ISSN 0541 - 4938 Mycological Society of America

GJoioccph414 c QY;C is (K~vs~.)645 Volume 39 No. 1 June 1988 SUSTAINING MEMBERS OF THE MYCOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA

The Society is very grateful for the support of its Sustaining Members. These organizations are listed below in alphabetical order. Patronize them and let their representatives know of our appreciation whenever possible.

AMERICAN CYANIMID CO. LEDERLE LABORATORIES, Pearl River, New York 10965.

AMYCEL, INC., (Monterey Mushrooms, Inc.), Producers of quality Agaricus and exotic mushroom spawn, 553 Mission Vineyard Road, P.O. Box 1260, San Juan Bautista, California 95045.

ANALYTAB PRODUCTS, 200 Express Street, Plainview, New York 11803. Complete line of products for the microbiology laboratory, including identification, susceptibility, instrumentation and new line of diagnostic virology tests.

BUCKMAN LABORATORIES, INC., Specialists in industrial microorganism control since 1945, 1256 N. McLean Blvd., Memphis, Tennessee 38108.

CAMSCO PRODUCE COMPANY, INC., Division of Campbell Soup Company, P.O. Box 908, Blandon, Pennsylvania 19510.

CAROLINA BIOLOGICAL SUPPLY COMPANY, Serving science education since 1927, 2700 York Road, Burlington, North Carolina 27215. (919) 584-0381, TIX 574-354.

DEKALB-PFIZER GENETICS, Researcher, producer and marketer of corn, sorghum, soybean and alfalfa seed, 3100 Sycamore Road, DeKalb, Illinois 60115.

DIFCO LABORATORY PRODUCTS, The complete line of microbiological reagents and media.

HERBARIUM SUPPLY COMPANY, INC., P.O. Box 883003, San Francisco, CA 94188

HOFFMANN-LA ROCHE INC., Research Division, Nutley, New Jersey 07110. (201) 235-5000. N.Y.C. 695-1400.

JANSSEN PHARMACEUTICAL, "World Leaders in Antimycotic Research", 40 Kingsbridge Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854.

LAB-LINE INSTRUMENTS, INC. Manufacturers of constant temperature and other laboratory equipment, One Lab-Line Plaza, Melrose Park, IL 60160-1491.

L. F. LAMBERT SPAWN CO., INC., Producers of edible fungi cultures and spawn, P.O. Box 407, Coatesville, Pennsylvania 19320.

LANE SCIENCE EQUIPMENT CO., Complete line of mushroom storage cabinets, especially herbarium cabinets--airtightfor permanent protection, 225 West 34th Street, Suite 1412, New York, New York 10122. (212) 563-0663.

ELI LILLY AND COMPANY, Pharmaceuticals, agricultural and industrial products, and cosmetics, 307 East McCarty, Indianapolis, Indiana 46206.

MERCK, SHARP AND DOHME RESEARCH LABORATORIES, Division of Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065. MYCOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA NEWSLETTER

Volume 39, No. 1, June 1988

Iris Charvat, Editor

Department of Botany 220 BioScience Center University of Minnesota St. Paul, Minnesota 55108 (612) 625-3199

TABLE OF CONTENTS Sustaining Members (A-N) ...... i Mycological Services Available ....15 Table of Contents ...... 1 New ~ycologicaiResearch ...... 15 Officers of MSA ...... 1 Research Notes ...... 15 Editor's Letter ...... 2 MSA-AIBS.Synopsis Program ...... 16 Front Cover - David McLaughlin .... 2 Abstracts of MSA Meetings ...... 19 General Announcements ...... 3 Articles ...... 57 Calendar of Meetings, Forays, Courses, NAMA Mushroom Poisoning Case Registry and Workshops ...... 4 Annual Progress Report ...... 57 Fungi Wanted ...... 6 Mushroom Poisoning Case Registry Publications and Computer Sef&ware '86-87 Progress Report: Appendix . . 61 Available ...... 7 NAMA Poison Form ...... 65 Publications Needed ...... 9 Funds Available for Research .....67 New Books by MSA Members ...... 9 Honors, Awards, and Promotions .....68 List of Openings for Mycologists Travel and Visits ...... 68 on Sabbatical ...... 9 Notes and Comments ...... 69 Assistantships or Fellowships Change of Affiliation or Status ...70 Available ...... 10 Nominations for Awards ...... 70 Vacancies for Mycologists ...... 11 Corrections ...... 71 Positions Wanted ...... 12 Deaths of Members ...... 71 MSA Placement Service .....-, ...12 Change of Address for Respondence . . 72 Employer Data Form ...... 13 Back Cover, Mujeeb H. Zoberi .....72 Employee Data Form ...... 14 Sustaining Members ...... 73

SOCIETY ORGANIZATION, 1987-1988

OFFICERS AND COUNCILORS: Officers President, 1987-1988 Martha Christensen President-Elect, 1987-1988 Harold H. Burdsall, Jr. Vice-president, 1987-1988 Charles W. Mims Secretary, 1986-1988 Meredith Blackwell Treasurer, 1986-1989 Martha Powell Councilors Eastern U.S., 1985-1988 Sally E. Gochenaur Western U.S., 1986-1989 F. Brent Reeves Canada, 1987-1990 Scott Redhead Cytology-Genetics, 1987-1989 Sandra Anagnostakis Ecology-Pathology, 1986-1988 Dean Glawe Morphology-Taxonomy, 1986-1988 Mary Palm Physiology-Biochemistry, 1987-1989 Paul A. Horgen Other Council Members Past President, 1985-1986 Roger D. Goos Past President, 1986-1987 James M. Trappe June, 1988

Letter from the Editor,

In order to save funds, the questionnaire has been placed in the center of the recent issues of the Newsletter. Since it is least expensive to use a double sheet, the questionnaire in the December, 1987 issues was extra large. If members aren't bothered by this, we will continue to have the questionnaire inserted by the printer. A smaller size has to be inserted by hand, not machine. Please note that added information concerning "Fungi Wanted" is requested on the questionnaire. If members will indicate the class of the fungi wanted, the MSA secretary can type the information directly without passing the sheets to the Editor.

Again, as with Volume 38, No. 2, there is an insert for International Members. The announcement is for the 1989 MSA Meetings to be held in Toronto, Canada, August 6-10. Please return this form to Dr. Sandra Anagnostakis if you want to receive additional information for these meetings.

The new Directory will be sent to you this month. This is the first revision of the Directory since 1984, so the address changes listed in each Newsletter are of value to MSA members. It would be most helpful if members would keep these sheets with their new directory.

Attention Associate members: If you are an associate member and have not received past issues of the Newsletter, please write me. I apologize for this oversight.

At the suggestion of Dr. Paul Szaniszlo, Program Chairman, I have included a synopsis program for our 1988 Meetings in Davis. The abstracts of papers to be presented at these meetings are located in the center of this Newsletter.

A time consuming task associated with the publication of the Newsletter is the cutting and mounting of all the abstracts. This was done by the excellent office staff of the Botany Department, University of Minnesota; so I want to than Carolyn Ferrell, Diane Peters, Anne Caton, Ellen Hamisch, and Lori Nicol for their help. A special thanks to Michele Watrin, the MSA Newsletter Secretary for the past year, who has made my job possible.

Dr. Harold Burdsall Jr., President-Elect,has asked me to remain as editor of the MSA Newsletter for another year and I have agreed to do so. I am looking forward to receiving your questionnaires and other communications.

Iris Charvat, Editor of MSA Newsletter

FRONT COVER - NOTE Gloioce~halacaricis (Karst.) Bas (syn. Marasmius caricis Karst.) was collected at Schaefer Prairie TNC, McLeod Co., Oct. 19, 1987 by David J. McLaughlin and Patrick R. Leacock as part of an inventory of the higher fungi of Minnesota supported by The Nature Conservancy. This pale agaric is a common inhabitant of the lower stems of Carex sp. in wet unburned prairie. It is readily identified by its microscopic features. Although it has been reported over a wide range in Canada, it appears to be little known in the United States. Drawing by D. J. McLaughlin. Specimens in MIN. 3 GENERAL ANNOUNCEMENTS

Airfares: Discounts on some airfares to MSA meetings, Sacremento, California, for Mycological Society of America members. American Airlines has been selected as the official carrier for the Mycological Society of America meeting in Davis, California. Their special staff will confirm reservations for you at the lowest rate available, providing normal qualifications are met. Savings of 35-40% may apply to full day coach rate for USA passangers. American Airlines may also offer 5% off any published roundtrip applicable airfare including First Class. Canadian passengers may benefit by a 35% saving in fares. Fare reductions are available to MSA members 5-26 August 1988. Because there are some restrictions call the toll free number for complete information. American has created a special Star File in their computer containing information on our meeting to better serve you. It also permits the creation of an arrival and departure report on each attendee who reserves through their Meeting Service Desk. Call the toll free number below. If you normally use the service of a travel agency, please have them make your reservations through this number to obtain the same advantages for our organization. CALL TOLL FREE ...ASK FOR STAR FILE #S 83085, 1-800-433-1790,7:00 AM - 12:00 midnight central time, seven days a week, spring announcement from Meredith Blackwell, MSA Secretary.

Directory: The 1988 MSA DIRECTORY is at the printers now. It will include lists of past officers, Corresponding Members, award winners, prize nomination guidelines, MSA Bv-Laws, and membership directory. As soon as the printing is receiving the directory, it will result in great postage savings for MSA. Spring announcement from Meredith Blackwell, Secretary.

Foray lists are needed for completion of the Foray reports for the Florida, 1985 the Massachusetts, 1986, and more recent Forays. Any length of list is acceptable from one species to 100 or more. Please submit lists to Wm. Bridge Cooke, 1135 Wilshire Ct., Cincinnati, Ohio 45230.

International Commission on the Taxonomy of Fungi: The International Commission on the Taxonomv of Funrri (ICTF) was established in 1982 as a Commission of the Mycology Division of the International Union of Microbiolorrical Societies (IUMS). The Commission's primary aim is to improve, and to promote improvement in, any or all aspects of fungal systematics. The Commision further aims to extend understanding of fungal systematics in the scientific community, by publishing its findings, and by sponsoring meetings, workshops and sessions dealing wtih aspects of its work. Particular emphasis is given to keeping scientists in applied fields aware of recent advances and changes in taxonomic mycology.

Current members are Chairman D. L. Hawksworth (U.K.), Secretary J. I. Pitt (Australia), 0. Constantinescu (Sweden), J. Ginns (Canada), S. C. Jong (U.S.A.), D. W. R. Mackenzie (U.K.), M. R. McGinnis (u.S.A.), A. Y. Rossman (U.S.A.), R.A. Samson (Netherlands), Lynne Sigler (Canada) and Shun-ichi Udagawa (Japan) . Several articles reflecting the philsophy and work of the Commision are:

1. Recent changes in the international rules affecting the nomenclature of fungi, by D. L. Hawksworth. Microbiological Sciences 1:18-21, 1984. 2. Fungal genera in urgent need of taxonomic work, by D. L. Hawksworth. Microbiol. Sci. 3:58, 1986. 3. International Commission on the Taxonomy of Fungi (ICTF): name changes in fungi of microbiological, industrial and medical importance, by P. F. Cannon. Part 1. Microbiol. Sci. 3:168-171, 1986. 4. International Commission on the Taxonomy of Fungi Code of practice for systematic mycologists, by Lynee Sigler & D. L. Hawksworth. Microbiol. Sci. 4:83-86, 1987. 5. International Commission on the Taxonomy of Fungi (ICTF): name changes in fungi of microbiological, industrial and medical importance, by P. F. Cannon. Part 3. Microbiol. Sci. 5:23-25, 1988.

J. Ginns, Biosystematics Research Center, Ottawa and Amy Rossman, Systematic Botany Institutue, Beltsville

CALENDAR OF MEETINGS. FORAYS. COURSES AND WORKSHOPS

June 1988

5-10 MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY WORKSHOP Information: Dr. V. Cuomo c/o ~iba-~ei~~,Via Prov. le Schito 131, 80058 Torre Annunziata (NA) Italy

1988 THEMES IN MARINE BIOTECHNOMGY: Dr. V. Cuomo c/o Ciba- Geigy, Via Prov.le Schito 131, 80058 Torre Annunziata (NA) Italy

8TH EUROPEAN PHYSARUM WORKSHOP, Fackultlt Biologie und Vorklinikum, ~niversitiitRegensburg, Universitgtsstrabe 31, D- 8400 Regensburg. Sessions will cover all aspects of scientific activity in the field of molecular biology of Phvsarum pol~ce~halumand related myxomycetes, in particularly cell cycle, differentiation, genetics, motility and cytoskeleton. Oral presentations of 30 min are preferred (including discussion), but posters are acceptable, and are encouraged as illustrations in support of oral presentations. In case that the number of talks will exceed the time schedule only selected papers will be presented. The remainder will be given as posters. In such a case, participants will be noted in advance. Date for Receipt of Abstracts and Registration: 1st May, 1988. Contact: Dr. Eggehard Holler, Institut far Biophysik u. Physikalische Biochemie der Universitllt, Universit3tsstrabe 31, D-8400 Regensburg, FRG. The Northeastern Mycological Pre-Foray Courses at the University of Rhode Island in Kingston on August 1-3. Dr. Roy Watling from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, Scotland will be our 1988 senior foray mycologist. Dr. Watling has also agreed to teach a pre-foray course. A second pre-foray course offering will be on seashore ecology taught by experts from the URI oceanography faculty. Both pre-foray courses (to be held August 1st to 3rd) are limited in the number of participants and will be available on a 1st come, 1st serve basis.

Foray: Full package includes room and meals and all activities, $150/person, double occupancy; Registration must be paid in full at time of application. Checks payable to NORTHEASTERN MYCOLOGICAL FORAY. Information: Northeastern Mycological Foray. Barbara Peabody, R.D. 1, Box 250, Milford, NJ 08848. (201) 995-9110.

IV Workshop on Identification of Macromycetes (Gasteromycetes). Details from Dr. Jorge E. Wright.

MSA Meeting, Davis, California. See Synopsis Program for listing of all sessions. Our meeting has activities that extend from Saturday afternoon, August 13 until 4:30 p.m. Thursday afternoon, August 18, 1988. Please note that we are having evening sessions on Monday and Tuesday.

MSA meeting at the University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Program Chair, Sandra Anagnostakis.

October 1989 Mexican Mycological Congress, in Victoria City, Tamaulipas, 16-17 Mexico. Information in Apartado Postal 26-378, ~kxico,D. F. 06400. November 1989 ISMS-JSTEC International Symposium on Mushroom Biotechnology, Jiangsu Province People's Republic of China. Jiangsu Province Science and Technology Centre with Foreign Countires (JSTEC) in cooperation with the International Society of Mushroom Science (ISMS). The registration fee will be approximately $250 for full members, $150 for students and accompanying persons, which includes admissions, reception, refreshments, conference materials. Info: Associate Prof. N. X. Bu, Secretary ISMS Symposium on Mushroom Biotechnology, Jiangsu Province Science & Technology, Exchange Centre with Foreign Countries, 39 East Beijing Road, Nanjing, China. 6 FWNGI WANTED GENERAL

Masood, Ahrmadunisa: Cellulose destroying fungi.

ASCOMYCETES

Boehm, Eric: Any Le~tos~haeriaspp.

Wingfield, Michael: Ceratocvstis, O~hiostoma.

BASIDIOMYCETES

Ammirati, J. F.: The genus Cortinarius with notes and/or color photo.

Chase, Thomas: Cultures or spore prints of Heterobasidion annosum (Fomes annosus )

Desjardin, Dennis: Dried specimens and cultures of Marasmioid-. - Fungi (Marasmius, Marasmiellus, ~icromdha1e)-,'-especiallyfrom the atlantic coastal and gulf coastal states. Notes on fresh basidiomata coloration and'bubstrate preferred but not essential.

Hutchison, Leonard: Cultures of secotioid fungi other than Rhizo~oaonspp. Will pay for postage and handling. Leonard Hutchinson, Department of Botany, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A1, CANADA.

Rhoades, Fred: Cultures of Mvcena species, especially Mvcena ~lumbeaM. le~toce~halaand M. atroalboides. Ross, Ian K.: Co~rinusconpregatus - cultures or spore prints.

DEUTEROMYCETES

Boehm, Eric: Living cultures of graminicolous Se~toriaspp.

Siefert, Keith: Synnematous hyphomycetes, specimens or cultures. Please write before sending cultures.

Vincent, Michael A.: Specimens and/or cultures of Rhinotrichum sensu lato, Oidium sensu Linder, Alvsidium, Ol~itrichum,Acladium, S~orotrichum, Basifimbria, Rhinocladium, etc.

Wingfield, Michael: Le~to~ra~hium,Phialoce~hala

MYXOMYCETES

Braun, Karl L., Jr.: Specimens from Ohio

Keller, Harold W. : Specimens from Arkansas

Stephenson, Steve: Especially collectioqs from western North America or areas of the world other than North America. PUBLICATIONS. COMPUTER SOFTWARE AND SLIDES AVAILABLE--FOR GIVE-AWAY. SALE. OR EXCHANGE

ATKINSON, R. G.: Complete sets (unbound) of from Vol. 53 (1961) to Vol. 74 (1982). He would like to sell all 22 volumes for $250 or $12 per volume. 3890 Ansell Road, Victoria, B.C., Canada V80P 4W2.

ELLIS, DAVID H: Dr. David H. Ellis has completed a collection of 540 35m colour teaching slides on medical mycology as a memorial to the late Geraldine Kaminski OAM, a very well known and respected Australian medical mcyologist. The aim of this collection is to provide a set of teaching slides showing the clinical and mycological features of the pathogenic fungi likely to be encountered in Australasia, South East Asia and Oceania. Although several fungi such as Microsvorum audouinni, MicrosDorum ferrunineum, Trichovhvton schoenleinii, Trichovhvton soudanense and Coccidi.oides immitis are not endemic to the region, they are included in the collection because they have been isolated from immigrants or travellers from other regions. This collection entitled "Kaminski's teaching slides on medical mycology" will be marketed as a non-profit venture in memory of Gerry by the Adelaide Children's Hospital. Gerry worked at the ACH for 46 years and is the longest serving staff member on record. Price (including postage & handling): Australia and New Zealand, A$425, Other countries, A$600. Make check payable to the Adelaide Children's Hospital, to: Linda Stack, Coordinator, Educational Resource Centre, Adelaide Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, SA 5006.

FARR, M. L.: BOOKS FOR SALE, mostly mycology and botany. If interested please send self addressed stamped envelope for list.

HESSELTINE, C. W.: R. Thaxter, 'The Entomo~hlhoreaof the United States. Mem. Boston Soc. of National History, 5, 1988. Best Offer. G. P. Clinton, Usula~enales,North Am. Flora 7, Part 1, 1906. Best Offer.

LUBRECHT, HARRY: has the book by Dr. Funder requested in the MSA Newsletter (Vol. 37, No. 2, December 1986) by Dr. 0. 0. Adebowale. MSA has no address for Dr. Adebowale. Contact, Dr. Harry Lubrecht, Lubrecht and Cramer LTD, R.D. 1, Box 244, Forestburgh, NY 12777, USA.

RHOADES, FRED: ASKATAXA synoptic key driver plus keys to mushrooms, lichens, simple key to molds. $5 for IBM-PC compatible disk.

SEIFERT, KEITH A.: Mr. Jackson's Mushrooms by H.A.C. Jackson, originally sold for $35, is now remaindered. Unused copies are available for $6.95, plus $3.50/book for postage with Canada, or $5.00/book for postage to the US, from the Nature Canada Bookshop, 453 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ont. KIN 624 CANADA.

SIGLER, L.: Update to the Catalogue of the University of Alberta Microfungus Collection available - 43 pages, Jan. 1988. Cost $5.00 Cdn. Please send payment in advance

Chtalogue of the University of Alberta Microfungus Collection. 2nd Edition. 1986, 166 pp. Cost $10.00 + $2.00 for postage for North America and International surface mail, + $5.00 for international airmail. Payment in advance not required and update will be included for all new orders. The University of Alberta Microfungus Collection data bases may be searched on- line through the U. of A. Computing Systems operating system. Outside users must obtain an account. Documentation describing access is available from Lynne Sigler and entitled "Introduction to searching the UAMH SPIRES data bases." This mimeographed publication is free.

SLEETH, BAILEY: For sale, unbound, MYCOLOGIA Vol. 34 (4.5.6), 1942; Vol. 36, 1944 thru Vol. 41, 1949; Vol. 43, 1951 thru Vol. 47, 1955; Vol. 49, 1957 thru Vol. 55, 1963; Vol. 57, 1965; Vol. 58, (1,2,3), 1966; Vol. 60, 1968 thru Vol. 62, 1970; Vol. 63, 1971; Vol. 71, 1979; Vol. 73, 1981; Vol. 74, (1,2) 1982; Vol. 75, (1,2) 1983; Vol. 78, 1986; Vol. 79. $250.00 or best offer

Unbound, PHYTOPATHOLOGY, V. 21, 1931; V. 22, (2-12); V. 23, (2,9); V. 24, (3- 12); V. 25, 26; V. 27, (1,3-12;V. 28 thru 31; V. 32, (1-3,5-12); V. 33, thru 37; V. 38,(2-12); V. 39,(1-11); V. 40 thru 44; V. 45, (1-6, 8-12); V. 46 thru 51; V. 52, (1-5, 7-12); V. 53; V. 54, (1-6.8-12); V. 55; V. 56, (1,3.4.5,7-12); V. 57, (4,6,10,11); V. 58, 59; V. 60, (1-11); V. 61 thru V. 77; $400.00 or best offer.

Ellis and Everhart, 1892. The North American Pvrenomvcetes. 793p. Added pages, 41 pages (plates) of drawings of fungi and 41 pages of legends, $100. 00 . PHYTOPATHOLOGY, Thirty Year Index, Vols. 1-30, 1911-1940, and PHYTOPATHOLOGY, Ten Year Index, Vols. 31-40, 1941-1950. Make Offer

Index of Plant Diseases in the United States, Agriculture Handbook, No. 165. USDA, 1960. Best Offer.

Tucker, C. M. Taxonomy of the Genus Phvto~hthora,208 p. 1931. Best Offer.

Cash, Edith A. A Mvcoloeical Enelish-Latin Glossary, 152 p. Mycologia Memoir No. 1, 1965. Best Offer.

Middleton, John T. The Taxonomv. Host Ranve and Geoera~hicDistribution of the Genus Phvthium. Memoir of the Torrey Botanical Club, Vol. 20, 1943, 171 p. Best Offer.

List of books and publications available, free. Note. Please, transportation costs (postage, UPS, express) is paid by buyer.

SYLVIA, DAVID: Proceedings of the 7th North American Conference on Mycorrhizae. Held May 3-8, 1987. 364 pp. Order from: Publications, IFAS-Bldg 664, Gainesville, FL 32611. Cost: Domestic, $10.00; Foreign, $15.00. Make checks payable to the University of Florida.

VINCENT, MICHAEL A.: Duplicate sets of the publications of Dr. Marion L. Lohman were given to Miami University herbarium shortly before Dr. Lohman's death. Complete and partial sets are available, preferably on an exchange basis, from Michael A. Vincent. The publications deal mainly with the Hysteriaceae. 9 PUBLICATIONS NEEDED

AMMIRATI, J. F. is looking for two copies (or at least one) of The Lichen Flora of the United States by Bruce Fink. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor (1935 or 1960 editions).

BOEHM, E. would like copies of Taxonomv of Fund Im~erfectiby B. Kendrick, 1971. University of Toronto Press, and Patterns of Develo~mentin Conidial Funpi by G. T. Cole & R. A. Samson, 1979. London-Pitman.

HENDRICK, JOHN would like a copy of Advance of the Funai: by E. C. Large.

MASOODY, AHMADUNISA wants publications on Biodegradation.

MCGINNIS, MICHAEL is looking for old medical mycology.books and reprints.

STEPHENSON, STEVE is looking for reprints on myxomycetes.

KVAN YOON needs a color chart for the identification of mushrooms.

NEW BOOKS BY MSA MEMBERS

The following annoucements were received in response to the MSA Newsletter questionniare: Barr, M. E. 1987. PRODROMUS TO CLASS LO(TlTLOASC0mCCETES. 168 p. illust. $15. Publ. by the author, handled by Lubrecht & Cramer.

Bennett, J. W. and Linda L. Lasure, Eds. 1985. Gene Manipulations in Fungi. Academic Press, Inc. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers. Orlando, FL 32887. 558 p.

Rolf Singer with appendix by Bob Harris. MUSHROOMS 6 TRUFFLES. Hardback $75.00 ppd from Mushroompeople. (415) 663-8504. P.O. Box 159, Inverness, CA 94937.

Harris, Bob. GROWING SHIITAKE COMMERCIALLY. $11.50 ppd from Mushroompeople. (415) 663-8504. P.O. Box 159, Inverness, CA 94937.

Wright, Dr. Jorge E. THE GENUS TULOSTOMA (GASTEROMYCETES). A WORLD MONOGRAPH." Bibliotheca Mycol. Rd. 113, J. Cramer, Stuttgart.338 p. Ca. U$S 80. From the editor or the author.

LIST OF OPENINGS FOR MYCOLOGISTS ON SABBATICAL

University of Texas at Arlington: Interested person who may want to make a short term visit to work on the systematics of Myxomycetes. Excellent facilities and collections available for use including light microscopy with a fully automated camera system, SEM, TEM, and darkroom facilities. Please inquire for more details. Contact: Harold W. Keller.

University of Texas at Austin: Molecular biology of dematiaceae or other fungi pathogenic for humans. Contact: Paul J. Szaniszlo. 10 ASSISTANTSHIPS AND FELLOWSHIPS AVAILABLE

Duke University: Teaching assistantships and competitive University Fellowships are available to study evolutionary genetics and molecular systematics of fungi. Contact Rytas Vilgalys, Department of Botany, Duke University, Durham, NC 27706.

Iowa State University: Assistantship MS or Ph.D., 2 years. In Mycology to curate materials in mycological collections within the herbarium. An extensive re- working is underway following acquisition of a large number of specimens of historical significants. Contact Lois H. Tiffany.

Farlow Visiting Fellowship: Friends of the Farlow provide travel support and subsistence for work related to a dissertation using the Farlow collections at Harvard University.

Southern Illinois University: Doctoral Fellowship, for 1987-1988, with $10,000 stipend plus tuition waiver for each of 3 years (University-wide competition, 5 available). Also Teaching Assistantship (available on Departmental competitive basis) for M.A. or Ph.D. aspirant in SYSTEMATIC MYCOLOGY. Duties in General Biology, General Botany and/or Forest Pathology. Write W. J. Sundberg, Dept. of Botany, SIU, Carbondale, IL 62901.

State University of New York: College of Environmental Science and Forestry: Research and teaching assistantships available to graduate students interested in systematics, physiology, ultrastructure, and ecology of fungi; forest pathology; wood products pathology; mycorrhizae. Contact: C.J.K. Wang, D.H. Griffin, on J.J. Worrall, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210.

University of Florida: Graduate Research Assistantship (M.S. or Ph.D.) available to study VA MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI. Contact David Sylvia, Soil Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611. Telephone (904) 392-1951.

University of Iowa: FOUNDER'S FELLOWSHIP in field studies for predoctoral students -- a summer at The Iowa Lakeside Laboratory. The stipend is $2,000, tuition free; fellows pay modest fees for roomfioard and lab space. The fellowships honor our founder, Thomas H. Macbride. Applicants will be doctoral candidates whose work has a field component for which a summer at the Iowa station would be especially profitable. Applicants should be at the level of independent investigator. Applicants should write the director about the area and facilities. An application will contain a cover letter, vitae, and a one or two page synopsis of the proposed project. Specific reasons why our station is so suitable are critical to the application. Two letters are requested, including one from the research sponsor. Applications will be considered up to April 1st 1988. Contact: Richard V. Bovbjerg, Director, Professor of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242.

University of Minnesota: Teaching Assistantships and Fellowships from the Botany Graduate Program. Contact Director of Graduate Studies, 220 BioScience Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108. University of Texas: Research Assistantships in MEDICAL MYCOLOGY and BOTANY/MYCOLOGY. Contact G. T. Cole, Department of Botany, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78713 immediately. Telephone: (512) 471-4866.

University of Texas: Graduate Research and Teaching assistantships available in the Department of Microbiology to carry out grant related research with Paul Szaniszloon.

University of Vermont: Graduate assistantships and fellowships are available in CLASSICAL and/or MOLECULAR GENETICS OF BASIDIOMYCETES. Support includes stipend and tuition remission. Obtain more information from Robert C. Ullrich, Department of Botany, Life Science Building, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405.

VACANCIES FOR MYCOLOGISTS

Cornell University: Four post-doctoral assistantships available 7/1/88 to participate in an ongoing research project concerned with cell differentiation (infection structure formation) in the fungus, Uromyces. Specific areas of research are directed toward determining (1) structural changes in the plasma membrane during cell differentiation; (2) the role of extracellular ion and electrical currents as well as stretch-activated ion channels in the plasma membrane during the signaling process; and (3) Isolation and characterization of thigmotropically triggered post-transcriptionally expressed proteins involved in the differentiation process. These proteins will be isolated using Mab derived via neonatal tolerization. Another area of study (4) concerns elucidating the mechanisms involved in race non-specific resistance due to host morphologies, such as stomata1 lip architecture and leaf pubescence, will be emphasized. Areas (1) and (4) require expertise in LM, but also in TEM (freeze-fracture) and SEM, respectively. Area (2) involves LM and electrophysiology. Area (3) requires experience and/or adequate knowledge of cell and molecular biology, and be able to perform studies using such techniques as protein purification, PAGE, immunization, LM, Western blotting, etc. Send CV, three letters, and transcripts or contact: H. C. Hoch, Department of Plant Pathology, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, New York 14456. Telephone: (315) 787-2332.

Cornell University: Technician, GR-22. Employee will assist in conducting research in a modern well equipped cell biology laboratory. The research is concerned with growth of fungal cells and with the development of infection structures, especially in Uromyces. Cell organelles and other cellular components are studied by biochemical methods and by TEM, SEM, and LM using immunocytochemistry, computerized video image analysis, etc. B. S. or M. S. in biology or biochemical techniques are preferred. Immediate opening. $14,500- 19,732. Contact: H. C. Hoch, Department of Plant Pathology, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, New York 14456. Telephone: (313) 787- 2332. University of California, Santa Barbara: Post-Doctoral position available in the area of molecular biology and biochemistry of differentiation in filamentous fungi. Experience in recombinant DNA, membrane protein isolation and analysis, and/or immunocytochemistry most desirable. The research is on mechanisms of signal transduction leading to terminal differentiation in filamentous fungi. Applicants should have had some experience with the cultivation and biology of filamentous fungi. Please send resume and names of 3 references to Dr. Ian K. Ross, Dept. of Biological Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 by July 30, 1988.

University of Texas, Austin: Post-doctoral position available in the Department of Microbiology to carry out grant related research with Paul Szaniszlo on "Identification of antimycotic targets among pathogenic dematiaceous fungin and on "Enhanced plant-iron nutrition through biotechnology." Prior training in molecular biology required.

Washington State University: Assistant Professor of Plant Pathology to conduct research in the area of fungal taxonomy and fungal diseases of crop plants and to teach basic and advanced courses in mycology. Rank-Salary: Permanent Full- time (12 months). Assistant Professor-Assistant Plant Pathologist (tenure- track). 70% research-30% teaching appointment. Salary commensurate with qualifications and experience. Responsibilities: This is a full-time, tenure- track position at the Assistant Profess-Assistant Plant Pathologist rank in the Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164- 4-6430. The person filing this position will be expected to conduct research in the area of fungal taxonomy and fungal diseases of crop plants. The person will be expected to devote a portion of time to problems involving smut fungi. The person will be expected to teach basic and advanced courses in mycology and to contribute to other graduate or undergraduate courses and to direct M.S. and Ph.D. degree candidates. The person will be expected to seek grant funding from national, regional, and state sources. Qualifications: An earned doctorate is required. Training in plant pathology is preferred. Only persons with expertise in the taxonomy of any group of fungi (excluding slime molds) are eligible. A competence with, or a desire to become competent with, smut fungi (Ustilaginales) is required. Additional expertise in cladistics, isozyme analyses, nucleic acid technology, genetics, or cytology as applied to fungal systematics is desirable. Evidence of ability to perform imaginative and sustained research in an academic environment, potential to attract extramural sources of funds, and capacity to teach in both formal and informal settings will be sought and evaluated. Submit a resume, copies of publications, and three letters of reference to: Professor Timothy D. Murray, Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6430. Phone: (509) 335-7515. Application Deadline: September 30, 1988. POSITIONS WANTED STEPHENSON, S. L. seeks a teaching position in plant ecology/mycology/botany at an institution at which it would be possible to develop a research program involving graduate students.

MSA PLACEMENT SERVICE Forms for the use of the MSA Placement Service--forboth those seeking jobs and prospective employers--areincluded on the following pages. EMPLOYER DATA FORM MYCOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA PLACEMENT SERVICE Please type or print all entries clearly.

1. Record Number: (leave blank)

2. Organization Name:

3. Position Title:

4. Interests. Circle letters from the following:

A. Morphology B. Taxonomy C. Physiology D. Cytology E. Biochemistry F. Cell Biology G. Genetics H. Ecology I. Molecular Biology J. Pathology K. Mycorrhizae . L. Medical M. Development N. Computers 0,P = other

5. Fungal Group. Circle one or more letters from list: A. Mycetozoa B. Zoosporic Fungi C. Zygomycetes D. Ascomycetes E. Basidiomycetes F. Deuteromycetes G. Trichomycetes H. Pathogenic Fungi I. General

J,K,L,M,N,O = other

6. Degree or Training Desired:

7. Skills Desired. Circle one or more from list: A. Teaching B. Reseprch C. Administration D. Public Service E. Curatorial

E-K = other. Please specify.

8. Terms of Appointment:

9. Closing Date:

10. Contact Person:

11. Dept. or Organization:

12. University or Company:

13. Street:

14. City: 15. State or Province:

16. Zip or Postal: 17. Country:

17. Telephone Contact:

Return to: Dr. Gareth Morgan-Jones, MSA Placement. Dept. of Botany and Microbiology, Augurn University, Auburn, AL 36849. 14 EMPLOYEE DATA FORM MYCOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA PLACEMENT SERVICE Please type or print all entries clearly. 1. Record Number: (leave blank)

2. Name: last first initial

3. Department or Organization:

4. University or Street:

5. City:

6. State or Province (abbrev.):

7. Zip or Postal Code:

8. Country (abbrev. if >10 characters): -. 9. Phone Number: 10. Degree 1 (M.S. or B.S./B.A.), Year, Professor, Institution:

11. Degree 2 (Ph.D.), Year, Professor, Institution:

12. Postdoctoral experience. Year, Professor, Institution:

13. Interests. Circle letters from the following: . Morphology B. Taxonomy C. Physiology . Cytology E. Biochemistry F. Cell Biology . Genetics H. Ecology I. Molecular Biology J. Pathology K. Mycorrhizae L. Medical M.. Development N. Computers 0,P = other

14. Organisms of interest. Circle one or more letters from list:

A. Mycetozoa B. Zoosporic Fungi C. Zygomycetes D. Ascomycetes E. Basidiomycetes F. Deuteromycetes G. Trichomycetes H. Pathogenic Fungi I. General 15. Job preference. Circle one or more letters from list:

A. Industry B. Univ. teaching C. Univ. research D. Both B and C E. Government F. Curatorial G. Other than above

Order of preference in above by letter:

16-22. Narrative about job applicant. Use this space to write anything you would like to have submitted with our report to a potential employer. Write in the third person. It is unlikely that items listed under votherlf in the above categories will appear on your printout. This is the only place where you can enter special experience. You have seven lines, each with 65 characters including spaces and punctuation. You may hyphenate at the end of a line if it saves you space. Count the number of characters per line or print on graph paper in a rectangle 7 squares by 65 squares. The print out will read as text if you follow these directions. Program will not underline. Send completed form to: Dr. Gareth Morgan-Jones, MSA Placement. Dept. of Botany and Microbiology, Augurn University, Auburn, AL 36849. MYCOLOGICAL SERVICES AVAILABLE HAROLD W. KELLER will identify Myxomycetes especially corticolous species from living trees and vines.

KEITH A. SEIFERT will identify Synnenatous hyphomycetes.

NEW MYCOLOGICAJ. RESEARCH

Tom, Chase; Bill Otrosina; and John Taylor: Relationship of Host specificity and mtDNA variability to interterility in Heterobasidion annosum. Cooperative reserach project with Dr. Fields.

