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Tesis Roberto C Alvarez UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA INFORMACIÓN DEPARTAMENTO DE COMUNICACIÓN AUDIOVISUAL Y PUBLICIDAD II TESIS DOCTORAL El modelo de animación nipón como elemento referencial en la creación de imágenes MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR Presentada por Roberto C. Álvarez Delgado Director Isidro Moreno Sánchez Madrid, 2015 ©Roberto C. Álvarez Delgado, 2015 EL MODELO DE ANIMACIÓN NIPÓN COMO ELEMENTO REFERENCIAL EN LA CREACIÓN DE IMÁGENES Roberto C. Álvarez Delgado Madrid, 2015 Facultad de Ciencias de la Información Departamento: Comunicación Audiovisual y Publicidad II Programa de doctorado: Técnicas y Procesos en la creación de imágenes: Aplicaciones Sociales y Estéticas. Director: Isidro Moreno Sánchez. Isidro Moreno Sánchez. [email protected] Roberto C. Álvarez Delgado. [email protected] ©Roberto C. Álvarez Delgado, 2015 RESUMEN Desde que a mediados del siglo XX comenzaran a llegar a occidente las primeras series y películas de animación japonesas o anime, hasta la actualidad, donde millones de personas se han convertido en fervientes seguidores de este género a través de internet, se puede describir una considerable sucesión de circunstancias cruciales que han contribuido a conformar lo que actualmente entendemos como cultura anime. Sucesos históricos relevantes, decisiones económicas valientes, empresas pioneras, creadores populares y obras emblemáticas constituyen un conjunto de particularidades que tras ser cuidadosamente seleccionadas, descritas y analizadas, han permitido establecer una mejor comprensión de este popular acontecimiento sociocultural, que se ha extendido de manera global. Para este fin, la tesis que se presenta a continuación ha planteado el desarrollo de un estudio principalmente cualitativo, abordando, fundamentalmente bajo el método del análisis de contenido, los elementos y circunstancias que contribuyeron al origen de este fenómeno. Esta exploración sirve de marco teórico en el que poder plantear la creación de un modelo de animación nipón conceptual que describa los rasgos distintivos del anime. Con el propósito de cumplir este objetivo se acude a la teoría de géneros cinematográficos y se establece un protocolo de análisis interrelacionando la importancia del contexto con los elementos generales de la narrativa audiovisual. El argumento, las acciones, los personajes, el tiempo y el espacio pasan a convertirse en los principales parámetros de exploración. Esta fase de la investigación permite examinar las principales obsesiones del anime, así como sus conceptos visuales, entre los que destacan los temas postapocalípticos, las megaciudades, las nuevas tecnologías, el ciberpunk, la naturaleza y el ser, la dualidad hombre y máquina, el espacio, la figura de la mujer, el erotismo, la violencia y los conceptos morales, entre otros. Todos estos rasgos ponen de relieve la singularidad y la trascendencia de este modelo de animación frente a otros modelos. La tesis continúa con un análisis comparado entre el modelo de animación estadounidense y el modelo de animación nipón, donde se han abordado sus diferencias y semejanzas, estableciendo así las relaciones y contradicciones entre ambas formas de concebir la animación. El modo en el que estos dos modelos se aproximan a la representación de la realidad demuestra ser una de las principales diferencias formales que trasladan a los contenidos y a su forma de concebir el mundo. Tras indagar sobre el anime y concretar un marco teórico que permita elaborar un modelo animación conceptual y someterlo a un análisis comparado, se inicia la fase del estudio de casos. Durante este procedimiento se han analizado, tomando el modelo de animación nipón como referencia, una serie de films seleccionados atendiendo a criterios basados en la popularidad y aceptación de sus directores. En esta fase se aportará una demostración de la influencia del anime, que por sus características y singularidades, se ha convertido desde hace varios años en una fuente de referencias narrativas y de soluciones visuales para la confección de imágenes audiovisuales. Por lo que podemos concluir que los elementos propios de la narrativa anime se han ido instalando en el imaginario colectivo de los consumidores y creadores a través de diversas manifestaciones culturales, destacando principalmente los productos de entretenimiento audiovisual. Palabras clave: anime, animación nipona, cultura japonesa, influencia cinematográfica, directores de cine. ABSTRACT Since the 1950s, when Japanese TV series and films first started to be shown in the West, until the present day, when millions of people have become fervent fans of this genre, known as anime, mainly through the Internet, there has been a series of crucial circumstances which have contributed