Index

A Anacardiaceae, 86, 290 a-allocryptopine, 51 Angusticornin, 136 a-amyrin arachidate, 350 Annona squamosa, 285, 346 a-bisabolol, 30 Anogeissus leiocarpus, 131 a-D-mannodidase, 342 Anthocyanin, 284–286 8-acetoxyelemol, 348 Anthraquinones, 286 Abrus precatorius, 132 Antifungal, 59–71, 73, 306–308, 310, 313, Acacia sp. 314, 324, 325 A. confusa, 184, 234 Antifungal agents, 157 A. nilotica, 184, 306 Antifungal mechanism, 221, 235, 401 A. robusta, 184 Antifungal metabolites, 244, 247, 256 Acanthaceae, 84 Antifungal secondary metabolites, 244, Acetyleugenol, 354 247, 256 Achyranthes ferruginea, 162 Antifungal substances, 158 Acokanthera schimperi, 131 Antimetabolite, 61 Actinidine, 162 Apiaceae, 51 Aflatoxin B1, 375 Apocynaceae, 86 Africa, 80 Aquilegia vulgaris, 161 African folk medicine, 84 Aristolochia indica, 294 Alatinone, 350 Aromatic, 59, 64, 67 Albanol B, 290 Aromatic plants, 370, 378, 381 Alkaloids, 136 Artemisia, 47 Allanblackia florinbunda, 133 Artocarpus, 133, 285 Allium sativum, 159 Ascaridole, 343 Allylamines, 264 a-selinene, 351 Aloe emodin, 340, 350 Asparagus racemosus, 354 Aloe eru, 340 Aspergillus sp., 158, 370, 375, 385 Aloe vera, 340 A. candidus, 370, 385 Alpha-caryophyllene, 275 A. flavus, 296, 370, 382, 385, 386 Alpha-pinene, 50, 273 A. niger, 30, 45, 292, 370, 382, 385, 386, Alpha-terpineol, 274 386, 386, 386, 392, 392, 392 Alpinetin, 294 A. fumigatus, 86, 292 Alternaria alternata, 292 A. parasiticus, 46 Alternaria brassicicola, 342 Asteraceae, 30, 131 Amidases, 221, 222 a-terpineol, 44 Amphotericin, 158, 265 Ayurvedic, 303, 305, 306, 325

M. Razzaghi-Abyaneh and M. Rai (eds.), Antifungal Metabolites from Plants, 463 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-38076-1, Ó Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013 464 Index

Azadirachta indica, 293 C. alata, 349, 350 Azima tetracantha, 340 C. fitula, 294 Azoles, 158, 264, 265 C. tora, 352 Azospirillium lipoferum, 293 Catechins, 285 Chalconnes, 285 Challenges, 61 B Chamaecyparis nootkatensis, 348 Bacillus, 293 Chamaecyparis obtusa, 348 Balsaminaceae, 294 Chamazulene, 49 Bangladesh, 334 Chamomile german, 273 Bartericin, 136 Chamomile roman, 273 b-bourbonene, 349 Cheffouxanthone, 136 b-caryophyllene, 349, 351 Cheilanthes dubia, 294 Bergamot, 273 Chenopodium album, 343 Beta-1,3-glucanases, 221 Chenopodium ambrosioides, 343 Beta-lactoglobulin-like protein, 221 Chenopodium murale, 343 Betulin, 344 Chitinases, 221, 223, 224 Betulinic acid, 344 Chlorhexidine digluconate, 276 Biaryl ethers, 248, 250 Chlorogenic acid, 346 Bioactive products, 369, 370, 392, 394 Chromenes, 162 Bioactives, 59, 63, 64, 67, 71 Chrysin, 294 Biofilm, 277 Chrysin dimethyl ether, 294 Blastomycosis, 83 Chrysophanic acid-9-anthrone, 