RESEARCH NOTES

ROY, ANJALI: Department of Botany, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan 731235, W. Bengal, India. "Airspora in Santiniketan, India".

Present report is the result of a survey of airspora in Santiniketan for the last five years. It is noted that fungal spores are present in the atmosphere throughout the year, but they appear in highest concentration in rainy season during July to September. During survey spores of Alternaria, As~er~illus,Clados~orium, Curvularia, Nieros~ora,Paecilomvces and Penicillium are mostly encountered. Besides, basidiospores are also present as evidenced by the development of colonies on exposure plates with mycelia showing clamp connections. It is noted that basidiomycete colonies appear only in the rainy season although deuteromycete spores are obtained throughout the year. This coincides with the blooming of many macro-fungi including species of Agaricales and Polyporales during the rainy season in the area. 16 MYCOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA - AIBS SYNOPSIS PROGRAM August 14-18, 1988 Date Time Session Number and Title Building and Room Saturday 8/13 1:30 pm- Workshop 1. Basidiospore Hutchison 103 5:30 pm Germination and Tissue Culture Techniques for Agarics, especially those that form Ectomycorrhizae.

8/13 1:30 pm- Workshop 2. A Survey of Robbins 283 5:30 pm Hypogeous Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes

8/13 1:30 pm- Workshop 3. Polypores of Robbins 291 5: 30 pm North America

Sunday 8/14 8:00 am- Field Trip. Tours of the Louis 5:00 pm M. Martini Winery (Napa Valley) and The Sebastiani Winery (Sonoma Valley)

9-12:OOpm Meeting of the Council DeCarli Room, Memorial Union

1-4:OOpm Meeting of the Council DeCarli Room, Memorial Union

Monday 8/15 8:15 am- Session 1 - Sympositim. Molecular Upper Level West, 12:OO pm Evolution of the Fungi Rec Hall 8/15 8:15 am- Session 2 - Symposium. The Upper Level Eest, 12:OO pm Biology and Genetics of Fungal Rec Hall Populations 8/15 1:10 pm- Session 3 - Contributed Papers. Upper Level West, 5:00 pm Fungal Cytology and Ultrastructure Rec Hall 8/15 1:10 pm- Session 4 - Contributed Papers. Upper Level East, 5:00 pm Morphology and Taxonomy of Rec Hall Ascomycota.

1:10 pm- Session 5 - Contributed Papers Kleiber 3 5:00 pm Physiology and Biochemistry of Higher Fungi. 7:00 pm- Session 6 - Symposium. Cellular Wellman 2 10:OO pm and Developmental Aspects in the Zoosporic Fungi

7:00 pm- Session 7 - Symposium. Roland Hunt 100 10:OO pm Thaxter and American Mycology: A Centennial Celebration

Tuesday 8/16 8:20 am- Session 8 - Symposium. Taxonomic Upper Level West, 12 :00 pm Techniques in the Basidiomycetes Rec Hall 8/16 8:20 am- Session 9 - Symposium. Molecular Upper Level East, 12:OO pm Genetics of Methylation of DNA Rec Hall in Fungi 1:10 pm- Session 10 - Contributed Papers. Upper Level West, 5:00 pm Fungal Ecology and Population Rec Hall Biology 1:10 pm- Session 11 - Contributed Papers. Upper Level East, 5:00 pm Fungal Genetics and Molecular Rec Hall Biology

8:00 am- Session 12 - Poster Session. Upper Level North, 6:30 pm* Fungal Cytology, Morphology Rec Hall Taxonomy and Ultrastructure 7:30 pm- Session 13 - Roundtable Discussion. Kleiber 3 10:OO pm Questions and Answers on the Use of Molecular Genetic Techniques for the Study of Fungi

Wednesday 8/17 8:00 am- Breakfast and Business Meeting Last Resort Restaurant 10:OO am and Pub

8/17 10:30 am- Presidential Address. A View of Main Floor, Rec Hall 12:OO pm Fungal Ecology, Martha Christensen

8/17 1:00 pm- Annual Lecture. In the Footsteps Main Floor, Rec Hall 2:15 pm of Drechsler. George L. Barron 8/17 2:25 pm- Session 14 - Contributed Papers. Upper Level West, 5:00 pm Physiology and Biochemistry of Rec Hall Lower Fungi. 8/17 2:25 pm- Session 15 - Contributed Papers. Upper Level East, 5:00 pm Morphology and Taxonomy of Rec Hall Basidiomycota. 8/17 8:00 am- Session 16 - Poster Session. Upper Level North, 6:30 pm* Fungal Ecology and Population Rec Hall Biology.

8/17 8:00 am- Session 17 - Poster Session. Upper Level North, 6:30 pm* Fungal Genetics, Molecular Rec Hall Biology, Physiology, and Biochemistry

8/17 6:30 pm- Award Presentations and Social Rec Pool Lodge 9:30 pm

Thursday 8/18 8:20 am- Session 18 - Symposium. Biology Upper Level West, 12:OOpm ofZygomycota1, Physiological, RecHall Biophysical and Genetic Aspects of Morphogenesis. 8/18 8:55 am- Session 19 - Contributed Papers. Upper Level East, 11:30 am Morphology and Taxonomy of Higher Rec Hall Fungi 8/18 1:20 pm- Session 20 - Symposium. Biology Upper Level West, 4:30 pm of Zygomycota 11, Cytological Rec Hall and Biochemical Aspects of Morphogenesis 8/18 1:25 pm- Session 21 - Contributed Papers. Upper Level East, 3:00 pm Morphology and Taxonomy of Lower Rec Hall Fungi

MSA Headquarters during meeting *Posters will be manned by presenters from 3:30 - 5:30 pm Program organized by Paul Szaniszlo, Chairman of the Program Committee. 19 Alderman, S. C., see Mims, C. W., et. al. S. L. ANAGNOSTAKIS. The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, Box 1106, New Haven, CT 06504. G. R. ALnGA and J. C. -, Deparhnent of Thaxter as a plant pathologist. Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843. Orqanization of the flagellar apparatus in Thaxter's first job was with The Connecticut Agricul- the motile cells of Allamyces ma-. tural Experiment Station. He began this short career on July 1, 1888 and was plunged into practical work ?he flagellar amtusof the motile cells in the that he greatly disliked. Even though he longed to water mold A. macroravnus consists of the flagellum, return to his ivory tower, his experimental designs basal body, and flagellar rootlet. TIE function have left a lasting impression on the science of and camposition of the rootlet are as yet unhmwn. Plant Pathology. Cytoplasmic microtubules originate proximally to the basal kcdy, and are known to be resistant to Anderson. J. B., see Hintz, W. E. A., et. al. microtubule depolymerizing q.?he of this study was to: 1) exanune possible mflca- Anderson, J. B., see Horgen, P. A., et. al. tions to these miadahles which might confer this stability to depolymerization, and 2) gain a more Anderson, J. B., see Robison, M., et. al. thoraqh of the structure and under&mdhg Anderson;J. B., see Smith, M. L. function of the flagellar rootlet. Winmod- ifications were studied with tw-dhemional poly- J. B. ANDERSON. Department of Botany, Erindale College, acrylamide gel electmphoresis. Wpm sepration of Variation in the proteins, two isofoms of were iden- University of Toronto, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6. a-tubdin ribosomal DNA and relationships among Armillaria species. tified, a-1, and a-3. In light of current thinking, a-1 tubulin is modified to a-3 by acetylation, and be a stabilizing factor for The genus Armillaria is composed of several biological species in would North America and Euro~e. To examine ~hvloeeneticrelatedness When gels transferred to mimes. were among biological specie;, ribosomal DNA*(~DN&from one isolate nitrccellulose and probed with arrtihdies direded was cloned and rDNAs from 30 isolates were mapped for eight against acetylated a-tulxilin, the a-3 isofonn restriction enzymes. The positions of the large (26S)and small (18s) was recognized, demorstxating that mimes rRNA cistrons were found by Northern hybridizations of total, consist at least in part of aetylated a-Win. cellular RNA with rDNA subclones and by alignment with 'Ihe entire rootlet struhof gametes and conserved restriction sites present in rDNAs of other fungi. Several zcospores was studied by 'IPM. This analysis showed restriction-site and insertionldeletion polyrnorphisms were observed. that the position of the flagellar roatlet in Eight North American (Roman numerals) and five European (Capital relation to the basal body may be important in determining the plane of flagellar beat. letters and species epithets) could be placed in six groups with respect to rDNA maps: (1) I and C (A. ostoyae ); (2) 11, (3) A (A. Allen, M. F., see Friese, C. F. borealis ), (4) V, IX X ,(5) 111, VII, E (A. Iutea ), and B (A. cepistipes ) and (6) VI and D (A. mellea s.s). All of the rDNA Ammirati, J. F., see Rogers, S. O., et. al. groups were distinguishable from one another by at least two polymorphisms. Only a few polymorphisms were observed within AMMIRATI, J. F. and S. R. AMMIRATI, Department of rDNA groups and only in single strains. Most, but not all, Botany, and C. BLEDSOE, Col lege of Forest Resources, polymorphisms were in intergenic regions. I will discuss the rDNA university of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195. pol$no@hisrns in the context-of the morphological features, Ectomycorrhizal fungi in a Douglas-fir plantation. dismbutions, and interfertility relationships of the biological species.

The primary focus of this ongoing study, which began Arcidiacono, S., see Wiley, B. J., et. al. September 1, 1986, is the determination of spatial and temporal distributions of epigeous ectomycorrhizal Amott, H. J., see Whitney, K. D. fungi occurring on a 68m x 32m permanent plot establ ished within a 14 year-old Doug1 as-fir Aronson, J. M., see Bertke, C. C. plantation. Species of funqi occurrinq on the plot to Arsuffi, T. L., see Newell, S. Y., et. al. date are~ - distributed~ ~- -~-.- amonoa the-- Genera a- .- - ~oletus.------Dermocybe (Cortinarius), Gomphidius, ~ebeloma: Asbury, C. E., see Lodge, D. J. ygrop orus, noc e actarius, amaria, Sui us and ksulha. Spatkdkthbutions oLunguslipecies C.W. BACON, and D.M. BINTON. Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, Richard B. Russell Research mation to Douolas-fir trees~ ~ on the lot are reported for the pasi two years. Inoc be speties have Center, USDAIARS, P. 0. Box 5677, Athens, GA 30613. been the most cmon in terms of niifspecies and Pathogenic differences in ten isolates of Fusarium number of basidiocarps, but Gomphidius subroseus Kauf. moniliforme Sheldon. is the fungus most widely distributed on the plot. Methods for this study are briefly outlined in the Ten isolates of Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon June, 1987 MSA News1 etter 38(1):15. (Gibberella fuiikuroi (Sawada) Wollenw.) from surface sterilized corn kernels differed in their Ammirati, S. R., see Ammirati, J. F. reaction to a corn seedling bioassay. The corn used to produce seedlings was sterilized to prevent use S. L. ANAGNOSTAKIS. The Connecticut Agricultural of fungus-infected seedlings. Four isolates were Experiment Station, Box 1106, New Haven, CT 06504. virulent, killing seedlings after they developed Natural and controlled populations of the chestnut coleoptiles. Six isolates invaded seedlings and blight fungus. half of .these became virulent, killing corn seedlings at the 2 to 4 leaf stage. Such seedlings Chestnut blight disease, caused by Cryphonectria developed symptoms of wilt; one isolate produced parasitica is present in New England stands of necrosis of leaves. The remaining isolates invaded American chestnut as populations of genetically di- seedlings which remained symptomless. No isolate verse, sexually reproducing individuals. Where hypo- was found which interfered with corn germination. virulent (dsRNA containing) strains have been used All isolates were examined for polygalacturonase and therapeutically to control the disease, genetic di- pectinesterase activity using a filter paper disc versity may change. The phenotype vegetative in- technique. All isolates produced pectinesterases compatibility is controlled by several genes and can which favored a medium pH of 4.7, but only a few be used to assess genetic diversity. 20 were positive for polygalacturonase activity. There fragmentation. The arthroconidia may be further was no correlation between virulence of an isolata characterized as being enteroarthric or holoarthric. In and the production of these two enzymes. some pathogenic fungi such as Coccidioides and Trichophyton , arthrospores represent the major means -E. R_. BADHAM. Carolina Fungi, Inc. Box 51 0, for the transmission of infection. Our studies on Mxr Greensboro, NC 27402. Growing shiitake on rouxii , a nonpathogenic dimorphic Zygomycete , have sawdust: Is an autoclave necessary? shown that arthrospore formation can be: greatly stimu- lated and occurs optimally in the presence of 2.5% po- The yield of the first flush of shiitake tassium acetate in yeast extract-peptone medium. Ar- mushrooms was studied when grown on throspore formation by M. racemosus does not appear supplemented sawdust in bags with microporus to respond to growth conditions to the extent seen in breather patches. Approximately 2.2 kg of M. rouxii. Ultrastructural studies have revealed that sawdust medium was filled into 5 1 capacity arthroconidia develop in random sequence along the poypropelene bags. One half of these cultures coenocytic hyphae in terminal and subterminal regions was autoclaved at 1.3 kg/cm2 for 4 h and the by deposition of a new cell wall internal to the existing other half were placed in heated room for 28 hyphal cell wall. The arthroconidial cell wall consists h. The temperature of this room reached 90°C of several distinct layers and forms complete septa after 12 h and was held between 90 and 100 OC which separate adjacent spores. Germination under £.or 16 h. Thermocouple probes in the center aerobic. conditions occurs by extension of germ tubes of the blocks in the heated room indicate whose cell wall originates from the inner layers of the that internal temperatures reached 88OC for arthroconidial cell wall. Optimum temperature for ger- 14 h in order to provide adequate kill of mination of arthroconidia is 30'~ but detectable growth other molds which are present. Twelve blocks occurs from llOcto 40°C. Antibiotic susceptibility per week were started for 15 consecutive studies have established the minimal inhibitory concen- weeks and most were incubated for 13 weeks tration for amphotericin B (3.13 pglml), nystatin (6.25 before being placed in a cooler, humid area pglml) and miconazole (25 pglml). (Supported by for fruiting. ANOVA revealed that the NIH Grant RR-08136). variation in yield was roughly divided between that which occured between weekly Bartnicki-Garcia, S., see Leal-Morales, C. A., et. al. experiments and that within weekly experiments. A nonsignificant amount of Bauer, R., see Berbee, M., et. al. variation occured between the two heat Bauer, R., see Oberwinkler, F. treatment groups. An autoclave does not appear to be necessary for the heat -P. ------BAYMAN and 0. R. COLLINS. Dept. of preparation of supplemented sawdust substrate Botany, University of California, Berkeley CA used to grow shiitake. 94720. Barr. D. J. S., see ~esaulniers,N. L. Reproductive systems and rDNA polymorphisms in Didymium iridis. D.J.S. BARR and N.L. DESAUmlEE Biosystematics &search Centre, Central Exprimntal Did;mium iridis (Physarales, Myxomycetes) Fm, Ottawa, Cmtario, Canada. inc udes both outcrossing he terothallic The flagellar apparatus of the Oanycetes and strains and nonoutcrossing apomictic strains. Hyphochytricmycetes. Isozyme electrophoresis shows intercompatible heterothallic strains to be genetically There are up to six arrays (rootlets) of microtubules uniform, regardless of place of origin, while in the Cmycete zoospore. Tm rootlets are associated apomictic strains are genetically varied with the anterior kine-; one of these contains (Mycologia 75: 1044, 1983). We are now many microtubules (rib microtubules) attached at right comparing variability in heterothallic and angles to the main rootlet. The third rootlet is apomictic strains using RFLPs of ribosomal associated with the posterior kinetom. The fourth DNA (rDNA). This should provide a better is a mltistranded, band-shaped rootlet that extends estimate of relatedness within & irid.is, and from a pint between the kinetoscmes to the posterior between it and other speclea in the of the cell. Microtubules that extend into the Physarales. cytoplasm, and microtubules that run along one side P. BAYMAN and O.R. COLLINS. Dept. of Botany, of the nucleus -rise the fifth and sixth rootlets. - --- University of California, Berkeley CA 94720. The flagellar app&atuses in Phytophthora parasitica Meiosis in a homothallic Coprinus. and Lagena radicicola have been examined by -ter analysls of serial electron microcrraphs, and Meiosis was studied in a homothallic member reconstructed in three-din-ension ;s&g keopairs. For public display the stem pairs have been plotted of the Coerinus ptouLllardii species in red and green on clear acetate, and cyerlayed for complex. Cytofluorometry was used to viewing with an overhead projector using red and green demonstrate changes in ploidy during the glasses to enable the audience to perceive the third nuclear cycle. An unusual feature of meiosis dim3nsion. The Hyphochytricnnycetes have a single, in 5 patouillardii is that premeiotic DNA anteriorly directed flagellum that contains synthesis occurs after karyogamy, whereas in mstigonemes. The flagellar apparatus in most higher fungi it occurs before. Hyphochytrim catenoides is ccsnposed of three Beneke, E. S., see Hospenthal, D. R., et. al. rootlets. It has been critically ccaTlpared with the Oomycete flagellar apparatus and the taxa are R. K. BENJAMIN. Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden. considered to be related. Claremont, CA 91711. Some little-known sidelights on Thaxter's methods for collecting and illustrating -C.R. - BARRERA. Department of Biology, New Mexico Laboulbeniales. State University, Las Cruces, N.M. 88003. Formation and germination of arthrospores in er. During the 40 plus years that Thaxter studied the Laboulbeniales he described in excess of 100 genera Arthrospores, also referred to as arthroconidia and and nearly 1300 species. The collection and prepara- thallospores, are asexual propagules which are formed tion of specimens for study. not to mention the de- by a wide variety of fungi through a process of hyphal scription and illustration of most of them, represen- 05287-1601. Investigation of chitin synthase activity ted a prodigious amount of labor. This effort was in protoplasts of Apodachlya sp. the more remarkable when one considers that Thaxter also made impressive contributions to knowledge of Chitin, a major component of cell walls in Apodachlya other ascomycetes and other groups of organisms as -sp. (Leptomitales), comprises 18' of wall clry weight. well--aquatic fungi, Endogonales, Entomophthorales, Chitin is present also in Apodachlya as intracellular hyphomycetes, Myxobactrales, etc. In this short pre- chitin-glucan cellulin granules. A membrane-associated sentation I shall describe a simple method Thaxter enzyme, chitin synthase, is responsible for the bio- employed for gathering Laboulbeniales from dry in- synthesis of chitin. The two distinct locations of sect specimens in museum collections and especially chitin deposition suqgest that chitin synthase activity a meticulous technique he used in preparing the may reside in distinct subcellular membrane fractions, plates of illustrations that are the symbol of art- plasma membrane and endomembrane. The use of proto- istic perfection universally associated with Thaxter plasts as a source of membranes can facilitate the and his work. isolation and recovery of pure membrane subfractions for evaluation of chitin synthase activity. Lysates G. L. BENNY and J. L. GIBSON. Department of Plant of protoplasts exhibit the highest specific activity Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL of chitin synthase in the mixed membrane fraction. 32611. Electron Microscopic Observations on To evaluate the distribution of enzyme activity, it is Sclerocystis coremoioides. necessary to isolate and separate plasma membrane from endanembranes. A proven approach to isolate plasma The genus Sclerocystis is a traditional member of the membrane involves the use of the lectin Concanavalin A Endogonaceae (Endogonales). However, Walker believes (Con A). By bindin: to the surface of the plasma that Sclerocystis is a synonym of Glomus. In this study membrane, Con A acts as a stabilizer by preventing we examine chlamydospores and sporocarpic hyphae of fragmentation and vesiculation during protoplast lysis Sclerocystis coremioides in order to determine if and allows recovery of large membrane sheets. Also, cytological- or ultrastructural data may be useful in Con A binding increases the buoyant density of membrane, supporting or refuting this synonymy. Fresh sporocarps allowing separation fran unlabeled endmembrane by of 2. coremioides collected in the botany Greenhouse, isopycnic density gradient centrifugation. Electron Oregon State University, Corvallis were sent to the microscopic examination of protoplasts treated with senior author by J. M. Trappe, and portions examined Con A-stabilized particles of colloidal gold, shows using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Other protoplasts to be ammenable to Con A-stabilization. portions of sporocarps were processed for and examined Our studies on the distribution of chitin synthase with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). TEM shows activity will be discussed. that in young sporocarps the chlamydospore walls are relatively thin and the chlamydospores contain only a J. A. BERUB& and M. DESSUREAULT. Centre de small amount of cytoplasm. In mature sporocarps, Recherche en Biologie Forestihre, Facult6 de however, the chlamydospore walls are thicker and multilayered, and many are filled with endospores. We Foresterie et de Geodesie, Universite Laval, Ste- have not observed, as yet, young enough stages in the Foy, Quebec, Canada, G1 K 7P4. development of the endospores to discuss their ontogeny Morphological characterization of or to determine if they are a stage in the life cycle biological species of the Armi l l a r i a of 2. coremioides. Ultrastructural details of sporocarpic hyphae and septa are also discussed. mellea complex. h?. BEKREE, R. EAUER & F. OBERWIbIKLER, ilniversitlt Contrary to the five European biological species Tiibinyen, lnstitut fur Biologie I, Spezielle Botanik, Auf cler Morgenstelle 1, D-7400 Tiibingen 1, Vv'. Germany. of the A. mel l ea complex which are Electron microscopic study of meiosis in Microbotryum taxonomically delineated, only two of the eight violaceum (Pero.: Pers.) G. Deml Sr Oberw. North American biological species have been Meiosis in Microbotryum violaceum (Ustilaginales) was described. examined electron microscopically in conventionally fixed In Quebec, the root rot fungus A. mellea in the and freeze-substituted basidia with particular attention broad sense was found to be composed of five to the spindle pole body cycle. During early prophase, the spindle pole body consisted of two homogeneous globular intersterile groups or biological species using elements connected by a middle piece. Later, an electron mating tests with standard testers. dense disc appeared in each globular element. In late Monosporous cultures of our specimens were prophase, when the nucleus emerged from the teliospore anti entered the yernl tube, the spindle pole body compatible with groups I, 11, Ill, V and VI. consisted of two globular elements, each containing an Results obtained so far indicate that electron dense disc, but the middle piece was no longer morphological characteristics of the fruiting visible. The meiosis I spindle extended between two monoglobtilar spindle pole bodies e~chcontaining en bodies and rhizomorphs in culture can be used to electron dense disc. During interphasc I, a putative new differentiate groups 1, Ill, V and VI. spint.:le poic body sppeared between the nuclear Distinguishing features of rhizomorphs and ~iierr~braneand the rr!onoglc5ular spindle pole body residusl from tCc first division. In meicsir 11, a spindle was fruiting bodies are discussed. Two new species agai~:c-sla:)lisi!ed between two moricglcbular spincile poie are described, and distribution, host range and bodies, each of which sgair! conttiined an electron dense pathogenicity are documented for all species. c!isc. This spindle pole bcdy cycle is co~nparedwith that of IJstilago r.cydis (re Candclle) Corda, Sphacelotheca Billin, A., see Ross, I. K., et, al. J~I:~Y~cII-I~-~%I~~c:I~;~~G. Ceml & Cberviinkler, Ceuco- sporidium scottii Fell, Stiitzell, t-lunter K. Ph~ff,and --G.F. -BILLS. Department of Botany, University C.;1~7ridi~ScI~sjoimsonii Nyland. Phylogenetic implications of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071. are discussed. More Southern Appalachian Russul as.

C.C. RLP?!:i. a~!,?.T .t.!. PhR<":501:. Dciartrncnt of Botany and About 360 specific and infraspecific taxa of Hicrol.ir?l.~(;~,Arizona State I:~~iversit.y,Tempt, A7 --Russula have been described from the western hemisphere. ~uthorsprimarily responsible for change. In addition we have is01 ated a conditional describing these taxa include C.H. Peck, G.S. developmental mutant which is capable of oxidative Burlingham, C.H. Kauf fman, W.A. Murrill, and energy metabolism but is highly fermentative and R. Singer. Most species represented by these exhibits the yeast morphology when grown aerobically in names remain to be evaluated in the fresh glucose containing medi a. The pattern of glycolytic condition by modern standards and are without enzyme expression, tricarboxylic acid cycle enzyme adequate descriptions. expression, and general polypeptide expression in the mutant and wild type support the hypothesis that there If a comprehensive treatment of Russula in are common elements in the expression of glycolytic eastern North America is to be achieved, then enzymes and proteins involved in morphogenesis. these early names must be revised in light of Abnormally high 1eve1 s of aconi tase and i soci trate new information from 1iving specimens. In dehygrogenase in the mutant suggest that pool sizes of spite of the apparent morphological ci trate may act as a regulator of genes responsive to homogeneity among Russul as, many are oxygen. distinctive, easily recognized, and have widespread, predictable distributions. Bourret, J. A., see Flora, L. L.. et. al. Intensive field studies in the Appalachian ,Mountains coupled with a thorough knowledge J. A. BOURRET California State University, of the concepts and collecting areas of the Long Beach, Long Beach, CA 90840. Spore original authors has resulted in modern germination in Pilobolus: transport and role circumscriptions and the discovery of broad of cyclic AMP. distribution patterns for poorly understood species. Some examples are R. albida Peck, R, Spores of Pilobolus longipes are triggered to blanda Burlingham, R. lilacipes Shear, and germinate by glucose. However, the early R. pusilla Peck. The names R. lepida Fr. and germination events appear to be independent of - glucose metabolism. Instead, glucose-induced -R. lepidiformis Murri 11 have been misapplied to a common Russula of the subsection spore activation results from the generation Lepidinae in the eastern U.S. of cyclic AMP. These findings have focused attention on how spores transport glucose. H. BLACKWELL and D. MALLOCH. Dept. of Botany, La. State Univ., Baton Spores contain a glucose transport system Rouge, LA 70803 USA, and Dept. of Botany, Univ. of Toronto, Toronto, which becomes functional at temperatures that ON M5S LA1 Canada. A reassessment of the genus Pvxidio~hora. permit spore activation. About 2 min after addition of glucose, however, further changes ~vxidioDhdraBref. & Tavel was amended by Lundqvist (1980) to include in transport kinetics begin to occur. These the genera Mvcorhvnchus Sacc., Treleasia Speg., Couranmhilus Speg., shifts towards higher Vmax and Km values that Ascolanthus Caill., and Auviniola Maj. et Wisn. Pvxidio~hora follow addition of glucose were preceded by an includes ascomycetes with the following characteristics: 1) increase in cyclic AMP. Spore activation perithecia hyaline to ocraceous, free or partially embedded in a pale treatments that did not involve glucose stroma or subiculum, usually long-necked with neck occasionally dark transport (e.g. exogenous cyclic nucleotides) brown; 2) asci unitunicate, occurring in a basal fascicle, consistently resulted in increased transport evanescent, 2- to 8-spored; 3) paraphyses lacking; 4) ascospores activity. Inhibition of phosphodiesterase did hyaline, usually with an apical to subapical dark area, 0-4 septate, not activate spores or induce changes in with a gelatinized and apparently swollen outer wall, smooth or transport activity, but, in combination with verrucolose; 5) coprophilous, saprophytic, or mycoparasitic. Species sub-optimal activation treatments, it ampli- have been differentiated on the basis of length of perithecium neck fied the germination signals to produce in- and neck cells, width of perithecim base, ascospore dimensions, creases in both spore activation and glucose number of ascospore septa, presence of a dark area on the ascospores, transport activity. These results indicate and substrate relationships. Perithecium neck pigment and serration that altered glucose transport kinetics of neck cells have also been used as taxonomic characters. Our associated with spore activation are part of observations of development of three species of Pvxidimhora in moist a cyclic AMP-dependent regulatory cascade and chamber culture and study of other herbarium specimens suggest that are not a direct result of an interaction some species may have been based on collections with inmature spores. between glucose and its transport system. The dark area on the ascospore as well as the second and third septa may develop as long as two weeks after spore extrusion from the Bracker, C. E., see Leal-Morales, C. A., et. al. perithecia. Early evanescence of asci and rapid overgrowth of the small short-lived perithecia by other fungi contribute to difficulty I.L. BRUNNER. F. BRUNNER-GROSSM4NN, adO.K. of characterizing species. Developmental studies are necessary for MILLER, JR. VPI & SU, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061 accurate differentiation of species. Ectomycorrhizal studies with Alnus crispa and Ainus tenuifolia from Alaska. Blackwell, W. H., see Roychoudhury, S., et. a1 During the growing season from May to September 1987, Boehm, E. W. A., see McLaughlin, D. J., et. al. two alder stands near Fairbanks, AL, one in an A. crispa (Ait.) Pursh thicket and the other in an P. T. BORGIA. Southern Illinois University School of c. tenuifolia Nuttall forest, were investigated in kdicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, terms of myco-ecology. Blocks of cap tissue from Springfield, IL 62794-9230. several suspected mycorrhizal fungi were incubated on Glucose metabol ism, polypeptide expression and malt and on modified Melin-Norkrans agar. Only dimorphism of Mucor racemosus. species from the genera A1 ova, Paxillus, Hebeloma, and Cortinarius grew success-+ ully. In ongoing We have investigated the morphology, energy metabolism studies using the growth pouch technique, the morpho- an'd spectrum of polypeptides synthesized by M. logical features of synthesized ectomycorrhizae of the racemosus grown under a variety of cultural Fonditions. two Alnus species will be compared with each other Dur results indicate that both the mode of glucose and wmnaturally occurring ectomycorrhizae. In metabolism (fermentive vs. oxidative) and morphology, addition, the amount of phosphorus present in the alder are sensitive to glucose and oxygen but that these two foliage will be compared with each of the synthesized effects could be distinguished. A large number of fungi and with the nonmycorrhizal controls. polypeptide changes correlate with a shift from oxidative to fermentative metabol ic mode. Only a few Brunner-Grossmann, F., see Brunner, I. L., et. al. changes occur which correlate with the morphological 23 T. D. BRUNS, Department of Botany, University of M.M. CARREIRO and D. NELSON. Botany Department and California, Berkeley, CA 94720. Hicrobiology Department, University of Rhode Island, Molecular Systematic Studies in the Boletaceae Kingston, RI 02881. A study of the heat shock re- sponses of psychrophilic and psychrotrophic = Mapping studies were performed to evaluate the mode, species. tempo, and phylogenetic significance of mitochondria1 DNA (mtDNA) evolution in 15 species of Suillus and Cells of organisms in all 5 kingdoms respond to the five species from four related genera of the stress of supraoptimal temperatures by rapidly express- Boletaceae. Among the 15 species of Suillus s.l., ing a set of proteins called heat shock proteins (hsps). mtDNAs vary in size from 36 to 121 kb, differ in While our knowledge of the protective, regulatory or sequence order by only one major rearrangement, and repair functions of individual hsps is fragmentary, have diverged in nucleotide sequence within the large their production has been correlated with the acquisi- submit ribosomal RNA gene region by a maximum of tion of thermotolerance in many organisms. The heat 2.9%. Three additional mtDNA fragment orders exist in shock response of the psychrophile, Mucor flavus (opti- three of related genera examined. Two of the three mum growth temperature 200C and maximum growth temper* orders can be transformed into the predominant Suillus ture 24OC) was compared to that of the psychrotroph, M. order by either one or two single step rearrangements. hiemalis f. hiemalis (optimum temperature 20°C, maximum The fourth requires two or three rearrangements to be temperature 32%). The purpose of this study was to converted to any of the others. The minimum estimates determine (1) if psychrophiles possess a heat shock re of nucleotide divergence within the large subunit sponse, or (2) if they express fewer hsps or hsps of ribosomal RNA gene region vary from 8.3% to 11%in different size classes, or (3) if the temperatures comparisons between Suillus and these related species. that trigger the response differ. Cultures were grown at :50C and heat shocked from 200 to 360C. Radio- Cladistic analyses of restriction-site and size actively labeled proteins were examined using 1- and differences within the mitochondria1 ribosomal RNA 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis and fluorography. gene regions were conducted. Tk results are con- Twenty-three hsps were detected in 2-D gels for the gruent with the hypothesized sequence of three of the psychrotroph and 22 hsps for the psychrophile. The provide evidence for an four mtDNA rearrangements, psychrotroph response was first detectable at 280C and expansion of the mitochondrial genome within Suillus, optimal at 320C. Psychrophile hsps were first seen at and help to resolve several systematic contro- 200C and the response was optimal at 300C. In summary, within the Boletaceae. the psychrophile expressed a set of hsps comparable to those produced by the psychrotroph, but the temperature 8. BUCKNER', F. P. NOVOTNY~ and R. C. ULLRICH. Depts. of Botany and ~icrobiolo~~',University of Vermont, which triggered the response was lower. Burlington, VT 05405 L. M. CARRIS. BlueberryICranberry Research Center, Rutgers University, Chatsworth, NJ 08019. Developmental regulation of the methylation of the ribo- Isozyme variation in Botryosphaeria corticis. somal DNA in the basidiomycete fungus ~chizo~h~llum commune. Botryosphaeria corticis is the causal agent of blueberry stem canker, an important disease in The ribosomal DNA (rDNA) of Schizophyllum commune is conunercial blueberry plantings in New Jersey and the highly methylated. To investigate the role of methylation of southeastern U.S. Although eight races of the pathogen rDNA, a map of the recognition sites (CCGG) of the methyla- have been identified, there is little information tion-sensitive restriction endonucleases, Msp I and Hpa II, available.on the amount of variation within and among was prepared for the rDNA of 5. commune strain 4-40. The populations of B. corticis. The apparent genetic incidence of methylation at these CCGG sequences was variability of B. corticis has hindered development of analyzed. Our analyses demonstrate that either of the durable resistance in blueberry cultivars. Isozyme cytosines of the CCGG sequence can be methylated in E. studies have been valuable in quantifying genetic commune however methylation of the internal cytosine is variation in a number of fungal taxa. Isozyme more frequent than methylation of' the external cytosine. variability was studied in isolates of B. corticis The external cytosines of CCGG sequences near the rDNA collected from 21 different blueberry varieties in New transcriptional initiation site are less frequently methylated Jersey, North Carolina and Georgia. Horizontal starch than those elsewhere in the rDNA. The methylation of these gel electrophoresis of mycelial extracts from 5- to sequences has been shown to be develo~mentallv. ~ ~ <---.rwulated ~ in 30-day-old cultures was performed using several buffer S. commune. find that these sequences are more highly - We systems. A preliminary study indicated that 15 of the methylated in dikaryonic than homokaryotic cells. 40 enzymes assayed produced interpretable banding F?. F. CALLA!! AND J. D. ROGERS. Department of Plant patterns. Age of fungal culture, buffer system and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA length of electrophoretic run were found to affect 90164-6430. Tropical species of Kretzschmaria com- enzyme patterns. A total of 22 putative loci were pared and cultured. detected, eight of which were polymorphic. Results indicate that an expanded isozyme analysis may be Tropical collections of Kretzschmaria (Xylariaceae) useful in studying the variability of B. corticis in from Indonesia and South America were examined and wild and cultivated blueberry populations. compared, and when possible cultural features were RD Departamento de Genbtica, Facultad characterized. Kretzschmaria clavus (Fr.) Sacc. and Y. coenopus (Fr.) Sacc., as wellother Kretzsch- fi ~~log&%k!~~dde Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain. - genetics development. maria species are morphologically distinguishedom Phycomyces and Xylaria by their small, convex or conical stromata The genetics of allows whichre usually greater in diameter than in height, Phycomyces blakesleeanus practical procedures for the routine isolatioil of and frequently congregated in crusts. In culture, mutants; for complementation analysis heterokaryons they share features with Xylaria and Llstulina, in that in for quantitative studies of the relationship they may produce the slender,lindrical stromata of and between phenotype allele ratios; for the the forver (quite unlike the teleomorphic stromata), and determination of recombination frequencies counting or the robust, wrinkled and fissured astromatic mass meiotic products unordered tetrads; colonies similar to those of the latter. or for trans- formation with and e ression of exogenous DNA. These Cambareri, E. B., see Selker, E. U., et. al. methods can be use? to elucidate the mechanisms of clear-cut developmental transitions in the Phycomyces diverge at the apex, forming separate wndiogenous life cycle. Massive spore germination is induced by branches. Differences in the fungi carried by bark exposiure to heat, acetate, -or propionate. Mutants beetles in Wisconsin and China (Xinjiang) are with reduced res onse to these agents lack an early discussed. burst of cyclic AK P believed to be the critical acti- C. Y. CHTEN. Mycology Laboratory, Institute of vating signal. Other mutants require no activating Biological Sciences, National Taiwan Normal Universtiy, treatments, either because their spores do not become R.O.C.. dorman! or because they germinate readily even in the Taipei, 117, Taiwan, Three species of the s oranglum. There are two kinds of sporangiophores, genus of Basidiobolus from Taiwan. t 1e macrophores and the microphores. Most mutants Newly isolated strains from the excreta of amphibians, defective in macrophorogenesis fail to form micro- reptiles and domestic animal dungs have been examined phores and to complete the sexual cycle. Under and identified as Basidiobolus ranarum, B. haptosporus certain conditions, light given to a defined stage of and &. meristosporus, and reported from Taiwan as new. mycelial develo ment stimulates macrophorogenesis and Their culture, morphological characteristics and inhibits microp gorogenesis. Each of these two photo- habitats have also been described. Mycological morphogenic effects is the sum of two responses with investigations of such fungi as B. ranarum will be different action spectra and other parameters. The discusses in relation to the graduate study and four responses de end on two genes lnvolved in photo- teaching of mycology in Taiwan. reception for pX ototropism and on certain genes governing carotene synthesis. Choi, E. C., see Kim, B. K.. et. al. Charvat, I. D., see Meier, R. Christensen, M., see Stahl, P. D. A.W.CHEN Greece Central School District,Latt?. M. CHRISTENSEN, Department of Botany, University Rd. Rochester, NY 14612 of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071. Fanoderma lucidum, an overview. A view of fungal ecology.

