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Olympic Winter Games Villages from 1952 to PyeongChang 2018 17.12.2018

Olympic Winter Games Villages from Oslo 1952 to PyeongChang 2018

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OSC REFERENCE COLLECTION

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Demonstration sports: history at the Olympic Winter Games Elections of the Presidents of the IOC: candidates and voting results History of the sports at the History of the sports at the Olympic Summer Games Villages Olympic Winter Games Villages Olympic Summer Games medals Olympic Winter Games medals Olympic Winter Games posters Olympic Summer Games posters Olympic Summer Games mascots Olympic Winter Games mascots The IOC, the Olympic Movement and the Olympic Games The Olympic programme evolution The Olympic stadiums of the Summer Games The sports pictograms of the Olympic Summer Games The sports pictograms of the Olympic Winter Games Torches and torch relays of the Olympic Summer Games Torches and torch relays of the Olympic Winter Games Youth Olympic Games medals Youth Olympic Games mascots

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Olympic Winter Games Villages from Oslo 1952 to PyeongChang 2018

CONTENTS

Introduction 5

Oslo 1952 8

Squaw Valley 1960 11

Innsbruck 1964 14

Grenoble 1968 17

Sapporo 1972 20

Innsbruck 1976 23

Lake Placid 1980 26

Sarajevo 1984 29

Calgary 1988 32

Albertville 1992 35

Lillehammer 1994 39

Nagano 1998 42

Salt Lake City 2002 46

Turin 2006 49

Vancouver 2010 52

Sochi 2014 55

PyeongChang 2018 58

Credits 61

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Olympic Winter Games Villages from Oslo 1952 to PyeongChang 2018

INTRODUCTION

Today, the Olympic Village is a key element in the organisation and success of the Games. It brings together the world’s athletes in a unique location, and offers them an accommodation solution adapted to their needs during the final phase of their preparation. The concept of Olympic Villages is the fruit of an evolution process inseparably linked to that of the Olympic Games.

Already in Antiquity, in order to take part in the Olympic Games, the athletes who had come from different cities gathered and lived in the same place. The town of Elis became the venue for this gathering, and at least a month before the Games, the participants arrived here to complete their training and receive instructions for the competitions. They then went to the sanctuary of Olympia around 60 kilometres away, and stayed there during the actual events.1 As mentioned by the historian Nicholas Yalouris, the gathering of athletes from the Ancient Greek world for the Games encouraged the development of a common awareness and shared ideal. Subsequently, the scope of the ancient Olympic Games expanded with the incorporation of Greece into the Roman Empire and the participation of Roman citizens in the Games.2

For the first editions of the modern Olympic Games, between 1896 and 1920, there was no real Olympic Village. The teams generally stayed in hotels, public or military buildings, with local people or even on the boats which had transported them there. The General Technical Rules applicable to the 1924 Games in Paris stipulated that “The Organising Committee for the Olympic Games is required to provide the athletes with accommodation, bedding and food, at a fixed rate which shall be set beforehand per person and per day […].”3 As a result, the organisers established an accommodation centre called the Olympic Village, and offered the teams of the different nations the chance to stay in the same location, under the same conditions, and with common services.4 During the preparations for the 1928 Games in Amsterdam, consideration was given to creating an Olympic Village, but the organisers opted for other solutions.5 For the 1932 Games in , however, an Olympic Village with a capacity of 2,000 people was built to the west of the city. From then on, a Village would be created for every edition of the Summer Games, with the exception of London in 1948, which had to face the material challenges of the immediate post-war period.6 For the Winter Games,

1 Jordi Carbonell, “The Barcelona '92 Olympic Village”, Olympic Villages, Hundred Years of Urban Planning and Shared Experiences, Miquel de Moragas, Montserrat Llinés and Bruce Kidd [ed.], International Symposium on Olympic Villages 1996, IOC, 1997, p. 141; Ludwig Drees, Olympia, Gods, Artists and Athletes, London: Pall Mall Press, 1967, p. 43; Nicholas Yalouris, “The City of Elis. The Primordial Olympic Village”, Olympic Villages, Hundred Years of Urban Planning and Shared Experiences, Miquel de Moragas, Montserrat Llinés and Bruce Kidd [ed.], International Symposium on Olympic Villages Lausanne 1996, IOC, 1997, p. 24. 2 Nicholas Yalouris, op. cit., pp. 25-26. 3 Statuts du Comité International Olympique, Règlements et protocole de la célébration des Olympiades modernes et des Jeux Olympiques quadriennaux, Règles générales techniques applicables à la célébration de la VIIIe Olympiade Paris 1924, Lausanne: IOC, ca 1924, p. 21. 4 Les Jeux de la VIIIe Olympiade Paris 1924: rapport officiel, Comité olympique français, Paris: Librairie de , 1924, p. 60. 5 The Ninth Olympiad being the Official Report of the Olympic Games of 1928 celebrated at Amsterdam, G. Van Rossem [ed.], Netherlands Olympic Committee (Committee 1928), Amsterdam: J. H. De Bussy, n.d., pp. 108, 191. 6 The Official Report of the Organising Committee for the XIV Olympiad, London: The Organising Committee for the XIV Olympiad London, 1951, p. 143.

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Olympic Winter Games Villages from Oslo 1952 to PyeongChang 2018

between 1924 and 1956 the teams stayed mainly in hotels, apart from the 1952 Games in Oslo, where three accommodation sites were created.7

With each edition, the concept was reinforced and developed. As well as the conviviality element, creating an Olympic Village capable of compactly housing thousands of athletes and their entourage members presents numerous advantages, such as economies of scale and the optimisation of team transport. As the success of the Games has grown, the size of the Villages has increased; the services have become more diverse; and the planning and functions of the different areas of the site have evolved and become standardised.

The transformation of the Villages has also reflected that of society. For example, for the Summer Games, until the 1950s no women were housed in the Village, but rather in other accommodation sites. At the 1956 Games in Melbourne, for the first time they had their own part of the main Village, but one to which the male athletes were not admitted. However, the women had access to other parts of the Village such as the dining rooms. This situation continued until the 1980s. Starting with the 1984 Games in Los Angeles, the athletes were accommodated by team, and this gender separation disappeared.

Technological developments have also had an impact on the facilities and services of the Olympic Villages with, for example, the appearance of internet access in the 1990s and, at the end of the 20th century, the increasing use of materials and methods of construction aimed at saving energy and resources.

The main Olympic Village is one of the imposing architectural projects which characterises an edition of the Games. While the first ones were temporary, as in Paris in 1924 or Los Angeles in 1932, they are now built to last. So re-using them after the Olympic event is of key importance to the host city. The authorities see a chance to develop an innovative project, capable of creating a strong urban legacy of lasting benefit to the local population. And what is more, the Villages built today for the Olympic Games are also used for the Paralympic Games held shortly afterwards.

