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Aspects of Black Hole Physics
Aspects of Black Hole Physics Andreas Vigand Pedersen The Niels Bohr Institute Academic Advisor: Niels Obers e-mail: [email protected] Abstract: This project examines some of the exact solutions to Einstein’s theory, the theory of linearized gravity, the Komar definition of mass and angular momentum in general relativity and some aspects of (four dimen- sional) black hole physics. The project assumes familiarity with the basics of general relativity and differential geometry, but is otherwise intended to be self contained. The project was written as a ”self-study project” under the supervision of Niels Obers in the summer of 2008. Contents Contents ..................................... 1 Contents ..................................... 1 Preface and acknowledgement ......................... 2 Units, conventions and notation ........................ 3 1 Stationary solutions to Einstein’s equation ............ 4 1.1 Introduction .............................. 4 1.2 The Schwarzschild solution ...................... 6 1.3 The Reissner-Nordstr¨om solution .................. 18 1.4 The Kerr solution ........................... 24 1.5 The Kerr-Newman solution ..................... 28 2 Mass, charge and angular momentum (stationary spacetimes) 30 2.1 Introduction .............................. 30 2.2 Linearized Gravity .......................... 30 2.3 The weak field approximation .................... 35 2.3.1 The effect of a mass distribution on spacetime ....... 37 2.3.2 The effect of a charged mass distribution on spacetime .. 39 2.3.3 The effect of a rotating mass distribution on spacetime .. 40 2.4 Conserved currents in general relativity ............... 43 2.4.1 Komar integrals ........................ 49 2.5 Energy conditions ........................... 53 3 Black holes ................................ 57 3.1 Introduction .............................. 57 3.2 Event horizons ............................ 57 3.2.1 The no-hair theorem and Hawking’s area theorem .... -
Helium Mrs. Ahng the Second Lightest Element on Earth, Helium Is One Of
Helium Mrs. Ahng The second lightest element on Earth, Helium is one of the most important elements in our universe. It is the reason that we have sunlight, it makes balloons float, and used to cool down nuclear reactors. Although it is a simple noble gas with only two protons and two electrons, it is a powerful and essential resource. Discovered in1868 by astronomer Pierre Janssen while studying a solar eclipse; he noticed a yellow line around sun that had a wavelength that he had not seen before. English Astronomer Sir Norman Lockyer later named the element after the Greek word “Helios”, making the connection to how it was discovered. Helium only makes ups less than 1% of Earth’s atmosphere because of how light it is. It’s atomic mass is only 4.003, so the surrounding air is heavier than helium. An example of the difference in mass can be seen when comparing a helium filled balloon to a balloon filled with a mixture of atmospheric gases. The mass of the mixture is much heavier, and therefore is more effected by gravitational pull. Helium is found mostly in space in the core of stars, but it was also found on Earth in 1895 trapped underground. Scientists believe that the Helium that we harvest today was created during the creation of the universe, or the “Big Bang”. Only two electrons energize one orbital for this element, giving us the popular image for all atoms. With the outer orbital shell full, the element is referred to as inert and nonreactive. -
Legal "Black Hole"? Extraterritorial State Action and International Treaty Law on Civil and Political Rights
Michigan Journal of International Law Volume 26 Issue 3 2005 Legal "Black Hole"? Extraterritorial State Action and International Treaty Law on Civil and Political Rights Ralph Wilde University of London Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjil Part of the Human Rights Law Commons, Military, War, and Peace Commons, and the National Security Law Commons Recommended Citation Ralph Wilde, Legal "Black Hole"? Extraterritorial State Action and International Treaty Law on Civil and Political Rights, 26 MICH. J. INT'L L. 739 (2005). Available at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjil/vol26/iss3/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Michigan Journal of International Law at University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Michigan Journal of International Law by an authorized editor of University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. LEGAL "BLACK HOLE"? EXTRATERRITORIAL STATE ACTION AND INTERNATIONAL TREATY LAW ON CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTSt Ralph Wilde* I. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................... 740 II. EXTRATERRITORIAL STATE ACTIVITIES ................................... 741 III. THE NEED FOR GREATER SCRUTINY ........................................ 752 A. Ignoring ExtraterritorialActivity ...................................... 753 B. GreaterRisks of Rights Violations in the ExtraterritorialContext .................................................... -