Ganoderma lucidum, a "divine" ancient Chinese Prior to the turn of the century, there were .mushroom, now receives unprecedented attention. some delightful observations relative to "fungi Renewed interests are shown on concept of in the cycle of lifen, but expansion of species/strains thru studies on ultrastructure knowledge in fungal ecology subsequently -- triterpenoid & enzyme patterns, and soluble where they live and what they do -- has been proteins by isoelectric focusing. Within the slow by comparison with the progression of last 5-10 years, highly oxigenated lanostane- understanding in plant ecology and animal type triterpenoids from EtOH extracts have ecology. Thus, at present, the unknowns and been continuously isolated and characterized. need-to-be-knowns in fungal community ecology C3oP C27, & C24 varieties are found in fruit- far exceed the knowns. lng bodles of various strains, while C 0 was isolated from mycelium of a strain pro a ucing Recently I contemplated the sponsoring of an .C27 lucidenic acids in fruiting bodies, indi- advertisement, to be run in Ecology, Science and cating vegetative/reproductive conversion of Nature, that would read: .triterpenoids. Polysaccharides, on the other WANTED -- hand, have been obtained from aqueous extracts Renaissance men for work in .These include low m.w. Hz0 soluble glycans fungal ecology. (Ganoderan A & B), high m.w.GL-1, a branched We are at that stage in our development as a key arabinoxyloglucan, and Hz0 insoluble but alka- discipline within biology where we ought to be li soluble high mew. glucan, G.A. Physiologii attracting individuals with broad experience and cal studies on tissue cultures, animal & mamm- expertise. The exciting challenges of fungal altan models including clinical trials suggest ecology, involving as they do problems in time, these biologically active molecules can * space and a complexity of interactions, deserve strengthen the immune system,*facilitate 02 the best efforts of contemporary Renaissance men transfer in erythr cytes and scavenge plasma and women! free radicals(0H- ' G)- this has been linked to the antiaging theory,*effect host mediated C. W. CHO and M. S. FULLER. Department of Botany. University of Georgia, tumor regression, coronary circulation, inhi- Athens. GA 3060'2. Observations of the water expulsion vacuole of bit platelet aggregation, be hypotensive/hypo- Phyrophrhora palmivora. glycemic, & sedative/antichlinergic/therapeu- tic on neuro system, detoxify liver, and treat The water expulsion vacuole of Phywphrhora palmivora was studied with the mushroom poisoning.Studies..arebeing made here. light microscope after the motility of the spores had been slowed by using low Ca* media. For transmission elecmn microscopy, the zoospores were pre- M. M. EN and E. B. SMLLEY. University of pared using freeze-substitution. The water expulsion vacuole consists of a California, Dept. of Plant Pathology, Berkeley, central vacuole that collapses and empties its contents to the external medium. CA 94720. ~orpholo~~of isolates if ~eratocyjtis- The central vacuole is surrounded by a series of interconnected vacuoles that we -ulmi from Wisconsin. are calling the surrounding vacuole. When the central and surrounding vacuoles emply. or modify their function, many coaled pits are observed on their mem- Ceratocystis isolated f ran branches and bark branes as the vacuoles reduce their total surface areas. These coated pits are beetles of recently killed elms in southern Wisconsin present in large numbers in the cytoplasmic areas of the water expulsion vacuole. (175 samples, 13 locations) were examined and the Other coated pits are derived from the ceU surface and serve to maintain a colony characteris tics of the non-aggressive and constant overall surface area in the spores. Several changes associated with aggressive strains were described. Sporothix stages of collapse of the central vacuole were consistently observed and led us to conidiophores fran vegetative hyphae often extended the conclusion that, following the emptying and collapse of the central vacuole. at right angles. Conidiophores are slender, tapered the surrounding vacuole is msformed and becomes the new central vacuole. and produce conidia sympodially on short denticles The new surrounding vacuole is generated from the aggregation of microvesicles along the conidiogenous portions of hyphae. The and small vacuoles that we believe are derived from recycling coated vesicles. conidia taper to a truncate base and accunulate in The processes involved in membrane recycling during the functioning of the minute, mucilagenous droplets. Graphiun produced water expulsion vacuole will be discussed. We were unable to get label to erect s ynnemata canposed of tightly packed, pigmented associate with the coated pits. Therefore, our hypothesis as to how the water ex- hyphae elements comprising the stalk of synnemata, pulsion vacuole functions is based upon an assumption that coated vesicles are moving away from the membranes where they are observed. J. CLARK and F.-S. HU. School of Biological Sciences, Distribution of Acrmoni um coenophi alum in developing University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506. inflorescences and seed1 ings of tall fescue. Senescence in the myxomycete Physarum polycephalum. -A. coenophialum is known to infect the reproductive Macroplasmodia of the myxomycete Physarum polycephalum and vegetative tissue of tall fescue. Research that grown in xenic cultures have been shown to undergo linked the presence of A. coeno hialum with reduced senescence and death in a regular manner indicative of weight gains and alkalo~d--ng in cattle was a determinate lifespan, while microplasmodia grown in responsible for renewing interest in this endophytic axenic shake cultures are apparently immortal. However, fungus. However, information on the endophyte's 1ife when subcultured on agar they become senescent after a or disease cycle within the host grass was incomplete. period of vigorous growth which becomes progressively This investigation traces the progression of the shorter with increasingly older shake cultures. On fungus during tall fescue development by examining axenic agar, senescent plasmodial fragments revive and histological ly aseptical ly cultured seed1 ings and after several days produce new vigorous plasmodia field-grown inflorescences of tall fescue. which will then undergo a second senescent-like event. This recurrent senescence cycle, which can be repeated The endophyte invades inflorescence primordia soon mamy times, together with the 1ack of senescence in the after reproductive growth is initiated. Intercellular constantlv fraqmentinq shake cultures indicates the hyphae grow into grass ovaries after differentiation production of a senescence factor during the later of the.styles and enter the ovule via the funiculus. stages of aging. Small fragments which do not contain The fungus proliferates throughout the nucel lus and the factor will revive on agar (the rest of the invades the shoot meristem sometime late in embryo plasmodium will lyse) or be continuously selected for development. Post germination, the endopyte continues in shake cultures. Senescence is characterized by a to grow from the seed remnant via the scutellum into declining growth rate, loss of pigment, progressive the meristems of the developing seedling. A. increase in nuclear polyploidy, and an increase in the coenophialum is also observed on roots of aseptically number and size of spherical osmophilic bodies in the cultured seedlings and is found intracellular in root mitochondria. A mutant plasmodial strain has been hairs and epidermal cells. This discovery may have isolated which no longer undergoes senescence under important implications in assessing the ecological and any conditions and is believed to have lost its evolutionary significance of endophyte-host abi 1i ty to produce the senescence factor. associations.

Clay, K., see Leuchtmann, A. Cook, S.. see Dickman, A.

Collin, 0. R., see Bayman, P. CHESTER R. COOPER, JR. , JAMES L. HARRIS, and PAUL J. SZANISZLO.~ I~epartment of Microbiology. Collins, 0. R., see Bayman. P. University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, and 2~exas Departnent of Health, Austin, TX 78756. O.R. COLLINS. Department of Botany, University of Differentiation of Clinical Strains of Dematiaceous California, Berkeley, CA 94720. Further studies on Yeasts by Restriction Fragment Polyaorphisms. heterothallism in Stemonitis flavogenita. Clinical isolates of dematiaceous (melanized) The CR1 isolate of Stemonitis flavogenita Jahn has a yeasts often prove difficult to identify due to laboratory history which dates from the early 1970's their reduced morphologies. We developed a method (see Mycologia, Collins et al., 1983; Collins and to identify such fungi by comparing their DNA Tang, 1988). At that time, 9/39 Fp amoebal clones of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) this "nonheterothall ic" isolate unexpectedly behave as with those exhibited by known form-species of other if they were heterothallic. That is, the nine clones deaatiaceous fungi. Our methods employed were sel f-steri le nonplasmodi a1 formers instead of restriction endonuclease digestion of agarose- self-fertile plasmodial formers like the remaining 30 embedded, proteinase-treated chromosomes followed amoebal clones. In the precedi ng generat ion , 527/527 by gel electrophoresis of the resulting DNA were nonheterothall ic. So, we were fascinated by fragments. Within form-species RFLPs remained recovery of the 9 self-fertile clones, six of which generally consistent, but were distinct among unambiguously displayed + or - mating types in various form-species. Based upon the similarities crosses, while the remaining three tended toward self- and differences of RFLPs, unmarked clinical and cross-sterility. Our fascination soon turned to isolates could be assigned to certain taxonomic consternation, however, when we were unable to recover affinities. The successful use of this method to + and - clones among F1 progeny from + and - crosses. help identify dematiaceous fungi should be For example, from one such cross 339/345 progeny were generally applicable to the classification of other self-fertile and six were sterile. Ten years later we types of imperfect fungi in the clinical once again recovered stable + and - mating type laboratory. clones, this time from a descendant of one (#36) of the 339 self-fertile clones originally obtained from a CHESTER R. COOPER. JR. and PAUL J. SZANISZLO. + x - cross. We understood neither the stage in the Department of Microbiology, University of Texas, life cycle at which conversion took place nor the Austin, TX 78712. Evidence for diploidy in cause of the. conversion in the one clone in which it Wangiella deraatitidis, a pathogen of humans. was known to have occurred. The main purposes of this paper are to report: 1) conversions in 18 different Wangle11-4 act-matitidis, a pathogen of humans, is an clones, all siblings of #36; 2) the life cycle stage imperfect, dematiaceous fungus. In our study, an at which they occurred; and 3) the probable cause of albino mutant. Me13, spontaneously derived from the conversions. parental strain 8656, was more resistant to the lethal effects of ultravic~let light when compared Cook, C. L., see States, J. S. to a haploid (NL-2) and a diploid (UT-6) strain of Saccharomyces ccrevisiae, and a putative diploid K. L. COOK and R. E. WELTY, Dept. Botany and Plant strain (300) of Candida albicans. Conversely, the Pathology, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis 97331; frequency of mutants among survivors of the Me13 National Forage Seed Product ion Research Center, USDA strain was less than those among survivors of the ARS, Oregon State Univ., 3450 S. W. Campus Way, other fnngaJ strains. The types of auxotrophies Corvallis, Oregon 97331-7102. exhibited by mutants derived from the 2. cerevisiae strain HL-2 varied consi(1erably. whereas those from pubescent, centrally oriented stipes of strain UT-6 were ust~ally restricted to histi~lint? inamyloid tissue; and 3) either lack or form and leucine, conditions normal 1 y masked by known poorly developed rhizomorphs. In comparison, heterozygous loci. Very few auxotrophs were found M_. westii (=Embrevipes), the type of sect. among the survivors of the g. g!hjas ijr~d Hf~l3 Rhizomorphigena, has pilei composed of non- strains. In the former, most were Met-: the latter gelatinous diverticulate hyphae (similar in were restricted solely tcr Ade- . Are-. Met -. and organization to pileipelli in Marasmius sect. Ura- phenotypes. Androsacei), glabrous eccentric stipes with dextrinoid cortical hyphae and well developed These collective rcsl11ts arc! analoitc~usto tt~o:;c: rhizomorphs from which the basidiomata often derived during studies concerning the gloidy of 1;. arise. In addition, micromorphology of the albicans. We suggest. that the Me13 strain of W. stipe tissue is distinctive. We conclude that dermatitidis, and by inference the 8656 stritin. iare M. brevipes belongs in Marasmius and transfer diploids with parti culnr h~:t.t:rtrzyl:cir~r loci. sect. Rhizomorphigena to that genus where it Studies of other strains of W. de??*l:!!;jdi,s, and is allied with sect. Androsacei. other Dematiac:eat! will dt:lc:rn~ir~c: of' the c:xt.c:r~t. Dessureault, see Berube, J. diploidy among these fungi. M., A. DICKMAN and STANTON COOK. Department of Biology, Co'rrell, J. G., see Leslie, J. F., et. a1 --ALAN Univers'ity of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403. P. T. DePRIFST. Department of Botany, Duke University, persistence and spread of Phellinus weirii in a Durham, NC 27706. Analyzin genetic variation between mountain hemlock forest. sin le-s re isolates of lichen-P orming Ascomycotina using ---Phellinus weirii, a root-rotting basidiomycete, is mofecuE-genetic markers. common in old growth mountain hemlock forests, where it spreads from centers and forms patches where it It has just been shown that when some chemotypes of the infects trees and alters the plant community. Fungal Cladonia chloro~haeacomplex grow intimately intermixed in isolates collected from 61 infestations were subjected 'nature,their sporeling progeny include individuals that do not to clonal analyses by the use of vegetative match the chemotype of the maternal parent but do match that incompatibility reactions. Forty-four individual of a different but nearby chemotype. This was the first proof genets were detected; thirteen of these were composed of gene flow in lichens and the first evidence that some (but of from 2 to 4 distinct substituent infestations. not all) mo hologically indistinguishable lichen chemotypes Spatial dispersion of ramets and genets supports the hybridize. %is analysls involved the isolation of single inference that many infestations are sibling ramets of spores from lichens in natural opulations because artifical genets that have survived stand-destroying fire. The crosses are as yet impossible. Rese cultures of hybrid origin age distribution of genets yields the inference that provide excellent material for analysis with molecular-genetic infestations have been initiated by basidiospore markers. In this study I am re-examining a family of spore- infection during the. past 1300 yr. Several genets are lings usin restriction fragment length olymorphism in older than 1000 years. Fire has reduced the visible ribosomaf RNA genes and randomly cP oned DNA fragments. area of infestation of the fungus. It probably has Genetic recombination is indicated by the pol morph~smof done so by favoring less susceptible host species, and markers between sibling sporelings and gene Xow by the by reducing the modal size of dead roots and logs. exchange of markers. Genetic variabili amon sporelings, gene flow between chemotypes and the rimits o f reproductive S. DIGBY and K. WELLS. Botany Department, University isolation will clarify species concept in the lichens. of California, Davis, CA 95616 Desaulniers, N. L., see Barr, D. J. S. Ustilaqo cynodontis: partial intersterility qroups.

N.L. D- and D.J.S. BARK Compatibility in Ustilago cynodontis is controlled by Biosvstematics &search Centre, Central mrktal two alleles at one locus. The alleles are designated Farm; Oftawa, Ontario, Canada. A1 and A2. This system is modified by partial inter- -nsional reconstruction of the flagellar sterility between the five qroups of collections so far apparatus in fungal zoospores. identified. The interaction between the groups is summarized below. I Zoospores were dedby ccanputer analysis of serial electron micrographs. The kinetosares, positive pairinq flagella, nucleus, cell drane, and rootlets have - neqative pairinq ,/' < been plotted in different colors for easy different- ...... > ':.. iation of the cell caqwnents, and displayed in three-dirnension using stereo pairs. These can be viewed using a stereoscope, but by only one person at a tire. To enable a larger audience to see the three din-ensional illustrations, the stereo pairs have been plotted separately, one in red and the other green, on clear acetate. They are then overlayed, displayed on a screen by an overhead projector and viewed with red and green glasses. (I) CA, Australia, Taiwan (11) CA, France, Israel (111) CA, OR, Hawaii, Bulgaria (IV) China (V) CA -D. E. DESJARDIN and R. H. PETERSEN. Department of Botany, University of Current data suggest that the sterility factors, if Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-1100. present, are closely linked to the compatibility locus. Micromphale brevipes re-evaluated. Intergroup pairings have been conducted by infecting the host, Cynodon dactylon. The progeny of both inter- The genus gomphale is currently composed and intragroup pairings are being analyzed to determine of three sections: sect. Micromphale (9 if sterility qenes can be detected. spp.), sect. Perforan* (4 spp.) and sect. Rhizomorphigena (2 spp.). Features diagnostic Disanto, M. E., see Logan, D. A. for taxa of the first two sections include: Donoghue, J. D., see Przybylowicz, P. R. 1) pilei composed of gelatinized, non- diverticulate hyphae; 2) pruinose or P. H. DUNN and M. E. FENN. USDA Forest Service, and were prepared using the following protocols: Forest Fire Laboratory,, 4955 Canyon Crest Drive, 1) Immersion fixation in 1% paraformaldehyde and Riverside, CA 92507. Decomposition rate of ponderosa 2.5% glutaraldehyde in H20, post-fixation with 2% 0~04,and critical point drying and Jeffrey pine litter along a naturally occurring ' ozone gradient. 2) 2% OsO4 (in H20) vapor fixation and air drying The influence of ambient ozone on decomposition of 3) 2% OsO4 (in H20) vapor fixation and litter of ponderosa pine and Jeffrey pine was studied freeze drying by collecting surface needle litter from nine 4) 2% araformaldehyde and 5% glutaraldehyde (in experimental plots which traverse an ozone gradient in H20y vapor fixation, and air drying the San Bernardino mountains of southern California. 5) 2% paraformaldehyde and 5% glutaraldehyde (in Evolution of C02 from litter needles in the H20) vapor fixation, and freeze drying laboratory was greatest with litter from plots exposed 6) Cryo SEM to the highest levels of ozone. Diversity index values Either method of vapor fixation, when followed by (Shannon and Simpson) for litter fungi were highest in freeze drying (#3,#5), offered improved surface the high ozone plots and lowest in the low ozone plots. detail. The- best overall morphological preservation These results suggest that needles from severe ozone was obtained when using cry0 SEM. However, due to plots are predisposed to enhanced decomposition. The charging problems, the conventional (#I) procedure possibility of enhanced decomposition in severe ozone offered the best results. plots due to the greater nutrient content of needles in We'would 1 ike to thank Drs. K. Klomparens and S. ozone-impacted areas will be discussed. Flegler for their invaluable assistance and patience. Dykstra, M., see Te Strake. D., et. al. R. E. EDELMANN and K. L. KLOMPARENS, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, and Center for Electron .J. DYKBTRA', I. F. BALXIN~, M.R. M~GINNIS~ Optics, Michigan State University, East Lansing Znd M.G. RINALDI'. lschool of Veterinary Michigan 48824. Sporangiosporogenesis in Zygorhynchus Medicine, North Carolina State University, heterogamus Vuillemin- a third piece to the, puzzle. Raleigh, NC 27606, *~ewYork State Deparment of Health, Albany, NY 12201, 3~epartmentof Bracker (1 968) and Hamnil 1 (1 981 ) util ized electron Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, microscopy to detail sporangiosporogenesis in Galveston, TX 77550 and '~e~artmentof Gilbertella persicaria and Mucor mucedo respectively, Pathology, University of Texas Health Science both representing type-species of genera which produce Center, San Antonio, TX 78284. multispored sporanqia. To this can now be added the Conidiogenesis is compared by electron type-species ~y~orh~nchusheterogamus, which has been microscopy in Scopulariovsis brumvtii, studied- ~~~- in both transmission and scanninq electron Scedosvorium avios~ermum,and Scedosaorium microscopy and found to match Bracker's model with few inf latum. exceptions. During spore cleavage, an abundance of endoplasmic reticulum appears closely associated with A comparison of conidium formation in Scovu- developing cleavage furrows. These furrows have a lariovsis brumvtii, Scedosvorium a~iosvermum very granular matrix which coalesces into electron and Scedosvorium inflatum was conducted with opaque granules, which migrate to the periphery of the transmission- and scanning electron microscopy. furrows, and later fuse to form the primary It had been suggested in earlier light micro- (exterior) layer of the newly differentiated spores. scope studies that occasional sympodial At the time spores reach maturity, the sporangial branching was found in s. aviosvermum and S. cytoplasm has been so condensed 'that large electron inflatum. Careful examination of the sub- translucent spaces separate the spores. Approaching apical region of conidiogenous cells of these maturity, autophagic vacuoles nearly fill the species revealed that the process of columellar region through the process by which the percurrent proliferation occasionally caused cytoplasmic contents are utilized to form putative the subapical conidiogenous swelling to push enzyme-containing vesicles which fuse with the through the apical conidium such that it columellar plasmalemma and whose contents can be seen remained adherent to the side of the condiog- as electron opaque granules outside the columellar enous apex by a fragment of primary wall wall. These granules appear to dissipate throughout material. If this process was not observed the sporangial matrix spaces between the spores, and by time-lapse light microscopy, it would give are believed to be enzymes which facilitate sporangial the false impression of sympodial branching. wall dissolution and spore release. A detailed description of the wall layers laid Bracker,C.E. (1968) Mycologia, Vol 60, pp 1016-1067. down during conidiogenesis and the fate of Hamnill ,T.M. (1981) in 'The Fungal Spore", pp 173-194. these layers will be discussed. Annellations are also examined. J. J. ELLIS, Northern Regional Research Center, ARS, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604. Lesser known species Edelmann, R. E., see Pazur, C. J. in section Liseola of Fusariurn and near relatives R.E. EDELMANN and M.E. HOGAN. Center for Electron in the E'usarium oxysporum group. Optics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan. 48824 Comparisons of DNA relatedness among 15 strains A comparative study of fixation and dehydration representing the anamorphlc species Rtsariun fujikuroi, F. subglutinans, F. annulaturn, F. techniques for the preservation of conidial structures succisae, F. proliferaturn, and F. anthophilum in fungi for SEM suggest that they represent genetic varieties of Conventional methods of specimen preparation for the teleomorph Ghberella subgluthans. The near scanning electron microscopy (SEM) , when used for relatives F. oxysporum, F. dlamini, and F. nygamai fungal specimens, often results in physical damage represent two, posslbly three, genetic species to delicate reproductive structures. closely related to the section Liseola. While strain NRRL 13564 F. mniliforme (teleomorph: In order to devise an improved method for Gibberella fujikurzi) shared 42 to 58% relatedness preparing funqal specimens, several qenera with other species of the section Liseola, other (~eniciliium,-Aspergil1us,Alterneri~,Botrytis) were strains examined showed higher relatedness (77 to chosen for their delicate aerial conidial structures, 96%) with one or more genetic varieties of G, subglutinans (anamorphs: F. subglutinans and other fornia redwoods studied by Carroll & Carroll, where F. spp.). Type strains of F. dlamini and F. Chloroscypha chloromela (Phil. S Hk. ) Seaver was nygarnai gave 54% relatedness with MlRL 13307 1. isolated from all the sampled trees. Of the 20-25 oxysponnn whereas they showed 60% relatedness with species recognized, the most abundant were (percent of one another. The latter three species gave 32 to incidence) : w? sp. (37.1%). hyptosporiopsis 58% relatedness to strains in section Liseola abietina Petrak (23.9%), Camaros orium sp.(14.5%), whereas F. graminem gave 18%or less. ~eniculosporium sp. 4.5, Pestalotia funerea Desm. (10.7%) and Phomopsis occulta Trav. J. T. ET,J,ZEY, V. V. I'OI'PA. .ind Y. SANCHEZ. (8.8%). Some of the isolated species are well known ~ ~~~ Ultrastructur.c! 1,atroratory. tlioltrgical Sric:ncf:s. pathogens, at least in other conifers. The species llniversity of Texas at lil Paso. I:] Paso. TX. 79968- composition in needles of progressing age in single 0519. The distrihutic~n of nlir:rt~budic.s withirr ~IJI?~branches suggest a mosaic pattern of leaf occupation, recurva oogol~ia. without a particular sequence of succesion or colonization. However, some species were more frequent Morphometric analyses are in progress to detc:rmirrc the. in young or old leaves. Some species (including the distribution of rnicrol)odies wi t11i11 +h&i ~!:!?~~a. more abundant) were completely absent in certain oogonia. Spectropt~ot.crmetr.ic:assays aricl cyt ochc+m.ical individuals. In comparing the fungal communities we studies of the sexual stages of Achlya ~cL'~v~have found ca. 80% similarity between mature and juvenile demonstrated the presence of c:atalast:. Er~zyme assays trees., Ecological implications regarding the observed have verified the presence of tllu glyi,xylatl? cyc:l~t fungal distribution patterns for redwood population enzyme, isoci tra1.c: lyasft. in fungal extracts of Achlya biology will be discussed. I~yphae. Cytochemical tests s~~chas the 3.3'- diaminobenzidir~e reaction, cerium chloritle and copper Fallon, R. D., see Newell, S. Y., et. al. ferrocyanide have been utilized to sl?arch for the Fenn, M. E., see Dunn, P. H. presence of catnlase. alpt~a--itydrcrxyacitlclx i tlastts ant1 malate synthase within precleavage ooeonia. Our goill Ferrer. L. M., see Flora, L. L., et. al. is to determine if prccleavagt! oogcrr~ia have both peroxisomes and glyoxysomes simultaneously, or if the L. L. FLORA, L. M. FERRER, and J. A. BOvRRET. microbodies present are rt:str.ictetl to onf! population of Calitornia State University, Long Beach, Long either peroxisomes or glyoxysomes. Beach, CA 90840. A nonregulatory trehalase from Pilobolus longipes. G.W. ERDOS Department of Microbiology EL Cell Science, University of Florida. Gainesville, FL Fungal trehalases may be divided into two 32611. Investigations of spore wall glycoproteins groups. Trehalases in the first group gener- using monoclonal antibodies in Dictyostelium. ally have an acid pH optimum, are heat stable, and have Km values of about 1 mM. As yet, As a part of our continuing study of the role of there is no evidence that any of these treha- protein glycosylation in the development of the lases are activated by protein phosphorylation cellular slime molds we have examined the and consequently are described as nonregula- glycoproteins of the spore wall, using monoclonal tory. Nonregulatory trehalases are widespread antibodies directed against carbohydrate epitopes, in fungi but have not been found in the zygo- and their relationship to the structural mycetes. By contrast, the trehalases in the polysaccharides. We have been able to establish 3 zygomycetes and two genera of yeasts are regu- domains in the spore coat based on the distribution lated by cyclic AMP-dependent protein phos- of these epitopes and using other affinity probes phorylation. These enzymes have neutral pH have localized the cellulosic domain and the optima, low heat stabilities, and low sub- distribution of the high galactose strate affinities. The absence of nonregula- mucopolysaccharide. The organization of the spore tory trehalases from the zygomycetes has been wall is more complex and different than previously suggested as having possible evolutionary believed. It was also determined that all of the significance. Since the spores of P. longipes glycoproteins as well as the galactose are triggered to germinate by cyclic AMP, it polysaccharide are preformed in a single would seem to be an unlikely candidate to compartment, the prespore vesicle and released to possess a nonregulatory trehalase. However, the cell surface during spore formation. Only the in this report we describe a nonregulatory cellulose is sythesized extracellularly. From trehalase from P. longipes sporangia. This examination of prespore vesicles, there is no enzyme is found external to the spores, has a apparent spatial organization of the various pH optimum of 5.6, a value of about 0.7 mM, components that reflect their arrangement in the and is fairly heat st3le. The molecular mature spore, leading to the assumption that the weight is lower than that of other trehalases spore wall undergoes a process of self assembly as (ca. 60,000). We have no evidence that this the cellulosic portion is synthesized and trehalase is regulated by cyclic AMP. A pos- deposited. There is some evidence, however, that sjble.role for this enzyme In spore germina- several of the spore wall glycoproteins travel a-s a tion is discussed. complex, possibly mediated by one of the endogenous lectins. Flores-Carreon, A., see Ruiz-Flores, E., et. al. F. J. ESPINOSA-GARCIA and J. H. LANGEWHEIM. Department ROBERT FOGEL and JOHN LUSSENHOP, University of of Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA Michigan ~erbariur~nnArbor, MI 48109, and 95064. The leaf endophytic fungal community of a coas- University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL tal redwood (Sequoia sempervirens (D.Don) Endl.) 60680. A Soil Biotron for Experiemental Studies of popula t ion. Soil Biota