This document presents the editions of the Olympic Winter Games for which an Olympic Village was created. It does not include the potential plans for the editions of 1940 and 1944 which were cancelled or the accommodation used when there was no main Village (before 1952 or in Cortina in 1956). It does, however, provide details about any other accommodation sites arranged by the organisers in addition to the main Village. As these sites were not necessarily called “villages”, the terminology used varied from one edition to the next. Only the accommodation sites for athletes and team officials are presented here.

Note also that, unless indicated otherwise, the data and information concerning the main Olympic Village and additional accommodation sites refer to their specific configuration for the Games. Indeed, depending on the reconversion project for after the Games, the sites are generally reconfigured to adapt them to their new use. This sometimes means removing infrastructure and temporary services or reducing the capacity of the Village, which is often increased for the Games themselves.

7 VI Olympiske Vinterleker Oslo 1952 - VI Olympic Winter Games Oslo 1952, Rolf Petersen, Organising Committee for the Olympic Winter Games in Oslo in 1952, Oslo: Organisasjonskomiteen, ca. 1953, p. 81.

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Olympic Winter Games Villages from Oslo 1952 to PyeongChang 2018

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1) Looking through the window. 2) Athletes from the Swiss delegation in front of the entrance to the Sogn Village. 3) Signing autographs. 4) Reading a newspaper. 5) The Ila Olympic Village. 6) Daily life.

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Olympic Winter Games Villages from Oslo 1952 to PyeongChang 2018

OSLO 1952

The Sogn Olympic Village A building in the Ullevål Olympic Village

MAIN VILLAGES: SOGN, ULLEVÅL, ILA

Location: Sogn: Jon P. Erliens Road in the Nordre Aker district, Oslo. Ullevål: Nedre Ullevål Road in the St Hanshaugen district, Oslo. Ila: Iladalen in the Sagene district, Oslo.

Type of infrastructure: New

Architect: -

Capacity: Sogn: 600 participants and their coaches. Ullevål: 400 people. Ila: 200 people.

Surface area: -

Athlete Sogn: six three-storey buildings and 363 apartments. accommodation: Ullevål: 256 bedrooms in two eight-storey buildings. Ila: 121 bedrooms.

Period of operation: The whole of February

CONCEPT AND SERVICES To house the participants and their staff, the Organising Committee arranged three accommodation sites in Oslo itself. For practical questions, the female athletes were also accommodated there. The teams were split between the three Villages based on their own preferences. Those with the same dietary preferences were grouped together as much as possible.

The three sites offered identical service levels. They all had a post office, telephones and telegraphs, and a laundry service. In each Village, areas were available to different service providers, to allow them to offer additional facilities such as banks, kiosks, hairdressers, and sports equipment maintenance and sales.

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Olympic Winter Games Villages from Oslo 1952 to PyeongChang 2018

In addition to these three sites, temporary accommodation was arranged in Sogn and Ullevål. The main entrances created for these two Villages were covered. At Ullevål, a temporary building connected the two accommodation buildings. It housed a dining hall with a capacity of 210 people and a central kitchen for the three Villages, capable of delivering 3,600 meals a day. A take-away meal service was also offered for people unable to eat at the Villages at the scheduled times.

AFTER THE GAMES Sogn became a student village. The buildings in Ullevål were constructed for the staff of the hospital located close by. Part of them became student apartments. The accommodation at Ila were planned as housing for old people.

ADDITIONAL VILLAGES AND ACCOMMODATION SITES

NOREFJELL

Used by: Participants in the downhill and events

Capacity: ~250 people

Description: Three hotels, one newly built, provided temporary accommodation for the athletes taking part in the events at . This venue is around 120 kilometres from Oslo, on the slopes of the Norefjell mountain range.

DID YOU KNOW? ‒ A group of sports enthusiasts volunteered to paint the outside of the temporary building at the Ullevål site.

SOURCES ‒ Ullevål Studentby, Studentsamskipnaden i Oslo og Akershus website ‒ VI Olympic Winter Games Oslo 1952, Oslo: Organisasjonskomiteen, [ca 1953], pp. 23-25, 36, 41, 71, 80-88, n.p.

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Olympic Winter Games Villages from Oslo 1952 to PyeongChang 2018

View of the Squaw Valley 1960 Olympic Village.

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Olympic Winter Games Villages from Oslo 1952 to PyeongChang 2018

SQUAW VALLEY 1960

Scale model with the Olympic Village (top left) The army clearing the streets of snow

MAIN VILLAGE

Location: Chamonix Place, Squaw Valley

Type of infrastructure: New

Architect: -

Capacity: 1,200 people

Surface area: -

Athlete Four three-storey buildings with 75 bedrooms accommodation:

Period of operation: -

CONCEPT AND SERVICES Right from the outset of the Squaw Valley bid to host the Winter Games in 1960, it was planned to house all the athletes in a single Village. Originally planned on the shores of , 10 minutes away from Squaw Valley, it was finally built in Squaw Valley itself, just five minutes on foot away from all the competition venues apart from the and cross- country .

Three of the four accommodation buildings were for men, and the fourth for women. Built between the summer of 1957 and March 1959, they all had a massage room and sauna.

A multipurpose building called the Athletes’ Centre included a 900-seat dining hall with an outside terrace, a lounge area and a laundry service for the athletes. Nightly entertainment programmes were organised in the evenings in the dining hall converted into an auditorium. Celebrities such as Dany Kaye and Esther Williams performed there.

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Olympic Winter Games Villages from Oslo 1952 to PyeongChang 2018

Two recreation buildings offered, for one, a cinema showing films non-stop between 1 and 9 p.m. and for the other, a “dairy bar” and a recreation room equipped with a juke box, table tennis and board games.

A reception and transport centre, medical centre, buildings for storage and for athletes’ equipment maintenance complete the installations of the Village. Close by, there were also various other facilities, such as a hairdresser’s and a training rink.

AFTER THE GAMES According to David C. Antonucci (2009), the Village was initially used as a hotel. In 1990, it was remodelled into timeshare condominiums and a conference centre. Two of the accommodation buildings were destroyed. Starting in 1977, the United States Olympic Committee used the Village as a training centre for a number of years.

DID YOU KNOW? ‒ Particular attention was paid to the quality and presentation of the food. An internationally trained team of cooks was brought in. The menus, in various languages, were posted in advance in the rooms. At least one typical dish from each of the participating countries was on the menu during the Games. As a result, according to the organisers, the only complaints came from coaches worried about their athletes putting on weight because of all the tempting food on offer.

