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Influence of the 2011 Mw9.0 Japan Earthquake On Geodesy and Geodynamics 2011 ,2(4) :33-39 http://www. jgg09. com Doi:10.3724/SP.J.1246.2011.0007 Influence of the 2011 Mw9. 0 Japan earthquake on groundwater levels in Chinese mainland Sun Xiaolong, Liu Y aowei and Ren Hongwei lnstirute of CnutallJynamics, Chma Eart/upuJJre Admini.stration, Beijing 100085 , Chino Abstract: This paper gives a description of the co-seismic and post-seismic groundwater level changes induced in Chinese mainland by the 2011 Mw9. 0 Japan earthquake, and the corresponding stress changes calculated on the assumption of linear elasticity. The result shows that the main types of changes were oscillations and step increases. The North-South Seismic Belt and the Shanxi Seismic Belt were the main areas affected by the earthquake. Key words: Chinese mainland; water level of the well; co-seismic effects; post-seismic effects; Mw9. 0 Ja­ pan earthquake mcrease , oscillation plus decrease , step increase , and 1 Introduction step decrease. The observed oscillations are known to be due to the Groundwater level changes caused by earthquakes have passage of P, S and Rayleigh waves , which can make been studied to estimate corresponding crustal strain volume changes of the transmission medium. The re­ changes and to search for earthquake precursors['-'1• sponse depends mainly on the natural period and In this paper, we report on water-level changes recor­ damping coefficient of the well-aquifer system['l. The ded by China Earthqnake Network for the 2011 Mw9. 0 observed step changes may be the result of co-seiamic earthquake in Japan. static crustal-strain changes or non-elastic crustal chan­ 9 14 ges, or both[ - J. 2 Co-seismic water-level changes For convenience of discussion, we combine the a­ bove-mentioned types of changes into three: oscillation Among the co-seismic water-level changes were ( 102) , increase ( 38) and decrease ( 36). Figure 2 recorded at 176 out of 239 observation wells in China shows their spatial distribution. The step changes were mainland , the nearest being Fusong well of Jining recorded mainly in the edge region of Erdos block, the ( 1370 km or so) and the farthest being Wenquan well southern part of North-South Seismic Belt, and the of Xinjiang ( 5060 km or so). As shown in figure 1 , Yanshan Maintain Seismic Belt. The fact that most the co-seismic changes may be divided into several wells showed oscillations is different from the cases of types : oscillation, oscillating pulse, oscillation plus Ms7. 6 Taiwan earthquake on September 21,1999, the Ms8. 7 Sumatra earthquake on December 26, 2004 and Received,2010.Q6-15; Aocepted,2011.()9-27 the Ms8. 0 Wenchuan earthquake on May 12, 2008, Corresponding author: Ted: 86-13810527099; E-mail: xlsun04 @ 163. 4 15 16 which caused mainly step increases[ • • J. com This work was suppvroted by the researeh grant from the Institute of Crustal Dynamics, China Earthquake Administration ( ZDJ2011- 11) 34 Geodesy and Geodynamics Vol. 2 the passage of seismic waves and they may or may nev­ 3 Post-seismic water-level changes er return to the original state ( see examples in Fig. 3 ) . Such post-seismic changes might be related to Water-level changes at some wells occurred long after static strain changes induced by the earthquake or non- 24.1 Mw9.0 1.44 s g 1.46 0 ~24.2 > ~ ~ .... .... 1.48 0 0 ~ 24.3 ~ 1.5 12:00 15:00 hh:mm 12:00 15:00 (a) Heze well in Shandong (b) Yunfeng well in Jilin 0.85 Mw9.0 l. .UA ...... I\JUw....- 14.35 Mw9.0 g 0.9 r~· s 14.4 0.95 u.. ..Ji ::g ~ > ~ .... ~ 0 1;1 2 14.45 ~ 1.05 ~ 14.5 '=---.jL_______ --1..._ _____ ___., 12:00 15:00 hh:mm 12:00 15:00 hh:mm (c) Qionglai well in Sichuan (d) Nanyang well in Henan 25.4~---------------------------, Mw9.0 17.95 ,_._25.6 s g 18 ::g 25.8 0 > ~ 18.05 ~.... 26 0 2 18.1 ~ 26.2 ~ 18.15 ~----~~--~~~ 12:00 15:00 hh:mm 12:00 15:00 hh:mm ( e ) Qixian well in Shanxi (f) Fusong well in Jilin Figure 1 Typical curves of water level with co-seismic response ( Minutes value between 11 :30 and 18 :00 on March 11 2011 ) 50°N 45oN 40oN 35°N 30oN 25oN D Oscillation 102 20oN T Step decrease 36 .