Leaf endophytic fungi were isolated from 159 samples Spatial and temporal relationships of roots, of one to twelve years-old needles of mature or juve- microorganisms, and insects can be observed nile trees (saplings or sprouts) in a redwood forest directly and manipulated in the soil biotron in central California. Of the samples, 98.7% were in- constructed in 1987 at the University of Michigan fected by at least one fungal species. There was not a Biological Station in northern, lower Michigan. clear dominant species as occurred in northern Cali- Soil was replaced around the windows in July 1987 and during the 1988 growing season the 1.5m Foresterie et de GMCsie, UniversitC Laval, Ste-Foy, distance between the windows and the native forest QuCbec, Canada, GIK 7P4. Restriction fragment soil profile has been undergoing colonization. length polymorphisms among isolates of the Data will be presented on root growth rates and ectomycorrhizal fungus Luccaria bicolor (Maire) Ort. the distribution of invertebrates around roots and mycorrh izae. In order to encourage mycologists to In QuCbec, inoculum of L. bicolor , a widespread use in the soil biotron, a number of potential mycorrhizal fungus, is used for some reforestation experiments that can be done in the facility will programs. Monocaryotic and dicaryotic isolates are be described. both able to form ectomycorrhizae but intraspecific variation in mycorrhizal ability exists. Moreover, Fortin, J. A., see Gardes, M., et. a1 several biological species of L. bicolor have been found. One objective of this study is to evaluate the Fortin, J. A., see Kope, H. H. relationship between these different biological species Foss, E., see Selker, E. U., et. al. using both nuclear and mitochondria1 restriction fragment length polymorphisms Another objective is Foster, L. M., see Ross, I. K., et. al. to provide nuclear and mitochondria1 markers to follow the progress of introduced strains in the field. --C.F. FRIESE and M.F. ALLEN. Utah State University, Dept. of Biology and Ecology Center, Garrett,. P. W., see Selker, E. U., et. al. Logan, UT 84322-5305. The interaction of Gemma, J. N., see Koske, R. E. harvester ant activity and VA mycorrhizal fungi. J.N. GEMMA and R.E. KOSKE. Botany Department, At our Wyoming research site, the disks of the University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881. Western harvester ant can comprise over 25% of Mycorrhizal associations in Hawaii Volcanoes National the total surface area. These disks are patch Park. disturbances across the landscape of this semi- arid shrub steppe. We asked whether the ants Mycorrhizal associations of plant species colonizing also may be interacting in some way with the VA new terrestrial surfaces and a recent geothermal area mycorrhizal fungi growing in association with in Hawaii Volcanoes were surveyed. Root samples of the surrounding vegetation. Detailed excavation thirty plant species (140 sampels) were collected in of 2 ant mounds revealed 3 distinct zones of 1987 from six collection sites; lavaflows of differ- soil and root material. The central zone ent ages (1850, 1973, 1979), two volcanic ash deposits consisted of a root mat, a region of densely (1959) and a geothermal area (1937). The most extreme packed roots (60% by volume) that had been habitats (1979 lava flow and the geothermal area) clipped and woven into the structure of the contained only vesi cul ar-arbuscular mycorrhi zae (VAM) . mound. This root clipping action appears to be The other sites contained up to three types of a mound maintenance function by the ants. The mycorrhizae (VAM, ericoid, and orchid). Native plant clipped root material contained as much as 3,000 species tended to form VAM while alien plant species times the number of spores found in other zones generally lacked mycorrhizae. In the geothermal area, or in association with the surrounding VAMF were associated.with plants (including a native vegetation. Glomus mosseae was the dominant bryophyte and a native pteridophyte) in soils where spore (63%) in all the samples. The large temperatures ranged between 30-40 C within 2.5 cm of volume of roots with spores concentrated around the surface. ant seed caches creates ideal patches for plant establishment once the mounds are abandoned Gessner, R. V., see Mohamed, M., et. al. (approx. 5-10 yrs.) Giasson, L., see Ullrich, R. C., et. al. Fuller, M. S.. see Cho, C. W. Gibson. J. L., see Benny, G. L. Fuller, M. S., see Roberson, R. W. J. L. GIBSON and J.W. KIMBROUGH. Department of Plant M. S. FULLER and R. W.ROBERSON. Department of Botany. University of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL Georgia. Athens, GA 30602. The effects of the sterol biosynthesis inhibitor, 32611. Developmental ultrastructure of ascospore cypmconazole,on hyphal tip cells of Sclerorium rolfsii. formation in ~isciotisvenosa (Pezizales; Morchellaceae). Hyphal tip cells of Sclerorium rolfsii were examined with light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) after being treated with the sterol Observations using transmission electron microscopy biosynthesis inhibitor (SBI) cyproconazole. Cyproconazole is a eiazole that (TEM) were made on ascospore development of Disciotis inhibits the demethylase involved in Clrldemethylation of lanosterol. resulting in venosa (Pezizales; Morchellaceae). Various stages in the net accumulation of precursor staols and fatty acids. There is a concommi- ascospore ontogeny were observed, from the delimitation tan1 decrease of the functional sterol which in the case of S. rolfsii is ergosterol. of haploid spore nuclei by the ascospore delimiting The SBI sensitive step is a cytochrome Pr150 mediated reaction. In this study the membranes to the development of the tertiary wall effects of the fungicide were tested at EC50 and ECgO concentrations. Cells layer. Particular emphasis was focused on spore wall examined with TEM were .oreoared . usine- freeze-substitution.After men1 ultrastructure, including the development of the with cypmnazole the cytoplasmic organization of hyphal tips was altered. primary, secondary, and tertiary (epispore) wall Within the apical region,the Spitzenkorper was either reduced in size or com- layers. Cytological details of the surrounding epiplasm pletely absent. ~~icalvesiclkof the ~pitzenk'ir~erhad a granular,elecmn- and sporoplasm, as they relate to spore development, transparent content while microvesicle content was similar to control cells. also were observed. Various cytochemical procedures Within the subapical region,ER appeared undulated with a slightly inflated were used at the TEM level to further characterize and lumen. Vacuoles were more numerous in treated cells than in control cells and contrast ascospore wall ultrastructure, including the contained spherical inclusions of varying electron opacities. The inclusions were thiosemicarbazide-silver proteinate stain for complex embedded in a granular electron-transluscentground matrix. Electron-opaque polysaccharides and the barium permanganate post stain depositions were observed in the cell wall and were more numerous at higher EC used to increase wall opacity. The ultrastructural values. Light microscope observations, including cytochemistry,will be corm observations for 1). venosa are compared with similar lated with the TEM observations. data in the literature for other taxa of Pezizales. M. GARDES, B. KROPP and J.A. FORTIN. Centre Gonzalez, D., see Vilgalys, R. de Recherche en Biologie Forestibre, FacultC de DOLORES GONZALEZ and RYTAS VILGALYS. crossing, and decline rapidly through subsequent Department of Botany, Duke University, Durham, NC 27706. asexual generations. Likewise, in 1. coronata, diversity of virulence phenotypes decline rapidly with Molecular.------~ clonine and restriction analysis of ribosomal RNA genes fromRhizo~toniasolani anastomosis group 4. distance and time from sexual reproduction. In these fungi sexual recombination results in many unfit The plant patho enic fungus Rhizoctonia solani is genotypes that are eliminated during asexual comprised of at Peast nine biologically diverse anastomosis generations. oups (AG's). We compared multiple isolates from each AG GRUHN restriction analysis of their nuclear ribosomal RNA C.M. and O.K. MILLER, JR. Department of Biology, genes rDNA). Southern blots of digested genomic DNA from Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, the dif\ erent AG were hybridized to a cloned rDNA gene from Virginia 24061. Effect of copper on ectomycorrhizal Coprinus cinereus. Preliminary estimates for the size fungi. of the rDNA repeating unit in R solani range from 8.7 to 10.0 kb. Many AG's of R solani have characteristic Five species of ectomycorrhizal fungi were tested for rDNA restriction patterns, suggesting that these groups are their ability to tolerate copper, both in vitro and in genetically distinct. To study the detailed structure and association with seedlings of Pinus densyE(Japa- organization of ribosomal genes in R. solani, we have nese red pine). Three isolatexthe conifer asso- cloned a single rDNA repeating unit from AG 4. Restriction ciated SU-illus granulatus were examined, as well as mapping of rDNA in other AG's using the cloned rDNA from Suillus pictus, Piloderma bicolor, and Pisolithus tin- AG 4 as an homologous probe will permit us to examine ctorius. Boletinellus meruliodes was included as a phylogenetic relationships within this species complex. control, since it is not thought to be mycorrhizal with conifers. Although P. tinctorius, B. meruliodes, and R. D. GOOS. Department of Botany, University of Rhode -S. pictus exhibited &e most growth-on copper sulfate Island, Kingston, RI 02881. amemgar media, in vitro tolerance was not neces- sarilv correlated wiGtheilitv of the funeus to Biogeography of the stinkhorn fungi. form bcorrhizal roots in perlit; to which a zutrient solution containing copper was added. In addition, The stinkhorn fungi are members of the families the isolates of 2. ranulatus varied in their ability Clathraceae and Phallaceae of the Order Phallales. to form mycorrhizae~ensif lora under the The two families show many similarities in structure experimental conditions. Transmission electron micro- and biology, and it seems readily evident that they scopy of fungal hyphae using a copper-specific stain share a common ancestry. Along with other features, shows species and generic differences in the ability these include (1) a spongy basidioma initially enclosed of the fungus to bind copper ions to hyphal sheaths or within a peridium, (2) spores produced in a mass of cell walls. Binding of metal ions to hyphal surfaces slime, and (3) production of a foetid odor attractive appears to be one mechanism of metal tolerance in ecto- to insects. Several important differences in the two mcyorrhizal fungi and subsequent improvement of host families also exist. These include: (1) all of the plant growth under phytotoxic conditions. Phallaceae have a simple, columnar structure, while the Clathraceae bear multiple arms that are variously Gutierrez-Corona, J. F., see Ruiz-Flores, E., et. al. fused, anastornosed or spreading, (2) in the Clath- raceae, the gleba is borne on the inside of the arms, Haack, K. R., see Selker, E. U., et. al. while in the Phallaceae, it is borne externally on the R. E. HALLING. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx. NY 10458- columnar stalk, (3) development within the egg stage 5126. Preliminary observations on South American Collybias. differs in the two families. Some species of both families are commonly encountered, and are world-wide Previous systematic work on tropical and South American Collybia in distribution, while other species show strongly species, with rare exception. was conducted by several floristicians disjunct distribution patterns. The reasons for such who relied on general collectors for second hand observations and localized distribution of certain species, most of herbarium material primarily gathered from lowland and temperate which belong to family Clathraceae, are unknown. This habitats. These past perceptions show little congruence with each paper will review the known distribution of the stink- other and with the current circumscription of the genus. Recent horns, and will attempt to offer some explanation for concentrated attention in a variety of regions indicates a greater their peculiar distribution. diversity and endemism than previously realized, while nearly half Gordon, T. R., see Jacobson, D. J. the previously described taxa remain as recognizable Collybias. The present subgeneric hierarchy, with slight modification, appears to J. V. GROTH, A. P. ROELFS and J. W. McCAIN, Department adequately circumscribe Col/.vbia in South America. of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108. Phenotypic and genetic diversity in rust T. M. HAMMILL. Department of Biology, SUNY pathogens. College at Oswego, Oswego, NY 13126. Ultrastructure of zygosporogenesis in Mucor Existing information on patterns of diversity in rust mucedo. pathogens of annual crop plants suggests that the frequency of sexual reproduction can be one of the more The general model for zygosporogenesis in the influential of the many determinants of diversity. The Mucorales describes growth of a pair of com- stem rust fungus of wheat (Puccinia graminis f. sp. patible zygophores toward one another until tritici) and the bean rust fungus (Uromyces they touch, initiating progametangial differ- appendiculatus) have more- and less-sexual populations entiation. In the region of contact between because of direct human intervention and naturally, the pair of progametangia, a fusion wall forms respectively. Most of the population of P. g. tritici from progametangial walls, maintaining the in the U.S. possesses limited diversity with few, separation of progametangial contents. Pro- relatively fixed genotypes. A western, sexual gametangia are subdivided by centripetal population has nearly random distribution of virulence growth of gametangial septa, resulting in and isozyme markers. Sexual 1. appendiculatus gametangia and suspensors. The fusion wall collections are usually polymorphic, even in small dissolves, allowing for gametangial plasmogamy areas on nonselective hosts. Levels of he terozygosity and karyogamy. A rough-walled zygosporangium are often above Hardy-Weinberg expectations. Genetic and its enclosed zygospore differentiate after loads as measured by frequency of visible, aborted the mating. uredinia are highest immediately following a bulk 3 1 Zygosporogenesis in Mucor mucedo has been surface of the flagella induces encystment. studied using scanning and transmission Monoclonal antibodies have been used to determine the electron microscopy, and many details of sites of storage of a high molecular weight the process have been clarified. Data will glycoprotein which is rapidly secreted during be presented about (A) structure and forma- encystment. The timing of the secretion of this tion of progametangia, gametangial septa, material has been correlated with the advent of and the fusion wall, (B) disappearance of adhesiveness of the cells. the fusion wall at the stage of plasmogamy, (C) initiation of ornamentations on zygo- Harney, S., see Widden, P. sporangia, (D) structure and formation of Harrington, T. C., see Zambino, P. J ornamental "warts" on mature zygosporangia, (E) cytology during zygosporogenesis, (F) Harris, J. L., see Cooper, Jr., C. R., et. al. appearance of zygospores, and (GI microhyphae over zygosporangial surfaces. DON E. HEMMES. Biology Department, University of Hawaii at Hilo, HI 96720-4091. Zoospores and calcium Hanlin, R. T., see Skarshaug, A. J. dynamics. R. T. HANLIN and 0. TORTOLERO, Dept. of Plant Pathology, Llniversity of Georgia, Athens, GA. 30602 Zoospores of Phytophthora are particularly sensitive LISA, and Posgrado en Fitopatologia, Universidad Centro to extracellular concentrations of calcium. Calcium Occidental, Barquisimeto, Venezuela. chloride solutions of less than 50mM will hasten Observations on the morphology of Cercophora palmicola. encystment whereas concentrations over 50mM will cause immediate cessation of swimming, shedding of Cercophora is a genus of sordariaceous fungi that is flagella, and secretion of a cyst wall. Although characterized by cylindrical ascospore initials with many inorganic ions and even vortexing can trigger a gelatinous appendage at each end. The mature asco- encystment in Phytophthora zoospores, calcium is the spore is two-celled, with an enlarged, brown upper only inorganic ion which also promotes rapid cyst cell and a slender, hyaline lower cell (pedicel). The germination and germ tube extension. Ultrastructural ascoma is an ostiolate perithecium bearing unitunicate studies utilizing transmission electron microscopy asci. In Cercophora palmicola the mycelium forms a have shown the presence of calcium binding substrates thin mat of compact, dark brown hyphae on the surface in zoospores which may act to bind calcium and then of decaying palm stems, and the ascomata are borne on release calcium into the cytosol upon environmental this mycelial mat. Young ascomata consist of a coiled, signals to stimulate exocytosis of secretory vesicles septate ascogonium that is surrounded by a spherical containing cyst wall materials. In germinating cysts mass of hyaline pseudoparenchyma cells; the outermost these sites may sequester calcium and maintain steep cells have dark brown walls. In older ascomata the cytosolic gradients of calcium in developing germ wall is lined with several rows of large, hyaline, tubes. The use of chlorotetracycline to remove .pseudoparenchyma cells and the centrum is filled with calcium from the cytosol of germinating cysts causes filamentous paraphyses that grow up from the base of immediate cessation of germ tube extension. The the ascoma. Beneath the paraphyses is a layer of addition of calcium ionophores to zoospores of ascogenous hyphae that gives rise to asci that grow Phytophthora, which floods the cytosol with calcium. up among the paraphyses, many of which disintegrate. stimulates the production of multiple germ tubes from Further development of the asci crushes the pseudo- a high percentage of cysts. These initial parenchyma cells inside the wall. The ascomal wall is observations of the effects of calcium on zoospores pseudobombardioid and is composed of three distinct and germinating cysts of Phytophthora suggest several regions. The morphology of the ascoma in 5. palmicola models for the role of calcium in encystment and is similar to that reported for other sordariaceous germination in fungal zoospores in general and species, confirming its inclusion in the Sordariales. several promising lines of research into understanding calcium dynamics in these cells. A.R.HARDHAM. Plant Cell Biology Group, Research School of Biological Sciences, The Australian National Heyburn, T., see Powell, M. J. University, Canberra, A.C.T. 2601, Australia. Ultrastructure and immunocytology of zoospores and DAVID S. HIBBETT and RYTAS VILGALYS. cysts of Phytophthora cinnamomi. Devartment of Botany, Duke University, Durham, NC 27706. ~mprovedmethods foirapid isolation and sequencing of For many fungal pathogens rapid rates of dissemination fungal 16s and 25s ribosomal RNA for phylogenetic analysis. .are achieved through the production of vast numbers of motile zoospores. We have been studying the Techniques are described for the rapid isolation and microtubular cytoskeleton and the surface properties sequencing of 16s and 25s ribosomal RNA (rRNA) from of zoospores of Phytophthora cinnamomi with a view to filamentous fungi. To isolate rRNA, liquid-cultured determining the role of the cytoskeleton in cell mycelium is gent1 homogenized in an extraction buffer shaping and motility, and to identifying surface containing euani ‘Iine isothiocyanate. This is followed by molecules involved in various stages of the infection phenol ez&ction and ethanol precipitation. Resuspended process. We have used immunofluorescence microscopy rRNA is stored in the presence of a ribonuclease inhibitor and electron microscopy involving serial section (RNAsin, Promega Biotech). The entire isolation can be reconstructions, to determine the morphology and cell completed in two hours. The crude rRNA is free of high complement of mitochondria and various types of molecular wei~htDNA and is suitable for direct dideoxy vesicles, and the absolute configuration of the sequencing using reverse transcriptase as described by flagellar apparatus. Changes that occur during Lane et al. (1985). From published sequences, we have encystment have also been followed. The cell surface identified ten potential primer sites (universally con- served seauences of 15 to 20 bases from which sequencing- has been investigated using lectins and monoclonal reactions can be initiated). Comparison of sequences antibodies, the latter raised against surface components on the Phytophthora cells. Carbohydrate obtained- - ... .- - .- with- . these rimers will ~ermitidentification of moieties are evenly distributed on the surface of both regions of variabili$in the 16s &d 25s rRNAs. Sequence zoospores and cysts, but antigenic components reveal data from these variable regions wil be very useful for the presence of discrete molecular domains on the evaluating morphologically~basedphylogenetic hypotheses zoospores. Surface components also exhibit taxonomic as-- well- as~~~ establishing classification schemes for specificities. Binding of a specific antibody to the taxonomically confu$ng groups of fungi. Hinton, D. M., see Bacon, C. W. in less than 10 sec. Trichospores of 2. culisetae extruded and formed holdfasts during phase I1 whereas WILLLAM E. A. HINTZ. JAMES B. ANDERSON, and PAUL A. --S. culicis trichospores extruded at phase I and formed HORGEN. Mushroom Research Group, Center for Plant holdfasts only during phase 11. Phases I and I1 Biotechnology, Department of Botany, University of Toronto. correspond to the host midgut and hindgut, Erindale Campus, Mississauga, Ontario. Relatedness of three respectively, and requirements for trichospore species of Agaricus inferred from RFLP analysis of the ribosomal extrusion are consistent with the physiological DNA repeat and mitochondria1 DNA. conditions of the host digestive and excretory systems. This sequence of phases also suggests a basis for We have cloned and characterized the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) hindgut specificity and host range specificity in repeat of Agaricus brunnescens (=A,bisporus). The rDNA was Smittium species. found to be a tandernly repeated unit 8.3 kilwbasepairs (kbp) in length. The rDNA was mapped for six restriction endonucleases D.R. HOSPENTHAL, A.L. ROGERS AND E.S. BENEKE. and we determined the positions of the genic regions encoding the Michigen State University, East Lansing, MI 26 S, 18 S, and 5.8 S rRNAs. Using cloned A. brunnescens (Ag 48824. Therapeutic effect of the addition of 50) rDNA as a hybridization probe, we compared the rDNA specific antibody to the surface of amphoter- restriction site maps for six isolates of A. brunnescens, five isolates icin R - encapsulating liposomes in the of A. bitorquis, and three isolates of A. campestris. Variation in the treatment of murine candidiasis. rDNA was used to group the isolates. The hybridization pattern for all six A. brunnescens isolates were identical. Both A. bitorquis and The treatment of systemic candidiasis with A. campestris could be subdivided into two groups. The primary liposomal amphotericin B has proven to be a difference between A. brunnescens and A. bitorquis was the much more effective therapy than that of the presence of a 0.7 kbp length mutation in the non-transcribed spacer free drug. This is due largely to the fact region of the rDNA. Despite the almost perfect conservation of the that larger doses of the antifungal can be coding region between species, the non-transcribed spacer region of safely administered in the liposome-encapsu- A. campestris and the other two Agaricus species was too divergent lated form. to propose a simple series of mutational events to account for the differences. Interswain and interspecies variation in the mt DNAs Our study explores what effect antibody was also surveyed by RFLP analysis. The data were in close specific to Candida albicans will produce agreement with the rDNA data in that distinct species could be when attached to liposomes containing ampho- recognized and fewer differences were observed between A. tericin B. This was accomplished through the brunnescens and A. bitorquis than between A. cqmpestris and the comparison of liposomal amphotericin B com- other two species. Within species there was no correlation between pounds bearing specific, nonspecific, or no groups assigned by rDNA data and mt DNA data. This was due to imn!unoglobulin in the treatment of a murine the unlinked inheritance of nuclear and mitochondxial genomes. model of candidiasis. Hogan, M. E., see Edelmann, R. E. Results of the study indicated an increased Horgen, P. A., see Hintz, W. E. A., et. al. therapeutic effect, over liposomal amphoter- icin B, imparted by the addition of specific Horgen, P. A., see Robison, M., et. al. antibody to the surface of amphotericin B - encapsulating liposomes. PAUL,KAFU F. KOKUREWICZ, and JAMES B. ANDERSON. Mushroom Research Group, Centre for Plant HU, F. -S., see Clark. J Biotechnology, Department of Botany, University of Toronto, Erindale Campus, Mississauga, Ontario. The Germination of S.M. HUHNDORF, J.L. Crane, Illinois Natural Basidiospores from Commercial and Wid-collected Isolates of History Survey, 607 E. Peabody, Champaign, Agaricus bisporus (=brunnescens). IL 61820, and C.A. SHEARER, Dept. of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL A set of conditions yielding highly reproducible gemination kinetics 61801. A freshwater, wood-inhabiting Leptosphaeria with ornamented ascospores. for basidiosvores of the commercial mushroom. Anaricus bismrus.~r - ~ -, is described: Spores of three commercial and one Gild collected strain were examined. The effects of presence or absence of A Leptosphaeria sp. which occurs commonly on growing mycelium, temperature, culture media, and spore age are wood submerged in lotic habitats in central Illinois was isolated and its development and described. Cycloheximide completely blocked basidiosm morphology in axenic culture was studied germination &d the incorporation of 3~-leucineinto using TEM and SEM. This species is character- whereas actinomycin D had no effect on germ tube emergence. Two ized by superficial to immersed pseudothecia types of basidiospore dormancy exist for A. bisporus: (a) .with a centrum containing filiform, septate exogenously dormant spores and (b) constitutively dormant spores. psi-udoparaphyses surrounded by gelatin and both of the Group II type (protein synthesis precedes RNA slender bitunicate asci. The ascospores are synthesis). 3-sepcate, brown with lighter end cells, B. W. HORN and R. W. LICHTWARDT. Department of verraculose and sometimes have a gelatinous Botany, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045. sheath. This species is an early colonist and Requirement for potassium and pH shift in host- persistent on submerged wood and forms soft- mediated trichospore extrusion-in Smittium culisetae rot cavities and causes weight-loss in and 5. culicis. cottonwood and ash sapwood. USDA-ARS Plant Protection Research Unit, The stimulus for trichospore extrusion ('germination') R. A. HUMBER. in species of Smittium (Trichomycetes) during passage Boyce Thompson Institute, Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853. through host guts was examined by means of mosquito Roland Thwter and the rise of insect mycology. larva dissections and in vitro extrusion experiments. Trichospore extrusion in 2. culisetae was stimulated Roland Thaxter's career-long concern for insect fungi com- by a sequence of two phases: phase I, which consisted bined his love for cryptogamic botany with an even earlier of potassium at pH 10, and phase 11, which involved a active interest in entomology. It is little appreciated that his drop in pH to 6-8. Exposure of trichospores to less first six publications (which appeared between 1877 to 1884) than 15 min at each phase was sufficient for optimal were wholly entomological. Thaxter's first published study extrusion. The extrusion process generally occurred on insect fungi was his dissertation, an 1888 monograph of entomophthoralean fungi that is still a vital reference. His Asexual swre production by the ectanycorrhizae- deep working knowledge of both entomology and myco- forming f~~qus'Pisolithus tinctorius has not been logy gave Thaxter a perspective on and sympathy for insect- ~reviouslvdemonstrated. Examination of mvcelial fungus associations that was unprecedented in his day and Asses pr&~ced when E. tinctorius was ax&ically which allows him to be regarded rightfully as the founder of incubated for periods up to six months revealed the insect mycology. presence of abundant sporulating hyphae and spores. It is probable that asexual spores produd by This presentation will trace some of the ways in which -P. tinctorius play a major role in the wide distri- Thaxter's studies have been been extended and enriched in bution and persistence of this fungus in the soil. the last hundred years: His treatment of the Entomoph- thorales contained the seeds for a substantial proportion of Jensen, B. C., see Selker, E. U., et. al. the taxonomic revision implemented in the last decade. He was among the first to study the trichomycetes. He P.A. KAISER. Dept. of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60680. described a number of unusual entomogenous deutero- Collerr330lan effect on mycorrhizal colonization in mycetes, and was an early advocate of trying to connect the soybeans. sexual and asexual states of fungi to understand their system- atics. Thaxter's detailed observations on the "Thaxteriolae", Two greenhouse pot studies of 30 days and 60 days a series of minute ectoparasitic deuteromycetes strongly duration have demnstrated that the addition of the resembling the Laboulbeniales, have recently gained much collhlan, Folsomia candida, decreases the coloni- increased significance with one of the most surprising new zation of soybean, Glycine max, by the nycorrhizal discoveries about fungal life cycles in recent decades. fungus, Gloms desertlcola. In the 30-day experiment, soybean seedswere placed in 2-liter pots with a L. J.HUTCHISON. '~epartmentof' Botany, University of 1:l:l mixture of soil, perlite and peat mss. On day Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1Al. Do ecto- 1 four treatments were set up. Pots received either mycorrhizal fungi produce conidia? 60 g mixed mycorrhizal inoculum or a 100 ml filtrate of the inoculm and either 300 living c. candida Many diverse groups of fungi are known to form ecto- individuals or 300 dead individuals. The result was mycorrhizae with temperate woody plant species. a 37% reduction in percent mycorrhizal infection in Despite this dissimilarity in taxonomy, they share roots 'grown in the presence of living collembola similar ecological, physiological and morphological along with the inoculum as capred to plants grown characteristics, among which is the absence of with dead collembola and inoculum. Surprisingly, up conidia. Such propagules are commonly produced by to 62% fewer living collembola were harvested from saprophytes and parasites. the pots containing the colonized plants. A 60-day experiment was used to see when colonization would The literature however, contains many examples to be mst affected by the collembola. The initial de- the contrary, whereby conidia have been reported in sign was repeated with tw new treatmmts: collembola ectomycorrhizal fungi. These reports appear to be not being added until day 15 into pots with either based on misidentifications of basidiomatalascomata inoculum or filtrate. At day 60, significant differ- or else contaminants which grew out from such ences were seen in percent mywrrhizal infection: structures. It is also possible that various a day 1 collembola addition resulted in a 34% reduc- structures observed on the hyphae have been mis- tion while with a day 15 addition there was only a interpreted as conidia by various researchers. 15% reduction (both were capred to plants grawn with dead collenbola and inoc;ulum) A hypothesis is proposed to explain the absence of . conidia in ectomycorrhizal fungi. Kaplan, D. L., see Wiley, B. J., et. al. D. J. JACOBSON and T. R. GORDON. Department of Plant H. W. KELLER. ~e~artmentof Biology, The University of Pathology, University of California, Berkeley, CA Texas at,Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019. Two species 94720. of Physarum in culture: one new-one old. The use of mitochondrial DNA to characterize popula- tions of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis. Two species of Physarum, strikingly similar in their habits, were found as intermixed fruitings on decaying Classically, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis (e) alfalfa bales. Both species were cultivated from has been separated into four distinct races by patho- spore to spore on sterilized bovine dung and on a genic reaction to three differential cultivars of variety of agar media under controlled laboratory muskmelon (Cucumis melo). We have recently character- conditions. One species was identified as Physarum ized six vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) within spinisporum U. Eliass. & Lundq., recently described -Fom and have correlated this trait with both pathogen- as new to science based on moist chamber cultures of ic race and geographic distribution. Differences in dung from herbivorous animals. This species has the mitochondrial DNA between isolates, as visualized unusual spores with spines approaching 1 pm covering by restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) about ha1 f of the spore surface, and on the other was used as an additional trait for characterizing half, are fewer, scattered spines and a prominent -Fom. Isolates within each VCG have similar mtDNA RFLP ridge. Spore size and ornamentation remained constant patterns, while RFLP patterns differ between VCGs. when grown on different substrata. In contrast, the This suggests that both VCG and mtDNA are important new taxon has spores that are paler and smooth on one genetic traits that can be used to define populations side but become wrinkled after drying, giving a of @. In addition, some Fom isolates are considered conspicuously reticulate appearance. The capill itium vegetatively self-incompatible and cannot be placed is abundant consisting of a network of hyal ine within a VCG. It is hoped that RFLP analysis will threads interconnecting white angular or irregular also elucidate the affinity of self-incompatible iso- 1ime knots. A l obed, calcareous pseudocol umel la often fills the center of the fructification. A white lates to known VCGs, thus allowing an evaluation of The their importance in nature. phaneroplasmodium was observed in agar culture. conspicuously wrinkled-reticulate spores serve to CAROL JANERETE. Plant Science Department, University distinguish this taxon from all other species of of Delaware, Newark, DE 1 971 7-1 303. Myxomycetes. In vitro spore production by Pisolithus tinctorius. 34