to the development of what we nowadays understand as anime culture. Relevant historical events, intrepid economic decisions, pioneer companies, popular creators and emblematic films need to be taken into account, described and analyzed in order to understand what has become a popular socio-cultural phenomenon with a global reach. This doctoral dissertation sets out to discuss the different elements and circumstances which contributed to the development of anime, describing them mainly by means of a qualitative approach based on the methodology of content analysis. This description works as a theoretical framework which accounts for the distinctive features of anime as part of a larger Japanese conceptual model of animation. To achieve this purpose, I use film genre theory and set up a pattern of analysis which interrelates context and the general elements of audiovisual narrative, and which takes plot, action, characters, time and space as main elements for discussion. In this part of the research I also study the major concerns of anime, as well as its main visual concepts. Among them, post-apocalyptic themes, megacities, new technologies, cyberpunk, nature and the self, man versus machine, space, female figures, eroticism, violence and moral conceptions. All of them highlight the singularity and significance of anime vis-à-vis other models of animation. The dissertation continues with a comparative analysis between American and Japanese models of animation, which identifies their similarities and differences, their complementary relations and their contradictions. One of the most outstanding formal differences between these two models of animation is the way in which they approach the representation of reality, a feature which also affects the presentation of content and worldviews. Once I have described the main features of anime and I have put forward a theoretical framework which serves as the basis for a conceptual model of animation, as well as for a comparative analysis, I develop my case study. To do so, I have selected several films attending to their popularity and the importance of their directors. These films are analyzed with reference to the Japanese model of animation, in order to demonstrate the influence of anime on contemporary cinema. As the case study shows, for many years anime has become a source of narrative references and visual solutions in contemporary mainstream films. We can conclude, therefore, that the features which define anime narrative have become part of the collective unconscious of consumers and creators through different cultural manifestations, particularly audiovisual entertainment products. Keywords: anime, Japanese animation, Japanese culture, cinematographic influence, film directors. Agradecimientos Después de este largo periodo de aprendizaje y esfuerzo, uno se da cuenta de lo difícil que es mantener la constancia y la concentración al emprender un proyecto de tanto calado como una tesis doctoral. La persistencia es la principal baza para lograr finalizar esta ardua empresa y, en muchas ocasiones, es fruto del sacrificio personal y profesional. Es ahora, en el momento de finalizar la tesis, cuando se hace más evidente el hecho de que sin la ayuda incondicional y el esfuerzo continuado de familiares, amigos y tutor, todo afán personal habría supuesto un inútil empeño incapaz de alcanzar un resultado satisfactorio. Por ese motivo, no podría considerarse completo este escrito sin las debidas y sinceras palabras de agradecimiento a mi tutor Dr. Isidro Moreno Sánchez, por su completa confianza y convicción que en todo momento ha mantenido presente sobre mi persona y sobre mi trabajo. A mis compañeros y amigos que han sido testigos y han sufrido conmigo los momentos de estrés y sobresfuerzo en los peores periodos de convergencia profesional y académica, siendo muy significativo el agradecimiento a J. Santiago, sin cuya amistad y apoyo incondicional habría sido imposible compaginar esta investigación con mi carrera profesional y mi vida personal. A mi familia por su apoyo constante, su paciencia y comprensión, especialmente en los malos momentos, donde siempre han mantenido el ánimo vivo. Y a Verónica, por ser el soporte en el que se ha sustentado todo el esfuerzo y la determinación con la que ha sido posible enfrentarse al desánimo y sin quien esta tesis, difícilmente habría llegado a buen puerto. A todos, gracias por ser una parte importante de este proyecto. Roberto C. Álvarez Delgado “He olvidado quién dijo que la creación es memoria” Akira Kurosawa, 1975 ÍNDICE GENERAL I. INTRODUCCIÓN. 15 a. Justificación del estudio. 15 b. Acotación del objeto de estudio. 18 c. Objetivos de la investigación. 21 d. Hipótesis de partida. 22 e. Metodología de la investigación. 24 f. Estructura del
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