SOURCES ‒ , Squaw Valley: United States’ choice for the Winter Olympics, [ca 1956], n.p. ‒ David C. Antonucci, Snowball’s Chance: The Story of the 1960 Olympic Winter Games Squaw Valley & Lake Tahoe, BookSurge, Charleston, 2009, pp. 20-21. ‒ Dawn Moffit, “Olympic Training Centers: A First for the U.S.”, Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, vol. 55-4, April 1984, p. 16. ‒ John Ormond [ed.], The Pageantry story: VIII Olympic Winter Games, Squaw Valley, California, February 1960, Walt Disney Productions and VIII Olympic Winter Games Pageantry Committee, 1960, n.p. ‒ Ski events - modern winter biathlon, [VIII Olympic Winter Games Organizing Committee], [ca 1959], pp. 2-3, 35. ‒ VIII Olympic Winter Games Squaw Valley, California, 1960: final report, California Olympic Commission [publ.] and Organising Committee [ed.], [ca. 1960], pp. 29, 33-38, 121, n.p.

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1) The Olympic Village under construction. 2) Aerial view of the Olympic Village site. 3) A room in the Village. 4) Swiss athletes in a room. 5) Members of the Swiss delegation playing cards. 6) The restaurant.

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INNSBRUCK 1964

A building under construction Life at the Olympic Village Swiss athletes in the Village An athlete

MAIN VILLAGE

Location: Schützenstrasse and An-der-Lan-Strasse, Innsbruck

Type of infrastructure: New

Architect: F. Thaler

Capacity: ~2,000 people

Surface area: -

Athlete 273 residential units in four 10-storey buildings. accommodation:

Period of operation: 15.01. – 12.02.1964

CONCEPT AND SERVICES Between January 1961 and the end of 1963, a new residential area composed of eight 10- storey buildings, with 689 rooms, was built in the eastern part of the city of Innsbruck. Four of the buildings were used to create the Olympic Village for the Games. Three of them housed the male athletes. In the fourth building, half was reserved for the female athletes, with the other half for the female staff at the Village. The furniture was loaned by the Austrian army.

Each of the buildings had a restaurant on the ground floor which offered various types of cuisine.

A single-storey building built by the city was used as a team welcome area, an information office and visitor reception. An 18-room leisure centre offered various leisure activities, such as reading, television, music and table tennis. Folk evenings and variety shows featuring contemporary performers like Eddie Fischer and Vico Torriani were organised.

To ensure the smooth operation of the Village and the comfort of its Olympic guests, specific logistical services and staff were put in place. For example, the bed linen was dealt with in the

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local town of Wattens, as no laundry service in Innsbruck was capable of handling this. The athletes notably had access to a clothes repair service, banking services, a tea room and a hairdresser’s. They could also make use of the sauna put at their disposal by the city of Innsbruck.

AFTER THE GAMES The buildings used for the Olympic Village during the Games became residential accommodation.

ADDITIONAL VILLAGES AND ACCOMMODATION SITES

SEEFELD

Used by: Participants in the biathlon, , (70m hill) and cross-country skiing events.

Capacity: ~450 people (250 athletes and 200 officials)

Description: The participants stayed in hotels.

DID YOU KNOW? ‒ The Village for the Olympic Winter Games in 1976, also held in Innsbruck, was built right next to the one for the 1964 Games.

SOURCES ‒ “Das Olympische Dorf”, Innsbruck 1964: IX. Olympische Winterspiele Bulletin, Organisationskomitee der IX. Olympischen Winterspiele Innsbruck 1964, n. 2, December 1961, p. 11. ‒ “Das Olympisches Dorf – Village Olympique – Olympic Villages”, Innsbruck 1964: IX. Olympische Winterspiele Bulletin, Organisationskomitee der IX. Olympischen Winterspiele Innsbruck 1964, n. 8, mai 1963, p. 79. ‒ Final report, Innsbruck: Organizing Committee for the XIIth Winter Olympic Games 1976 at Innsbruck, 1976, p. 191. ‒ Offizieller Bericht der IX. Olympischen Winterspiele Innsbruck 1964, Organisationskomitee der IX. Olympischen Winterspiele in Innsbruck 1964, Wien; München: Österreichischer Bundesverl. für Unterricht-Wissenschaft und Kunst, 1967, pp. 22-23, 32, 42, 50-59, 100, 207.

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1) General view of the Olympic Village construction site. 2) Buildings in the Olympic Village. 3) Inside the Olympic Village in . 4) Florence STEURER (FRA) and Isabelle MIR (FRA) at the Olympic village. 5) Annie FAMOSE (FRA) and (FRA) in an Olympic Village bedroom. 6) Olympic Village of Autrans.

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Olympic Winter Games Villages from Oslo 1952 to PyeongChang 2018

GRENOBLE 1968

View of the Olympic Village The Bachat-Bouloud Olympic Village in

MAIN VILLAGE

Location: “Village Olympique” district, sector 6, Grenoble.

Type of infrastructure: New

Architect: Maurice Novarina (chief architect)

Capacity: ~2,000 athletes and officials

Surface area: -

Athlete A university hall of residence with 800 individual bedrooms in 11 four- accommodation: or five-storey buildings. 300 individual bedrooms in a workers’ hostel. 62 apartments in a 15-storey building.

Period of operation: -

CONCEPT AND SERVICES For the Dauphiné city which, between 1954 and 1962 had experienced one of the highest growth rates of all French cities, this Olympic event speeded up the urban modernisation programmes which had become necessary. An Olympic accommodation complex for the Games was built as part of a wider-ranging plan for new residential areas south of the city.

The complex was in two parts: the first was the Olympic Village itself, intended to accommodate the athletes and their entourage, the second was a service centre for the Organising Committee, the partner bodies and the public services. Made up of various types of buildings of different heights, a unified style was achieved, particularly through the use of wood cladding on some elements of the façades. The architectural concept, by using the notion of street and square, also aimed at recreating a living atmosphere like that of a village. Construction work began on 1 April 1966 and ended in November 1967.

The Village restaurant had a capacity of 1,800 people. It consisted of four dining halls, and four different menus were served: Nordic, Mediterranean, far eastern and central European.

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Olympic Winter Games Villages from Oslo 1952 to PyeongChang 2018

AFTER THE GAMES After becoming a residential area as originally planned, the district retained the name “Village Olympique”.

ADDITIONAL VILLAGES AND ACCOMMODATION SITES To avoid their having to go back down into the valley each day and optimise their training conditions, two secondary Villages were established in the resorts of Autran and Chamrousse for the athletes competing in the Nordic and Alpine events. In these two Villages, like the main one in Grenoble, the athletes had access to clubs, games rooms and a cinema. Entertainment such as televisions, libraries, dance floors, pool tables, table tennis and bowling. Events were organised, and stars like Petula Clark, Dalida and Gilbert Bécaud visited the athletes.