R.-. W. KERRlGAN..- .- - -- and ! . K. I?<_~S5.bei,s!.?!nen: .:I: fasiculatum and Glomus mosseae. However, G. Bioiogical Sciences. bnival.~~~-i'.>t 1 trj:.'~~i,?. mosseae was the dominant vesicular-arbuscular Santa Barbara. CA 93iU6 Isozyme markers as mycorrhiza in the sand dunes around Riyadh. indicators of genetic diversity and evolution- The only edaphic factor which seemed to co- ary relationships withln I\gayicus section rrelate with the dominance of 5. mosseae was Hortenses. the alkalinity of the Soil. B.K. KIM, S.H. PARK and E.C. CHOI. College of Phar- Severai gener lc Loc? In Acral-1.:uu-. .-. .- . p:siii.t-us 1.e macy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742,Korea poiymorphlc . as derertnlr~ea Y,, 'lei ,I I OL LinOP1~l31--- esis followed by enzvme-speclric acrlvir.~ Studies on protoplast ad nuclear fusion of Ganoderma species. stainlnq. In aitalr le3i-i 1.:' ir1e ; 119: -es cie!ior_irr- ic diversity known r.0 cnar'ac~ei-:::e c.I.::~v~L~c lsoiates or this s~ecles.solue wlic is~iates To make fusion of two fungi, &agLdee~a lucidum and Ganoderma applanatum, intra/interspecies protoplast that are withlrl the ~OI-PI-IGLQ~T~C~1 cli-clJ1nscr I I>- - ~ . - .. . . tion of A, &?_g.~or!lshave hen rc~uncro nave fusion and fusion of isolated nuclei or chromosomes both new qenotyplc comul ns- ions anc new into protoplasts were carried out. Protoplast fusions alleies. T'nus a broader- qene FOCI e:.:lsts In were made by a modified method of Peberdy using poly- nature than has 2een u~~ilzedro aate ~y ethylene glycol (MW 4000) at 30°C for 10 min. It was commercial mushroom spawn aeveiopers. shown that protoplasts were obtained from the 3.5 day cultured'mycelia of G. J!-;idum and G. applanatum by treatment with a combination of two enzymes, ~oioz~m The tetraspc!rlc relatives or' A, ~-:sp-?r.p ill section Hortenses do noc snare aileies w~thit 234 and Cellulase onozuka R-10, for 2-3 hours. As an at several of cne iocl evam~nsdthus rar. osmotic stabilizer, 0.6 M sucrose.was the best for Where alleles are snared. evolutionary rela- formation and regeneration of the protoplasts from the mycelia of l.csum and applanatum. Regene- tionships can besln to be seen. In conlunc- -I;, 5. - ..- - - .- -- tion witn mating studies, we are oeqlnnlrin to ration frequency was the maximum at the concentration assess both the number of b~oioqlca~species of 0.75% top agar-for isolation of auxotrophic muta- involved In thls group and chel- ~nyloseny. nts from the mycelia of5. lucidum, UV radiation was the mutagenic agent of choice. Seven nucleic acid- J. L. KERWIN, Dcpartr11en-1of Entomol ogy, I7nlvi:rx i 1 y requiring, seven amino acid-requiring ad six vita- of Califor~iia,Davis, CA 9501lj. A nod el For the min- requiring auxotrophs were obtained from UV irra- physiological bases of oosporoganc:~is. diation to give 0.38-7.5% survival. The interspecies fusion frequency between the mycelial protoplasts of he indut:tion atid maturation of oospores by sterul -G. .lucidum - -. andG. applanatum, and the intrafrequency ausotrophi c 0omyc;etos involves a corny 1:s st:r it:% of of those of-:. Gcidum ranged from 0.5% to 4.0%. developmental events. The 01)ligate requirement: for Viable hybrids were obtained by transfer'of nuclei or sterols with specific cycIopentanophenantt~r(:r~ering chromosomes from the protoplasts of&. 1ucidumminto and side chain structures is pivotal for the the protoplasts of 5. applanatum by the modified completion of meios5s. Recer~t repc~rt.sof rc!plilcc!- methods of protoplast fusion. The fusion products ment of sterol function by phospi~atidylcholi~~~:are showed distinct biochemical diferences in pigment suspect dut! to the presence of trace I(:vels of production and electrophoretic patterns of the sterols. Unsaturated fatty acids provided as acyl- esterase isozymes. glycerols or phospholipids ir~growth media tlavt. a synergistic effect wit11 sterols in the induction of Kimbrough, J. W., see Gibson, J. L. ooslroroger~t:sis and i:r~hanc:t! spore viabi l ity . Kleven, N. L., see Mclaughlin, D. J., et. al. Membrane-mediated a~lenylatecyclase activity may \)a enhanced by ur~saturatcd fatty acids. l:y(:l ii: N. I. KLEVBN and D. J. Departrent of nucleotides regulate the induction of oospuroge- Botany, University of Minnesota, 228 Biological nesis, with cyclic C;MP prornotit~g artd cyclic: AMP Science Center. 1445 Gartner Awenue, St. Paul, PN 1nhibit:ing this process. Calcium and cillmod~tli~i 551CB. Is Padmoqbe ferruginea adapted to -tic are ir~volved ir~ the rt!guli~t iom of UOSgOrc spore d-tion? ~lovelopmel~t,in part by co~ttrolling ~;y~:lic nuc:l t!ot.itle Icvels. I..i~~oxygorrasc~ar~tl prob,ibl y In preparation for cytological investigation. a cyclo~~sygenaseproducts aFf~?c:t all stages of single spore isolate of Pacmoclybe ferruginea was oosporogenesis. Liposyger~ase rc!gulat i OII of' grown rnder a variety of carditions. Variations of guanylate c:pc:lase is iml)liciit.c?d ill the? i~i~iuctiou sporulation patterns vere characterized from aerated process. and non-aerated broth. agar plates and aerated water cultures. Conidial pmduction was characteristic of Keudell, K. C., see Mohamed, M., et. al. all cultures except agar. The greatest amomt of A. S. KHALIEL Botany Department, College of conidial pmduction occurred in aerated water while Science, King Saud University, P.O.Box 2455, the least was dxer in non-aerated broth. Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia. Secondary or repeating conidia were produced in aerated water and aerated broth cultures. Basidial Incidence of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae production occurred with varying frequency in all in some desert plants and correlation with cultures; hcrvever. basidiocarp organization occurred edaphic factors only on agar plates. Basidia from agar cultures consistently produced 5-7 spores while in aerated broth basidia only 24spores. Sprulation Roots and rhizospheric soils ofre~resentative.-. - .. - - . - plants of ~nisosciadium lanatum Bbiss, patterns of Pachnocybe ferruginea were ampared to Horwoodia dicksoniae Turril, Anthemis deserti results of other culturing experiments involving Boiss, mazya stricta Decnet,Panicum turgidum organisas from both terrestrial and aquatic Forssk and Tripleurospermum auriculatium environments and the evolutionary and phylogenetic (Boiss.) Rech. from two locations (Nsah & Al- significance of gasteroid adaptations to wet hsia) close to Riyadh in Saudi Arabia, were environments is discussed. collected and examined for vesicular arbus- Klittich, C. J. R., see Leslie, J. F., et. al. cular mycorrhizae (VAM). Spores were recovered from the two soils and, identified as Glomus Klomparens, K. L., see Edelman, R. E. Koehn, R. D., see Kuehn, K. A. Ericaceae (Vaccinium dentatum, 1. calycinum, and l. reticulatum~Styphe1ia tameiameiae of the L. M. KOHN. Department of Botany, University of Toronto, Epacridaceae (considered to be the southern hemisphere Erindale College, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada L5L 1C6. eauivalent of the Ericaceae). All four s~eciesalso Anatomical, histochemical, and ultrastructural studies of field formed ericoid mycorrhizae in the "hair rbots.ll sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Moniliniafructicola. Internal hyphae, coils, vesicles and arbuscules of VAMF were present in the cortex of larger roots, with Studies of developmental changes in sclerotia have mainly been up to 80% of the root length colonized. conducted on laboratorv-mwn material nurtured under axenic Roots of Coccoloba uvifera (~olygonaceae)formed conditions or on field scl&otia sampled once or twice during the ectomycorrhizae with a ~myceteand also formed growing season. To compare these data with field-collected typical VAM. Closely associated with the ectomycor- sclerotia, we sampled sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and rhizae were rhizomorphs bearing numerous staurospores. Moniliniafructicola in the field from early May to late November, 1987, and with light microscopy, histochemical staining, and Kropp, B., see Gardes, M., et. al. electron microsc6py followed-ihangesin structure, storage ~roducts.and cellular organization. Sclerotia of S. sclerotiorum K.A. KUEHN and R.D. KOEHN. Department of Biology, bere collected from whiik beans in Guelph, Ont. and from lettuce Southwest Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas at Bradford Marsh, Kettleby, Ont.; sclerotia of M.fructicola were 78666. The contribution of fungi to a cavernous from apricots and peaches in Harrow. Ont. and from peaches in ecosystem in south Texas. Vineland, Ont. Histochemical staining for carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, phenolic compounds, and polyphosphates was A six month study was conducted at Ezell's Cave, a conducted. Ultrasmctural changes were especially interesting. small limestone cavernous ecosystem closely associated "Cyst-like" structures of unknown composition and purpose were with the Edwards (Balcones Fault Zone) aquifer of previously described from field sclerotia exclusively of south Texas, to establish the mycoflora associated Myriosclerotinia borealis, but were observed in ovekintd with the decomposition of organic matter within the sclerotia of both swcies in this study. Other ultrastructural cave system. Fungi were identified from four separate novelties were observed including abnormal aggregations of sources: decomposing organic material, cave sediment, mitochondria and changes in mitochondria1 profiles. Utilization bottom pool groundwater, and air. The fungal flora of storage products was similar to that described in previous includes 10 genera of Hyphomycetes, 1 Coelomycete, 2 studies. Anatomical differences from in vim-grown sclerotia. Ascomycetes, 2 Zygomycetes, and 1 Oomycete. Species especially in overwintered sclerotia, were observed. of m, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium, Trichoderma, Cladosporium and Doratomyces are the most Kohn, L. M., see Novak, L. A. abundant. The presence of these saprophytic organisms within the cave ecosystem and their subsequent Kokurewicz, K. F., see Horgen, P. A., et. al. detrital activity may help explain the energy conversions taking place within this system. This H.> H.> and J. A. FORTIN. Centre de Recherche en fungal activity may in turn support the wide diversity Biologie Forestihre, Facult6 de Foresterie et de of both terrestrial and aquatic troglobitic animal Gdodesie, Universit6 Laval, Ste-Foy, Quebec, populations of the system. Canada, GIK 7P4. Germination of basidiospores and Langenheim, J. H.. see Espinosa-Garcia, F. J. the mating type determination of Pisolithus tinctorius. C. A. LEALMORALES. C. E. BRACKER and TNI KI- AR IA. be bent of plant Pathology, Pisolithus tinctorius (Pers.) Coker & Couch is a knk?sity ?f Zalifkia, giverside, CA 92521 and Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue Uni- cosmopolitan ectomycorrhizal fungus that forms a versitv. W. Lafavette. IN 47907. Localization of symbiotic association with a wide range of hosts. chitii7synthetasein ~hitosomaland Plasma Membrane Basidiospores of two geographically distinct Fractions from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. strains, one 8 years of age and another 1 year of Cell-free extracts of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were age, were germinated. The spores were obsirved to fractionated by a combination of isopycnic and veloci- have swollen to 14 - 17 pm in diameter breaking ty sedimentations to se arate membranous components. the outer echinulate and melanized wall before a These improved rocelures were used to examine the germ tube formed. The resulting homokaryotic subcellular distrigution of chitin synthetase in homo- hyphae lacked clamp connections. Nuclear staining genates from exponentially rowing walled cells of wild-type S. cercvisiae. itin in synthetase activity of the homokaryotic hyphae and of the was found in two distinct vesicle opulations of near- basidiospores had shown that they were ly equal abundance but marked6 different buoyant monokaryotic. Single spore colonies were mated density and article diameter. One fraction contained and compatible heterokaryotic hyphae with true 45-65% of tRe total chitin synthetase and was identi- fied as chitosomes because of microvesicular size and clamp connections formed. Nuclear staining had characteristic low buoyant density (1.15). The second shown that the hyphae were dikaryotic with paired fraction (3555%) was identified as plasma membrane nuclei. P. tinctorius was determined to be because of its high buoyant density (1.22), large heterothallic with a tetrapolar mating system. vesicle size, and presence of vanadate-sensitive ATPase. This fraction cosedimented with the main eak Koske, R. E., see Gemma, J. N. of b1,3-glucan synthetase. A third, minor peal! of chitin synthetase was associated with a opulation of R.E. KOSKE and J.N. GEMMA. Botany Department, large vesicles that had a density simif ar to chito- University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881. Dual somes but were separated by velocity sedimentation. mycorrhizal symbioses in Hawaiian Ericaceae, Essentially all of the chitin synthetase in the three Epacridaceae and Polygonaceae. vesicle populations is zymogenic; therefore, we re ard these vesicles as precursors of the final active form Five species of plants from Hawaii formed dual of chitin synthetase whose location in the cell has mycorrhizal symbioses with vesicular-arbuscular yet to be unequivocally identified. mycorrhizal fungi (VAMF) and another fungal symbiont. VAM occurred routinely in three members of the L. P. LEHNEN JR. and M. J. POWELL. cross-inoculated into seedlings of the host plants in Department of Botany, Miami University, a diallel design. The strains from several populations Oxford, OH 45056. Cytochemical localization of both Danthonia species were reciprocally compatible of phenoloxidase In secondary zoospores of but could not infect populations of Stipa. Strains from Saprolegnia f erax . Stipa could infect seedlings of their natural host but neither of the Danthonia hosts. Host strains have been Oxidative activity is localized in the further characterized by cultural characteristics granular matrix of kinetosome associated (growth temperature, culture media, sporulation etc. ) , organelles (K-bodies) of secondary isoenzyme variations and ergot alkaloid production in Saprolegnia. zoospores at pH 9.2 using the 3- liquid cultures. These results clearly distinquish 3'-diaminobenzidine cytochemical procedure of between strains isolated from Danthonia and those iso- Novikoff and Goldfischer (1969). The heme lated from Stipa, and show that host soecifity in inhibitor, sodium azide, and the specific -A. hypoxylon is correlated with multible changes in catalase inhibitor, aminotriazole, fail to physiology and qenetics. Moreover, these features alonq decrease this reaction, though it is with morphological differences of the stromata and the inhibited by potassium cyanide. When fruiting structures suggest that strains from Stipa dihydroxyphenylalanlne (DOPA) is used as a and Danthonia represent different species. substrate for oxidation, reaction product is found throughout the K-body. The inclusion ESTELLE LEVETIN. Faculty of Biological of catalase in the incubation medium does not Science, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, inhibit the reaction, although the Oklahoma, 74104. Airborne basidiospores in phenoloxidase inhibitor, diethyldithio- Tulsa, Oklahoma. carbamate, eliminates it completely. These results indicate that a phenoloxidase enzyme Recent work has implicated basidiospores is present in the K-body. This is the first in both asthma and allergic rhinitis. To report of phenoloxidase in zoospores of determine the identity, concentration, and Oomycetes. The implications of this finding seasonal occurrence of the airborne in light of current hypotheses of K-body basidiospores in Tulsa, the atmosphere is function are discussed. being monitored with Burkard Volumetric Spore Traps. Basidiospores are present in the J.F. LESLIE, C.J.R. KLITTICH and J.C. CORRELL atmosphere most of the year. At times the Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State total basidiospore concentration is one-third University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506. of the total airspora. During the past year Genetic exchange between natural isolates of spores of several genera of basidiomycetes Fusarium have been identified from air samples. These include Agaricus, Boletus, Clitocybe, Genetic exchange between different fungal Conocybe , Coprinus , Entoloma, Ganoderma , isolates may occur sexually or asexually. Inocybe, Paneolus, and Russula. During the Sexual exchange between different isolates of spring Agaricus and Coprinus spores are the Fusarium moniliforme is limited by the avail- dominant basidiospores in the atmosphere. ability of a suitable mate. Perithecia of the These continue to be present during the late perfect stage, Gibberella fujikuroi, are not summer and fall when Ganoderma spores are commonly found on cultivated crops. In F. also abundant. Field studies being conducted moniliforme, approximately 25% of the isolates in conjunction with the air sampling have are fertile as males, 25% are fertile as both shown that basidiocarps of these genera are males and females, and 50% will not cross with prevelant in the Tulsa area. standard testers under laboratory conditions. At least five different races, or mating Lichtwardt, R. W., see Horn, B. W. populations, have been identified. Isolates recovered from corn are generally much more Lichtwardt, R. W., see Williams, M. C. fertile than isolates from sorghum. Asexual genetic exchange requires heterokaryon Lim, D., see Te Strake, D., et. al. formation, a process that is governed by a JOHN E. LINZ. Dept. of Food Science, Dept. of Micro- series of at least 10 vic genes. F. mon- biology and Public Health. Michigan State University, iliforme isolates recovered from a particular East Lansing, MI 48823. Regulation of Gene Expression field are not clones of a unique strain, and in racemosus. asexual genetic exchange will be limited. Isolates which appear to be clones of each Mucor racemosus is induced to undergo morphogenesis in other, however, have been recovered from di- response to a variety of chemical, environmental, and verse geographic sites throughout the United nutritional factors. Several changes in the States. Seedborne spread of this fungus could translational apparatus accompany the morphogenetic explain this pattern. Genetic interactions response including: 1) increased rate of protein between isolates recovered from corn and sor- synthesis; 2) phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S-6; ghum appear minimal. 3) changes in the level of methylation and activity of elongation factor 14(EF-1x ). The hypothesis has been A. LEUCHTMANI4 and K. CLAY. Department of Biology, proposed that methylation of EF-1% activates the Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47401, U.S.A. protein during sporangiospore germination. In order to Host race formation in Atkinsonella hypoxylon. further study the regulation of EF-1.C in M. racemosus, the genes encoding this protein, TEF 1, 2, and 3 have Atkinsonella h ox lon, a member of the tribe Balansiae been cloned and sequenced. These data show that: (ClaviciDitacfiws eoiphytical ly on meristems and 1) the genetic organization of the 3 TEF genes differs young leaves of three different host grasses, Danthonia significantly; 2) the EF-l 16%; p > presumably ancient lichens will be 0.05 for 16% slope). Slopes with poor discussed. basidiomycete colonization lost their litter cover duriny storms, exposing the soil surface C.J. LUCAROTTI. Biology Department, Mt. to erosion. Absence of fungal litter- St. Vincent University, Halifax, N.S. conneclions in some areas may reduce local Canada, B3M 256. soil fertility via reduced litter inputs to Development of the obligate mosquito- soil a1113 loss of soil organic matter through copepod pathogen, C~lomomyces. erosion. Patchy colonization of litter by hasidiomycetes may therefore contribute to The gametophytic and sporophytic hyphae of heterogeneity of soil organic matter and --Coelomomyces develop in the hemocoels of fertility in wet montane forests. its respective microcrustacean and mosquito hosts. During the development of D. A. LOGAN and M. E. DISANTO. Bioscience and Bio- the fungus these arthropods will pass technology, Drexel University, 32nd and Chestnut St., through several juvenile stages, involving Philadelphia, PA 19104. Regulation of peptidase extreme metamorphoses, to adulthood. If activity during morphogenesis in Mucor racemosus. the fungus is to attain maturity it must 38 not interfere with the development of its singly or in groups at the tip of simple or branched host even though it is parasitizing it. condidiophores or acropleurogenously. Monacrosporium- For example, Aedes aegypti larvae, para- like fungi can be segregated from Dactylella in having sitized by C. stegomyiae, may pupate and conidia of fusiform, ellipsoidal, obovoid or broadly produce infected adults. Maturation of turbinate shape but with at least one of the median fungal hyphae in the ovaries of adult A. cells of much greater width and volume than the distal aegypti appears to be in response to or proximal cells. Several genera in the predacious hormonal changes in the insect associated series are not valid and Dactylaria should be reserved with the taking of a blood meal. The for species with at least partly pigmented fructifica- fungus must also synchronize its life cycle tions such as the non-predacious forms which have been to those of its hosts. After a blood meal assigned to this genus. Precise and rational identifi- the infected female mosquito oviposits cation of nematode-trapping fungi is important in fungal resting sporangia in place of eggs; applied studies and ecological investigations on this these release zoospores which infect the important group of fungi. copepod host. The gametophyte is hetero- thallic and, to ensure that gametes of the M.S. MANOCHA. Dept. of Biol. Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ont. L2S 3A1 Canada opposite mating types are present in the Cell wall metabolism in mycoparasitic interactions same place at the same time, gametogenesis of Mucoral es. and gamete release are cued by a temporal gating mechanism. Piptocephalis virginiana is a biotrophic, haustorial Lussenhop. J., see Fogel, R. mycoparasite of mucoraceous fungi. Among members of the order Mucorales, there are susceptible Luttrell, E. S., see Mims, C. W., et. al. hosts, nonhosts, and only one known resistant host. Studies with susceptible host, Choanephora MacKay, W., see Zak, J. cucurbitarum, and resistant host, Phascolomyces CLINT MAGILL and JANE MAGILL. Departments articulosus, have shown marked differences in their response to the mycoparasite. socalized of Plant Pathology & Microbiology and accumulation of chi tin precursor, N-[ H]acetylgluco- Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843. samine, is observed at the penetration sites on ~ifferential methylation of DNA in the resistant host but not the susceptible host. sclerotia and vegetative mycelium of Both the hosts, however, show similar localized Phvmatotrichum omnivorum. incorporation of label at the mechanically wounded site5. The pattern of localized incorporation Phvmatotrichum omnivorum is a soil borne of [ HI-GlcNAc at wounding or penetration sites plant pathosen that causes considerable is not altered by previous treatment with cyclo- crop ioss -in certain soils in the heximide. Chitin synthase preparations from the southwestern USA. It is especially two hosts are similar in properties except for difficult to eradicate, as resting their response to partial proteolysis by different sclerotia are formed deep in the soil, and proteinases. Whereas the chitin synthase of the can remain viable for more than a decade. resistant host is stimulated by commercial and DNA isolated from sclerotia contains 2.27 host derived preparations of acid and neutral Mol% 5-methylcytosine on HPLC analysis, proteinases, the chitin synthase of the susceptible whereas DNA from mycelia contains only host is stimulated by acid and inhibited by neutral 0.78%. Restriction analysis with HpaII proteinase. Chitinase activity of both the hosts and MspI shows that CG sequences are is stimulated by the commercial and host proteinases. primary sites of methylation. Sclerotia Proteinase obtained from the mycoparasite, however, 5- enhances chitinase but suppresses chitin synthase are formed in the presence of activity of both the hosts alike. The role of azacytidine, an inhibitor of methylation, host proteinases in regulating the activity of but these sclerotia fail to germinate. their own chitin synthase and chitinase is suggested. Magill, J., see Magill, C. Marasas, W. F. O., see Wingfield. M. J., et, al. Malloch, D., see Blackwell, M. G. MARTINEZ-CADENA. Instituto de Investigaci6n en Big Malloch, D. W., see Thorn, R. G. logia Experimental, Facultad de Quimica, Universidad de Guanajuato. Apartado Postal 187, Guanajuato, Sto. R. MANKAU and H. P. UPADHYAY, Department of Nematology, 36000, M6xico. University of California, Riverside CA 92521 and Dept. Regulation of invertase secretion by the pH of the de Micologia Universidade Federalde Pernambuco. Recife, growth medium in Phycomyces blakesleeanus. Brasil. Morphological and taxonomic studies on preda- cious hyphomycete genera. The Zygomycete P'1 com ces blakesleeanus is able to utilize sucroseTkk5on source, however there is The morphology and arrangement of hyalophragmoconidia no report on the presence of invertase in the fungus. produced singly and acrogenously at the tip of simple In this work it was investigated whether Ph corn ces conidiophores as a main characteristic of the genera indeed synthetizes an invertase, the resp-e Dactylella Grove and Monacrosporium Oudemans has been enzyme to catabolite repression, and to additional studied by a number of workers recently without a clear environmental factors. resolution of these genera with respect to the nematode- Levels of invertase activity in cells grown in the trapping forms. Drechsler originally assigned fungi presence of glucose were almost negligible. However, with such conidiogenesis to the genus Dactylella and when Ph com ces was grown in medium plus glucose at hyalophragmoconidia produced in groups and acropleuro- pH 4.-n transfered to medium without glucose genously on hyaline, simple or branched conidiophores at the same pH, invertase activity could be detected to the genus Dactylaria. From a study of one of the 30 min after the transfer, and dramatically increased largest collections extent of predacious hyphomycetes during the next 180 min. we have determined that related isolates clearly overlap the current concepts of these and related genera. Fungi This catabolite repression was overcome when xylose similar to all three genera may produce conidia either was added together with glucose to the growth medium. Derepression of invertase activity was obtained if R. Meier and I. Charvat. Botany Department, University the fungus was grown in a medium with glucose and at Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108. Ultrastructure and pH 7.3. This pH dependent derepression was not due fluorescence of germinating Glomus spp. spores. to enzyme distribution or stability. Therefore, it seems that invertase synthesis is regulated both by A developmental study of the early stages of vesicular- glucose and pH of the growth medium. arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (VAMF) spore germination GEORGIANA MY, Dept. of Biology, University of N. involving Glomus spp. is underway to better characterize Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 these events, both ultrastructurally and at the light Genetically different dikaryons of Coprinus cinereus microscope level. Spores of L fasciculatum and GL partition resources when fruiting. mosseae were incubated in 0.75% water agar sandwiched between two cellulose membranes. Each membrane "bag" Though the physiological relationship of the agaric was then placed next to a surface-sterilized, germinated mycelium to the formation of fruiting bodies is well corn seed, and both were buried at a 1 inch depth in described, little is known of the interactions conetainers filled with moistened, sterile silica sand. Spores between genetically different mycelia. This study addressed the question. "Do genetically different of both VAMF species germinated within 3 days using this dikaryons of cinereus partition resources or do technique. After 3 days in sand, the spores were retrieved they share resources in the production of fruiting from the "bags" and processed for transmission electron bodies?" Answering this question is central to microscopy (TEM). Dormant spores, also analyzed with determining the limits of an individual and to TEM, were difficult to fix at the center. Preservation of the understanding evolution of the agaric Basidiomycetes. spore wall revealed a thick structure with 4 apparent layers. Previous germination experiments using agar media-only Specifically, the hypothesis tested was: if required extended incubation periods, resulting in high genetically different dikaryons partition resources, contamination, poor germination rates and non- then the total fruiting body dry weight produced by reproducibility. However, such studies were useful for any one genotype is directly proportional to mycelial examining fluorescence of germinated L fasciculatum area whether that genotype is grown in mixed or pure spores; which were incubated on amended water agar culture. To test this, genetically different media for a period of 10 weeks at 23 C, placed in a solution dikaryons of C, cinereus were paired in se3eral configurations to produce mycelial areas of varying of fluorescein diacetate (FDA), and viewed under sizes. Previously, I had determined that these epifluorescence to determine viability of germ tubes. Bright dikaryons display antagonistic (self/non-self fluorescence was observed in secondary spores and recognition) responses when paired (TBMS, in press, portions of the germ tube adjacent to the secondary spores. 1988). Fruiting bodies were collected as they Old spore walls were not seen to fluoresce with FDA appeared, their sizes measured and total dry weight staining, but were earlier seen to autofluoresce. per mycelial area determined. A direct relationship between mycelial area and total fruiting body dry A. S. METHVEN. Botany Department, Eastern Illinois weight was demonstrated. Such results support the University, Charleston, IL. 61920. Taxonomic and hypothesis that dikaryons partition rather than share nomenclatural notes on Clavariadelphus. resources at the time of fruiting. To supplement a systematic study of the North Mayer, J. M., see Wiley, B. J., et. al. American taxa of Clavariadelphus, an attempt was made to examine all extant type specimens, McCain, J. W., see Groth, J. V., et. al. including designation of neotypes when type McGinnis, M. R., see Dykstra, M. J., et. al. specimens did not exist. Neotype designations and descriptions are presented for Clavaria ligula, C. Mclaughlin, D. J., see Kleven, N. L. pistillaris, 2. truncata, and Clavariadelphus pistillaris var. americanus. D.J.~M,N.L.m~mE.w.A.~. Dept. of Botany, Chi-ity of Minnesota, St, Paul, As part of an ongoing study of the world taxa of m 55188. mtrastmctural characters in Belicogloea Clavariadelphus, 2. 9,C. truncatus var. and their significance for the phylogeny of the atrobrunneus, and 5. truncatus var. umbonatus are auriculariaceous fungi, redescribed following an examination of type specimens and additional representative material. Siqleseptate auriculariaceuug furgi (Auriculariales Three new taxa to science are also presented, sensu lato) have been of fmcbmntal iaportamx in including 2. himalayensis from India, C. phyl-ic proposals for the basidiomycetes. fasciculatus from Mexico, and C. yunnanensis from Basidial 0~)rphologyis diverse amnrg these organisrr, China. and their evolutionary relationships remain -ear. A variety of ultrastructmal characters hold promise R. J. MEYER. USDA-ARS, SBMNL, BARC-West, Bldg. OllA, in determining their relationships to other sinple- Rm. 313, Beltsville, MD 20705. Variation in septate species. !ho species of Belicogloea have mitochondrial DNAs and extrachromosomal elements in been examined. Besides septa the characters Trichoderma viride. analyzed include the manner of branch initiation, cross-connections between the mitochondria and m, Trichoderma viride is a species aggregate that has spindle pole body (SPB) and nuclear features. The been difficult to subdivide into biological species. sinple septa show structural diversity. Branch Scanning electron microscopy studies revealed two initiation involves breaking the outer layer of the groups within T. viride. Group I has conidia with hyphal wall. Smooth W is organized into stacks broadly rounded warts and Group I1 has conidia with joined by robshaped moss-connections which also pointed pyramidal warts. Subsequent studies have bind mitochondria at the stack periphery. The SPas focused on the relationship between these groups and are layered discs loosely inserted in the nuclear whether each group represents a single species or a envelope. Other mitotic characters include an ER cap species complex. One approach to these problems has the mitochondria1 DNAs (mtDNAs) which encloses the cytoplasmic face of the SPB. The been an analysis of ultrastructural characters are similar to those of from seven Group I and five Group I1 strains from a some ballistosporic, auriculariaceowi species, and variety of localities. The mtDNAs were obtained from some of these characters are present in a nuaber of isolated mitochondria, digested with various gasteroid genera. restriction enzymes, and analyzed by gel electro- phoresis. With the exception of two strains in genome has provided a broader basis for decision Group I, the strains could be distinguished from one making on the species level. This has led to a another based on restriction fragment (RF) banding reexamination of species limits within and among agaric patterns. However, the patterns from the other ten genera or subgeneric species complexes. strains were not all completely different. The greatest similarity in RF banding patterns occurred Miller, Jr., 0. K., see Brunner, I. L., et. al. within groups. In fact, some RFs corresponded to the Miller, 0. K., Jr., see Gruhn, C. M. morphological Group I and others to Group 11, and these RFs were present in all strains of either Group S.W. MILLER and F.W. SPIEGEL. Department of Botany and I or Group 11. Extrachromosomal elements (ECEs) were Microbiology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR present in mtDNA preparations from eight of the twelve 12701. Populations and succession of protostelids on strains. Each strain had a unique ECE pattern. The 7&+ mays information from the mtDNA and ECEs will be useful in separating T. viride into identifiable biological Since the discovery of protostelids in 1958, very species when combined with other methods of analysis. little has been done in regard to the ecology of these organisms. Questions about population densities and T. J. MICHAILIDES~AND R. A. SPOTTS~. l~e~artmentof possible succession of species as the substrate ages Plant Pathology. University of California. Davis 95616 have not been studied. To determine if succession and 2Department of Botany and Plant Pathology. Oregon occurs it was necessary to sample a substrate from its State University. Mid-Columbia Research and Extension formation until complete decomposition. Tassels of Zea Center. Hood River. OR 97031. The Germination of pax are ideal for a study of this kind. Previous zygospores of piriformis. observations had shown that Zea ma- is an excellent substrate for protostelids, and the uniform size and A technique for germination of zygospores of 5 shape of the florets gives a consistency to sampling. piriformis is described. Zygospores were produced on Samples were taken weekly for seven months and observed, acidified potato-dextrose agar. Strips of agar with by microscope to determine species presence and popula- .zygosporemasses up were placed on top of sterile tion densities. There was a distinct pattern of suc- filter papers in petri dishes at rocm temperature cession. Protostelium mycophaga is a pioneer species. (23 _t: 1 C). The tops of the petri dishes were offset --P. irre~ul'arispopulation stayed fairly constant 1 cm to allow slow drying for 5 days. Once dried, the throughout the study. Six other species. ~rimarilv agar strips with zygospores were washed with sterile . . -~chizoplasrnodium cakostelioides and Endostelium " water to remove contaminating sporangiospores. Excess --zonatum, appeared during the fifth week. The popula- water was removed with paper towels and the agar tions of these later species persisted and inc;eased as strips incubated at room temperature in the same the study progressed. Further study on other sub- closed petri dish. Zygospores germinated in 2-3 days strates should reveal if the succession of protostelids at 23 C and germination continued when transferred at is a general phenomenon on decaying plant parts. 0 C. The majority (>95%) of germinated zygospores developed only one gem-sporangiophore. although a few C. W. MIMS, E. S. LUTTRELL and S. C. ALDERMAN. zygospores with two germ-sporangiophores were noted. Department of Plant Pathology, University of Of the gem-sporangia tested. 95.6% yielded only + Georgia, Athens, GA 30602. Ultrastructure of the mating type germ-sporangiospores. 2.2% yielded only - haustoria of Cercosporidium personatum. mating type germ-sporangiospores, and 2.2% yielded both types. Zygospores produced on peach and Scanning and transmission electron microscopy were nectarine fruits artificially inoculated with fungal used to examine haustoria of Cercosporidium spores germinated and produced germ-sporangia of the + personatum, the cause of late leaf spot of peanut. (95.8%) and only one of the - (4.2%) mating type. In These highly branched, irregularly septate, and orchard surveys. in the Hood River Valley in Oregon. multinucleate structures were found in epidermal, zygospores were found in 1.6% of the pear fruit palisade, and spongy mesophyll cells of infected infected naturally by l4ucor piriformis. The leaves. At the site of host cell penetration, significance of these findings in the ecology and haustorium diameter was the same or slightly less epidemiology of _M. piriformis will be discussed. than that of an intercellular hypha of this fungus. No collar of host cell wall material was observed Milgrim, C., see Ullrich, R. C., et. al. at the penetration site. Haustorial branches 0. K. MILLER. Biology, VPI & SU, Blacksburg, VA 24061. terminated in host cells and were initially The formulation of species concepts in the Agaricales. separated from host cytoplasm by an extra-haustorial membrane. Host cells containing haustoria eventually Traditional morphological characters have been used to died although haustoria remained intact and appeared form the agaric species cop~ept. These include spore healthy even in cells whose cytoplasmic and nuclear size, shape, color, as well as pileipellus and tramal. contents had disintegrated. At this point it appears morphology, cystidia, macromorphology, growth habit, that the haustoria of C. personatum are and substrate preference. More recently spores and morphologically distinct from those produced by other morphological characters have been studied in members of other major groups of plant pathogenic detail by the recent increased use of SEM. & TEM fungi . microscopy. In vitro and in vivo studies of basidiome C. W. MIMS and E. A. RICHARDSON. Department of development have traced the ontogeny of tissues. The Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA phenotypic variability of color, microchemical 30602. Ultrastructure of appressorium development reactions and morphological features have been shown by in the haploid phase of Gymnosporangium Juniperi- a wide range of fruiting experiments. Chemical virginianae. analyses have revealed the existence of common extra metabolites shared by taxa with similar morphological When incubated on moist dialysis membrane basidio- features. Population studies have employed mating spores of G. juniperi-virginianae either germinated campatibility, coupled with mycorrhizal synthesis, by repetition to produce secondary spores or gave laccase enzyme systems, cultural descriptions of the rise to germ tubes that formed appressoria when anamorph, alloiyme patterns, and DNA hybridization in their tips contacted the dialysis membrane. In this order to study.closely related taxa. These methods study appressorium development was studied using have provided a basis,on which to examine similarities freeze-substitution fixation and transmission and differences at the species o'r subspecies l'e\iel. A electron microscopy. A slender germ tube emerged fuller knowledge of thk phenotypic expression of the from the side of a spore and grew down toward the membrane. Small vesicles, Golgi bodies and micro- Cystesia differentiate in response to a contact tubules were prominent in the germ tube. When the stimulus from a cystidium; basidia and cystidia tip of the germ tube contacted the membrane it. differentiate from the tips of branches arising from expanded to form a large appressorium that became tramal hyphae. Paraphyses arise as branches of sub- closely appressed to the membrane. Copious amounts basidial cells. Of these four differentiated cell of electron-dense, flbrous material thought to be types, only basidia are committed to their particular an adhesive substance coated the germ tube and pathway of differentiation. On explantation to agar 2ppressorium and spread down from the appressorium medium, paraphyses and cystidia revert to vegatative onto the membrane. Appressoria contained numerous hyphal growth wereas basidia do not. Depending on mitochondria, microbodies, multivesicular bodies, the stage of meiosis reached at the time of Golgi bodies and vesicles, strands of ER and explantation, basidia are able to continue their vacuolar elements. Eventually a zone devoid of development and complete the sporulation process &I larger organelles developed at the tip of the -vitro. Refinement of the in vitro method has produced appressorium. Considerable vesicular activity was a bioassay for the effects of various chemicals on noted in this region. The wall of the appressorium developing hymenia. Results obtained with the &I appressed against the membrane became extremely -vitro assay system will be described and their thin. Eventually the appressorium deposited a saucer- relevance to the control of basidium differentiation shaped pad of material between its plasma membrane discussed. and the dialysis membrane. Muehlstein, L. K., see Porter, D. SUSAN B. MITCHELL. Dept. of Biology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208. Ultrastructural Mueller, G. J., see Rogers, S. O., et. al. features of a pigment producing species of Trichoderma Pers. ex Fr. G. M. MUELLER. Dept. of Botany, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL The fine structure of vegetative mycelia of a pigment 60605-2496. Laccaria in northern South producing specimen of Trichoderma has been investi- America. gated by the standard techniques of transmission electron microscopy. Walls, septa1 structures,nuclei, At least six species of Laccaria have been mitochondria, vacuoles, opaque bodies, plasmalemma- collected in northern South America. somes, lomasomes, and possible Golgi apparatus have Probably the only native species of been described and discussed. Laccaria in the area are L. amethvstea (Bull.) Murrill, &. gomezii Em. prov., Possible developmental features of lomasomes and func- -L. laccata (Scop.: Fr.) Berk. & Br., and, tional relationships of ultrastructural entities to if recognized as a distinct species, L. the secretory process were considered. The associa- tetraspora Sing. ; all found growing undhymenium morphogenesis in Coprinus cinereus: nearest neighbors in tree-building analyses vary ammonium and glutamine inhibit sporulation. somewhat depending on the method employed. 2. As has now been found for certain insects, mammals The hymenium of Coprinus cinereus is comprised of four and amphibians, there is some evidence that among very distinct differentiated cell types: basidia (the strains of Nsuros~oramitochondrial genomes and nuclear meiocytes), paraphyses, cystidia and cystesia. genomes may have different evolutionary histories. 42 3. Restriction analysis employing anonymous cloned substratal stromatal species, Sclerotinia homeocarpa and nuclear DNA fragments in hybridization experiments Lambertella subrenispora, one sclerotial species, S. appears to be a valuable approach toward the rapid sclerotiorum, and one sclerotial anarnorph, Sclerotium acquisition and analysis of data for evolutionary ~evivorum, for the presence of these developmental studies of fungi. proteins. Total protein was exmcted from mycelia, sclerotial initials, and sclerotia or substratal stromata. Nelson, D., see Carreiro, M. M. One-dimensional SDS-PAGE revealed that all isolates S. Y. NEWELL. R. D. FALLON and T. L. ARSUFFI. examined produced at least one major protein of mol wt University of Georgia Marine Institute, Sapelo Island, 32-37 kda which comprised up to 45% of the total protein. GA 31327. A technique for determining fungal The protein was observed only from sclerotial and instantaneous growth rates in field samples. stromatal extracts and not from mycelial extracts. Intraspecific variation in the molecular weights of this The imperspicuity of the interiors of decaying-litter protein was not observed. A minor protein of mol wt 15- systems has hindered development of methods for follow- 17 kda, comprising up to 14% of the total protein was also ing dynamics of fungal production in decomposing produced by S. ~epivorum,Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, and S. material of vascular plants. It has been possible to homeocarua Compared with previously reported data for measure standing crop of fungal biovolume or mass in basidiomycetous sclerotia, molecular weights of these vascular-plant litter (direct microscopy ofhomogenates, proteins in the Sclerotiniaceae fall within a characteristic glucosamine, ergosterol, immunosorbent assay), but range. ,Structural and immunological relatedness of these there has been no method in mycology analogous to the proteins could prove to be taxonomically and tritiated-thymidine method of measuring bacterial pro- phylogenetically informative. ductivity. We are in the process of developing such a Novotny, C. P., see Buckner, B., et. al. radioisotopic technique, based on the incorporation of 1-"C sodium acetate into ergosterol (Ac-tERG). We now Novotny, C. P., see Ullrich, R. C., et. al. know that: a) Ac'ERG is saturated at 5-10 m?i Ac for both salt-marsh ascomycetes and dead leaves of marsh- F. OBERWINKLER & R. BAUER, Universitat Tubingen, grass (Spartina alterniflora); b) 5 mM Ac is not Institut fur Biologie I, Spezielle Rotanik, Auf der inhibitory to growth of salt-marsh nscomycetes in Morgenstelle 1, D-7400 Tubingen 1, W. Germany. extract of marshgrass leaves; c) Ac+ERG is constant The ultrastructure of mycoparasitic interactions in between 0.5-4h of incubation for dead leaves; d) pro- Heterobasidiomycetes. duction by salt-marsh bacterial assemblages does not interfere with the Ac'ERG technique; e) a conversion Species of mycoparasitic Heterobasidiomycetes are known factor (1.5-3.5, depending on species?) is necessary in the Auriculariales s. I., the Tremellales s. str., and the for calculation of fun a1 !.I from the measured rate of Filobasidiales. The ultrastructural characteristics of the ergosterol p based on '*C Ac incorporation. cellular interactions are discussed and interpreted NSF-OCE 8600293. comparatively. The tremelloid haustorium commonly initiates from a clamp and prolongs into a thread-like T. NIEMELX. Department of Botany, University of Helsinki filament which may attach to a host cell. The cellular hioninkatu 44, SF-00170 Helsinki, Finland. The divisioa connection between the parasite Platygloea peniophorae of the polypore genus Phellinus. and the host Hyphoderrna praetermissurn represents a hitherto unknown type of ultrastructural differentiation. J.L. FIASSON and T. NIEMELX presented (Karstenia 24, Cells of the parasite which attach to host cells form 1984) a framework for the division of Phellinus (Hymeno- distinct vesicular bodies with electron dense contents and chaetales) into more natural genera. Seven genera electron transparent marginal regions. The vesicular emerged from the European material. The new classifica- content is extruded through a break in the cell wall of the tion was predominantly based on biochemical differences, parasite and then interacts with the cell wall of the host. especially the presence of extractable styrylpyrones in the fruitbodies. Biological, macroscopical and micro- Oberwinkler, F., see Bauer, R., et. el. scopical characters were used as support. Most new pene-, ra are those earlier known as "species complexes": L.N. ONGAY-LARIOS. Institute de Investigaci6n en Bio- Fomitiporia is the former ''Phellinus robustus complex", logia txperimental , Facul tad de Quimica, Universidad Porodaedalea the "P. pini complex", Ochroporus the de Guanajuato. Apartado Postal 187, Guanajuato, Gto. igniarius complex", etc. 36000, M6x ico. Further evidence is now presented to encourage the ~nductionof microcycle phorogenesis in Mucor rouxii. division. Contrary to common belief, the species within these more natural Genera seem to be well-defined both A1 though germ-tube formation is the usual outcome of in their microscopy, ecology and other characters, if fungal spore germination, a1 ternative developments properly studied. However, the amount of species and are known. The inediate sporulation without or with their decisive microscopical characters are still fairly very limited vegetative development has been induced obscure in some inadequately studied groups, e.g. Poro- in several fungi. daedal.ea. The genera show separate patterns of micro- This study describes a cultivation system which scopical characters. Examples are presented on the induces the expression of microcycle phorogenesis in important microscopical differences between the genera; Mucor rouxi i . some characters (the hyphal system, setae, encrusted hvohae)". are comoared in detail. Some soecific microscoo- Direct sporangiophore production from spores in the ical differences within Porodaedalea and Ochroporus are absence of mycelial phase was obtained in Mucor discussed. rouxii by a two-step treatment. First the spores are incubated for 12-24h at 28OC in liquid culture media L.A. NOVAK and L.M. KOHN. Department of Botany, in the presence of 1,4-diamino-butanone (DAB). This University of Toronto, Erindale Campus, Mississauga, treatment inhibits germ-tube formation but allows Ontario, Canada, L5L 1C6. spherical growth leading to the production of Electrophoretic analysis of major stromatal proteins in the enlarged cells. Then these enlarged cells are washeo Sclerotiniaceae. and transfered to 2% agar plates and incubated at room temperature for 36-48h. After this incubation Developmental storage proteins have been reported from period about 10% of the spores are able to directly sclerotia, but not from indeterminate or substratal produce sporangiophores without mycel ial phase. The stromata. Preliminary to comparative studies of these sporangiophores are similar to, but smaller than the proteins in the Sclerotiniaceae, we investigated two normal aerial sporangiophores. The average number of spores produced per sporangiophore is 14 against D. D. PERKINS and B. C. TURNER. Department of Biolog- several thousands spores produced in aerial ical Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford CA 94305. sporangiophores. The spores are the same size and Neuros~orain nature. shape than spores produced in aerial sporangiophores. If the spores are incubated in normal conditions Neuros~orapopulations are abundant in warm climates they are able to geminate, grow and differentiate and are readily sampled. Four heterothallic and one normal 1y . pseudohomothallic species are represented among >3600 conidiating strains from burned substrates at >500 Park, S. H., see Kim, B. K., et. al. sites worldwide. These species are similar in vegeta- tive appearance, karyotype, and mating-type alleles but Parrish, F. W.. see Wilfree, A. G., et. al. are reproductively isolated. Geographical ranges differ but overlap. - Populations are polymorphic for genes C.J. PAZUR and R.E. EDELMANN. Department of Botany crassa); and Plant Pathology, Michigan State University, East preventing heterokaryon formation (shown in N. Lansing, MI 48824. most colonies represent homokaryotic individuals from single heat-activated ascospores. Genetic variation .An ultrastructural study of the zone of interaction - in crassa and between vegetatively compatible and incompatible has been studied by us and others E. N. Jntermedia. Isozyme polymorphisms resemble those in isolates of Leucostoma persoonii (Nits. ) Hohn. outbreeding diploid organisms. DNA restriction fragment Mycel ial plugs of compatible and incdmpatibl e isolates length polymorphisms are abundant. Phase-specific re- of the anamorph of Leucostoma ersoonii(leucoc tas ora cessive genes that adversely affect the sexual diplo- leucostoma Sacc. ) were paired :n clarif iw phase are present at many loci. - Chromosomal Spore agar and grown at 20-22 C, in the dark, for 12 days. killer factors exert meiotic drive. - Mitochondria1 Vegetatively incompatible interactions resulted in the genomes differ in length mutations, nucleotide substi- formation of a darkened barrage zone with pycnidia at tutions, and presence of mitochondrial plasmids. In a the point of contact between the isolates. few strains senescence follows insertion of an element Compatible interactions remained light and did not into mitochondrial DNA. - The genus also contains true homothallic species, which are all aconidiate, suggest- form pycnidia as a result of contact. Agar sections of the zones of interaction were removed, fixed in 2% ing that the major role of conidia may be in fertili- zation. Heterothallic, homothallic and pseudohomothal- glutaraldehyde, 2.5% paraformaldehyde and 1%osmium lic species in the same genus permit comparing genetic tetroxide , and prepared for observation by scanning correlates of different life styles. - The large base and transmission electron microscopy. Both compatible of genetic cytological and molecular information; the and incompatible pairings resulted in anastomoses. ease of population sampling, preservation, and analy- Compatible isolates fused and continued to grow as sis; and the availability of a large existing culture they did prior to fusion, with hyphae submerged in the collection all recommend peuros~orafor ecological and agar. Incompatible is01ates produced aerial mycel ium evolutionary genetics. (Support: P.H.S. A1 01462) upon contact. Ana.stomosis between incompatible isolates resulted in death of adjacent hyphal Petersen, R. H., see Desjardin, D. E. cells beyond the point of fusion. Pycnidia formed 50 to 150 microns behind the aerial hyphae. Sections D. H. PFISTER. Harvard University Herbaria. 22 Divin- were examined to determine the extent of fusion and ity Avenue. Cambridge, MA 02138. Roland Thaxter: Arch- cytoplasmic exchange in both compatible and itect of a great collection. incompatible pairings. Thaxter played a major role in building the Harvard Pearson, S. L., see Tansey, H. R., et. al. cryptogamic collections. These collections were initi- ated by Asa Gray and consolidated and added to by W. G. M. PEDRAZA' and E . LOPEZ-ROMERO' 2. IIBE, Farlow's purchases and exchanges. Through Thaxter's Fac. de Quimica, Univ. de Guanajuato, own collecting activities and through the acquisitions Apdo. Postal 187, Guanajuato, Gto. 36000 he orchestrated, the Farlow Herbarium became a major, (1) and Depto. de Gengtica y Biologia Mole world-class collection. With financial support from cular, CINVESTAV del IPN, M6xico (2). Mrs. W. G. Farlow, he negotiated the acquisition of the Chi tinases in Mucor rouxii . following herbaria: Bucholtz, Burt, von HZihnel, Merrill, Patouillard, Thiessen, Fleischer, Schiffner, Maximum specific and total activity of and several small collections. Thaxter's own collect- chitinase in cell-free extracts from M. ions were always select and represented all groups of rouxii (mycelium) ocurred after 10 h and cryptogams. His trips to the Southeastern U.S., 12hf cell growth, respectively. southern South America, Trinidad, and Grenada resulted Expression of chitinase activity was in many valuable and interesting collections. paralleled by that of chitin synthetase. Chitinases in the cytosol were purified ?. C. -, of Biology, Texas A&M by a procedure involving a) salting-out University, College Station, TX 77843. Calcium ions as the trmdwtion signal for gamete with ammonium sulphate, b) gel filtration chemotaxis and c) ionic exchange in DEAE Bio-gel A. in Allcmrvces ma-. This procedure allowed us to separate two In the aquatic 8. has chitinases (I and 11) with different fungus macrawnus, it previcusly been Shawn that the sexual phemmone sirenin brings molecular weight and ionic charge. Both abart the attraction of the miorlyuniflagellate chitinases digested nascent chitin male the attrachnt-generathg preferentially over preformed chitin gametes to fenale oells. The plrpose of this study was to detemhe yielding diacetylchitobiose as the sole what tnnduction agent is reqonsible for genezathg product of hydrolysis. Antibodies raised the change in male gamete behavior. Experiments are against chitinase I1 did not crcssreact with reported whid~irdicate that the b-+of sirenin chitinase I indicating that the two enzymes triggers the influx of calcium ions (Ca ) into male are also immunologically distinct. The role gametes. the use of 45~a2+ s=vem~. of chitinolytic activity in fungal growth washing exprimehts, it is damsbated that initially and morphogenesis in currently under study there is a substantidl binding of the cation to the in our laboratory. cell surface. Haever! with the addition of sirenin there is a three-fold ~lx;reasein cellular radio- 44 activity aver that for male gametes incubated in Powell, M. J., see Sadowski, L. A. alcne. Addition sirenin washed cells 45~a2+ of to P.R. PRZYBYLOWICZ and J. D. DONOGH E. NW does not produce a change in matile behavior or NW stmate the release of detectable intracellular Ca2+ Mycological Consultants, Inc.. 702 4% St.. stores. Several additional experiments using Corvallis, OR 97330. Cropping characteristics of vtitive ions (CB2+, ~i~+,and La3+), antibiotics two Lentinula edodes strains on different media (necanycin), and calcium chamel blockers (verapamil, related to strain selection and production. nifedi ine) prcnride further evidence for the presence ot -2F ctmm21s in the plasma membrane of the male Two strains of Lentinula edodes were grown on game-. different sawdust media and observed through cropping. The size and number of primordia. Pommerville, J. C., see Aliaga, G. R. number and weight of mushrooms were Pommerville, J. C., see Sewall, T. C. recorded. Moisture contents of the fresh mushrooms were calculated. Effects of strain Poppa, V. V., see Ellzey, J. T., et. al. and media on biological efficiency, yield and D. PORTER & L. K. MUEHLSTEIN. Botany Department, cropping pattern were examined. The enriched University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602. Tcward a medium increased yield and biological monograph of the marine slime mold genus Labyrinthula. efficiency, but had higher contaminant populations. Cropping pattern was influenced by With the recent demonstration that a species of Labyr- inthula is the causative agent of the wasting disease primordia size which was strain-dependent. of eelgrass, Zostera marina, it has become essential The number of aborted primordia and the to be able to identify and distinguish the various mushroom moisture content were also species of this common genus of marine protists. strain-dependent. These characteristics relate Since the genus was first described by Cienkowski in to management practices and selection of 1867 there have been more than 15 separate species strains for maximum productivity. named; unfortunately only one has been described from axenic culture. Olive (1975) suggested recognition of P.J. PUKKILA. Department of Biology and Curriculum eight species of Labyrinthula, but even among these it in Genetics, U. North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N.C. has been nearly impossible to assign existing pure 27514. DNA methylation in C- -. cultured isolates of Labyrinthula to previously de- scribed species. Our approach to the taxonomy of We have shown previously that methylated DNA tracts Labyrinthula involves collection, uniform culture con- at a centromere linked sequence are transmitted ditions, storage, description and comparison. We have through meiosis, although variations in the number more than 120 isolates of the genus from both the of adjacent methylated sites were observed (Zolan Atlantic and Pacific coasts of North America and the and Pukkila, Molecular and Cellular Biology 6, Caribbean. They are maintained in monoxenic culture 195-200, 1986). This variation was not specific to with a yeast as a food source. Long tern storage is any particular phase of the sexual cycle, as the by cryopreservation in liquid nitrogen. The morpho- gains or losses of methylation were observed at a logical parameters that are presently being analyzed similar frequency in monokaryotic isolates with include cell size and shape, cell inclusions, colony three developmental histories: those derived from growth pattern, colony pigmentation, substrate and meiotic products, those derived from non-meiotic developmental stages. Thus far none of the approxi- veil cells that cover the fruiting bodies, and mately 10 different species that we have in uniform those derived from monokaryons. culture conditions are clearly assignable to existing species. We have also examined DNA methylation at a locus of known function. The ACU 7 gene (encoding ---Martha J. Powell and THERESE HEYBURN. Department of isocitrate lyase) is normally not methylated. Botany, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056. Following targeted gene disruption, a low level of Is Zoophagus an assemblage with diverse affinities? methylation was detected. Since most cells appear to remain unmethylated, it seems unlikely that The rotifer capturing fuGgus, Zoophagus, is assigned methylation has a causal role in inactivating gene to the Peronosporales because descriptions of expression in these Acu- transformants. zoospore discharge resemble those for Pythium. In some isolates of this genus, however, zoospores are N. B. RATU, Department of Biological Sciences, not produced, but only fusiform gemmae that resemble Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305. Sexual conidia or cylindrical sporangiola. This situation development mutants of ~~u~oSDO~~crassa. led Sparrow to suggest that there are "several distinct fungi, alike in their vegetative stage and Over 200 mutant genes that affect the sexual cycle of capturing organs, but differing in their nonsexual --N. crassa have been identified. These include mutants reproductive structures." Thus the oomycetous with inactive mating type, mutants that are male- or affinity of Zoophagus isolates which produce gemmae is female-sterile, and mutants that affect perithecial or questionable. Certain cytological features aid in ascus development, meiosis, postmeiotic mitosis, and distinguishing Oomycetes from higher fungi. ascospore genesis or development. Some mutants are Consequently for a gemmae-producing isolate of pleiotropic, affecting sexua1.a~well as ve fietative Zoophagus, we have used conventional fixation and phases. The mating type mutants (except ad) are quick-freeze preparative techniques to examine completely sterile both as male and as female parents. ultrastructure of: 1. mitochondria1 cristae; Many mutants that affect post-fertilization develop- 2. storage carbohydrates; 3. Golgi apparatus or Golgi ment produce normal-sized perithecia, but these are equivalents; 4. nuclear associated organelles; often barren. Some mutants show dramatic effects on 5. hyphal apices and 6. septa. This study will ascus or ascospore development. For example, giant elucidate whether or not some isolates which resemble spore (u).Banana (Ban) and Perforated (Prf) result Zoophagus have taxonomic affinites other than with in giant ascospores which often enclose all four Oomycetes. products of meiosis and their mitotic derivatives. Prf asci also have multiple apical pores rather than Powell, M. J., see Lehnen, Jr., L. P. the normal single pore. Some croziers of Ban and Prf become highly multinucleate. The conditional mutants Powell, M. J., see Roychoudhury, S., et. al. and FsD-2 skip a postmeiotic mitosis and produce four-spored asci at restrictive temperature. Spore Richardson, E. A., see Mims, C. W. killer strains show meiotic drive, causing the death of ascospores not carrying the killer allele. Many Rinaldi, K. G., see Dykstra, M. J., et. al. other mutants affect ascus or ascospore shape and pig- mentation, perithecial development, or ascospore dis- Roberson, R. W., see Fuller, M. S. charge. Most of the known Neurosuora mutants affect- R. W. ROBERSON and M. S. FULLER. Botany Department, University of ing sexual development represent mutations in distinct Georgia, Athens. GA 30602. Ultrastruculral examination of hyphal tip cells of genes. Thus the total number of genes required for Sclerotiwn rorfsii fixed by freeze-substitution. normal sexual development must be much greater than 200. (Support: U.S.P.H.S. A1 01462). The hyphal tip cell of Sclerotiwn rofsii was studied after fixation by freeze S.A. REDHEAD. Biosystematics Research Centre. substitution. The cytoplasm of the tip cell was highly polarized with a dense Agriculture Canada. Ottawa. Ont., KIA OC6. cluser of apical vesicles and microvesicles in the apex of the hypha th;u repre A biogeographical overview of the Canadian mushroom sented the Spitzenkorper. and a general parallel orientation of subapical organelles flora. along the longitudinal axis of the growing hypha Microvesicles were mostly concenwted at the center of the Spitzenkorper and were arranged in discrete, The Canadian mushroom flora will be shown to be linear rows. Membrane-bound apical vesicles contained a finely granular matrix composed of numerous elements exhibiting and were divided into two groups based on their electron opacities. Filasomes were present in both the apical and subapical regions of the hypha and were distributional patterns similar to those of vascular mostly located in peripheral regions of the cytoplasm. Micmtubules were plants, lichens, bryophytes, and various animal observed in all regions of the hypha Microfdaments were closely associated with groups. Circumpolar (High Arctic, Arctic/alpine, apical vesicles and microvesicles in the Spitzenkorper. S. rorfsii had an elaborate Bipolar), Circu~nboreal (Taiga, Hardwood forest. vacuolar system that contained spherical inclusions of various sizes and electron Bicoastal), Boreal Endemic, Bicoastal Endemic. opacities embedded in a fmely granular ground matrix. Golgi body equivalents Western Cordilleran Endemic, Eastern Deciduous Forest were identified as enlarged cisternae of varying shapes, sizes, and electron Endemic. East Coast Plain Endemic, Amphi-Beringian opacities. Mitochondria were present throughout the subapical region. Ribo- (Eurasian/Western Cordillera, Asian/Western somes were often aligned along the ouw cytoplasmic surfaces of the mimchon- Cordillera, Asian/West Coast), European/Uest Coast, dria. Amphi-Atlantic (European/East Coast, European/Boreal), hnphi-Pacific (Asian/Great Lakes or mROBISON.JAMES B. ANDERSON, and PAUL A. Coastal Plain, South Pacific/Great Lakes, HORGEN, Mushroom Research Group, Centre for Plant Gondwanaland/West Coast). Pantropical/Eastern Biotechnology, Department of Botany, University of Toronto. Deciduous Forest, and Continental/Wediterranean Erindale Campus, Mississauga, Ontario. DNA Sequence Analysis elements all appear to be represented in Canada. of Agaricrcr Mitochondria1Plasrnids. Progress in mapping representative species will be discussed. Two cloned inner hagmenu of the mitochondrial plasmid, pEM, found in Agmicus biwrquis strains Ag4 and Ag47, possess homology to regions of the S.A. REHNER Department of Botany, University of mitochondrial genomes of other A. birorquis saains and the commercial Washington, Seattle, WA 98195. Phy 1ogenetic mushroom Agaricus bisporus (=brunnescens).These fragments totalling 4.5 kb relationships of evelate species of A roc be with in length and representing 60% of the en& plasmid, have been sequenced. A unifactorial mating systems as infer* rDNA 3.5 kb portion of the A. bisporus mitochondd genome possessing homology restriction maps. to both pEM fragments is being sequenced. Several smaller, discrete fragments of the mitochondrial genome of a related, non-plasmid-containingA. bitorquis Evolutionary re1ationships among selected taxa of the strain, that also show homology to pEM. have been cloned. Sequence comparisons may elucidate Ihe insertionJdeletionhistory of the mitochondrial genus A roc be (Bolbi t iaceae, Agarical es) have been genome and thus the evolutionary relatedness of plasmid and mitochondrial invest-rough cladistic analysis of restriction DNAs. endonucl ease maps of the nuclear ribosomal gene repeats. Six taxa, currently assigned to either Rodrigues, K. F., see Samuels, G. J. sections Pediadeae or Micros orae share several morphological and 1ifehiracteristics in Roelfs, A. P., see Groth, J. V., et. al. comnon including: small statured basidiocarps, absence of a partial veil, occurrence in grassland habitats, Rogers, A. L.. see Hospenthal, D. R., et. al. basidiospore length exceeding 10 ~m and a bipolar Rogers. J. D., see Callan, B. E. heterothal 1 ic mating system. To distinguish the alternatives that some or a1 1 of these taxa acquired S.O. ROGERS, G.J. MUELLER and J.F. AMMIRATI, this suite of characters independently or as a Department of Botany, and C. BLEDSOE, Col lege of consequence of common ancestry, restriction maps Forest Resources, University of Washington, Seattle, utilizing 19 restriction enzymes were constructed, WA 98195. a1 1igned and subjected to cladistic analysis. From ~dentificationof ectomycorrhizal fungi using the results of the cladistic analysis it can be ribosomal DNA (rDNA) hybridization. inferred that the group is monophyletic. The evolutionary re1ationships among these taxa will be Fungi which form ectomycorrhizae with conifers and out1 ined and the patterns and trends in character other woody plants often are difficult, if not evolution wi 11 be discussed. impossible, to identify in the absence of basidiocarps. Even when basidiocarps are found DON R. REYNOLDS. Natural History Museum of Los "associated" with a particul ar plant, it may be hard Angeles County, 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los to determine that its mycelium is connected to the Angeles, California 90007. Loculoascom ycetes emend. roots of the host. DNA extraction and hybridization techniques are employed that provide for an Ascomycete classification based on the ascus identification of these fungi from fresh and dried requirement in the loculoascomycete paradigm is basidiocarps, cultured mycel ia, and ectomycorrhizal reexamined. Character Compatibility Analysis is used roots. Southern hybridizations using a rDNA probe to generate a most convex clade for representative indicate that the rDNA hybridization pattern is families. The character suite utilized includes constant for a species during a1 1 assayed stages of traditional ascocarp and centrum traits and several the 1ife cycle. Individuals of the same species at ascostromatal ascus types. The bitunicate ascus sensu different locations appear to exhibit identical lato is scored as a nonpolarized multistate series hybridization patterns. However, the hybridization =responding to fissitunicate, semifissitunicate, and patterns of different genera, and species of the same rostrate dehiscence. Corresponding monophyletic and genus, often exhibit differences from one another. paraphyletic taxonomies are outlined. Thus, identification of a species from fresh, and in 46 many instances dried bas isiocarps, mycel ia and SONALI ROYCHOUDHURY, MARTHA J. POWELL, and ectomycorrhizal roots is possible using this WILL H. BLACKWELL. Department of Botany, Miami technique. University, Oxford, OH 45056. Parsimony analysis of the phylogeny of Chytridiomycetes using -, . R. KLUSON, AND 9. GLIESSMAN. ultrastructural characters. Agroecology Program, University of California, Santa Cruz 95064. Variation in the level of Study of the ultrastructure of the zoospore has vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) contributed to hypothetical reconstruction of the formation in ~e01~vith cropping phylogeny of the Chytridiomycetes. Phenetic studies system, level of fertilization, and bean have only recently been applied to quantify the cultivar in a tropical Andept soil. degree of similarity of members of this class. The resulting phenogram has been compared to the existing A traditional, slash mulch and a conventional, classification system. No cladistic study, however, clean cultivation cropping system for the has been applied to the group. The present study production of black bean, ~eolus remedies this deficiency by using parsimony cv. 'chimbolo* vere compared in a high techniques to develop plausible hypotheses of the elevation, phosphorus-fixing Andept soil. In a evolutionary history of the taxa comprising the slash mulch system the seeds are broadcast Chytridiomycetes. This cladistic analysis has been into second growth vegetation, vhich is then conducted to expand earlier phenetic studies in order cut dovn to form a mulch through vhich the to obtain a better understanding of the relationships bean seedling emerges. Within the clean of the members of this group. Taxonomic implications cultivation system, six levels of 10(N)- of these analyses and comparison of methods and 30(P)-10(K)-10(S) fertilizer vere applied and results are discussed. We have attempted to =rive for both systems the following parameters in 5 at a consistent and logically satisfying scoring replications vere determined: percent method to yield a single most parsimonious tree. mycorrhiza formation, dry veight blomass of nodules, root, top, and seed yield. Though E. RuIZ-FLORES', E. LOPEZ-ROMERO1 y2, A. FLORES- biomass of nodule, root and shoot peaked at CARREON1,2 and J. F. GUTIERREZ-CORONA1. Instituto de 975 kg/ ha fertilizer, seed yield continued to Investigaci6n en Biologia Experimental, Fac. deguimica increase. VAM fungal infection remained Universidad de Guanajuato. Apartado Postal 187, Guana uniformly high throughout conventional and juato, Gto. 36000, Mexico. (1) and Departamento deGene slash mulch treatments. Four indeterminate, tica y Biologia Molecular, CINVESTAV del IPN; Mexico, traditional, dry bean varieties and tvo D.F. (2). Altered expression of chitin synthetase determinate wmodernm, fresh pod varieties vere activity in a developmental mutant of Phycomyces. compared in 3 replications vith respect to level of VAM, dry veight of nodules, root, top In germinating spores from wild-type Ph com ces and green pod fresh veight. Implications in blakesleeanus cell wall composition s+ ifts from a the development of inoculum production glucose-type polymer (dormant spore wall ) to a chitin- programs vill be discussed. 1ike polymer (vegetative mycelium wall). Chitin synthetase activity has been undetectable in extracts I. K. ROSS, L. H. FOSTER, AND A. BILLIN. prepared from dormant spores, but becomes detectable Dept. of Biological Sciences, University of and increases after 4h of germination. California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106. Induced We found that the developmental mutant S356 of extracellular secretion of a membrane-assoc- Ph com ces, which is affected in the pattern of iated phenoloxidase of Coprinus congregatus -+Isporangiop ore production, makes spores which stain in high proportion with Cal cofluor-white. Protease- We have previously shown that a laccase-type activated extracts from S356-derived dormant spores phenoloxidase located in growing hyphal tips showed a much higher chitin synthetase activity than of C, congregsus is associated with the that found in spores from the wild-type strains C5 and plasma membrane and is not secreted into the NRRL1555. In extracts of the mutant strain, but not in medium under normal growth conditions. We those from the wild-type strains, chitin synthetase have found that we can induce the mycelium to activity could be detected without exogenous secrete extracellular phenoloxidase i.n large proteolytic activation. Such high chitin synthetase amounts. On non-denaturing acry lamide gels activity in the mutant extracts was not affected by a the extracellular enzyme appears to be the mixture of' protease inhibitors. Chemical analysis of same as the membrane-associated one. From the cell walls of spores from the mutant and the wild- silver stained denaturing gels we have deter- types revealed that there were not differences in the mined that only this enzyme is secreted. The chitin and chitosan content, though the mutant cell phenoloxidase is secreted under conc:itions walls contained significantly higher amounts of that cause total cessation of growth [elong- protein and uronic acids. Results are discussed in ation) but not protein synthesis. Confron- relation to themechanismof regulation of chitin tation with a species of Penicillium that synthetase and development in this organism. causes total inhibition of growth of C. con- gregatus results in copious secretion of the -J. RUIZ-HERRERA. Centro de ~nvestigacibny Estudios phenoloxidase as an extracellular enzyme. Avanzados and Universidad de Guanajuato. P.O. Box Lowering the pH to 3.5-4.5 in the presence of 187. Guanajuato, Gto. 36000. ~Gxico. Role of small oligosaccharides also causes growth calcium and proton currents in wall growth. inhibition and enzyme secretion. Such secre- tion can continue for at least a week in the It is characteristic of filamentous fungi to accmu- absence of any visible growth. Any change in late a great nunber of apical microvesicles. conditions that permits the slightest growth Considered to be the equivalent of the "Spitzenkorper" cuts of the phenoloxidase secretion and the it is generally assumed that they are responsible'for enzyme becomes an intracellular membrane fungal apical growth. The mechanisms involved in ves- associated one. icle migration are open to discussion. In order to gain information on the mechanisms involved in the ROSS. I. K., see Kerrigan, R. W. process, we studied the effect of numerous inhibitors affecting different cellular functions on chitin bi- 47 osynthesis in vivo by Phycornyces germlings. Of -M. manhattensis. This suggests the possibility that these, only%~lcium ionophore A 23187 blocked intracellular bacteria are a consistent, general almost imnediately and specifically the process. This feature of Nephromvces, and broadens the possible inhibition was not due to exhaustion of substrate nor taxonomic, metabolic and ecological dimensions of interference with chitin synthetase biosynthesis or the Nephromyces-molgulid symbiosis. The possible activity, and was not reversed by calciun addition. role of symbiotic bacteria in Nephromyces' striking Secretion of invertase, a cell wall-bound glycopro- urate oxidase activity will be discussed. tein was equally affected by the ionophore. Electron microscopical observation revealed that the nunber of Salkin, I. F., see Dykstra, M. J., et. al. apical vesicles in ionophore-treated cells was severe- G. J. SAMUELS and K. F .RODRIGUES. New York ly reduced compared to controls. These observation Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY 10458. Relationships of suggest that the ionophore behaving as a an- c~*+/H+ Batistia (Ascomycetes) tiporter destroys the ca2+ gradient and/or interferes . with H+ currents, thus affecting vesicle migration Batistia annulipes is an ascomycete that is and biosynthesis. They are also evidence for the virtually impossible to misidentify yet the short half life of chitin synthetase --in vitro, re- individual characters that it presents are so highly quired to sustain apical growth. generalized that it is impossible to convincingly place it into an order. Colonies derived from single L.A. SADOWSKI and M.J. POWELL. Department f ascospores of B. annulipes were black and produced University Oxford OH. 45058 ncterizationkthe fZ-bodies of. dark, Phialophora- or Chloridium-like phialides from secondary zoospores of Aphanomyces euteiches. which unicellular conidia were produced in slimy chains. Ultimately conidiomata that mimicked the The secondary zoospore of the oomycete teleomorph formed in culture. Identical conidiomata Aphanomyces serves as an important means of were found in nature associated with ascomata of B. dispersal for this organism, yet the function annulipes. Phialides and conidia identical to those of many of its organelles remains unknown. in culture formed on the capitulum of the conidioma. One such organelle in saprolegniaceous fungi These conidiomata are identified as Acrostroma is the kinetosome-associated organelle termed annellosynnema. The formation of phialides excludes the K-body. Previous work on the K-body in Batistia from the Xylariales. The Pyrenomycete order Saprolegnia suggests a role in adhesion of with the largest concentration of species that have cysts to the substrate. In a portion of the similar phialides, black ascomata, and brown ascospores matrix, the tubule filled cavity, is the Sordariales. Batistia is accordingly assigned carbohydrates have been localized cyto- to that order. Batistia is not considered to be chemically; and hence, this portion of the related to Cephalotheca in spite of its cephalothecoid organelle contains material thought to be peridium. Because Batistia does not appear to have any used in adhesion. Unlike the K-body in close relatives, we refer it to its own family in the Saprolegnia, the K-body of Aphanomyces is Sordariales. composed almost entirely of tubules with a slightly different structure from those seen Sanchez. Y., see Ellzey, J. T., et. al. in Saprolegnia. The purpose of this study is to use the silver methenamine technique to SEU(ER. EDWARD B. CAMBARERI, PHIUP W. GARRETT, detect possible sites of carbohydrates in the KENNETH R. HAACK, ERIC FOSS and BRYAN C. JENSEN, Institute of K-body of Aphanomyces in an initial attempt Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403 to determine if K-bodies in these two genera U.S.A. DNA methylation and control of genome organization in are functionally homologous. Fine structure Neuroswra- and composition of the K-body in Aphanomyces We have found that a novel genetic mechanism, operating in euteiches will be described and possible the period between fertilization and karyogamy, recognizes functional correlations will be discussed. duplicated chromosomal segments and alters them. he mechanism efficientlv inactivates both co~iesof du~licatedaenes. At the DNA M.B. SAFFO. Institute of Marine Sciences, University level, the position of restriction sites change &d cytosines in the of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064. Symbiosis duplicated region typically become methylated. The existence of within a symbiosis: the funguslike protist this process, termed "RIP" (rearrangement induced Nephromyces contains intracellular bacteria. premeiotically), was discovered by studying the fate of transforming DNA through a cross. Sequences already represented Nephromyces, a protist of uncertain taxonomic in the host became altered at extremely high frequencies. Both affinities, inhabits the ductless "renal sac" of elements of the duplication, that from the transforming DNA and molgulid tunicates (phylum Chordata). The that from the host, became rearranged, whether or not they were consistency of the association suggests that this linked. Unique sequences were left unaltered. Recent results symbiosis may be a mutualism. In at least some confirm that "RIPing" is triggered by sequence duplications. The molgulid species, however, the symbiosis involves a RIP process does not depend on foreign (i.e. non-Neurospora) third taxon as well. Electron microscopy indicates sequences. On the other hand, foreign sequences are not immune to the presence in Nephromyces of intracellular the process. Nevertheless, exceptional sequences exist, such as inclusions of prokaryote morphology. They are rRNA genes, which are not normally subject to RIPing. especially conspicuous in the trophic (filamentous) A variety of chromosomal rearrangements have the effect of stages of Nephromyces, but are also present in creating duplications, either immediately, or after recombination reproductive stages. DAPI and mithramycin stains involving parental and rearranged chromosomes. We suggest that confirm the presence of DNA in the inclusions; the RIP process may serve to maintain the gross organization of differential staining patterns suggest that the DNA the genome. In addition, RlPing could contribute diversity to the content of the inclusions differs qualitatively from process of evolution. As part of our broader studies on DNA that of either the nuclei or mitochondria of methylation in Neurospora, we are currently investigating the Nephromyces itself. Based on the presence of DNA, basis of the apparent association between methylation and seqlience and on their strong ultrastructural resemblance to alterations in the RIP process. gram-negative bacteria, these inclusions are identified as bacteria. T.C. SEWALL and J.C. POMMERVILLE. Department of Bacteria have been found thus far in Nephromyces Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX isolated from Molgula occidentalis, and from both 77843. Gametogenesis in Allomyces macrogynus. field-collected and laboratory-raised populations of Gametogenesis in the Chytridiomycete Allomyces macro- hypomelanosis or amelanosis (leucoderma) in humans occurs by the sequential formation of flagella, inhabiting conditions undermaximum atmospheric room -cleavage furrows, and the nuclear cap resulting in temperature 30-48OC and other environmental pressure uninucleate, uniflagellate gametes. Gamete cleavage in the region. The temperature, nutritional and requires the formation of a gamete plasma membrane chemotaxonomic studies of different mesophilic, and a nuclear cap membrane, the origins of which are thermotolerant, thermophilic species belonging to the obscure as A. macrogynus lacks the stacked Golgi same genus of fungi may lead to both the melanization complex responsible for cleavage membrane formation and loss of pigmentation in warm blooded man and in other zoosporic fungi. We demonstrated ultrastruc- animal life subjected to unfavourable conditions in turally that cleavage furrow formation was virtually the environment. complete within the first 25 minutes of gametogenesis. When the Golgi complex inhibitor, monensin, was added -A. J. SKARSHAUG and R. T. HANLIN. Dept. of Plant during gametogenesis, cytoplasmic cleavage was disrup- Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602. ted but not nuclear cap formation. In addition, Developmental studies in Phyllachora maydis. nuclear cap membranes but not cleavage furrows were stained in induced gametangia that were impregnated Phyllachora maydis, a foliar pathogen of Zea mays, is . with zinc iodide-osmium tetroxide, an ER-specific a tropical member of the Phyllachorales. Initial stain. This indicated that only the nuclear cap mem- stages of perithecium development occur in the meso- brane was derived from the ER and that cleavage phyll parenchyma of the host. Development in P. w- furrows originated from Golgi cisternae. To determine -dis begins with a deeply staining ascogonium followed if non-stacked Golgi cisternae were present, sub- by the appearance of a coil. The coil is surrounded cellular components of vegetative hyphae and by enveloping hyphae that form the perithecial wall. gametangia were fractionated on sucrose density Centrum development proceeds with the growth of par- gradients and analyzed for marker enzymes and glyco- aphyses which fill the centrum. No pseudoparenchymat- proteins. Marker activities of Golgi and ER membranes ous cells were observed. The ascogenous hyphal were found at separate buoyant densities which corre- system forms a basal hymenium. Asci grow up among the sponded to known values for Golgi and ER from other paraphyses, which persist to maturity. An ostiole systems. A. macrogynus, then, does appear to contain develops in a lysogenous manner, lined with periphyses. non-stackz Golgi cisternae which are the probable Centrum development is of the Xylaria-type. origin of new gamete plasma membrane formed during Smalley, E. B., see Chen, M. M. gametogenesis. M. L. SMITH and J. B. ANDERSON. Department of Shamsai, R., see Tansey, M. R., et. al. Botany, Erindale College, University of Toronto, C. A. SHEARER. Department of Plant Biology, Mississauga. Ontario, Canada, L5L 1C6. Identification of University of Illinois. 289 Morrill Hall, 505 S. biological species of Armillaria with mitochondrial DNA Goodwin Ave.. Urbana, IL 61801. Pseudohalonectria restriction fragment length polymorphisms. (Lasiosphaeriaceae). an antagonistic genus from wood in freshwater. Members of the genus Annillaria are important root pathogens occurring on a wide variety of host plants. Pseudohalonectria Minoura & Muroi was established Through mating tests it is known that Annillaria is in 1978 for P. lignicola, an ascomycete found on comprised of several intersterile groups or biological species. balsa wood submerged in a Japanese lake. In this study, restriction fragment panems were assayed by Pseudohalonectria lignicola and five new species of Southern hybridizations of wholecell DNAs with Pseudohalonectria have been isolated from wood in radiolabelled mitochondrial DNA and with cloned freshwater and are able to complete their life mitochondrial DNA fragments from one isolate of biological cycles in axenic culture. These fungi are species I. UPGMA (Unweighted Pair-Group Method using described and illustrated. All six species are Arithmetic means) cluster analysis of the fragment patterns similar in overall morphology and produce bright consistently recognized the biological species as distinct. In yellow to brownish perithecia, asci with all isolates tested, the biological species could be identified thimble-shaped apical apparatuses, long, septate. by mitochondrial DNA restriction fragment patterns. We are tapering paraphyses and hyaline, phragmosporous now using restriction fragment length polymorphisms to ascospores. All of the species produce yellow examine mitochondrial inheritance in crosses, to compare the pigmented hyphae in culture, stain wood on which distributions of mitochondrial and nuclear markers in natural they grow yellow, and produce soft-rot cavities in populations, and to infer phylogenetic relationships among balsa wood. All Pseudohalonectria species inhibit North American and European biological species with the hyphal growth of other filamentous fungi in outgroup comparisons. paired culture; there is, however, considerable variation among species in their susceptibility to KAREN SNETSELAAR and KENNETH 0. WHITNEY inhibition by other fungi. Department of Botany, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011. R. V. SHUKLA. Department of Botany, C.M.D. College, Mycorrhizal calcium oxalate in Monotropa uniflora Bilaspur, M.P., India, 495 001. Loss of pigmentation in fungi at high temperature. Light and scanning electron microscopy revealed crystalline deposits in mycorrhizal roots of Monotropa Korba, an industrial town in Bilaspur District of uniflora collected in Iowa., Polarization microscopy Madhya Pradesh, India is well known for abandoned demonstrated a conspicuous birefringent zone within coalfields and high atmospheric temperature. During the fungal mantle. Energy-dispersive x-ray investigations of thermophilic fungi, three melanin- microanalysis of individual crystals yielded emission deficient white strains derived from the blue green spectra with strong calcium peaks, and silver fungi Aspergillus fumigatus and Penicillium citrinum nitrate/dithiooxamide staining indicated that the and the black pigmented fungus Scytalidium thermo- crystals are composed of calcium oxalate. philum were collected from warm habitats of the coal mines. The constant high temperature and the pressure A1 though Monotropa mycorrhizae are unusual in the of organic matter in the mines considerably affect limited fungal penetration of host cortical cells and the pigment production in fungi. The above thermo- in the heterotrophic nutrition of the plant, the tolerant albino strains have been considered useful external fungal mantle is we1 1-developed and resembles to correlate and to concentrate over the disease that of many ectomycorrhizae. A number of ectomycorrhizal fungi produce calcium Experiments were conducted to examine the population dynamics oxalate in culture and in vivo. In the presence of of the bmadlv distributed vesicular-arbuscularmvcon-hizal high-cal ciuni substrates, mycorrhi zal forest trees have fungus ~lornkmosseae. Uniform garden studies, which have been shown to exhibit enhanced growth when compared to been widely used to clarify concepts of population differentiation similar, non-mycorrhizal trees. This suggests that and ecotypes in plants, were employed to determine if population fungal regulation of calcium may be an important variation in C.mosseae is the result of genetic differentiation or feature of mycorrhizal symbiosis. In Monotropa, the phenotypic plasticity. mycobiont appears to sequester calcium -- as calcium oxalate -- in a specific region of the fungal mantle. Isolntcs of this common mot cndophytc obtained from diverse Ilabitats in Arizona, Calif~nliaand Colorado were subjected to MITCHELL L. SOGIN. National Jewish Center for Immu- unirorm gardc.:stutlies in ~Iic Ikitl, grccnl~ouseand laboratory. nology and Respiratory Medicine, 1400 Jackson St., Both dircct observation; of the fwgi and Ihcir effects on host Denver, Colorado 80206. Evolutionary diversity within plant growlh and p!lysiology v:m uscd 19 asscss variation among the Fungi and their phylogenetic re1 ationships to the populations. other eukaryotes. Under identical cnvimnmental conditions, thc individual G. The phylogenetic relationships among representatives mosscae isolates diffcred in spore germination,hyphal growth, of several fungal lineages and other eukaryotes were formation of mycorrhizae, spore production and influence on explored by comparing the sequences of their small host biomass yield, tissue phosphorus content and water relations. subunit ribosomal RNA coding regions. Phylogenetic These results an interpreted as an indication that genetic trees constructed by distance matrix methods estimate differentiation is the mechanism that allows for such a wide the extent of genetic diversity and relative branching distribution of this fungus and that the individual isolates tested order for several fungal lineages including the ars gcnctically different ecotypes. Chytridiomycetes, Basidiomycetes, Zygomycetes, and a number of Ascomycetes. The separation of fungi from JACK S . STATES and CAROL L. COOK. P. 0. Box 5640 other eukaryotes occurred nearly simultaneously with Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ. 86011 the branching of plants, animals, and a number of Seasonal patterns of fruitbody production by epigeous protist lineages. This period of massive evolutionary and hypogeous fungi associated with Ponderosa pine. radiation occurred we1 1 after the early branching displayed by diplomonads, microsporidians, euglenoids, Fruitbody production of hypogeous and epigeous fungi and kinetoplastids. The phylogenetic relation of associated with different age-class stands of Ponderosa oomycetes to other protist lineages and the taxonomic pine was studied over a three year period. A major placement of "Pneumocystis" within the Fungi or portion of the total annual fruitbody biomass was at- Protista will be discussed. tributed to hypogeous fungi, particularly those in the young age-class stands. During periods of high mois- Specht, C. A., see Ullrich, 8. C., et. al. ture and temperature the diversity, abundance and biomass of epigeous fungi exceeded that of the hypo- F. W. SPIEGEL. Department of Botany and geous fungi. This result was most pronounced in the Microbiology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, mature age-class stands. Artificial irrigation of AR 72701. The microtubular cytoskeleton of the selected pine stands stimulated fruitbody production of various amoebae of protostelids. saprophytic fungi during the dry season. Fruitbodies of the mycorrhizal fungi appeared earlier in sites with The protostelids have a variety of different types of irrigation treatment but they occurred in abundance amoeboid cells ranging from amoeboflagellates to only in late sumner and fall. The positions of fruit- uninucleate amoebae to plurinucleate amoebae to bodies within the stands were mapped and the distinc- plasmodia. Those forms of amoeboid cells which never tive distribution patterns for major species are become flagellate are referred to as obligate amoebae presented and discussed. The result of greatest im- and have been.hypothesized to have evolved portance was a marked difference in fruiting response independently in several different lineages of proto- as influenced by environmental factors and host stelids that are derived from a cpnunon flagellate association. ancestor. One test for this hypothesis is to compare the microtubular cytoskeletons of the amoeboid states STOVALL, M. E. Department of Botany, Louisiana State of several flagellate protostelids to look for University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803. Two forms of patterns of similarity and difference. Five species Balansia cyperi infecting Cyperus spp. of flagellate protostelids were treated with a monoclonal antibody to tubulin and examined with Balansia cyperi Edg. was first described from the sedge indirect immunofluorescence. Arnoeboflagellate states Gypems virens Michx. The fungus has also been reported of all species had similar flagellar and proflagellar on 5. rotundus L. based upon the presence of a hypo- apparatuses and varied mainly with respect to the thallus on the inflorescence, a hostlfungal character abundance of other cytoplasmic microtubules. The that is an important feature of species of Balansia. microtubular cytoskeletons of the obligate amoebae Infected populations of C. virens and C. rotundus have were distinct both from each other and from the similar geographical distributions in Louisiana. Com- amoeboflagellates of their respective species. These parative laboratory and field studies were used in an results tend to support earlier suggestions based on attempt to determine if fungal isolates from C. virens ultrastructure that the protostelids evolved from a and C. rotundus are similar. Ascostromata were never common flagellate ancestor and that several clades observed in natural populations nor on artificially evolved obligate amoebae independently. inoculated plants of both species of sedge. Fungal iso- Supported by NSF Grant BSR 8600639. lates from both sedges had almost identical growth rates and morphologies when cultured on six different artifi- Spiegel, F. W., see Miller, S. W. cial media. However, there were significant differences in success of artificial infection. When C. rotundus Spotts, R. A., see Michailides, T. J. was inoculated with a conidial suspension of B. cyperi PETER D. STAHT, and M. CHRISTENSEN. Department of Botany. from infected inflorescences of C. rotundus, 53%of the