352 Bornyl acetate, 274, 348 Cinnamomum cassia, 267 Botryanes, 254 Cinnamomum zeylanicum, 296 Botrytis cinerea, 294, 370, 382, 392, 393 Citral, 273 Broussochalcone A, 290 Citronellal, 273 b-sitosterol, 350 Clary sage, 273 b-sitosterol-b-D-glucoside, 350 Clove, 273 b-thujone, 48 Clutia abyssinica, 132 Bunium persicum, 344 Clytostoma ramentaceum, 351 Bupleurum gibraltarium, 348 Cocos nucifera, 341 Burseraceae, 131 Combretaceae, 131, 294 Combretum fragrans, 131 Combretum vendae, 132 C Conocarpus, 131 1,8-cineole, 273, 351 Copper sulfate, 376 D-Cadinol, 50 Coriandrum sativum, 274 Candida spp., 158, 304 Coumarochromes, 285 C. albicans, 44, 79, 84, 265, 290 Crabbea velutina, 84 C. glabrata, 264 Crassinervic acid, 160 C. guilliermondii, 264 Crassocephalum ulticorymbosum, 131 C. krusei, 265 Cryptococcosis, 82 C. usitaniae, 264, 290 Cryptococcus neoformans, 79, 80, C. tropicalis, 86, 274 158, 296 Calophyllum caledonicum, 345 Cudrania cochinchinensis, 345 Calotropis procera, 131 Cudrania fruticosa, 353 Candidiasis, 82 Cuminum cyminum, 343, 370, 378 Carica papaya, 342 Curcuma sp. Carvacrol, 273, 344, 355 C. aromatica, 355 Carvone, 162, 275 C. xanthorrhiza, 356 Caryophyllene oxide, 351, 352 Curcumin, 355 Caspofungin, 265 Curtisia dentata, 350 Cassia sp. Curvularia lunata, 294, 340 Index 465

Cymbopogon martini, 343 Eugenia caryophyllus, 275 Cypress, 273 Eugenol, 266, 354 Euphorbia grantii, 132 Euphorbiaceae, 132, 285 D Eysenhardtia texana, 294 4’,5-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-6-(3-methyl- E-b-caryophyllene, 352 [2-butenyl])-(2s)-flavanone, 294 14-a-demethylase, 265 Defensin-like peptides, 221, 224 F Defensins, 221, 224–226, 235 Fabaceae, 132, 273, 285 Demethoxycurcumin, 355 Fatty acids, 285 Dermatophytosis, 82 Ficus, 133 Deuterophoma tracheiphila, 294 Ficus samentosa, 294 Dicentrine, 50 Flavones, 284 Dihyroquercetin, 294 Flavonoids, 134, 283, 319 1,5-dihydroxy-2-methylanthraquinone, 350 Flavonols, 284 5,7-dihydroxyflavanone, 294 Fluconazole, 158, 159, 265 Dillapiole, 52 Flueggea virosa, 132 Dorema ammoniacum, 294 Fomannoxin acid, 162 Dorstenia, 133 Food protection, 369, 370 Dracaena cinnabari, 294 Frankincense, 273 Dronabinol, 351 Friedelin, 344 Fruit and vegetables , 429 Fumonisin B1, 375 E Fungal endophytes, 256 1-ethanamino 7 hex-1-yne-51-one phenan- Fungal infections, 157, 158 threne, 347 Fungi incidence, 375, 380, 383, 385 (-)-epicatechin-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3, Furofuranones, 253 4-dihydro-2h-chromene-3,5,7-triol, 293 Fusarium sp., 49, 370, 375 (-)-epicatechin-3-0-glucopyranoside, 292 F. culmorum, 370, 382 Echinocandins, 264, 265 F. graminearum, 294 Elemicin, 47 Emodin, 340, 350 Endophytes, 256 G Epidermophyton floccosum, 132, 334 