AUTRANS

Used by: Participants in the Nordic disciplines

Capacity: ~650 people accommodated

Description: Located 32 kilometres from Grenoble and newly built, the Village was intended to become a youth centre and family holiday accommodation after the Games. Two buildings close by were renovated and provided additional accommodation for the athletes.

CHAMROUSSE

Used by: Participants in the Alpine disciplines

Capacity: ~350 people accommodated

Description: The houses of an existing holiday and school trip village were adapted to create the Olympic village.

SOURCES ‒ Bulletin officiel du Comité d'organisation des Xes Games olympiques d'hiver, Organising Committee for the X Olympic Winter Games Grenoble 1968, n. 5, November 1966, p. 26. ‒ Équipement, logement-transports: Grenoble 68, Centre d'information technique et économique de l'équipement (France), 1967, pp. 3, 7, 65. ‒ Guide officiel des Xes Jeux olympiques d'hiver: du 6 février au 18 février: Grenoble 1968, Organising Committee for the X Olympic Winter Games Grenoble 1968, 1968, pp. 96-97. ‒ Les réalisations olympiques: Grenoble 1964 – 1968, Organising Committee for the X Olympic Winter Games Grenoble 1968, n.d., pp. 71-77. ‒ Rapport officiel, Grenoble: Organising Committee for the X Olympic Winter Games Grenoble 1968, 1969, pp. 63-65, 69-70, 74, 112-113, 252. ‒ Report presented by the Organising Committee for the X Olympic Winter Games Grenoble 1968 to the 63rd Session of the International Olympic Committee, Madrid, 1965, s.n., n.d., n.p. ‒ “Secteur 6”, City of Grenoble website.

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1) Welcome of the delegations. 2) The dance hall. 3) A building in the Olympic Village. 4) Welcoming of the athletes from Czechoslovakia. 5) A restaurant. 6) Athletes playing football in the snow. 7) Athletes from .

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SAPPORO 1972

A beauty salon A couple in a hall A volunteer with the US flag View of the Olympic Village

MAIN VILLAGE

Location: Makomanai Izumi-machi, Minami-ku, Sapporo

Type of infrastructure: New

Architect: Eleven-storey buildings: joint enterprises body (design). Five-storey buildings: Japan Housing Corporation (preliminary design) and the Maintenance Department of the Hokkaido Development Bureau (working drawings)

Capacity: 2,300 people

Surface area: ~150,000 m2

Athlete 772 accommodation units of various sizes in 18 five-storey buildings accommodation: and two 11-storey buildings.

Period of operation: 12.01.1972 – 17.02.1972

CONCEPT AND SERVICES A single Village was created. The competition venues were all close enough to allow athletes to travel there and back the same day. The most distant competition site was Mount Eniwa, around 32 kilometres away. The Village was built in a residential area around 6.5 kilometres south of the city centre, on land previously occupied by the Hokkaido Police Academy. It was a few hundred metres from the two rinks where, in one, the Opening Ceremony and the competitions were held and, in the other, the Closing Ceremony as well as the ice hockey and competitions. Work started in mid-April 1970.

The section of the Village reserved for women consisted of two 11-storey buildings. For their part, the men stayed in the 18 five-storey buildings. A clinic covering roughly 550 square metres was set up in a one-storey building.

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Olympic Winter Games Villages from Oslo 1952 to PyeongChang 2018

The Village dining hall was a temporary building divided into four dining halls, each offering a different type of menu and with a capacity of 228 people. A total of 33,075 meals were served. The catering services also offered meals to take away, special meals and late meals.

The services for the Village guests included a training centre, shops, a repair service, a waxing room, a sauna and ion baths. The entertainment provided included an auditorium with music and magic shows, and a 300-seat theatre. The programme featured plenty of folklore and Japanese culture, especially traditional activities such as floral art, tea ceremonies and origami.

AFTER THE GAMES The Olympic Village became a residential area as initially planned.

SOURCES ‒ The XI Olympic Winter Games Sapporo 1972 – Official Report, Sapporo: Organising Committee for the XI Olympic Winter Games, 1973, pp. 238, 244, 349-361, 384. ‒ “Olympic Village under construction”, XI Olympic Winter Games Official Bulletin, September 1970, n. 8, pp. 4, 6. ‒ “Official report on the state of preparations for the Sapporo Olympic Winter Games”, XI Olympic Winter Games Official Bulletin, April 1968, n. 3, p. 24.

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1) Aerial view of the Olympic Village. 2) Kathy KREINER (CAN). 3) Kitchen in the Olympic Village. 4) A room in the Olympic Village. 5) Musical relaxation. 6) Games room in the Olympic Village. 7) The Canadian team at the Olympic Village.

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INNSBRUCK 1976

Athletes playing football (SUI) Lise-Marie MOREROD (SUI) Athletes having fun

MAIN VILLAGE

Location: An-der-Lan-Strasse, Kajetan-Sweth-Strasse, Innsbruck

Type of infrastructure: New

Architect: -

Capacity: ~51,000m2 of inhabitable surface area

Surface area: -

Athlete 19 buildings and the top three floors of an administrative building. accommodation:

Period of operation: -

CONCEPT AND SERVICES The Village for the Olympic Winter Games Innsbruck 1976 was built south of the one for the Winter Games in 1964, close to the River Inn. Overall, the Village consisted of 35 residential buildings with 642 apartments, a covered swimming pool with a sauna, a building which served as a reception area and a school with three gym halls. During the Games, the safest zone which included the accommodation for the teams and auxiliary services, was composed of 20 residential buildings, the school and the reception. Outside this perimeter, the 15 other buildings housed some of the officials and the Village staff.

A clinic was set up on one of the floors of the school. There was a shopping centre and a 750- seat dining hall on the ground floor. In the three gym halls, the officials had their own 950-seat dining hall.

The Village also offered a meeting and religious information centre, where services in various languages were held.

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Olympic Winter Games Villages from Oslo 1952 to PyeongChang 2018

The leisure centre, which used the facilities created for the Village in 1964 and was also the place where athletes could talk to the press, offered numerous entertainment facilities and concerts. Among other things, it had a cinema, a milk bar, two television rooms, reading rooms, automatic games and a highly popular discothèque. There was even a casino, where the prizes were packets of coffee and calendars.

According to the organisers, the facilities built for and in connection with the Games, like the Olympic Village, the school, the pool and a bridge over the Inn, helped to significantly improve the city’s infrastructure.

AFTER THE GAMES The Olympic Village became a new residential district.

DID YOU KNOW? ‒ The city of Innsbruck was planning to extend the 1964 Village long before the Games in 1976. In 1965, after an architecture competition, it chose three architectural firms to work on the plans. And so the question of a new Village had almost been resolved when, after the city of Denver dropped out, Innsbruck offered to take over in 1972 and was chosen as host city at the beginning of February 1973. The ceremony to mark the laying of the first stone of the Village was held just three months later, on 3 May 1973.