plants became infected: 3% infection resulted~ when University of Wyoming,Laramie, WY 82071. -~ -- Population variation in Clomus mosseae. -C. rotundus was inoculated in a similar manner with -B. cyperi from C. virens. Balansia cyperi appears to exist in at least two forms which exhibit host specific- 50 ity. This may be comnon throughout the Balansiae and suggests a new area of investigation. The would explain literature reports of selective infection proliferation of species that occur in different positions on host insects shows the need for of several host species growing in close proximity. experimental studies. Reports of haustoria in J. B. SUTHERLAND. Department of Bacteriology and unrelated genera suggest the need for further Biochemistry, University of Idaho. Moscow. ID 83843. investigation of haustorial structure and of Acid protease regulation in the white-rot fungus cytological changes induced in hosts, as well as the Phanerochaete chrysosporium. mechanism of nutrient absorption in those taxa lacking demonstrable haustoria. Modifications of Mycelia of the white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chryso- the apical cells of perithecia that facilitate spore sporium (Corticiaceae), grown on malt extract agar, discharge should be investigated, particularly with were used to inoculate flasks of a liquid medium at pH transmission electron microscopy. The stigmata-like 5.5 containing D-glucose as a carbon source, ammonium structures on receptacle cells of Rhachomyces also chloride as a nitrogen source, and magnesium sulfate should be examined anatomically. The apparent as a sulfur source. Three-day-old mycelia grows in disappearance of cell walls during perithecial this liquid medium in stationary cultures at 37 C were maturation in some genera should also be studied, washed with sterile 0.1 M sodium acetate buffer at pH using electron microscopy. 5.5 and transferred to an induction medium containing Taylor, T. N., see White, Jr., J. F. a soluble protein (bovine serum albumin). a peptone (Difco Neopeptone), or no supplement. Some of the D. TE STRAKE, D. LIM, and M. DYKSTRA. Biology Dept., mycelia were transferred to media lacking glucose. University of South Florida, Tampa 33620 and College ammonium chloride, or magnesium sulfate. After 24 of Veterinary Science, North Carolina State University, hours. culture media were assayed for extracellular Raleigh 27607. Florida Lesioned Fish - Tale of the acid protease activity; denatured hemoglobin at pH 5.2 Zoospore? was the substrate and ninhydrin was the detection reagent. Phanerochaete chrysosporium produced acid Oomycetes appear to be a major factor in Ulcerative protease azivity in media containing soluble protein Disease Syndrome of menhaden and other estuarine fish or peptone regardless of the presence of other carbon, along the Atlantic seaboard. While most of the lesions nitrogen, or sulfur sources. However, under these in fish collected in the St. Johns River in 1987 con- conditions, attempts to derepress the enzyme by simply tained species of Vibrio and/or Aeromonas, not all omitting glucose, ammonium chloride, or magnesium contained fungi. The distribution of Oomycetes in sulfate from the medium were insufficient for the this river was monitored monthly at 5 stations ranging production of acid protease. in salinity from 0 0100 to 9 0100. Both carbohydrate - Szaniszlo, P. J., see Cooper, Jr., C. R. and protein baits were used to collect an array of water molds. A number of these were isolated and Szaniszlo, P. J., see Cooper, Jr., C. R., et. al. physiologically surveyed for selected enzyme activities Studies in the Pamlico River of North Carolina re- M. R. TANSEY, R. SHAMSAI, and S. L. PEARSON. vealed no recoverable Oomycetes from mid-channel where Department of Biology, Indiana University, lesioned fish were collected. Similar observations Bloomington, IN 47405. Mycology teaching were noted from the St. Johns River, but these fungi 1aboratory appl ications of a modification of the were readily collected from the shoreline. This Gaur & Lichtwardt rapid techni que for screeni ng habitat information will be discussed in relationship soil samples for Histoplasma capsulatum Darling: to the occurrence of fish lesions. 4 years' experience. H. D. THIERS. Department of Biology, San Soi 1 samples contaminated with bird or bat feces Francisco State University, 1600 Hol loway Ave., were screened for macroconida of H. ca sulatum San Francisco, CA 94132. Correlation Of Habitdti using a slightly modified version0f-#--l t e vlsua In California As An Aid In Formulating Species technique of Gaur and Lichtwardt (M colo ia Concepts. 72: 259, 1980). Four classes, each* students, applied this technique to field samples The thrust of this paper is to elaborate upon the they collected. The laboratory exercise was possible role of ecological niches in defining a adapted to a study of microfoci of occurrence of species of fleshy fungi. California has a number -H. capsulatum, in which 25 evenly spaced samples of very distinct habitats that support a surprisingly were taken from a 1-meter quadrat; it was also large number of these fungi. Many of these niches used to examine residential bi rdfeeder stations. are characterized by major differences in Students were inclined to report negative samples temperature regimes, available moisture, relative as positive for H. capsulatum; use of humidity, soil, and phanerogamic vegetation. The culture-proven pTsitive controls and other most favorable niche, that is, the one supporting authentic materi a1 helped to correct this error. the greatest diversity and abundance of higher A detai 1ed laboratory exercise handout describing Basidiomycetes, is the mesic coastal forest in the the rationale, protocol , and safety procedures is northern half of the state. The forests in the available; this includes comments for the mountains not only support a diverse mycota but are instructor. Student evaluations of this also the site of significant evolutionary diversity laboratory exercise were highly positive, and of fleshy fungi. Other so-called niches, each of most found the handout sufficient for use without which supports a distinctive mycota, include the supplementary instruction. sand dunes along the coast, the deserts in the southern part of the state and the snow banks in ISABELLE I. TAVARES. Herbarium, Department of Botany, the mountains. The value of mycorrhizal associations University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720. is difficult to overestmlate in accounting for the Thaxter, the Laboulbeniales, and the future. diversity of species. In the future more attention must be given to the constituents of the soil and Thaxter's awareness of defects in his classification their effects upon the evolution of species of system of the Laboulbeniales, based on antheridial these fungi. characters, has led to the establishment of a new system based on perithecial characters. His inability to demonstrate spermatization conclusively 5 1 growth. Total inhibition of spore germination -H. D. THIERS. Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Ave., and mycelial growth was reached with a mini- San Francisco, CA 94132. Gastroboletus mum of 5 ul of carvacrol against the eight Revisited. strains of toxigenic fungi. Carvacrol may be employed against the growth of other toxi- As presently recognized the genus Gastroboletus genic fungi and as a possible alternative consists of secotioid boletes related to at least naturally occurring fungitoxic agent. three different genera of the Boletales. In an R.G. THORN and D.W. MALLOCH. Department of Botany, effort to form a more coherent grouping of these University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S fungi the following new classification is proposed. 1Al. Piptoporus pseudobetulinus, a polypore new to Those species having affinities with the genus North America, and a white-rotter in a brown-rot Suillus will be transferred to the new genus genus. Gastrosuillus; those having affinities with Leccinum will be transferred to the new genus Gastroleccinum; Piptoporus pseudobetulinus, considered a rarity and those related to the genus Boletus will remain in previously known only from Finland and the U.S.S.R., Gastroboletus. In Gastroboletus secotioid specles has recently been collected in Ontario. These of at least two different sections have been collect'ions are remarkable in several ways. Firstly, described. Those related to species in section the species appears common in Ontario and can be Boletus will be placed in section Gastroboletus collected wherever suitable habitat is found. and those related to species in section Subtomentosi Fruiting occurs in late spring and fruiting bodies will be put in section Gastrosubtomentosi . are short-lived, perhaps explaining how the species could have been overlooked. In Eurasia Piptoporus D.D. THOMAS. Department of Biological Sciences, pseudobetulinus is host-specific to Populus tremula, Un i vers i ty of Wi ndsor. Endogenous developmental but in Ontario it is restricted to Populus balsamifera pathways of asexual spores of Achlva sp. : effects and does not occur on P. tremuloides, even though of calcium and antheridiol. the latter is considered the North American vicariant of P. tremula. Piptoporus pseudobetulinus causes a The Oomycete genus Achlva is characterized by mottled white rot and reacts uositivelv for laccase asexual spore encystment inmediately after and peroxidase, but negatively for tyrosinase. In emergence from the sporangium. The subsequent contrast, Piptoporus betulinus causes a cubical brown development of these cysts in the absence of rot and lacks laccase, peroxidase and tyrosinase. exogenous nutrients was examined. If the freshly These differences pose interesting questions about emerged cysts are maintained in the o i inal cultural characters and taxonomy at both generic and sporulation induction medium (5 x 10' &gM CaC12 or specific levels. deionized distilled water) under static conditions at room temperature, they serve as sporangia, each P. W. TOOLEY, Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research, releasing a secondary zoospore. If shaken at room USDA-ARS, Frederick, MD 21701. Genetics and biology of temperature for 12 hours, the cyst preparation Phytophthora infestans populations. yields spores that germinate by means of germ tubes. Endogenous germination and germ tube Central Mexico is believed to represent the center of elongation, which may be extensive (over 1.5 m ' coevolution between Solanum species and Phytophthora from a spore with a diameter of 15 microns), depend infestans, causal agent of potato late blight. Both ON the calcium concentration in the medium. In a mating types (A1 and A2) of the fungus exist in nearly homothal 1 ic A. heterosexual ip isolate such equal frequency in Mexico. In contrast, only a single germ1 ings responded strongly to antheridiol , mating type (Al) has been found outside of Mexico producing antheridial branches not only frm the until recently, restricting non-Mexican populations to germ tube, but also from the spore itself. This asexual reproduction. In 1984 and 1985 however, the A2 demonstrates the precocity of sexual responsiveness mating type was reported to occur in several European in a homothallic isolate, and confirms previous countries, making sexual reproduction now possible in work showing that exogenous nutrients are not a new areas. Population studies aimed at assessing the prerequisite for the antheridial response. role of the sexual stage in generating pathogenic variation were initiated in 1983. Isozyme markers were R. P. THOMPSON, Health Research Center and used as neutral measures of population diversity. The Biology Department, P.O. Box 9672, Southern Mexican, sexual population was found to be more University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813. Effect of diverse at isozyme and virulence loci, compared with carvacrol-on growth of Aspergillus species isolates from the U.S., Canada, Europe, and Peru. --in vitro. Ploidy differences were also found to exist between sexual and asexual populations. Cytological studies Carvacrol, a major component of thyme oil, indicated that Mexican isolates were diploid, while was screened for antifungal activity against British isolates were tetraploid or of mixed ploidy. spore germination and mycelia growth of These results were supported by recent studies in eight toxigenic fungi. The toxigenic fungi which Feulgen-DNA cytophotometry was used to measure included six strains of Aspergillus flavus nuclear DNA content. Mexican isolates contained about and two strains of Aspergillus parasiticus. one-half the DNA of most U.S., European, and Peruvian The Micro-atmosphere method of Kellner and isolates. Non-Mexican isolates appeared to include Kober was used to test the efficacy of car- some diploids, but also triploids, tetraploids, and vacrol. Filter paper discs (5-mm in dia- aneuploids. Relationships among mating type meter), soaked with variable amounts of car- distribution, ploidy level, and genetic and pathogenic acrol (5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 ul), were diversity need to be clarified to better understand placed in the center of the Petri plates. the population biology and evolution of P. infestans. The surface of potato dextrose agar was Tortolero, see Hanlin, R. T. streaked in radial lines with conidiospores O., of the test fungi. The Petri plates were Turner. B. C., see Perkins, D. D. then turned upside down, placed in plastic bags and incubated for 7 to 14 days at 27 C. F. A. UECKER. USDA, ARS, Systematic Botany. Mycology After the incubation period, the plates were and Nematology Lab, BARC-West, Beltsville, MD 20705. observed for total or partial inhibition of The conidiogenous apparatus in Phomopsis. 52 The conidiogenous layer arises early in development Rom., and Apiorhynchostoma Pet. are discussed. The of the conidioma, produces conidia for a few days, systematic position of the pyrenomycete species now and is then Icst. Older conidiomata may contain excluded from Endoxyla is also addressed. many conidia but no conidiogenous cells. Conidio- phores are composed of several cells, each of which Upadhyay, H. P., see Mankau, R. may become conidiogenous. Each cell is uninucleate, the nucleus migrating into the conidium after the N. G. VAKILI. USDAIARS, Dept. of Plant Pathology, Iowa conidium is nearly its maximum length. Conidium State University, Ames, IA 50011-1020. Gonatobotrys formation is enteroblastic and phialidic. Alpha- and simplex and its Teleomorph Melanospora damnosa. beta conidia are formed in the same conidioma from conidiogenous cells that may be morphologically Previous attempts at utilizing mycoparasitic fungi to similar or different. Usually a conidiogenous cell control plant diseases have been discouraging. produces a single conidiogenous locus but sometimes Gonatobotrys simplex (g),a contact mycoparasite, was two are formed. Similarities and differences associated with Fusarium subglutinans (Fs), which is a between alpha and beta conidiogenous cells within causal agent of corn (Zea mays) stalk rot. M. damnosa the same conidioma, between isolates, and between occurred on corn pith samples which bore both and species are discussed. -Fs. Single ascospores of the % produced upon germination on potato-dextrose agar (PDA). One fourth Ullah, A. H. J., see Wilfred, A. G., et. al. of the random crosses of single ascospores of re- sulted in the development of a spermatiophore, which Ullrich, R. C., see Buckner, B., et. al. was followed by the formation of perithecia. This R. C. ULLRIC l, L.GIASSON', C. ~LGRIM~, indicated that sexuality in % is conditioned by C. A. SPEFHTf and C. P. NOVPTNY . Departments heterothallism and bipolar incompatibility. In 45-day- of Botany and Microbiology , University of old progenies, up to 50% of the conidia germinated Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405. Isolation of by producing 1-3 phialides which bore microconidia. mating-type genes and directed alteration of The majority (72%) of ascospores germinated on PDA. mating type of Schizophyllum commune by whereas 6X required the addition of thiamin to PDA, genetic transformation. and 2% required biotin for germination and axenic growth. 5. simplex was varied in hyphal diameter and The multiallelic mating-type (or incompatibility) content, and conidial and conidiophore size, shape, and genes are master regulatory genes that control the function. 5. simplex strains with greater rnycopatho- life cycles of Basidiomycetes. They are thought genicity to than that of the wild type isolates to.encode molecular switches whose three could be developed by breeding M. damnosa. dimensional conformation controls the expression of other nuclear genes. We isolated the Aa4 K. VANKY, Universitat Tubingen, Institut fir Biologie I, mating-type allele by walking the chromosome from Spezielle Botanik, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, D-7400 -PABl in a cosmid library made with DNA from an Tubingen 1, W. Germany. -Aa4 strain. Cosmids containing Aa4 DNA were Spore morphology in the taxonomy of Ustilaginales. recognized by transformation of Schizo~hvllum. The cosmid insert containing @ was used to After a short historical review the morphological probe a cosmid library made with DNA from an Aal characters used in the classification of Ustilaginales are strain to isolate the Aal allele. Investigators enumerated. The most important of these are considered in several laboratories have been unable to alter to be spore size and spore surface ornamentation. A mating-type specificity by mutagenesis or classification of spore surface ornamentation is proposed, recombination in either of several species of based on results obtained by SEM. The proposed Basidiomycetes. On the contrary, transformation classification permits an accurate description of surface of Schizophyllum with DNA has been shown by ornamentation including qualitative and quantitative mating tests and genetic analyses of progeny to differences and even combination of several characters which may be present concomitantly. The limits of usable alter the Aa-dependent mating-type specificity of information, stemming from, for example, variability or recipient Glls. Transformants and progeny exhibit the fi mating type of the source strain hybridization, are also analysed. The correlation between for the transforming DNA or of spore surface types and genera are discussed. Examples pseudo-heterozygotes carrying the &a alleles of are given where species and genera are distinguished by both the recipient and the DNA donor. spore morphology. W.A.UNTEREINER. Department of Botany, University of Van Wyk, P. S., see Wingfield, M. J., et. al. Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 1Al. A taxonomic re-evaluation of the pyrenomycete genus RYTAS VILGALYS. Department of Botan Duke University, Endoxyla Fuckel. Durham, NC 27706. Molecules and morphoK~gyin mushroom systematics: Phylogenetic analysis of the Tricholomataceae. The genus Endoxyla was established in 1872 to include nonstromatic species with immersed black perithecia, The phylogenetic history of fungi remains a mystery. clavate stipitate asci, and brown nonseptate asco- Progress in understanding phylogeny of the Agaricales has spores. It presently encompasses a heterogeneous been slow because of their poor fossil record, phenotypic group of fungi not clearly delimited from other wood plasticity, and general mycological unawareness of robust inhabiting pyrenomycetes. The placement of Endoxyla analytical approaches to phylogenetic reconstruction. The in three pyrenomycete families by recent workers higher Basidiomycotina present an ideal group for phylogenetic studies. The higher morphological complexity of reflects the unclear systematic position of the genus. agarics provides a larger number of phylogenetically Endoxyla is the correct generic name for a small informative characters than in other fungi. Rigorous group of pyrenomycetes. Examination of type and intersterility among most species recludks re6culate herbarium specimens from Europe and North America evolution, and thus facilitates clagstic analysis. The reveal that the ascospores of all species have a recent advent of molecular approaches to phylogenetic studies single terminal germ pore. Species with septate now provide a potentially unlimited supply of systematic data ascospores with or without a basal hyaline cell are for the mycologist. Molecular data are qualitatively also found. The affinities of Endoxyla, Endoxylina different from morphological evidence, and provide an independent source of phylogenetically useful information. I will present results of several phylogenetic analyses of the multicellular layer forms within a thinner agarlc family Tricholomataceae, based on data from DNA preformed layer resulting in a tripartite hybridization, rDNA restriction mappi#,, and wall. In another fossil sporocarp the wall morpholo ical/ecological characters. ese results will be 'develops by a repetitive budding process. contrasted with several different classification schemes From a large central cell numerous smaller recently proposed within the family. Several approaches to cells bud off to form a multicellular outer resolving these conflicting taxonomies will be presented. sporocarp wall layer. Mycocarpon sporocarps develop by the formation of an interwoven Vilgalys, R., see Hibbett, D. S. mycelial layer surrounding a central cavity. This layer gives rise to a palisade of V.D. VILLA. Biology Oept., Southwestern Univ., acuminate cells which produce a thick Georgetown, Texas 78626. Structure and role of noncellular inner sporocarp wall. The polyuronides in morphogenesis in Mucor. sporocarp walls in these fungi are compared and the suqgestion offered that they have Yeast and hyphal cell wall in Mucor rouxii had their closest affinities with members of the two distinct polyuronides (I and)Theuron- Endogonaceae. ic acid of the wall was equally divided between the two polymers. Polymer I from both cell wall KENNETH D. WHITNEY and H. J. ARNOTT. Department of types was a heteropolymer. Yeast and hyphal Botany, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011 and polymer I differed in their sugar composition Department of Biology, The University of Texas at and molecular weights. Polymer I1 from both Arl ington, Arlington. TX 7601 9-0047. wall types was largely a homopolymer of gluc- Cystidial calcium oxalate crystals in Oxyporus oronic acid. In contrast, yeast and hyphal cell latemarginatus (Aphyl lophorales , Basid~omycetes) wall in M. racemosus also had polymers I and I1 hut polyEer I constituted approximately 90% of Ox orus latemar inatus, a member of the basidiomycete the uronic acid in both wall types. Hence the --hi-+or er phy ophora es, produces large, whitish, resupi- content of polymer I1 was much lower in M. race nate basidiocarps-+ on decaying wood. In addition to mosus than in M. rouxii. In addition, th% - containing basidia and basidiospores, the pores of this major polymer I in hyphal wall from M. racemo- fungus also have cystidia which bear druse-like calcium -sus was resolved by ion-exchanged chromato- oxalate crystals. Cultures prepared from mass-spore graphy into two sub-fractions (IA and IB). The sowings of -0. latemar inatus initiated basidiocarps. pattern of hyphal polymer I changed as a func- While basid~ocarpsIn cu ture do not develop the typi- tion of growth time and growth medium. The cal poriod appearance of those produced on natural presence of polymer IA correlated with the substrates, they produce numerous basidia and basidio- presence of arthroconidia in t)$ culture. Short spores, along with crystal-bearing cystidia. These term labeling experiments with C-glucose show- basidiocarps consist of slightly elevated plaques of ed a switch from the synthesis of polymer IB to fungal tissue, with numerous, embedded calcium oxalate that of polymer IA during arthroconidiation. crystals. The crystals are quite large, often up to Polymer I6 probably forms part of the wall of 80 prn across. The crystals are initiated at the apices the arthroconidia, but has different properties of cystidia, coincident with basidiocarp initiation, from the major polyuronide of the yeast wall. and their growth para1 1el s the development of the A comparable change in the pattern of hyphal basidiocarp. The immobilization of large amounts of polymer I was observed in M. rouxii, but this calcium oxalate in these crystals suggests a possible occurred at a later time due tolower rate regulatory role for calcium during basidiocarp initia- 3f arthroconidiation. tion and development.

