Ridge (unit C3)_________._____..._.__ 195 Deposits between the American and Bear Rivers (unit C4) _ 196 Deposits south of Oroville (unit C5)__ ________ 198 Deposits west of Oroville (unit C6)_________ 199 Deposits north of Chico (unit C7)__ ___________ 200 Deposits on the northwest side of the valley (unit C8) _____ 201 Basin deposits (group D) ____ __ ____ ___________ 203 Yolo Basin (unit Dl)_______________________ 203 American Basin (unit D2)_ ___ _____________ 205 Colusa Basin (unit D3)______________________ 206 Sutter Basin (unit D4) _____________________- 208 Butte Creek lowland (unit D5)_________________ 209 Estimates of ground-water storage capacity.________ 211 References cited.______________________________ 232 Index___________________ _____________________ 237 ILLUSTEATIONS [Plates are in pocket] PLATE 1. Map showing geomorphic units of the Sacramento Valley, Calif. 2. Geologic map of the Sacramento Valley. 3. Generalized geologic sections A-A' and B-B' across Sacramento Valley. 4. Geologic section across Sacramento Valley. 5. Map showing contours on the base of the fresh water in the Sacramento Valley. Page FIGURE 1. Well-numbering system______________________ 9 2. Map showing geologic structure of the Sacramento Valley 128 3. Map showing yield characteristics of wells in the Sacramento Valley.........______________________________ 138 4. Map showing ground-water storage units in the Sacramento Valley.....__..____.___._________.___________ _ 145 VI CONTENTS TABLES Page TABLE 1. Geologic units of the Sacramento Valley_________ _ _ 35 2. Yield characteristics of irrigation wells in the Sacramento Valley. 137 3. Estimated ground-water storage capacity of the Sacramento Valley.________________________________ 212 4. Estimated ground-water storage capacity of the Sacramento Valley......________.__________._______-__ _______ 213 5. Estimated ground-water storage capacity of the Sacramento Valley by townships______________________ _ ___ 215 6. Estimated ground-water storage capacity by storage units and township subunits-_______-___-.___-----_-_-----------_-_ 218 By F. H. OLMSTED and G. H. DAVIS ABSTRACT The Sacramento Valley constitutes the northern and smaller arm of the Cen­ tral Valley of California. It is about 150 miles long by about 30 miles wide; and its area is about 5,000 square miles. The Sacramento Valley is drained by the Sacramento River, the largest in California, which rises west of Mount Shasta and flows southward to join the San Joaquin
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