SOURCES ‒ Paul Gruber, Innsbruck, Tirol, , Stadtgemeinde Innsbruck, n.d, n.p. ‒ Rapport final, Innsbruck: Comité d'organisation des XIIes Games olympiques d'hiver 1976 à Innsbruck, 1976, pp. 182, 192-194, 274-278, 317, 333, 340, 396, n.p. ‒ “Completion of roof ridge in the Olympic Village”, Bulletin: XII. Olympische Winterspiele Innsbruck 1976, n. 4, June 1974, p. 23.

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1) View of the Olympic Village. 2) A restaurant of the Olympic Village. 3) A library. 4) A room in the Olympic Village. 5) A building of the residence area. 6) Athletes of Japan having a massage.

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LAKE PLACID 1980

Permanent buildings in the Olympic Village Security check at the entrance of the Olympic Village.

MAIN VILLAGE

Location: Ray Brook, New York State

Type of infrastructure: New

Architect: -

Capacity: ~2,000 people

Surface area: ~15 hectares

Athlete 1,500 beds in permanent buildings. 512 beds in 64 prefabricated accommodation: buildings, each with eight individual bedrooms.

Period of operation: 28.01.1980 – 29.02.1980

CONCEPT AND SERVICES When Lake Placid was bidding to host the 1980 Winter Games, it was planned to house the athletes in a dozen new buildings located near the centre of the village. After Lake Placid was elected as host city of the Games, it was finally decided to use the site of a former sanatorium in Ray Brook, between the villages of Lake Placid and Saranac Lake, to build a future federal correctional institution which would serve as the Olympic Village for the athletes during the Games. To this end, the US Department of Justice helped select the site, and the building was financed by federal funds. The site is 11 kilometres from Lake Placid and 45 minutes’ drive from the furthest competition venue.

The Olympic Village consisted of 11 buildings in all. It included a post office, a bank, a chapel, meditation rooms, a library, two 350-seat cafeterias, a polyclinic, shops, a cinema, a discothèque and a theatre for up to 300 people, featuring some well-known artists. Relaxation areas were included in the residential sections.

Initially, all the athletes were to stay in the buildings provided for this. However, as there were more than expected, a number of prefabricated buildings were added. Temporary buildings,

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caravans and mobile units were used to house additional services such as food storage, workshops, an additional library, a sauna, massage rooms and clothes drying rooms.

In addition to the three meals served at the Village each day, a buffet service was available 24 hours a day, and at certain competition venues, packed lunches were available.

With regard to the training possibilities, in addition to the exercise room and gym at the Olympic Village site, the athletes were able to use the gym at the North Country Community College around seven kilometres away, for which a shuttle service was provided. The facilities there included exercise rooms and an Olympic-sized pool.

AFTER THE GAMES The Olympic Village was converted into a federal correctional institution.

DID YOU KNOW? ‒ A special programme to celebrate 50 years of American cinema was prepared for the Olympic Village cinema. A committee which included directors Robert E. Wise and Steven Spielberg was tasked with choosing the 32 films on the programme.

‒ As part of the arts programme for the Games, two artists were at the Olympic Village. One produced portraits of athletes, which were shown in a New York City gallery before being sent to them. The second got the athletes to help create a 10-metre high ice sculpture.

SOURCES ‒ Final report: XIII Olympic Winter Games, Lake Placid N.Y., February 13-24, 1980, Ed Lewi Associates, Inc, 1980, vol. 1, pp. 18, 100, 102-103, 106, 108, 155-162, 171, 173. ‒ George M. Constable, The XXI Olympiad: Montreal 1976, Lake Placid 1980, The Olympic Century: The Official History of the Modern Olympic Movement, World Sport Research & Publications Inc., Los Angeles, 1998, vol. 19, p. 117. ‒ Lake Placid, New York, United States of America, Candidate for the XIII Winter Olympic Games: Questionnaire and answers submitted to the International Olympic Committee, Lake Placid 1980 Winter Olympic Games Bid Committee, n.d., p. 36. ‒ Olympic Village Guide, Ray Brook. New York, February 1980, pp. 4, 11, 21, 27.

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Olympic Winter Games Villages from Oslo 1952 to PyeongChang 2018

1) Mojmilo Olympic Village building site (in the foreground). 2) Relaxing time at the Olympic Village. 3) An athlete is reading in her room. 4) Children having fun on a bobsled of the Swedish team. 5) Athletes strolling in the Olympic Village.

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SARAJEVO 1984

Buildings of the Olympic Village Actor Kirk Douglas in Mojmilo A street in the Olympic Village The Olympique Village at

MAIN VILLAGE

Location: Mojmilo, Sarajevo

Type of infrastructure: New

Architect: Milan Medić

Capacity: ~2,200 people

Surface area: 12 hectares

Athlete 639 one-, two- or three-room apartments, with 2,250 beds. accommodation:

Period of operation: 25.02.1984 – not known

CONCEPT AND SERVICES The Organising Committee initially planned to house the athletes in Nedžarici University’s student dormitory. A building with 1,000 beds was constructed for this purpose, but this was insufficient to cope with all the Olympic residents expected. In addition, the space available on the site was too small to satisfy the needs for all the related facilities. Rather than building other dormitories at Nedžarici, the Organising Committee finally decided to create a specific Village, believing that this solution would be more comfortable for the athletes and more in tune with the spirit of the Games. Mojmilo, a site to the west of the city intended to become a new residential district, was thus chosen for the Olympic Village for these Games.

Construction work on Olympic Village “A” began in July 1982 and ended in September 1983. As well as the accommodation buildings, the Village included shops, a medical centre, an 800- seat self-service restaurant covering 3,600m2, rooms for meditation and religious services, and a leisure centre with a discothèque, concert hall, theatre, cinema and video games. An “international” part of the Village was open to journalists and visitors. To keep in shape, the athletes had a training room with saunas and a physiotherapy service. Close to the Village,

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there was also a number of other sports facilities. A system of coaches, minibuses and cars took the athletes between the training and competition venues.

AFTER THE GAMES When designed, in cooperation with the city of Sarajevo, the Village was intended to become a residential district after the Games. The restaurant was to be converted into a shop, for example, the accreditation room into a cinema and the leisure centre into a children’s crèche and nursery. The Village then suffered serious damage during the war in Bosnia-Herzegovina. In 1996, the city of Barcelona took charge of the rebuilding of the Olympic Village. This renovation phase lasted until 1999.

ADDITIONAL VILLAGES AND ACCOMMODATION SITES

OLYMPIC VILLAGE “B” AT IGMAN

Used by: Participants in the cross-country skiing, Nordic combined and biathlon events.