Wells, K., see Digby, S Whitney, K. D., see Snetselaar, K. Welty, R. E., see Cook, K. L. PAUL WIDDEN and SHARON HARNEY. Biology Department, Concordia University, 1455 de Maisonneuve Blvd, W., H. C. WHISLER. Department of Botany, University of Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1M8 Canada. The entomopathogen Washington, Seattle, WA 98195. Thaxter's peculiar Paecilomyces farinosus; a primary saprophyte on Balsam fungi in 1988. Fir needles? Thaxter's work on insect and plant parasites did not We have studied the abundance of microfungi in two preclude an active interest in other microfungi Canadian balsam fir forests on freshly fallen litter found during his frequent forays to the Bostonian during two summers. During the past summer we have wilds. His studies on "new or peculiar" fungi also monitored fungi on dead needles caught in nets included such diverse groups as the Myxobacteriales, above the ground, before they can be invaded by Monoblepharidales, Leptomitales, and Eccrinales, as secondary saprophytes, colonizing from the soil. well as the addition of new taxa to the Zygomycetes Paecilomyces farinosus has proved to be a regular and Deuteromycetes. A brief review of Dr. Thaxter's member of the litter flora, often occurring on 20% fungi, as seen in 1988, re-emphasizes the importance Czapek-Dox agar. We have also found it to be abundant of "peculiar" organisms to contemporary research and in some samples of dead leaves that were caught in the future directions in basic biology. nets. These data suggest the possibility that the J. fungus is coming into the litter on needles from the F. WHITE, JR. and T. N. TAYLOR. Dept. of tree rather than invading from the soil. Botanv. The Ohio State Universitv. Columhus. Further studies in the laboratory indicate that, in 43210. ' OH Sporocarp developmenta in some pure culture, strains of E. farinosus, isolated from pre-modern fungi. both conifer litter and from diseased spruce-bud-~orms, have an extensive capacity to produce hydrolytic The development of the sporocarp walls of enzymes, can grow actively on sterilized fir litter, several different Triassic fungi collected in and are extremely resistant to desiccation. Antarctica is examined. Fructifications of These results are consistent with the view that 2. these fungi resemhle sporocarps of modern farinosus, may be an important primary saprophyte on Ascomycetes, however, they develop in ways balsam fir needles. If this is so, the fungus may be which have not been documented for modern well situated in the environment to infect spruce Ascomycotina. In a new species, a thick 54 3 budworms feeding in the canopy. This may explain the M. J. WINGFIELD', P. S. VAN WYK~and W. F. 0. MARASAS . high incidence of infection in the budworm populations 1~lantProtection Research Institute, Stellenbosch of these forests, 7600; 2Devartment of Plant Patholo. y University of the D.F.S., Bloemfontein 9300 and SIistitute for ---B. J. WILEY, S. ARCIDIACONO, J. M. MAYER, and D. L. Nutritional Diseases, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa. KAPLAN. U. S. Army Natick Research, Development and The taxonomic significance of O~hiostomaspecies on Engineering Center, Natick, MA 01760-5020. Proteaceae in South Africa. Physiological requirements for the production of the biopolymer elsinan by species of Elsinoe. !Je have recently found that suecies of Ceratocystis --sensu lato occur in the inflorescences of Protea in In order to determine optimum environmental condi- the Western Cape Province of South Africa. The tions for the production of elsinan, the following classification schemes for these fungi are almost parameters were evaluated: cultures, growth medium, entirely based on Northern Hemisvhere examples and incubation period, pH, carbon and nitrogen sources, appear to be inadequate for South Africa Ophiostomata- and phosphate cone-entration. A medium was devised ceae from Protea. For instance, the recently described for the optimum yields of high, medium, and low Ceratocystiopsis vroteae, with its new anamorph genus weight average molecular weight biopolymer produrts. Knoxdaviesia, was assigned to this genus because it Batch systems, scale-up batch, and continuoas fcr- has falcate ascospores. It, however, also shares mentations of one liter and 10 liters were also characteristics with Ophiostoma and Ceratocystis sensu evaluated, as were processing conditions. Llsinnn stricto. Adding to the confusion, we have now found biopolymer products with weight average molecdii~r a closely related fungus with a Knoxdaviesia anamorph weights from less than 500 thousand to over 4 mil- but which has reniform ascospores and no sheaths. lion, with a dispersity of around two werc produt:ed. Using the currently accepted classification, this The chemical/physical properties of these dcfined fungus should probably be placed in Ophiostoma. Thus molecular weight fractions are now being cv.~luatcd. two closely related fungi would be in different genera. Ophiostoma includes species with a wide range of sheath A. G. WILFRED, A. H. J. ULLAH, and F. W. PARRISH. forms and we contend that separation of Cerato- Southern Regional Research Center, USDA-ARS, P. 0. Box cystiopsis from Ophiostoma based on ascospore sheath 19687, New Orleans, LA 70179. Phosphatases from morphology is illogical. 'Je thus intend to reduce Aspergill us ficuum. Ceratocystiopsis to synonymy with Ophiostoma. Inosito1 hexaphosphate (phytic acid) is an G.W. -XXJG, Dzparhnent of L3dcany, University of Hawaii, antinutrient in oilseeds used for animal feed. Honolulu. Hawaii 96822. Typically, it binds essential minerals and interferes utilization of matirag, and fruiting studies in defining with the digestibility of starch and proteins. species of Auricularia. Phosphatases, such as phytase enzyme, from Aspergillus ficuum are capable of hydrolyzing phytic acid, thus Currently, species of Auricularia are defined by the mating the antinutrient effect. Factors which mrphology of the basidiccarp in cross section. The promote maximal phytase production during A. ficuum rrain characteristics used to define species, in cross fermentation have been established including the type section, are the length of the aihymenial hairs, the of starches and modified starches used as carbon presence or absence of the medulla, and if present, the source, inhibition by inorganic phosphate, and the mqholcgy and width of the medulla. Howwer, strain of A. ficuum. An improved sporulation medium imrphokqical exambation of Auricularia cornea, A. for A. ficcum is reported in the present study; fuscosuccinea, A. plytricha, and &. tenuis, by the proczdu- improve phytase production by A. ficuum author, indicates a great deal more variation m these have been attempted by mutagenesis of fungal conidia characteristics than that published in the literature. and screening for mutants with increased phytase Yating, and fruitinq studies were also carried cut in production. In addition, properties of phytase enzyme ~e above species, as well as in Auricularia auricda- and two other phosphatases from A. ficuum in relation judae, and A. delicata. The results of these studies to phytic acid hydrolysis are reported. danstrated that the cross section of the basidim was as variable as the author had believed. It was M. C. WILLIAMS and R. W. LICHTWARDT, Dept. of Biology, also concludd, that in the sense of Layr, Auricularia Kearney State College, Kearney, NE 68849 and Dept. of cornea, &. polytricha, and &. tenuis should be Botany, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66044. A synonymus, and that the concept of A. £uscosuccinea preliminary report on studies of the incidence of Tri- be ded. While the mrrphology of the basidiocaq in chomycete gut fungi found in New Zealand and Australia. cross section was der~nstratedto be mre variable than described in the literature, the.presence and absence We concentrated our studies on arthropod gut fungi of of the medulla, and the length of the ahhymenial hairs the Trichomycete order Harpellales from aquatic insect are appaxently inherent characteristics, and thus, can larvae but examined some adult marine and terrestrial be utilized in delimiting species. crustaceans and millipeds which contain species of the ME1 LEE WU. Department of Plant Pathology, Vniversity order Eccrinales. Several cosmopolitan species of of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 LISA. trichomycetes as well as fungal spp apparently res- Zygospore formation of Rhizopus stolonifer from Taiwan. tricted to the fauna of New Zealand and Australia were The midgut fungus Harpella melusinae was found found. Rhizopus stolonifer is a common teaching material in in most Austrosimulium spp larvae that we sampled and introductory biology in ~ai'wan.Strains of 5. stolon- the widespread hindgut fungus Smittium simulii was -ifer have been isolated since 1943 in Taiwan but sometimes found in consort with Harpella as well as in zygospore formation has never been observed or several species of chironomidae larvae. On several reported in this area. This study describes and illus- occasions bloodworms were infested with the worldwide trates zygospore formation resulting from mating gut fungus Stachylina grandispora. A new trichomycete experiments of plus and minus strains of R. stolonifer genus of the Harpellales was discovered with one isolated from fading flowers in Taiwan. The average species in New Zealand and another in Australia. dry weights of mycelium of plus and minus strains Several new and possibly endemic species of fungi were growing on liquid Synthetic Mucor Agar at 26' C for found in both countries. Host collections in five days are 0.1233 gm and 0.1171 gm, respectively. Australia were limited to the eastern and south- A comparison of the morphology of both strains growing eastern parts of the country and in New Zealand both on different media shows that the plus strain has the South and North Islands. larger sporangiospores than the minus strain but the sporangiophores of the plus strain are shorter than those of the minus strain. The diameter (90.9-171.1 pm) of zygospores is similar when the two compatible strains were grown on PDA or MEA at 26' C in darkness for five days, but when they were grown on SMA the diameter (111.1-141.4 pm) of the zygospores is smaller.

K. S. YOON, Department of Microbiology, Kangwon University, Chunchon 200, Korea and I. B, HEATH, Department of Biology, York University, Downsview, Ont. M3J 1P3, Canada. Dynamics and ultrastructure of nuclear motility in PRewo;tun ostteatu,

To study the behaviours of migrating nuclei, live mycelium of dikaryotic P. oa;Dtea;tu6 was examined with phase contrast video microscopy. After a conjugate nuclear division in the clamp, the first three nuclei migrate relatively slowly at rates of approximately 3.5 vm/rnin, but the migration of the fourth nucleus, which occurs much later (35-45 min), is also faster at 14.7 vmlmin. Because the paths and the destina- tions of these migrations are well known, it is possible to predict the in viva behaviour of nuclei detected on their migratory paths following fixation. We can therefore correlate the behaviour and the ultrastructure of nuclei moving at different rates and differentiate between the possession of differing motile machinery vmuthe differential regulation of morphologically constant machinery. We shall present the results of the analysis of correlations between the moti1 e behaviour and ultrastructural data from these nuclei . J. ZAK & W. MACKAY. Dept. Bi01 .Sci ., Texas Tech Univ., Lubbock, TX 79409, and Dept. Entomol., Texas A&M Univ, College Station, TX 77843. Decompo- siti on dynamics & fungal col oni zation of creosotebush wood in the Chihuahuan and Sonoran Deserts.

Decomposition rates, nitrogen dynamics, and fungal colonization of creosotebush wood on the soil surface in the Chihuahuan and Sonoran Deserts were examined over a 2 year period. Although decomposition rates were 1ow in both deserts, mass loss rates were higher in the Sonoran than 2 in the Chihuahuan Desert. These differences were H due to a greater incidence of termite grazing % in the Sonoran Desert. Wood in both deserts lost c! about 40% of its initial nitrogen during the first year. There were no differences in wood nitrogen 1 values between the first and second year. Species composition of the fungal assemblages associated with creosotebush wood in the two deserts was simi 1ar, with 1 ittl e change in the composi ti on of these assemblages over time. The high abiotic stresses associated with woody litter in arid 56 systems (high temperature & low moisture avail- abi 1i ty ) severely restricts the number of fungal species that can successfully colonize this habitat. Basidiomycetes were a major component of the fungal assemblages from the Sonoran, reflecting the long-term woody nature of this ecosystem. p. J. JAMBIN0 and T. C. HARRINGTON. Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, University of Mew Hampshire, Durham, MH 03824. A reexamination of the mycangial fungi of the southern pine beet1e. Isolates from 14 mycangia, 24 exoskeletons, and from galleries of the southern pine beetle (.Dendroctonua frontalis) were identified by sexual and asexual morphology, by interfertility, and by enzyme electro- phoresis. j&hiostomq mi.no.r (Hedgc.) H. & P. Syd. was homothallic, occurred in stained wood and galleries, and was isolated from 15 exoskeletons and 5 mycangia The S~orothrixstate of Q~Uosttxunigllocar~ David- son, a heterothallic species, was common in nonstained galleries and frass and was isolated from 9 exoskel- etons and 2 mycangia. The S~oro- sp. was very similar in anamorph morphology and enzyme electro- morphs to Q. &roc- associated with a closely related bark beetle, the western pine beetle (2. m).The recently described Qratocvs~ ranaculorsus Bridges & Perry was isolated from 8 myc- angia. Pairings among mycangial isolates, a culture of .G. ~culosusfrom the type location, and the desig- nated type culture of &ratocvstis minor (Hedgc.) Hunt var. Jarr- Taylor produced minute perithecia with ascospores typical of s. ~culosug.Ceratocvstis ranaculosus was heterothallic, shaw ed differences from the other two taxa in 12 enzymes, and had restricted grcwth on cycloheximide. No holotype specimen of C. minor var. barrasii was designated, but the original description of the teleomorph is more similar to Q. -roc- than to G. ~anaculosus. On the basis of morphology, interfertility, and isozyme patterns, the type culture (and anamorph description) of S. minor var. mfi is conspecific with c. ~culosus.

THE XIYCOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA Application for Membership

Date on which you wish your membership to begin: January 1. 19- X,\.fll:: AREA OF INTEREST (chcck one) hlAI1.ISG ,\I)DRI:.SS, -Morpllolo;.y Signature of memher endorsing 'your application: -- DUES 1NFORh.IATION (check one) -Ecology-Pathology -Associare Mcmbcr.... $15.00 (Newsletter only) -['hysiolo~y.niochemirlry -Rcpulrr hlcnibcr ....S35.00 - Emcrirus Mcmbcr with (Includes hlYCOLOGlA and Ncwslctrcr) MYCOUXiIA-.S15.00 -Cytology-Generics - Sludenl hlcmbcr.... SIS.00 - ANtliatcd Sosiccy.... $35.00 (hl~ximum cligibilily-5 years

Zll' CODE: Complete form and dues are to be sent ro Dr. Martha Powell, Treasurer. Dept. 'SEI.EI'IIOS\'E (include area code): of Botany. Xliarni University. Oxford. Ohio 45056. Phone: (513) 529-4200. NAMA MUSHROOM POISONING CASE REGISTRY 1986-7 Annual Progress Report Cases Reported 1 July 1986 - 30 June 1987

Kenneth W. Cochran

Departments of Epidemiology and of Pharmacology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 and Toxicology Committee,1 North American Mycological Association

Two hundred one incidents of actual or potential mushroom poisoning were reported to the NAMA Mushroom Poisoning Case Registry in the year ending 30 June 1987. Now in its fifth year of operation, the Registry has accumulated reports of 589 cases.