78 Gina Greene Gina Greene
78 Gina Greene Gina Greene Eiffel’s Apartment and the Architecture of Dreams [T]he three friends returned to their slumbers. Could they have found a calmer or more peaceful spot to sleep in? On the earth, houses, towns, cottages, and country feel every shock given to the exterior of the globe. On sea, the vessels rocked by the waves are still in motion; in the air, the balloon oscillates incessantly on the fluid strata of divers densities. This projectile alone, floating in perfect space, in the midst of perfect silence, offered perfect repose. --Jules Verne, From the Earth to the Moon, 18901 Who among us, in his idle hours, has not taken a delicious pleasure in constructing for himself a model apartment, a dream house, a house of dreams? --Charles Baudelaire, 18522 In 1890, the year after the Eiffel Tower opened as the centerpiece of the Paris Exposition Universelle, writer Henri Girard declared, in a small volume dedicated to La Tour Eiffel de Trois Cent Métres,that its designer, Gustave Eiffel, had become “the object of general envy” amongst the denizens of Paris [Fig.1].3 This envy, according to Girard, was inspired not by the fame that had accrued upon its designer, or the fortune the tower generated but, rather, from a single design feature he had built into the plan. Eiffel had installed a private apartment at the summit of his colossal tower to which he alone had access. 80 Gina Greene Unlike the rest of the tower, the apartment was not notable for its iterations of wrought iron modernity and technological prowess. -
Milestones and Personalities in Science and Technology
History of Science Stories and anecdotes about famous – and not-so-famous – milestones and personalities in science and technology BUILDING BETTER SCIENCE AGILENT AND YOU For teaching purpose only December 19, 2016 © Agilent Technologies, Inc. 2016 1 Agilent Technologies is committed to the educational community and is willing to provide access to company-owned material contained herein. This slide set is created by Agilent Technologies. The usage of the slides is limited to teaching purpose only. These materials and the information contained herein are accepted “as is” and Agilent makes no representations or warranties of any kind with respect to the materials and disclaims any responsibility for them as may be used or reproduced by you. Agilent will not be liable for any damages resulting from or in connection with your use, copying or disclosure of the materials contained herein. You agree to indemnify and hold Agilent harmless for any claims incurred by Agilent as a result of your use or reproduction of these materials. In case pictures, sketches or drawings should be used for any other purpose please contact Agilent Technologies a priori. For teaching purpose only December 19, 2016 © Agilent Technologies, Inc. 2016 2 Table of Contents The Father of Modern Chemistry The Man Who Discovered Vitamin C Tags: Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier, chemical nomenclature Tags: Albert Szent-Györgyi, L-ascorbic acid He Discovered an Entire Area of the Periodic Table The Discovery of Insulin Tags: Sir William Ramsay, noble gas Tags: Frederick Banting, -
Mapping Prostitution: Sex, Space, Taxonomy in the Fin- De-Siècle French Novel
Mapping Prostitution: Sex, Space, Taxonomy in the Fin- de-Siècle French Novel The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Tanner, Jessica Leigh. 2013. Mapping Prostitution: Sex, Space, Taxonomy in the Fin-de-Siècle French Novel. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:10947429 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, WARNING: This file should NOT have been available for downloading from Harvard University’s DASH repository. Mapping Prostitution: Sex, Space, Taxonomy in the Fin-de-siècle French Novel A dissertation presented by Jessica Leigh Tanner to The Department of Romance Languages and Literatures in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of Romance Languages and Literatures Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts May 2013 © 2013 – Jessica Leigh Tanner All rights reserved. Dissertation Advisor: Professor Janet Beizer Jessica Leigh Tanner Mapping Prostitution: Sex, Space, Taxonomy in the Fin-de-siècle French Novel Abstract This dissertation examines representations of prostitution in male-authored French novels from the later nineteenth century. It proposes that prostitution has a map, and that realist and naturalist authors appropriate this cartography in the Second Empire and early Third Republic to make sense of a shifting and overhauled Paris perceived to resist mimetic literary inscription. Though always significant in realist and naturalist narrative, space is uniquely complicit in the novel of prostitution due to the contemporary policy of reglementarism, whose primary instrument was the mise en carte: an official registration that subjected prostitutes to moral and hygienic surveillance, but also “put them on the map,” classifying them according to their space of practice (such as the brothel or the boulevard). -
An Annotated List of Fantasy Novels Incorporating Tarot (1990-2005)