Galangin, 161 Epoxidone derivatives, 252 Garcinia kola, 133 Ergosine, 345 Garcinia smeathmanii, 112, 133, 136 Ergosterol, 264 Gentiana algida, 162 Ergosterol biosynthesis, 30 Geraniol, 273 Erigeron floribundus, 131 Geranyl acetate, 52 Eriodictyol, 294 Germacrene D, 351 Eryngium duriaei, 352 Glaucine, 50 Erythrina sp. Glycine javanica, 132 E. abyssinica, 132 Glycyrrhiza glabra, 159 E. burtii, 160 Guaiacol, 273 E. variegata, 352 Guttiferae, 133 Erythrophleum suaveolens, 136 Escherichia coli, 293 Essential oil, 47, 433, 450, 451 H Eucalyptus sp., 273 4-hydroxy benzoic acid, 351 E. intertexta, 351 14-hydroxy-b-caryophyllene, 352 E. largiflorens, 351 7-hydroxy-5-methoxiflavanone, 294 Eugenia caryophyllata, 352 8-hydroxyelemol, 348 466 Index

16-hentriacontanone, 346 Kavirajes, 334 5-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxylphenyl)pyrano Kazinol B, 290 [3,2-g]chromene-4(8h)-one, 292 Kenusanone A, 290 Hardwiickic acid, 134 Kenusanone C, 290 Harpephyllum caffrum, 86 Ketoconazole, 158, 159, 265 Harungana madagascariensis, 133 Kuraridin, 290 Helichrysum aureonitens, 161 Kurarinone, 290 Hesperidin, 294 Kuwanon C, 290 Hexyl butanoate, 47 Hinokiic acid, 348 Histoplasma capsulatum, 83, 84 L Histoplasmosis, 83 Lablab purpureus, 353 Homoeriodictyol, 294 Lactobacillus, 293 Human opportunistic fungi, 3 Laennecia confus, 296 Hygrophila auriculata, 84 Laggera brevipes, 131 Hypericum perforatum, 345, 347 Laguncularia, 131 Lamiaceae, 49 Langeretin, 294 I Lannea velutina, 86 Impatiens balsamina, 294, 342 Lantana camara, 294 Indigofera arrecta, 132 Laurus nobilis, 370, 378, 379 Ipomoea fistulosa, 345 Lavandula angustifolia, 356 Iridodial b-monoenol acetate, 162 Lavandula viridis, 351 Irvingia gabonensis, 134 Lavandulyl acetate, 52 Isobavachalcone, 136 Lavender, 273 Isocaryophyllen-14-al, 352 Lawsone, 342 Isocoumarins, 249, 250 Lawsone methyl ether, 342 Isoflavones, 284 Lawsonia inermis, 342, 354 Isoflavonoids, 286 Lectins, 221 Isoflavonols, 284 Lemon, 273 Isosophoranone, 290 Lemongrass, 273 Itraconazole, 158, 159, 265 Limonene, 273, 348, 351 Linalool, 44, 273, 356 Linalyl acetate, 274 J Lipid transfer proteins, 221, 229, 230 Jasonia candicans, 348 Lumnitzera, 131 Jasonia montana, 348 Luteolin, 294 Jatropha curcas, 132 Lythrum salicaria, 351, 352 Jatropha gossypifolia, 294 Juniper, 273 Juniperus chinensis, 347 M Juniperus lucayana, 347 Macaranga kilimandscharica, 132 Justicia gendarussa, 340 Macrophomia phaseolina, 292, 343 Magnaporthe grisea, 372 Maize, 409, 410 K Malassezia, 48 Kaempferol, 350 Malassezia furfur, 334 Kaempferol 3-O-gentiobioside, 350 Malassezia globosa, 334 Kaempferol 3-O-b-glucopyranoside, 350 Mallotus philippinensis, 294 Kaempferol 3-rutinoside, 342 Mangifera indica, 292, 346 Kaempferol-3,4’-dimethyl ether, 294 Massarilactones, 252, 253 Kalanchoe pinnata, 347 Massularia acuminate, 133 Kanzonol, 136 Medicinal plants, 29, 64, 66, 70, 71 Index 467