& Step increase 38 80° E 90° E 100° E 110° E 120° E 130° E Figure 2 Spatial distribution of wells with co-seismic changes Sun Xiaolong,et al. Influence of the 2011 Mw9. 0 Japan earthquake on No.4 groundwater levels in Chinese mainland 35 11 elastic structural changes of the aquifer system [ J • A­ mong the 176 wells with co-seismic changes, 40 never 4 Stress changes calculated from showed water-level recovery to the pre-earthquake lev­ water-level co-seismic step changes els for a very long time, including 25 that had increa­ ses and 15 decreases (Fig. 4). The water-level increa­ To calculate crustal strain changes eJ from water-level ses were observed mainly in Liaoning of Northeastern changes 8Hw on the assumption of linear elastic correla­ China. tion , we may find the correlation coefficient d 1.6 s ~ 1.8 > ~ .... Q) 2 ~ 2.2 5 10 15 20 25 30 day (a) Xiuyan well in Liaoning g Q) > 5.2 ~ .... Q) ~ 5.4 ~lriM~ 5 10 15 20 25 30 day (b) Xinyi well in Guangdong Time( day) Figure 3 Typical curves of water level with post-seismic effect( Hours value in March of 2011) ... Descending 15 .A. Ascending 25 Figure 4 Spatial distribution of wells with post-seismic changes 36 Geodesy and Geodynamics Vol. 2 (1) 50GPa [20J • Thus from the well ' s tide response , where the volumetric lJu -5 X 10 10lJH" strain @ caused by earth tide is correlated with average - d (3) mam-stress. c hange ou0 by [17-19] : from the co-seismic water-level step changes of the 62 liu=k·@ (2) wells , we obtained the co-seismic stress changes as for deep aquifer systems, we usually take k as shown in table 1 and figure 5. Table 1 Variations of water level and stress induced by the earthquake Tidal Water level Stress Tidal Water level Stress Well name coefficient change change Well name coefficient change change 9 d(mm/1o-•) 8H.(m) &r(Pa) d(mm/10" ) 8H.(m) 80"(Pa) Chaohu of Anhui I. 85 -0.33 -8943 Liyang of Jiansu I. 30 0.01 385 Lujiang of Anhui 1.92 -0.01 -261 Ganzhou of Jianxi 0.38 -0.05 -6665 institute of Crustal Dy­ 0.11 0.01 3781 Huichang of Jianxi 0.39 0.04 5103 namics, CEA,Beijing shunyi of Beijing 2.11 0.05 1182 Nanchang of Jiaoxi 1.17 1.40 59712 Wuliying of Beijing 0.43 0.10 11598 Anahao well of Liaouing 2.09 -0.10 -2393 Bian.dian of Dandong, zhuojiazhuang of Beijing 4.86 -I. 80 0.94 0.40 21283 -18507 Liaoning Tangchi of Dandong, Lia­ Anxi of Fujian 10806 1.06 0.23 oning 0.70 -0.05 -3561 Changleying of Fujian 0.33 -0.06 -9063 Huludao of Liaouing 0.15 0.03 9810 Mingqing of Fujian 2.14 -0.05 -1167 Lingyuan of Liaoning 0.24 0.04 8442 Nanan of Fujian2 0.95 0.02 1054 Wafangdian of Liaoning 2.69 0.50 9299 Ningde of Fujian 0.41 -0.03 -3635 Haiyuan of Lingxia 0.37 0.02 2697 Putian of Fujian 4.14 0.05 604 Lingwo of Lingsia 0.20 0.00 -987 Yongchun of Fujianl 16.58 -1.00 -3016 Rongcheng of Shandong 0.93 0.01 539 Heogniang of Ganshu 1.11 0.40 17948 Zhaozhuan of Shanduog 2.27 -0.02 -440 Linxia of Ganshu 0.63 0.01 558 Qi County of Shanxi 0.28 0.80 140845 Pingliang of Ganshu 1.28 -0.09 -3517 Qin County of Shanxi 0.28 0.02 3584 Qingshui of Ganshu 0.19 -0.02 -5322 Xia County of Shansi 0.59 0.03 2523 Guigang of Guangxi 0.38 -0.04 -5226 Xiaoyi of Shanxi 1.49 0.02 673 Guiping of Guangxi 0.56 0.55 48993 Zhengchuan of shanxi 0.06 0.01 8741 Xiangrong of Hainan 0.19 0.02 5168 Jingyan of Shanxi 1.19 0.20 8420 Feng of Hebei 4 0.34 0.02 2981 Shanghai University 1.46 -0.02 -684 Hejiazhuang of Hehei 1.66 0.30 9043 Luguhu of Sichuan 1.29 -0.20 -7778 Houhaoyao of Hebei 2.39 -0.20 -4192 Qionglai of Sichuan 0.13 0.08 29696 Yongqing of Hebei 2.40 0.08 1667 Yangcun of Tianjin 0.95 -0.12 -6315 Nanyang of Henan 1.06 -0.04 -1891 Wenquan of Xinjiang 0.81 -0.10 -6177 Changsha of Hunan 1.72 -0.12 -3491 Luxi of Yuunan 1.09 0.02 690 Heihe of Heilongjiang 0.47 0.12 12720 Mile of Ywman 1.46 0.50 17136 yanshou of Heilongjiang 1.00 -0.30 -15042 Simao of Yunnan 0.16 0.04 12579 Fusong of Jilin 2.10 -0.08 -1909 Yuanm.ou of Yunnan 0.07 0.01 7062 Dantu of Jiangshu 0.31 0.03 4834 Banan of Chongqing 0.31 0.07 11294 Jurong of Jiangshu 0.20 0.04 9761 Beihei of Chongqing 0.60 0.08 6688 Remark: negative number means that water level is descending or stress is weakened. Positive number means that water level is as­ cending or is stress strengthened.
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