Volume 38 Number 2 Article 12 5-15-2020 An Annotated List of Fantasy Novels Incorporating Tarot (1990-2005) Emily E. Auger Independent Scholar Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.swosu.edu/mythlore Part of the Children's and Young Adult Literature Commons Recommended Citation Auger, Emily E. (2020) "An Annotated List of Fantasy Novels Incorporating Tarot (1990-2005)," Mythlore: A Journal of J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, Charles Williams, and Mythopoeic Literature: Vol. 38 : No. 2 , Article 12. Available at: https://dc.swosu.edu/mythlore/vol38/iss2/12 This Notes and Letters is brought to you for free and open access by the Mythopoeic Society at SWOSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Mythlore: A Journal of J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, Charles Williams, and Mythopoeic Literature by an authorized editor of SWOSU Digital Commons. An ADA compliant document is available upon request. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To join the Mythopoeic Society go to: http://www.mythsoc.org/join.htm Mythcon 51: A VIRTUAL “HALFLING” MYTHCON July 31 - August 1, 2021 (Saturday and Sunday) http://www.mythsoc.org/mythcon/mythcon-51.htm Mythcon 52: The Mythic, the Fantastic, and the Alien Albuquerque, New Mexico; July 29 - August 1, 2022 http://www.mythsoc.org/mythcon/mythcon-52.htm Abstract This annotated list of books from 1990 through 2005 continues the bibliography in Mythlore 36.2 (Spring- Summer 2018) and includes abstracts for each novel or series and some card layout diagrams. Additional Keywords Fantasy literature—Bibliography; Tarot in literature This notes and letters is available in Mythlore: A Journal of J.R.R. -
Interview with Lou Mayo Transcript (Pdf)
Sun-Earth Day Highlights Eclipse 2008: China Interview with Lou May: New Activity for Amateur Astronomers [Troy Cline] My name is Troy Cline and welcome to another Sun-Earth Day Highlights podcast. In today's podcast well talk with Lou Mayo about a new eclipse based activity that he designed specifically for the Amateur Astronomer section of the Sun-Earth Day website. The title of that activity is the, "NASA Lunar Parallax Challenge". Lou will also give us some rather interesting historical information about eclipses, the significance of eclipse viewing in today's world, how you can find more eclipse information on-line and finally how to start your own After School Astronomy Club. So let's get started. Here's Lou. [Lou Mayo] Well, you know Troy we live in a magnificent era right now where we understand the universe in ways that were impossible only 50 or 100 years ago. For most of human history we have not understood the true nature of eclipses. And so, most eclipses were viewed with fear and foreboding, bad omens. There are many stories of the significance of eclipses. In history the Lydians and Medes, that’s a great story from about 430 B.C., these 2 groups had been fighting for 5 years. They’d had constant wars. The advantage shifted back and forth. Nobody seemed to be winning but in the 6th year for their war, an eclipse occurred and they were so afraid that the gods were unhappy with this war that they immediately stopped all fighting and formed a peace treaty. -
Y A-T-Il Encore De La Place En Bas ? Le Paysage Contemporain Des Nanosciences Et Des Nanotechnologies
Philosophia Scientiæ Travaux d'histoire et de philosophie des sciences 23-1 | 2019 Y a-t-il encore de la place en bas ? Le paysage contemporain des nanosciences et des nanotechnologies Jonathan Simon et Bernadette Bensaude-Vincent (dir.) Édition électronique URL : http://journals.openedition.org/philosophiascientiae/1693 DOI : 10.4000/philosophiascientiae.1693 ISSN : 1775-4283 Éditeur Éditions Kimé Édition imprimée Date de publication : 18 février 2019 ISSN : 1281-2463 Référence électronique Jonathan Simon et Bernadette Bensaude-Vincent (dir.), Philosophia Scientiæ, 23-1 | 2019, « Y a-t-il encore de la place en bas ? » [En ligne], mis en ligne le 01 janvier 2021, consulté le 30 mars 2021. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/philosophiascientiae/1693 ; DOI : https://doi.org/10.4000/ philosophiascientiae.1693 Tous droits réservés Y a-t-il encore de la place en bas ? Le paysage contemporain des nanosciences et des nanotechnologies Introduction. Nanotechnoscience: The End of the Beginning Bernadette Bensaude-Vincent Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (France) Jonathan Simon Archives Henri-Poincaré – Philosophie et Recherches sur les Sciences et les Technologies (AHP-PReST), Université de Lorraine, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Nancy (France) Is there still room at the bottom? The question providing the theme for the present issue of Philosophia Scientiæ is, of course, adapted from Richard Feynman’s well-known speech at the 1959 meeting of the American Physical Society. On this occasion he attracted physicists’ attention to the vast potential of working at the scale of the nanometre if not the ångström, using the catchy title: “Plenty of Room at the Bottom” [Feynman 1959]. This hookline from a famous Nobel laureate physicist served as a motto for the emerging field of nanoscience and nanotechnology (which we will here abbreviate to nanoresearch) in the early 2000s. -