Melaleuca alternifolia, 273, 356 Ocimum sanctum, 275, 356 Melia azedarach, 350 Oleic acid, 341 Melissa, 273 Orange, 273 Mentha piperita, 273 Origanum acutidens, 344 Mentha pulegium, 379 Origanum vulgare, 273, 370, 378, 379 Menthol, 348 Oryza glaberrima, 371 Menthone, 348 Oryza sativa, 371 5-methylsophoraflavanone B, 290 Mesua ferrea, 344, 345 Method P checkerboard, 266 3-phenyl-benzopyrans, 286 disk diffusion, 266 4-phenyl- benzopyrans, 286 microdilution, 267 2-phenyl-benzo-c-pyrane, 286 time-kill curves, 266 Palmarumycins, 247 Methyl chavicol, 275 Papaveraceae, 50 Methyleugenol, 266, 349 Papyriflavonol A, 290 Microsporum sp., 50 Patrinia villosa, 290 M. canis, 84, 86, 334 P-cymene, 52, 344 M. entagrophytes, 84, 132 Pelargonium graveolens, 273 M. gypseum, 290 Penicillium sp., 296, 370, 375, 385 Minimal inhibitory concentration, 86 P. citrii, 292 Mirrh, 273 P. digitatum, 294 Moraceae, 84, 133 P. islandicum, 382 Morinda lucida, 133 P. italicum, 294 Morpholines, 264 Peppermint, 273 Morus, 133, 136 Peroxidases, 221 Morusin, 290 Petalostemum purpureum, 161 Mulberrofuran G, 290 Petalostemumol, 161 Mycoses, 62, 63, 81 Phenolic acids, 285 Myristicin, 47 Phenolic compounds, 437, 450–452, 454 Myrtus communis, 274 Phospholipids, 285 6-(phydroxybenzyl) taxifolin-7-0-b-d- glucoside, 292 N Phyllanthus sp., 349 N-acetyl-b-D-glucosoaminidase, 342 P. acuminatus, 349 Naphthalenes, 246 P. amarus, 349 Naphthoquinones, 136, 286 P. emblica, 349 Nardostachys jatamansi, 294 P. muellerianus, 349 Natural products, 157, 158 P. niruri, 349 Neoflavans, 286 P. piscatorum, 349 Nepeta leucophylla, 162 P. amaru, 285 Neroli, 273 Physcion, 340 Nigrospora sp., 385 Pinocembrin, 294 Nobiletin, 294 Pinosylvin, 160 N-octacosane, 350 Piper betle, 354 N-trans-feruloyl-4-methyldopamine, 162 Piper bredemeyeri, 275 Nystatin, 273 Piperitone, 162 Plant, 59, 60, 62–71, 73 Plant antifungal proteins, 221, 222, 235 O Plant flora of Iran, 28 1-octen-3-ol, 349 Plant food byproducts, 449 Oblongolides, 254 Pleioceras barteri, 131 Ochratoxin A, 375 Plumbagin, 136 Ocimum gratissimum, 355 Podocarpaceae, 84, 133 468 Index

Polycyclic lactones, 254 Rosemary, 273 Polyenes, 158, 264 Rosmarinic acid, 49 Polygala myrtifolia, 159 Rosmarinus officinalis, 273, 344 Polyphenols, 283 Rubia tinctorum, 341 Polysaccharides, 285 Rubiaceae, 84, 133 Pongomia pinata, 290 Rumex vesicarius, 347, 370 Posaconazole, 265 Rutaceae, 84, 133 Postharvest diseases , 430 Prismatomeris malayana, 341 Protease inhibitors, 221, 222, 231 S Proteases, 221 Sabinene, 348 Proteus vulgaris, 294 