Capacity: 502 people

Description: The Village was a hotel built between 1981 and 1983, designed by architect Ahmed Duvić, on the slopes of Mount Igman where the Nordic events were held. The complex included a discothèque, recreation rooms, a bank, a post office, a souvenir shop, a 360-seat self-service restaurant and a press centre. As at the main Olympic Village, concerts featuring Yugoslav music stars were organised. The athletes stayed in rooms with one to four beds. There was also a polyclinic as well as workshops and areas for equipment maintenance and storage. In addition, as at the Mojmilo Village, there was an “international” zone open to journalists and visitors. The building was destroyed during the war in Bosnia-Herzegovina, and is currently in ruins.

SOURCES ‒ Final Report, Sarajevo: Organising Committee of the XlVth Winter Olympic Games 1984 at Sarajevo, 1984, pp. 94, 108, 125, 139. ‒ Jason Vuic, The Sarajevo Olympics, A History of the 1984 Winter Games, University of Massachusetts Press, 2015, pp. 158-159. ‒ Michel Clare et. al., 84 Sarajevo 99: chronique de 15 années: les Jeux, la guerre, la reconstruction, Olympic Museum, Lausanne, 1999, p. 95. ‒ Rapport soumis à la 85ème Session du Comité International Olympique, , mai 1982, Organizacioni Komitet XIV zimskih olimpijskih igara Jugoslavija Sarajevo, Sarajevo, n.d., p. 14. ‒ Sabahudin Selimić [dir.], Olympic Villages Guide: XIV Olympic Winter Games Sarajevo 1984, Borba. Beograd, n.d., pp. 28-31, 38, 42, 44.

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3 4

5 6 1) Opening of the Olympic Village in the presence of Juan Antonio Samaranch. 2) Some residences in Calgary. 3) A bar. 4) A view of a building of the Canmore Olympic Village. 5) Aerial view of the Calgary Olympic Village. 6) A bedroom.

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CALGARY 1988

The Swiss mission head receives a cowboy hat Surroundings of the Canmore Olympic Village

MAIN VILLAGES: CALGARY AND CANMORE

Location: Calgary: University of Calgary campus Canmore: Canmore Recreation Centre to the north-west of the town.

Type of infrastructure: Calgary: new and existing Canmore: new

Architects: -

Capacity: Calgary: 2,000 people Canmore: 578 people

Surface area: Calgary: 12 hectares Canmore: 7 hectares8

Athlete Calgary: seven university residences, two with dormitories, the five accommodation: others with apartments. Canmore: individual bedrooms in 15 residences9

Period of operation: 31.01.1988 – 02.03.1988

CONCEPT AND SERVICES The Organising Committee and the University of Calgary signed an agreement in 1986 to locate the Olympic Village on the campus. New housing units, entirely financed by the government of Alberta, were built on the site to house the athletes.

The Calgary Village was 15 minutes from the city centre. The dining hall could accommodate 800 people, and offered five main dishes for each meal. The residents also had access to a 350-seat bar, which also served food after the restaurant had closed. The Village offered administrative, recreation and health services, including areas to meet the media, a visitor

8 The Official Report gives two different sizes: 4.5 hectares (volume 1, p. 176) and 7 hectares (volume 2, p.392) 9 The Official Report gives two different figures: 16 (volume 2, p. 392) and 15 (volume 1, p. 176)

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reception area, shops, a cinema and a polyclinic. In addition, the athletes had access to first- rate sports facilities: an Olympic-sized pool, six gyms, squash courts, a weights room, an aerobics room and a six-lane 200m running track.

The Canmore Village housed the cross-country skiing and biathlon competitors. The land on which it was located belonged partly to the town of Canmore and partly to the local golf club. The town built a pool, a curling rink and a chalet for the occasion. The architecture was unified through the use of identical bricks and green roofs. Parallel to this, temporary facilities included accommodation in 15 trailers. Fourteen of these could accommodate 41 people, and the other one 25. These units were cladded in wood to give them a mountain chalet appearance.

The athletes staying in the Canmore Village enjoyed the same kinds of services as those at the Village in Calgary, but on a smaller scale. The town’s recreation centre was enlarged and used for the various activities on offer. During the Games, a canteen for 450 people was set up at the curling rink.

AFTER THE GAMES The University of Calgary inherited the accommodation facilities built for the Games for use by its students. In Canmore, the town acquired the new sports and leisure facilities.

DID YOU KNOW? ‒ To cope with the harsh Canadian winter conditions, all the facilities in the Calgary Village were linked to the dining hall by a network of underground corridors.

‒ All teaching was halted at the University of Calgary during the Games. The 900 students staying there had to be housed in private accommodation.

‒ The athletes taking part in the demonstration sports, officials and volunteers from outside Calgary were housed in Owasina Hall on the campus of the Southern Alberta Institute of Technology in Calgary. It could accommodate 491 people, and was renovated before its Olympic residents arrived.

S OURCES ‒ Olympic Villages: Information and Questionnaire. Organising Committee for the XV Olympic Winter Games, April 1987, pp. 13-16, 21. ‒ Rapport officiel des XVes Jeux Olympiques d’hiver : Calgary 1988, Organising Committee for the XV Olympic Winter Games; Calgary Development Association, 1988, vol. 1, pp. 174-181 & vol. 2, pp. 383-394.

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1) Chalets of the Olympic Village of . 2) View of the buildings of the Les Saisies Village. 3) Relaxation and reading room in Brides-les-Bains. 4) The restaurant/hotel “Le Météore” in Les Saisies. 5) The restaurant in Brides-les Bains. 6) Athletes from the United States of America in Brides-les Bains.

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ALBERTVILLE 1992

Brides-les-Bains, athletes from Use of appliance Brides-les-Bains, the main Les Saisies, building and flags the United States of America entrance of the IOC office

MAIN VILLAGE

Location: Brides-les Bains

Type of infrastructure: Existing

Architects: -

Capacity: ~1,300 people

Surface area: -

Athlete Seven hotels and hotel complexes accommodation:

Period of operation: 25.01.1992 – 26.02.1992

CONCEPT AND SERVICES The main Village was at Brides-les-Bains, around 20 kilometres from Albertville, and accommodated the athletes competing in the speed skating, figure skating, short track speed skating, ski jumping, Nordic combined and women’s Alpine skiing events.

The Organising Committee rented accommodation and catering services from hotel groups during the Games. The Village included a residential zone and an international zone offering numerous services such as a polyclinic, an events and recreation area, a ticket office, a post office, a multi-faith centre, shops, and administrative and medical areas. A restaurant was open 20 hours a day, with a self-service facility available when the restaurant was closed. Three gyms, one at Brides-les-Bains and two others 10 kilometres away, were available to the athletes.

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AFTER THE GAMES The various sites were returned to their owners after the Games.