On the Hunt for Excited States
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HIGH-ENERGY PHYSICS CERN COURIER VOLUME 45 NUMBER 10 DECEMBER 2005 On the hunt for excited states HOMESTAKE DARK MATTER SNOWMASS Future assured for Galactic gamma rays US workshop gets underground lab p5 may hold the key p 17 ready for the ILC p24 www.vectorfields.comi Music to your ears 2D & 3D electromagnetic modellinj If you're aiming for design excellence, demanding models. As a result millions you'll be pleased to hear that OPERA, of elements can be solved in minutes, the industry standard for electromagnetic leaving you to focus on creating modelling, gives you the most powerful outstanding designs. Electron trajectories through a TEM tools for engineering and scientific focussing stack analysis. Fast, accurate model analysis • Actuators and sensors - including Designed for parameterisation and position and NDT customisation, OPERA is incredibly easy • Magnets - ppm accuracy using TOSCA to use and has an extensive toolset, making • Electron devices - space charge analysis it ideal for a wide range of applications. including emission models What's more, its high performance analysis • RF Cavities - eigen modes and single modules work at exceptional levels of speed, frequency response accuracy and stability, even with the most • Motors - dynamic analysis including motion Don't take our word for it - order your free trial and check out OPERA yourself. B-field in a PMDC motor Vector Fields Ltd Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, Oxon, 0X14 3ED, U.K. Tel: +44 (0)1865 370151 Fax: +44 (0)1865 370277 Email: [email protected] Vector Fields Inc 1700 North Famsworth Avenue, Aurora, IL, 60505. -
West Copper River Delta Landscape Assessment Cordova Ranger District Chugach National Forest 03/18/2003 Updated 04/19/2007
West Copper River Delta Landscape Assessment Cordova Ranger District Chugach National Forest 03/18/2003 updated 04/19/2007 Copper River Delta – circa 1932 – photo courtesy of Perry Davis Team: Susan Kesti - Team Leader, writer-editor, vegetation Milo Burcham – Wildlife resources, Subsistence Bruce Campbell – Lands, Special Uses Dean Davidson – Soils, Geology Rob DeVelice – Succession, Ecology Carol Huber – Minerals, Geology, Mining Tim Joyce – Fish subsistence Dirk Lang – Fisheries Bill MacFarlane – Hydrology, Water Quality Dixon Sherman – Recreation Linda Yarborough – Heritage Resources Table of Contents Executive Summary...........................................................................................vi Chapter 1 – Introduction ....................................................................................1 Purpose.............................................................................................................1 The Analysis Area .............................................................................................1 Legislative History .............................................................................................3 Relationship to the revised Chugach Land and Resource Management Plan...4 Chapter 2 – Analysis Area Description .............................................................7 Physical Characteristics ....................................................................................7 Location .........................................................................................................7 -
)-4*********************************************** * Reproductions Supplied by EDRS Are the Best That Can Be Made from the Original Document
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 369 531 PS 022 279 AUTHOR Charney, Ruth Sidney TITLE Teaching Children to Care: Management in the Responsive Classroom. INSTITUTION Northeast Foundation for Children, Greenfield, MA. REPORT NO ISBN-0-9618636-1-7 PUB DATE 93 NOTE 306p. AVAILABLE FROMNortheast Foundation for Children, 71 Montague City Road, Greenfield, MA 01301 ($22.50, plus shipping. Discount on quantity orders). PUB TYPE Guides Classroom Use Teaching Guides (For Teacher) (052) Books (010) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC13 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Classroom Communication; Classroom Environment; *Classroom Techniques; Conflict Resolution; *Discipline; Elementary Education; Language; Peer Relationship; Problem Solving; *Prosocial Behavior; *Self Control; Teacher Student Relationship; Timeout; *Values; *Values Education IDENTIFIERS Classroom Thoughtfulness; School Rules ABSTRACT This book is about managing a responsive classroom and teaching children to care. The aim of every chapter and technique is the creation of self-controls and community, defined as the capacity to care about oneself, others, and the world. The 16 chapter topics are:(1) goals of self-control and community;(2) techniques of the first 6 weeks of school and their extension through the rest of the year;(3) basic classroom rules and how children can be involved in their creation;(4) a system of logical consequences for children's actions;(5) problem-solving class meetings; (6) a time-out procedure;(7) approaches to children who engage in power struggles;(8) ways to approach problem-solving with individuals