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 290 Protopine, 50 Sandalwood, 273 Protorhus longifolia, 86 Sanggenon B, 290 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 277 Saponins, 285 Pseudospondias microcarpa, 86 Saturated atmospheres, 382, 383, 392, 393 Psorospermum febrifugum, 133 Satureja montana, 378, 380 Pteleopsis suberosa, 132 Schinus terebinthifolius, 159 Pyrenocines, 251, 254 Schlerocarya birrea, 86 Pyricularia grisea, 373, 392 Secondary metabolites, 377 Pyrimidines, 158 Senecio aegyptius, 160 Septoria zeicola, 294 Slerocarya birrea, 290 Q Solanecio mannii, 131 Quercetin, 347, 349 Sophora, 285 Quercetin 3-glucoside, 345 Sophoraflavanone D, 290 Quercetin-3,7-dimethyl ether, 294 Sophoraflavanone G, 290 Quercetin-3-0-a-glucopyranosil-(1-2)-b- Sophoraisoflavanone A, 290 D-glucopyranoside, 292 Sorghum, 412, 413 Quercetin-3-metyl ether, 294 Sphaeranthus indicus, 294 Quercetin-3-O-a-glucopyranosyl-(1?2)-b- Sporothrix schenkii, 83, 86 D-glucopyranoside, 346 Sporotrichosis, 83 Staphylococcus aureus, 277 Stilbenes, 285 R Stipulin, 136 Randia dumetorum, 294 Storage, 373, 378 Resistance genes, 376 Strobilurins, 377 Rhein, 340, 350 Sub-saharan africa, 81 Rheum australe, 284 Sulphur-riched compounds, 440 Rheum emodi, 340 Synthetic fungicides, 370, 375 Rhizoctonia solani, 294, 372 Synthetic pesticides, 377 Rhus coriaria, 345 Syzygium jambos, 340 Rhus vulgaris, 86 Ribonucleases, 221 Rice, 412 T Rice blast disease, 372 4’,5,7-trihydroxy-6-methyl-8-(3-methyl- Rice culture, 371 [2-butenyl])-(2s)-flavanone, 294 Rice diseases, 372 Tabernaemontana crassa, 131, 136 Rice false smut, 373 Tannins, 286 Rice sheath blight, 372 Terminalia avicennioides, 132 Rose absolute, 273 Terpenes, 437 Rose otto, 273 Terpenoids, 134, 285 Rose, 273 Terpinolene, 47 Index 469

Tetracosanol, 350 V Tetrahydrocurcuminoids, 355 Verbenaceae, 84, 133 Thaumatin-like proteins, 221, 231, 232 Vernonia adoensis, 131 Thunbergia alata, 84 Vetiver, 273 Thymol, 270, 348, 349 Vismia guineensis, 133 Thymus sp. Vismiaquinone, 136 T. broussonetii, 274 Vitex negundo, 290 T. maroccanus, 274 Voriconazole, 265 T. tosevii, 344 T. vulgaris, 267, 343 T. X vicisoi, 343 W Tinea, 334 Wheat, 406, 407, 411, 412 trans-anethole, 47 Widdrol, 347 trans-ocimene, 47 Wighteone, 352 Trichoconiella padwickii, 385 Trichoderma viride, 290 Trichophyton sp., 50 X T. interdigitale, 334 Xanthones, 255, 256, 285, 345 T. mentagrophytes, 290 Xanthorrhizol, 356 T. rubrum, 290, 334 Xysmalobium undulatum, 131 T. tonsurans, 334 Triggering of apoptosis, 221 Triterpene glycosides, 285 Z T-terpinene, 52 Zingiber nimmonii, 352 Tulbaghia violacea, 159 Ziziphus spina-christi, 347 Zuccagnia punctata, 162 Zymosterol, 30 U Ureases, 221–223 Ursolic acid, 350, 351 Ustilaginoidea virens, 373