ADDITIONAL VILLAGES AND ACCOMMODATION SITES Because of the difficulty of moving around mountain areas in bad weather and the distance of the various competition venues from one another, secondary Villages were created to accommodate the athletes and team officials for the events concerned. In addition, two further accommodation units were provided in Pralognan and at for the athletes taking part in and curling, both of which were demonstration sports at these Games.

VILLAGES IN VAL D’ISERE, , LA TANIA AND LES SAISIES10

Used by: Val-d’Isère: participants in the men’s Alpine skiing events La Plagne: participants in the and events La Tania: participants in the ice hockey events Les Saisies: participants in the cross-country skiing and biathlon events

Capacity: Val-d’Isère: 500 people La Plagne: 500 people La Tania: 350 people Les Saisies: 650 people

Description: Val d’Isère and La Plagne: The athletes were accommodated in holiday centres from 2 to 23 February. The Alpine skiing competition venue was just 400 metres from the Val d’Isère Village, and could be reached directly on skis. La Tania: The athletes were housed in a hotel complex from 2 to 25 February. The leisure area provided for them was in another hotel close by. Les Saisies: Two social tourism accommodation facilities were used to house the athletes from 25 January to 26 February. The Village in Les Saisies offered services similar to those provided in the main Village in Brides-Les-Bains.

DID YOU KNOW? ‒ Even with the Olympic Village in La Plagne opening the following day, tourists were still staying there in the evening of 1 February. As soon as the last ones had left, in barely 15 hours a large team had transformed the premises so that the Village was ready for its Olympic guests.

‒ To meet the needs of a number of tall athletes, more than 80 standard beds were replaced by longer beds at the Villages in La Plagne and Les Saisies.

10 The Olympic village at Les Saisies was called a “secondary Olympic village”, while the three others were called “athletes’ villages”.

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SOURCES ‒ “Du Club au Village en 15h”, Villages: Le quotidien olympique des athlètes, Organizing Committee of the XVI Olympic Winter Games of Albertville and , 5 February 1992, p. 3. ‒ Guide officiel de la délégation suisse: Jeux Olympiques Albertville 8-23 février 1992, Swiss Olympic Committee, 1992, pp. 284-285. ‒ Lettre d’information aux CNO, Organizing Committee of the XVI Olympic Winter Games of Albertville and Savoie, pp. 5-9. ‒ “Porte à Porte” and “Bruit de couloirs”, Villages: Le quotidien olympique des athlètes, Organizing Committee of the XVI Olympic Winter Games of Albertville and Savoie, February 1992, pp. 4-5, 8. ‒ Rapport Officiel des XVIes Jeux Olympiques d’hiver d’Albertville et de la Savoie, Organizing Committee of the XVI Olympic Winter Games of Albertville and Savoie, 1992, pp. 406- 417.

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7 8 1) Flags of and Canada. 2) A medical examination in the private general hospital. 3) Three Swiss athletes at the cafeteria. 4) People watching television in a recreational room. 5) Outside view. 6) People at the cafeteria. 7) Australian flags in a street of the Olympic Village. 8) Pool players in the recreation room.

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LILLEHAMMER 1994

Houses of the Olympic Village Welcome of the delegations

MAIN VILLAGE

Location: Skaarsetlia

Type of infrastructure: New

Architects: -

Capacity: 2,650 beds

Surface area: 5.5 hectares

Athlete 1,990 bedrooms for one or two people accommodation:

Period of operation: 29.01.1994 – 02.03.1994

CONCEPT AND SERVICES When the city originally bid, it was planned to accommodate the expected 3,000 athletes and officials in Lillehammer itself. However, in 1991 it was decided to move the skating events to . After that, the Organising Committee altered its plans, preferring to accommodate the 500 athletes concerned in a secondary Village in Hamar.

The main Village in Lillehammer was three kilometres north-east of the centre. Construction began in the autumn of 1992 and ended in October 1993. All the buildings were made of wood, using prefabricated components and traditional building techniques. Only 185 of the houses were permanent. As the town of Lillehammer had no need of all these accommodation facilities, the rest were temporary, and were dismantled and moved elsewhere after the Games. The organisers rented buildings from the town for the period of the Games. They first tested the site for four months by organising various events. The completion of the Village in advance also allowed them to train various volunteers for their future tasks directly on site. Four types of energy were used for heating purposes: gas, solar, electric and geothermal.

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The athletes had access to a discothèque, games and television rooms, a library, a jogging track, a tennis court, a basketball court, a piano bar with themed evenings and various shops. The 2,000m2 Village cafeteria could accommodate up to 1,000 people. Numerous administrative services for the National Olympic Committees such as ticketing, a general information stand, a post office and the transport management office were also grouped together in the same location.

AFTER THE GAMES Part of the Village was retained after the Games: the Village activity centre was converted to include a church, accommodation facilities, a nursery school, a medical centre and a retired person centre. A total of 141 of the 185 permanent houses were sold to private buyers. For the temporary part, it was planned to move 50 of the houses to Sweden to provide homes for families, and to use the others elsewhere in Norway.

ADDITIONAL VILLAGES AND ACCOMMODATION SITES

SUBSITE VILLAGE IN HAMAR

Used by: Participants in the speed skating, figure skating and short track speed skating events.

Capacity: 550 beds

Description: The Village was located three kilometres from the centre of Hamar. The premises of a boarding school and the Toneheim Folk High School were used to house the athletes. The range of services offered to the residents was more limited than in the official Village, although the quality of the accommodation, catering, security and transport was the same.

DID YOU KNOW? ‒ The banana consumption forecasts were greatly exceeded in the Lillehammer Village, with the athletes alone getting through more than 3,000 a day, the figure estimated for all the athletes, coaches, volunteers and media representatives at the Games combined.

‒ The roads and squares in the Olympic Village were dismantled and moved to other places where they were needed after the Games. For their part, the fences were sold, especially to farms in the Gudbrandsdalen valley.

SOURCES ‒ Guide des villages olympiques, Lillehammer Olympic Organizing Committee, 1994, pp. 39- 40. ‒ “La cuisine olympique”, Munin: bulletin officiel des XVIIes Jeux Olympiques d’hiver à Lillehammer 1994, Lillehammer Olympic Organizing Committee, 17 February 1994, p. 3. ‒ Rapport officiel des XVIIes Jeux Olympiques d'hiver Lillehammer 1994, Lillehammer Olympic Organizing Committee, 1995, vol. 2, pp. 108-116 & vol. 3, pp. 76-79. ‒ “Utilisation post-olympique !”, Munin: bulletin officiel des XVIIes Jeux Olympiques d’hiver à Lillehammer 1994, Lillehammer Olympic Organizing Committee, 24 February 1994, p. 3.