A brief review of the Registry's mode of operation is appropriate. Reports are invited and accepted from any and all sources in North America- including individuals, organizations, poison centers and health-care providers. Incidents need not be recent and can reflect events from as far back as the reporter is sufficiently confident of the data to complete the report form. In compiling the data no symptoms were rejected or interpolated. No corrections were attempted for observer, patient or volunteer bias. The reported species identifications were not challenged. However, when appropriate, synonyms were recorded and reported for certain of the species or symptoms actually reported. One should keep in mind the limitations of these data. The reporting is voluntary and irregular; therefore, the results cannot be interpreted as representing the actual incidence or distribution of human poisonings or mushroomspecies. It should also be emphasized that there may not be valid assurance that the ill effects experienced were due to toxicity of a memorable mushroom rather than an unrecognized incidental microbial infection, ingestion of chemical toxicant, or individual allergy or hypersensitivity. In some cases even exposure to a mushroom may be uncertain.

Most of the year's cases (118) represented misadventures with various wild mushrooms as food, but the most typical event involved a child (72 cases) and an accidental (66 of those cases) but asymptomatic encounter with, but not necessarily ingestion of, mushroom (59 cases). Most often such events were treated with ipecac (42 cases) with the dual benefits of prophylaxis and education, but 7 cases were only observed to confirm a continued absence of symptoms.

Only 8 reports of "bad tripsn, i.e. recreational use of mushrooms to achieve psychedelic effects but with unintended unpleasant consequences were received. Consumption of alcohol was reported in 32 cases, which may have contributed to unfortunate experiences associated with species generally regarded as edible, such as Morchella esculenta, Grifola frondosa, Laetiporus sulphureus, in addition to the predictable Coprinus atramentarius. Non- accidental, non-"recreational" ingestion of raw mushrooms accounted for 13 cases. Only 19 cases involved ingestion of mixed species.

l~artof the 1987 Annual Report of the Toxicology Committee to the NAMA Board of Trustees Table 1 lists the species of mushrooms involved in the 1986-7 cases associated with a single and named species. Nine species, underlined in Table 1, were reported to the Registry for the first time in the 1986-7 report-year.

Table 2 presents the symptoms of those new species represented by 2 or more cases and for additional species now represented by 2 or more Registry cases. While alcohol may have contributed to the effect of Tricholoma pardinum its toxicity has been recognized. Ramariopsis lentofragilis has not been listed in the common guidebooks. The remarkable aspect of its toxicity was the pain noted in all 3 cases, severe enough to have been treated with opiates. Only 2 other Registry cases, with 2 other species, record severe pain treated with analgesics.

Suillus granulatus, generally regarded as a choice edible, caused allergic dermatitis in 2 individuals; and a similar sensitivity had previously been reported with Suillus americanus. It is interesting that all those with allergic reactions to Suillus are mycologists. While the toxicity of Paxillus involutus is widely recognized, cases, including fatalities, have largely been in Europe. The present cases, 2 particularly severe, were from the Pacific Northwest. Deadly Amanitas have recently been most publicized on the East and West Coasts, but the Registry's cases involving Amanita bisporigera, from Michigan and Ontario, should serve as a reminder that the hazard exists throughout North America.

Recently there has been considerable discussion about the overpicking of wild mushrooms for commercial purposes. Along with this, and sometimes . confused with it, is concern about the safety of domestic marketing of non- cultivated mushrooms. Concern is prudent and rational, particularly as the practice spreads and may be involving less knowledgeable participants. To date, however, no case has been reported to the Registry involving commercially sold or served wild mushrooms. Reports of such incidents are particularly invited.

The Mushroom Poisoning Case Registry continues to welcome reports of old or new cases. Special thanks is given to individuals and organizations who have submitted reports. Table 1 NAMA Mushroom Poisoning Case Registry Species Reported for 1986-7

New Total Caseg Ceses Species unknown Mixed species Laetiporus sulphureus Amanita verna/viros incl. definite virosa Chlorophyllum molybdites Omphalotus olearius Tricholoma Dardinumk Amanita muscaria incl. var. formosa Amanita pantherina Leccinum aurantiacum Panaeolus foenisecii Armillaria mellea Cantharellus cibarius Grifola frondosa Lepiota rachodes Morchella esculenta Pamario~sislentofra~il is A~aricus~lacomvces Coprinus comatus Gymnopilus spectabilis Paxillus involutus Suillus granulatus A~aricusaurmstus Agaricus hondensis Amani ta bisporigera Amanita frostiana Amanita gemmata Amani ta smi thiana Caloscy~hafulnens Coprinus atramentarius Cortinarius violaceus Gyromi tra esculenta Le~iotaseminuda Morchella angusticeps panaeolus acuminatus Pleurotus ostreatus Psilocybe semilanceata Tylopilus eximius

*Underline species first reported in 1986-7 Table 2 Symptoms from Recently Reported Species 2 or more new total cases in 1986-7 Tricholoma pardinum; 6 new cases, all with alcohol vomiting 100% diarrhea 17% sweating 17% Reported from Ontario

Ryamariopsis lentofragilis; 3 new cases pain, chest or abdomen 100% weakness 100% intestinal cramps 67% nausea 33% tremor 33% Reported from Maine

Suillus granulatus; 3 new cases; 2 by contact dermatitis, face 67% malaise 33% nausea 33% diarrhea 33% head heavy 33% Reported from Colorado and Massachusetts

Paxillus involutus; 3 cases, 2 new #1: dry mouth, blurred vision #2: incoherent; kidney damage with thirst and polyuria #3: weakness, muscle spasm, hemolysis, anemia, severe back pain, kidney failure, retinal necrosis, bone marrow damage, cardiac involvement Reported from Oregon and Washington

Agaricus placomyces; 2 new cases #1: headache, sneezing, rhinorrhea #2: nausea, sweating, intestinal cramps, vomiting, diarrhea Reported from Idaho and Michigan

Amanita bisporigera; 2 cases, 1 new intestinal cramps (2) nausea vomiting diarrhea muscle spasm death (1) Reported from Michigan and Ontario

Tylopilus eximius; 2 cases, 1 new nausea vomiting intestinal cramps (2) diarrhea (2) sweating chills weakness disoriented drowsy Reported from New York and Maine Mushroom Poisoning Case Rogistry '86-7 Progress Report: Appendix

SPECIES~AID THEIR SYMPTOMS Cumulative Summary

Amanita brunnescens 5 cases: CA death 80% diarrhea all cases liver damage 100 intestinal cramps kidney failure 100 liver damage coma 80 nausea combative 4 0 vomitin8 nausea 4 0 vomit ing 40 Amanita remmata 4 casos: OR, 1H Other: diarrhea, dolirium, diarrhea 75% disoriontod, dizzy, incoherent, dizzy 50 intestinal c'ramps, woaknoss nausea 50 weaknoss 50 bmanita ~antherina 20 cases: CO, Othor: abdominal pain, drowsy, ID, OR. WY, WA flushing, formication, severe nausea 7 5% hallucination, hypothermia, drowsy 7 0 miosis, muscle spasm, weakness 7 0 palpitation, unconscious, visual dizzy 5 5 disturbance, vomiting. intestinal cramps 50 salivation. sweatin8 vomitin8 4 0 ataxic 3 5 Amanita muscaria 14 cases: MD, OH, dreams 3 5 OR, PA, WA forgetful 3 5 vomitin8 93% hallucination 2 5 nausea 79 flushin8 2 5 intestinal cramps 64 confused 2 0

drowsy 57 ' disoriented 2 0 woakness 57 chills 15 sweating 50 comatose 15 chills 36 diarrhoa 15 dizzy 36 drunk-feeling 15 hallucination 36 muscle spasm 15 disoriented 2.9 salivation 15 diarrhea 2 1 swoating 15 flushing 2 1 combative 10 musclo spasm 2 1 fever 10 salivation 2 1 homaturia 10 mucus viscous 14 rash 10 f evor 14 headache 14 hypotonsion 14 Amaaita ~antherina-continued pallor 14 Othor: agitated. altered mental tachycardia 14 state, convulsions, dischronation, tired 14 incoherent, palpitation, tremor 14 respiratory failuro, sleep, visual Othor: .chin8 bones, cardiac disturbance arrhythmia. deep sleop, hematemosis, unconscious Amanita ~halloides 16 carom:. all CA Amanita ocreata 5 cases (4, species diarrhea 94% ID uncertain): CA, OR vomit ing 7 5

'Species with 3 or more cases; totals from a11 cases through 30 June 1987 62 intestinal cramps 69 AR, CA, COP DC, FL. LA, MD, Mexico. nausea 50 MI NC, SC. TX, PA, VA dyspnea 2 5 vomit ing 94% headache 19 nausea 7 4 sweating 12 diarrhea 6 3 weakness 12 intestinal cramps 43 Other: abdominal discomfort, weaknrss 3 4 drowsy, hypotension sweating 2 9 chills 9 Amanita virosa 17 cases: MI, NY, RI f lushing 9 nausea 94% hypotension 9 vomit ing 7 1 muscle spasm 9 diarrhea 4 7 convu1sions 6 intestinal cramps 29 dizzy 6 kidney failure 18 drowsy 6 weakness 18 fever 6 Other: flushing, liver damage, Other: altered perception, edema; Meixner reaction, 11 lacrimation, mydriasis, rash, cases: 7 negative, 4 positive salivation. tachycardia, tremor

Amanita ?verna/virosa? 3 cases: DC Collybia acervata 4 cases: OR nausea 100% intestinal cramps all cases intestinal cramps 100 nausma diarrhea 100 vomi tin8 weakness 67 Other: vomiting, lethargy, Co~rinusatramentarius 5 cases: ID, confusion MI, NY. WY a11 with alcohol Armillaria mellea 17 cases: BC, CO, flushing SOX OR tachycardia 4 0 nausea 65 % weakness 4 0 vomiting 6 5 Other: burning, chills. diarrhea 53 disoriented, dizzy, dyspnea, limbs abdominal heavy, nausea, palpitation. sense discomfort 35 of suffocation, sweating. weakness 2 9 throbbing head chills 2 4 intestinal cramps 24 Grifola frondosa 6 cases: IN, MA, mydriasis MI sweating intestinal cramps 50% nausea 50 Armillaria ~onderosa 4 cases: WA weakness 50 vomit ing 75% drowsy 33 Other: dry mouth, headache vomiting 33 Other: severe abdominal pain. Cantharellus cibarius 6 cases: CA, chills, confusion, dehydrated. MI, OR diarrhea, drunk-feeling. flushing, abdominal 50% sensitive to sound, sleep, slowed discomfort speech nausea 50 vomiting 5 0 GY~~OD~~USs~ectabilis 5 cases: MA, diarrhea 33 OH, VA swollen limbs 3 3 hallucination 100% Other: anorexia, chills, drunk-feeling 8 0 intestinal cramps, painful neck dizzy 60 visual disturbance 60 Chloro~hvllummolvbdites 35 cases: macropsia (40) micropsia (20) diarrhea 100% altered perception 40 nausea 100 tingling limbs 4 0 vomiting 7 5 Other: fever, flushine, fright, Other: depressed, intestinal full-feeling in face, cramps, rhinitis, rhinorrhea, hypertension, inattentive, sneezing, weakness insomnia, intestinal cramps. nausea, palpitation, talkative ~eucoararicusnaucinus 4 cases: CA, FL, UC Gvromitra esculenta 11 cases: IA, nausea 100% MI, PQ - 7 treated with pyridoxine diarrhea 7 5 vomi tin8 9 0X vomi ting 5 0 nausea 8 2 Other: dizzy, intestinal cramps, diarrhea 2 7 salivation, .sweating, weakness liver damage 2 7 jaundice 2 7 Morchella anaustice~s 3 cases: CO. delirium 18 MI: all'with alcohol dizzy 18 vomiting, 50% intestinal cramps 18 diarrhea 5 0 kidney failure 18 Other: dizzy, throat constricted loss of feeling 18 pain 18 Morchalla esculenta 10 cases: ID, paralysis 18 MD, MI. OH, WA, WI - 4 with alcohol nausea 90% weakness 18 vomi ting 8 0 Other: abdominal discomfort, diarrhea 5 0 anxiety', cardiac arrhythmia. intestinal cramps 2 0 confused, dehydrated, diplopia, Other: abdominal discomfort, disoriented, dreams, fever. chills, sweating, weakness flushing, headache, mydriasis, olfactory changes, retching, Om~halotusolearius 16 cases: IN, respiratory failure, weakness MA, MI, rc. nJ, OH, VA vomiting 100% Laeti~orussul~hureus 13 cases: all nausea 88 CA; 8 with alcohol salivation 3 1 nausea 100 X diarrhea 2 5 vomit in8 6 9 sweating 19 intestinal cramps 38 dizzy 12 f lushing 15 intestinal cramps 12 sweating 15 weakness 12 Other: abdominal discomfort. Other: abdominal pain diarrhea Panaeolus foenirecii 8 cases: AK, Leccinum aurantiacum 9 cases: CO , CA, CO. MA, OR OR, WA hallucination 38% nausea 100% nausea 3 8 vomit ing 7 8 dizzy 3 8 chills 5 6 Other: altered mental state, diarrhea 4 4 coma, diarrhea, drowsy, fever. intestinal cramps 33 hyperactive, inattentive. sweating 3 3 insomnia, sleep, sweating, visual burninelaching 2 2 disturbance dizzy 2 2 weakness 2 2 Paxillus involutus 3 cases: OR, WA Other: uncoordinated Case 1: incoherent, thirsty, polyuria, Le~iotarachodes 4 cases: CA, WA kidney failure Case 2: pain 100% muscle spasm, hemolysis, kidney in chest, severe (67) failure, severe back pain, abdominal (33) retinal necrosis, bone marrow weakness 100 damage, cardiac involvement, Other: nausea, tremor weakness, anemia Case 3: Scleroderma citrinum 3 cases: NC, dry mouth, blurred vision OR. PA 1 case asymptomatic after induced Pholiota sauarrosa 9 cases: CO, MN, emesis W Y 1 case inhaled spores vomiting 100% nausea 67% nausea 6 7 Other (inhalation): sneezing, intestinal cramps 56 tachycardia, unconscious, Other: diarrhea, flushing, vomiting, weakness malaise, salivation, weakness Suillus nranulatus 3 cases: CO, MA Pleurotus ostreatus 4 cases: MI, 2 cases: contact dermatitis of OR. VT - 3 with alcohol face nausea 75% 1 case: nausea, diarrhea, vomiting 50 malaise, head felt heavy weakness 50 Other: dizzy, dry mouth, Suillus luteus 5 cases: NJ, NY dyspnea, flushing, intestinal cramps 60% hallucination, itchina, malaise, diarrhea 6 0 sweating, tachycardia, tinglin~ in limbs woaknoss 4 0

Psilocvbe cubensis 3 cases: 08, OR Tricholoma ~ardinum 6 cases: all ON 1 case, death (anaphylaxis) vomi tine 100% flushing 67% Other: diarrhea, sweating muscle spasm 67 disoriented 6 7 Other: anxiety, delirium, diarrhea. drowsy, fever, Kenneth W. Cochran hallucination, hyperactive, hypotonsion, inattention, NAMA Toxicolo~yCommittoo mydriasis, pain, respiratory, and failure, talkative, visual Departments of Epidemiology and of disturbance Pharmacology The University of Michigan Psilocvbe semilanceata 6 cases: OR, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029 WA Reprinted with permissions. hallucination 62% anxiety 50 fear of dyin8 5 0 nausea 50 Other: agitated, altered mental state, disoriented, dizzy, flushing, intestinal cramps, muscle spasm. palpitation, suicidal, thirsty, unconscious, visual disturbance, weakness in

Rarnario~sis lentofranilis 3 cases: ME NAMA Poison Form

North American Mycological Association Mushroom Poisoning Report Form

This is only a reporting form. For emergency treatment, contact your physician or the nearest poison center or hospital emergency room.

Please answer all the questions on this form by checking the appropriate box or by writing in the information requested, using a separate form for each person. Please check the "don't know" box if you do not know the answer.

I. Name of person filling out this form: Address:

Telephone: ( 1. This form is about: myself q patient 0 student 0 club member G other II. About the incident: Don't Know A. Was mushroom eaten Raw O or Cooked El 0 B. How much mushroom was eaten? C Was mushroom eaten: by a child 0, accidentally C, for food '0,intentionally for recreation 0 Was mushroom eaten at more than one meal? Yes Ci No 0 0 Was more than one kind of mushroom eaten? Yes E! No 0 0 When was mushroom collected? Where? When was mushroom eaten? Date Time When was the first sign of illness? Date Time Onset interval: hours 0 Was any alcohol consumed with mushroom, or within 24 hours after mushroom was eaten? Yes O No How many persons ate mushrooms? 0 K. Were all persons who ate mushrooms ill? Yes No L. Were persons in the group who did not eat mushrooms ill? Yes 0 No

Please duplicate If addltlonal coples are needed, or request copies from Dr. Lampe at the address on the other side or by telephone to (312) 645-4559, (312) 649-5646, or (313) 971-2552. 66 I II . A. What were symptoms of poisoning? Check all symptoms which occurred: 0 Nausea 0 Salivation 0 Intestinal Cramps 0 Flushing 0 Vomiting 0 Chills 0 Muscle Spasm 0 Drowsiness 0 Diarrhea Rash 0 Hallucination 0 Dizziness 0 Sweating Weakness O Disorientation Don't Know Were there other symptoms? Yes No What were the other symptoms?

6. Did person ever eat this mushroom before? Yes No 0 C. Were the effects the same? Same 0 Different 0 D. Was treatment given? Yes No What was the treatment?

What were the results of treatment? n Case or chart number (if available) (Important for follow-up) Patient's age Patient's sex Patient's name (optional) About the mushroom: A. Name the species: 3 B. Who identified the species? Herbarium specimen number (if available) C. Were any special mushroom tests done? Yes No !II List the tests and results:

V. Other comments about the case or the mushroom, or attach a separate note:

Please send completed form to: Dr. Kenneth F. Lampe Department of Toxlcology Amerlcan Medical Assoclat ion 535 North Dearborn Street Chicago, IL 60610 6 7 FUNDS AVAILABLE FOR RESEARCH

SINDEN SCHOLARSHIP. The James W. Sinden Scholarship Committee of the American Mushroom Institute is pleased to announce the availability of a single scholarship of up to $2,000 to be awarded on a yearly basis to a graduate student conducting dissertation research involving edible mushrooms and/or other edible fungi. The fund has been established in the name of Dr. James Sinden in recognition of his outstanding contributions to the science and industry related to the commercial mushroom. The due date for 1989 has not been determined; however, applications were accepted until May 15, 1988 after which the Committee reserved the right of refusal. Will need: Undergraduate and graduate transcripts; Four letters of recommendation - two of which should be from persons familiar with your academic record. Results of the Aptitude Section (quantitative and verbal) of the Graduate Record examination. Dates GRE was taken. One page statement of the thesis research project and career plans. Copy of application for admittance to University (if available). List of current scholarships or grants if any to support your research activities. Applicant must adhere to financial policies relative to the grant as stated by the J. W. Sinden Scholarship Committee. Applications available from: Dr. James W. Sinden Scholarship Committee, American Mushroom Institute, 907 East Baltimore Pike, Kennett Square, PA 19348. Phone: (215) 388-7806.

SOIL BIOTRON AVAILABLE FOR RESEARCH, a new underground soil biology laboratory in a mixed hardwood forest in northern lower Michigan will be available for research in summer 1988 and thereafter. The laboratory, located at the University of Michigan Biological Station, is modeled after the successful East Malling laboratory. Funded by the National Science Foundation to facilitate manipulative experiments with roots, mycorrhizae, microbes, and invertebrates; the Soil Biotron differs from most lysimeter-rhizotrons in having removable windows for access to soil biota. Tree species surrounding the facility include bigtooth aspen, red oak, red maple, beech, and small white pines. Temperature and water potential data at four depths are currently being recorded and photographs showing the initial condition of each window (544 total) have been taken. Nearly 400 trees adjacent to the biotron have been permanently tagged and their diameters recorded. Support facilities available in the nearby Lakeside Laboratory include a culture room with laminar flow hood, darkrooms, chemical analysis laboratory, microcomputer with digitizing pad, and a computer link to Ann Arbor and many Universities. We invite researchers interested in either collaborative research or individual projects to write to us for additional information on the feasibility of specific research projects, the availability of a summer fellowship supporting initial research, equipment available, and use fees at the following address: Biotron The University of Michigan Biological Station Natural Science Building Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1048 Telephone: (313) 761-4461 HONORS. AWARDS. AND PROMOTIONS

KENNETH W. COCHRAN, has been appointed Executive Secretary of the North American Mycological Association, succeeding Harry S. Knighton. Correspondence to NAMA should be addressed to: North American Mycological Association, 3556 Oakwood, Ann Arbor, MI 48104-5213; telephone (313) 971-2552. Replacing Ken Cochram, as the new chairman of the NAMA Toxicology Committee is Dr. Kenneth F. Lampe, Department of Toxicology, American Medical Association.

CHESTER R. COOPER, a graduate student with Paul Szaniszlo at the University of Texas was awarded one of five Raymond W. Sraber Fellowships presented by the American Society for Microbiology to facilitate trave1,ofstudents to its Annual Meeting. The meeting was held in May at Miami Beach. Mr. Cooper presented two papers.

MICHAEL MCGINNIS was presented with the Meridian Award for Medical Mycology, Medical Mycological Society of the Americas.

MARIO WCHENBERG, Department of Biological Sciences, Fac. de Cs. Exactas y Naturales, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina, was awarded one of the "B. A. Houssayn (Nobel Prize) prizes granted by the National Research Council of Argentina for outstanding young scientists.

STEVE STEPHENSON was elected president of the West Virginia Academy of Science in April, 1988. He also was this year's recipient of the William A. Boran Award for Teaching Excellence at Fairmont State College. This award is given each year to the individual selected as the college's most outstanding teacher.

ROY WATLING as from December 31, 1987 was proposed a fellow of the Institute of Biology (F. I. Biol.). He was promoted to serve as senior principal scientific office at the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh during last summer and continues to sit on Council as Meetings Secretary of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His conservation interests within BMS will be continued, more relevant through his membership of the Advisory Committee on Science for the National Nature Conservancy.

TRAVEL & VISITS

DANIEL P. MAHONEY is on sabbatical leave from California State University, Los Angeles from August, 1987 to July, 1988. He will be working jointly with Dr. Ann Bell at Victoria University of Wellington (Wellington, New Zealand) in the systematics and ecology of dung-inhabiting members of the Sordariaceae in New Zealand. STEVEN STEPHENSON, who spent the 1987 field season working with Dr. T. N. Lakhanpal at Himachal Pradesh University in northwestern India, would like to make note of the fact that Dr. Lakhanpal would be very interested in having other mycologists come to India in order to work on the higher fungi of the northwestern Himalayas. In other words, he would be a willing host for anyone who wanted to work at Himachal Pradesh University. Dr. Stephenson would be happy to provide whatever information he could to anyone who might be interested. JORGE E. WRIGHT notes that the Mycology Lab. of.Biologica1 Sciences, Fac. de Cs. Exactas y Naturales, University of Buenos Aires, was visited by a team of North American mycologists making a survey of Agaricales, formed by Drs. Roy Halling (N.Y. Bot. Garden), Gregory Mueller, Mrs. Mueller and technician Jon Pollischook.

BO LIU sorrowfully informs us that the Mycological Herbarium of Shanxi University was destroyed by fire in November, 1984. All fungal books and papers disappeared. Bo would appreciate any free secondhand books and papers on taxonomy or morphology of fungi for the purpose of rebuilding his herbarium in the near future. Department of Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, The People's Republic of China.

MARION L. LQHMAN, a 1928 Miami University graduate and student of Bruce Fink, died December 22, 1987 in Florida. Shortly before his death, Dr. Lohman donated his fungal herbarium, consisting of 1100 packets of Hysteriaceae and Hawaiian fungi (including type specimens), to the Willard Sherman Turrell Herbarium (Miami University). In addition, Dr. Lohman sent his literature collection on the Hysteriaceae and duplicate reprints of his publications. The material will soon be available for study, both at MU and on loan. Duplicate material will be distributed on exchange. Contact Michael A. Vincent, assistant curator, for loans or more information.

MIKE RINALDI is happy to announce the commencement/opening of the new system wide Veterans Administration Mycology Reference Laboratory at the Audie L. Murphy Memorial Veterans' Hospital, San Antonio, Texas. This laboratory is a special clinical resource center for use by Veterans Administration medical facilities throughout the country.

A. WEINTRAUB: For sale: SMALL PORTABLE INTERMITT compression air pump. An Electric Jobett Extremity Pump with meter and hose. Simplified methods for isolation, cultivation of fungi. A simple mushroom growth chamber, for mycology, botanical and plant pathology. Simple decontamination by surface - sterilization for large equipment that can't be autoclaved. CHANGE OF AFFILIATION OR STATUS

PETER AUSTWICK has retired from the Robens Institute of the University of Surrey where he has been Senior Research Fellow in a project on "Sick Building Syndrome" sponsored by the Health Promotion Research Trust. He is continuing in consultancy work in air-conditioning and his interests in Basidiomycetes.

ERIC W. A. BOEHM has completed the M.S. with Dr. D. J. McLaughlin (Department of Botany) and is now with Dr. E. Stewart (Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota) using mtDNA RFLP and conidiogenesis to delineate spp. relationships within Se~toriaand allied genera.

TOM CHASE moved in September to the Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station to work with Bill Orrosina, Fields W. Cobb and John Taylor at UC Berkeley on Heterobasidion annosum.

JOSEPH R. NEWHOUSE recently received the PhD degree in plant pathology from West Virginia University. His reseaarch was under the direction of William L. MacDonald, PhD, and was entitled "A Transmission Electron Microscopic Study of Virulent and Hypovirulent Strains of Endothia Parasitic". He has accepted a post-doctoral position with the USDA-ARS Foreign Disease Week Science Research Unit, Fort Detrick, Building 1301, Frederick, MD 21701, and will be working with Paul Tooley, PhD on ds-RNA in Phvto~hthorainfestans. His new phone number is 301-663-2632.

DR. SCOTT ROGERS: Postdoctoral Fellow, Botany Department, University of Washington, from October 1987 to December 1988. Molecular "botanist" - Application of DNA methodologies/techniques to fungus. He is a graduate of the U of W - 1987. MICHAEL WINGFIELD has assumed a position as an Associate Professor, Microbiology/Mycology at University of Orange Tree State, Blaemtontein as of July 1, 1988.

DR. JORGE E. WRIGHT retired as Full Professor of the University of Buenos Aires, Argentina, as of March 1, 1988, but continues working as Principal Researcher of the Argentine Nat'l Research Council in the same Laboratory.

KWON YOON has been in Dr. I. B. Heath's Lab since September, 1987 (on his sabbatical leave) studying nuclear motility. He will stay here until early August, 1988.

WENYING ZHUANG has completed his PhD at Cornell University and return to the Institute of Microbiology, Academia Sinica, Beijing, People's Republic of China.

NOMINATIONS FOR AWARDS

1989 OBERLY AWARD NOMINATIONS

Nominations are sought for the 1989 Oberly Award for bibliographic excellence in the agricultural or related sciences. To be eligible, a bibliography must have been published in 1987 or 1988, and at least one author, editor or compiler must be a U.S. citizen. Bibliographies will be judged on usefulness, scope, accuracy, format, explanatory features and indexing methods. The award is administered by the Science and Technology Section of the Association of College and Research Libraries Division of the American Library Association. It will be presented at the 1989 annual meeting of the American Library Association in Dallas, Texas. Nominations in the form of a letter, including if possible a copy of the bibliography, should be sent by January 1, 1989 to: Carolyn L. Warmann, Chair, Oberly Award Committee, Reference Department, Carol Newman Library, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061. The award consists of a small cash prize and professional recognition. Past winners have included: Ashby, Jacqueline A., and Stella Gomez. Women. A~ricultureand Rural Development in Latin America. International Fertilizer Development Center. 1985. 171 pgs. -Blanchard, J. Richard and Lois Farreil, eds'. Guide to sources for agriculture and biological research. University of California Press, 1981. 735 pgs. Beard, James B. Turferass: a biblio~ra~hvfrom 1672 to 1972. Michigan State University Press, 1977. 730 pgs.

Corrections

Past Recipients of MSA Graduate Fellowshi~s

1971 James Clark 1980 Thomas Harrington and Steven Warner 1972 Jeffrey Pommerville 1981 Charles Jacobs and Kenneth Whitney 1973 William Timberlake 1982 Faye Murrin and Bruce Tucker 1974 Robert Fogel 1983 John Hammer and Karl McKnight 1975 Martha Sherwood 1984 Thomas Bruns and Thomas Chase 1976 Scott Redhead and John Taylor 1985 Rodney Roberts and Georgiana May 1977 Kurt Dahlberg and Linda Kohn 1986 John S. Horton and Richard W. Kerrigan 1978 James Anderson and Larry Gauriloff 1987 Kathleen Margaret Thomson Cason and 1979 Michael Allen and Robert Antibus Dennis E. Desjardin

Past Recipients of the Graduate Research Prize--OralPresentation

1971 Terrence Hammill 1980 Laurel Davis and Susan Meyer 1972 Rand McNitt 1981 Gregory M. Mueller and Geraldine Russo 1973 Martha Powell 1982 Edmond Badham, Thomas Bruns and 1974 Ellen Farr Elaine Huizar 1975 Richard Humber 1983 Gerald Bills and Steven Horton 1976 Dennis McCabe and Terry Hill 1984 William E. Hintz and R. W. Martin 1977 IMC-2: no award made 1985 Steven L. Miller and Margaret E. 1978 William Mulleavy Silliker 1979 Donald Betterly 1987 Eric W. A. Boehm and Kathleen M. T. -Cason Dr. J.A. von Arx (on April 13th 1988, at the age of 66 years.)

Professor Flordeliz R. Uyenco (May 4, 1988) CHANGE OF ADDRESS FOR RESPONDENCE

Peter Austwick, 10, The Mall, East Sheen, LONDON SW14 7EN. Phone: 01.876.9787.

Eric Boehm, Department of Plant Pathology, 495 Borlaug, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108.

Tetsuo Muroi,-Koshien-kyuban 14-7, Nishinomiya 663, Japan.

Jose~hR. Newhouse, USDA-ARS, Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Fort Detrich, Building 1301, Frederick, MD 21701. Phone: (301) 663-2632.

Ian Reid, National Research Council Canada, Biotechnology Research Institute, 6100 Avenue Royalmount, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4P 2R2. Phone: (514) 496-6100.

Ingo Schulz-Weddigen, Bodensee-Naturmuseum, Katzgasse 5-7, D-7750 Konstanz, West Germany

Michael J. Wingfield, Department of Microbiology, University of Orange Free State, P. 0. Box 339, Blaemtontein 9300, Rep of South Africa. Phone: (051) 401-2396.

Wenying Zhuanq, Institute of Microbiology, Academia Sinica, Beij ing , people * s Republic of China.

Kwon S. Yoon, temporary change until August, 1988. Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Downview, Ont. M3J IP3 Canada. Phone: (416) 736-5511. Address after August, 1988: Department of Microbiology, Kangwon University, Chunchen 200, Korea. Phone: 0361-53-0087 (ext. 2891).

BACK COVER

Diagrammatic sketch of a fertile hypha of a Thelebolus species which is isolated from the soil collected from Mount Kenya in East Africa.

The species has been placed in CMI herbarium under Thelebolus stercoreus (Tode per Fr.) Kimbr. The species is under'investigation as T. stercoreus is characterized by the formation of a single large ascus and a subapical ascus ring visible in congo red. These and other characters do not agree with this species. Mujeeb H. Zoberi MILES INC., Pharmaceuticals and chemical research and manufacture, Elkhart, Indiana 46515. MYCOTAXON, LTD., Publishers of Mycotaxon, an international journal of the taxonomy and nomenclature of fungi and lichens, P.O. Box 264, Ithaca, New York 14851. NEW BRUNSWICK SCIENTIFIC, INC., Manufacturers of Precision Research Apparatus, P.O. Box 986, 44 Talmadge Road, Edison, New Jersey 08817.

NORTHWEST MYCOLOGICAL CONSULTANTS, 702 NW Fourth St., Corvallis, Oregon 97330. ORTHO PHARMACEUTICAL CORPORATION, Research Division, Route 202, P.O. Box 300, Raritan, New Jersey 08869-0602.

PELCO, Transmission & Scanning Electron Microscopy Instruments & Supplies, Ted Pella, Inc., P.O. Box 510, Tustin, California 92680. PFIZER, INC., Fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals by means of microorganisms, 235 East 42nd Street, New York, New York 10017. (203) 441-9100.

PIONEER HI-BRED INTERNATIONAL, INC., World Leader in Genetic Research for Agriculture. 7301 NW 62nd Avenue, Johnston, Iowa 50131. (515) 270-4100. PITMAN-MOORE, INC., Animal Health and Nutrition products, 421 East Hawley Street, Mundelein, IL 60060. ROHM AND HAAS CO., Specialty monomers, polymers, industrial biocides and agricultural chemicals, Research Laboratories, Spring House, PA 19477. SCHERING CORPORATION, Pharmaceutical manufacturers, Bloomfield, New Jersey 07003.

SMITH KLINE AND FRENCH LABORATORIES, Prescription medicines and other health care products, Division of Smith Kline Corporation, P.O. Box 7929, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19101. SPAWN MATE, INC., Nutrient supplements, research labs, technical service and products for the mushroom industry, 555 North First Street, San Jose, California 9.5112. (408) 998-4408, TIX 171135.

STAUFFER CHEMICAL CO., 1200 S 47th St., Richmond, California 94804.

TRIARCH INCORPORATED, Quality prepared microscope slides, catalog listed or custom prepared to your specifications, Ripon, Wisconsin 54971.

UNIROYAL CHEMICAL COMPANY, INC., Producers of crop protection/production chemicals; Fungicides, Insecticides, Miticides, Herbicides, Plant Growth Regulants and foliar nutrients. 74 Amity Road, Bethany, CT 06525.

THE UPJOHN COMPANY, Pharmaceutical Research & Development, 301 Henrietta St., Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007. MYCOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA NEWSLElTER NONPROFIT ORG. 220 BlOSClENCE CENTER U.S. POSTAGE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA ST. PAUL, MINNESOTA 551 08 MINNEAPOLIS, MN USA PERMIT NO. 155

Newsletter includes: Questionnaire, see blue sheet. Abstracts and Program for the MSA Meetings (Aug. 13-18, 1988, Davis, California) -For International Members, information sheet and check list for the 1989 MSA Meetings (Toronto, Canada).

V.,! [I, [; 1,: [.> / (1.; '1 !:i 5 i.,,!!; b! 1:' ,, ,?,! ,: ,~! ,:! :, 1: .r .%( (:) r: ;::! !.., i.111 :::I 1 : r) 1:: 6, i:!..r y, 1,f4.1. [,::! 1: t;: CJ'f' 1; r.! '< 8. 1 .. ::I i.! 3 :1 b, ;K f4 i,; ,;, .r {:: ?>! , i.:!;r, I,,! !;i p, MYCOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA NEWSLETTER

Dr. Iris Charvat, Editor 220 Bioscience Center MSA Newsletter University of Minnesota Telephone: (612) 625-3199 St. Paul, MN 55108 USA

QUESTIONNAIRE

Please return this questionnaire to the Editor by November 15 (for the December 15 issue); by May 15. (for the June issue). From : ...... [ ] This is an address change. Editor will transmit to MSA ------*------Secretary and. Mycologia -----me------Phone : ...... ( 1 NEW FEATURES

Submit manuscript to editor or call for further information.

Descriptions of useful teaching, research, photographic methods (1-2 typed

Brief research notes

Mycological essays (historical, biographical, current issues)

Regional checklists

Letters to the editor Forthcoming even~s(conference-, -nsnops,. forav-.--~,'s, special courses) lude date and ac ldress for further information.

logical1 services avi ! (iden :ions, special trainings, slides lable, cultur es ava:Llable). Specify- class, genera, groups. ------

Fungi wanted, specify class (cultures or specimens, special requirements) ----

...... Labs with opening for mycologists on sabbatical. Specify topics for study...... Publications and Computer Programs for give-away, sale, or exchange: Publications needed: ----.------...... New books by members (include bibliographic data, cost, etc.):

Major honors, awards, promotions received:

Vacancies for mycologists (include name of person to contact):

Assistantships or fellowships available (include contact person):

Employment desired (What type? When? ~egree? Hajor prof? Research interests?):

Changes in affiliation (include retirements):

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