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7 6 1) View of the buildings. 2) Volunteers dressed with traditional costumes. 3) General view of the Olympic Village and its surroundings. 4) Athletes of Kazakhstan in a centre. 5) Austrian athletes in front of computers. 6) Members of the delegation of Canada taking pictures. 7) Members of the delegation of Chinese Taipei walking in the street.

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NAGANO 1998

A Russian athlete warming up Housing of the athletes from Getting dressed in a kimono Welcome of the delegations Canada

MAIN VILLAGE

Location: Imai District, Kawanakajima

Type of infrastructure: New

Architects: Itsuko Hasegawa

Capacity: 3,283 people accommodated

Surface area: 19 hectares

Athlete 1,032 apartments accommodation:

Period of operation: 24.01.1998 – 25.02.1998

CONCEPT AND SERVICES The city of Nagano built a residential complex with 23 buildings seven kilometres from the city centre, and rented the site to the Organising Committee for the Games. To reduce the cost of fitting out the buildings and the athletes’ rooms, the Organising Committee rented or bought furniture used previously for events such as the 1994 Asian Games in Hiroshima and the 1995 Summer Universiade in Fukuoka.

For the period of the Games, a wide range of specific services were temporarily put in place on a 12,000m2 site, including a bank, a post office, games and meetings rooms, an internet room, a polyclinic, shops, a cinema which also doubled as a discothèque, and a cafeteria for up to 1,000 people. One very successful idea was the photo booths in which athletes could be photographed against the background of their choice and get the results in the form of stickers.

The cultural activity centre gave the Village residents the chance to discover traditional practices such as ikebana flower arrangements, the tea ceremony, wearing a kimono and

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traditional dances and songs.

AFTER THE GAMES A part of the Village became a residential area managed by the city of Nagano. The rest was sold by auction to the public after the Games.

ADDITIONAL VILLAGES AND ACCOMMODATION SITES

KARUIZAWA

Used by: Participants in the curling competitions

Capacity: 120 people

Description: A hotel in the town of Karuizawa was used to house the athletes for 13 days. For their comfort, a restaurant, a shop, a recreation room and an entertainment room were provided. Just like in the main Village in Nagano, the athletes could also try their hand at traditional Japanese activities.

SHIGA KOGEN

Used by: Participants in the snowboard competitions

Capacity: 180 people

Description: The west wing of a hotel in Shiga Kogen, 58 kilometres from the main Village in Nagano, was reserved for the Games participants for 12 days. They were accommodated in double or family rooms. The organisers had a restaurant set up in the hotel for the athletes and team officials, as well as an information centre, a salon and administration offices.

DID YOU KNOW? ‒ The clothes hangers used in the bedrooms in the Village were donated by department stores and citizens of Nagano.

‒ The food in the take-away boxes was kept warm thanks to a chemical reaction between calcium oxide and water.

‒ The organisers wanted to convert all the biodegradable waste from the Village into fertiliser. As a result, during the Games, the waste from the restaurants was transported to a special machine designed to produce around 50kg of fertiliser a day.

‒ This was not the first time that Karuizawa had hosted Olympic participants, after being the venue for the eventing competitions during the Tokyo 1964 Summer Games.

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SOURCES ‒ “La famille olympique prend ses quartiers d’hiver”, Nagano 98: Journal Officiel des XVIIIes Jeux Olympiques d’hiver, Organizing Committee for the XVIII Olympic Winter Games Nagano 1998, n. 1, 25 January 1998, p. 14. ‒ Les Jeux de la XVIIIe olympiade, Tokyo 1964 : rapport officiel du comité organisateur, Organizing Committee for the Games of the XVIII Olympiad, 1966, vol. 1, p. 322. ‒ Les XVIIIes Jeux Olympiques d'hiver: rapport officiel Nagano 1998, Organizing Committee for the XVIII Olympic Winter Games Nagano 1998, 1999, vol. 2, pp. 238-251. ‒ Nagano: Olympic News, Organizing Committee for the XVIII Olympic Winter Games Nagano 1998, n. 32, October 1997, p. 4. ‒ Nagano: Olympic News, Organizing Committee for the XVIII Olympic Winter Games Nagano 1998, n. 36, January 1998, p. 5. ‒ “Profile - Selected Works”, website of Itsuko Hasegawa Atelier.

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7 9 6 1) View of a building of the University of . 2) Fort Douglas. 3) Athletes from the Republic of Korea at the restaurant. 4) An athlete from Belarus playing an arcade in a gaming room. 5) Athletes walking in the village. 6) View of a building of the . 7) A label pins’ stall. 8) Vote for the Athletes’ Commission. 9) Some volunteers.

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SALT LAKE CITY 2002

Signs and flags The Olympic Village entrance Juan Antonio Samaranch is An athlete in a gaming room signing the “Olympic Aid” board

MAIN VILLAGE

Location: University of Utah, Fort Douglas historic area

Type of infrastructure: Existing and renovated

Architects: -

Capacity: 3,500 people

Surface area: ~30 hectares

Athlete Apartments, suites and demi-suites in three- or four-storey buildings accommodation:

Period of operation: 29.01.2002 – 26.02.2002

CONCEPT AND SERVICES The Olympic Village was created on the University of Utah campus, on land which was part of the Fort Douglas military area. The military buildings were renovated and harmonised with the existing academic buildings. In this way, the University acquired 20 new buildings with apartments and studios for its students after the Games.

The residential buildings included communal areas where the athletes could get together. Eight reception areas offered assistance with accommodation. For example, the residents could buy washing powder, towels and drinks, and get help if equipment broke down or if they forgot their key. Two restaurants, one temporary and one permanent, could hold 650 people each. The services available included a café, a video games room, an internet centre, a TV room, a club with pool tables, religious services, a polyclinic, a hairdresser’s, a laundry service, a travel agency and a florist. The residents could also go to one of two information stands for any questions about the Olympic Village, the Games in Salt Lake, the city or the surrounding area.

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AFTER THE GAMES The athlete accommodation became accommodation for students at the University of Utah. The University also benefited from the renovated buildings and other improvements made by the organisers.

ADDITIONAL VILLAGES AND ACCOMMODATION SITES

SOLDIER HOLLOW

Used by: Athletes in the biathlon, cross-country skiing and Nordic combined events

Capacity: 450 people

Description: As the competition venues for biathlon, cross-country skiing and Nordic combined were moved from Mountain Dell to , the Organising Committee arranged additional accommodation in Heber City, around 70 kilometres from the Village in Salt Lake City. The athletes there stayed in eight hotels and motels.

DID YOU KNOW? ‒ When they arrived, the athletes found a personalised bedcover created by schoolchildren from all over Utah.

‒ The organisers arranged for more than 1.76 million metres of toilet paper, which is three times the length of the state of Utah.

SOURCES ‒ “Les athlètes accueillis à bras ouverts par les écoliers de l’Utah”, Olympic Record, Salt Lake Organizing Committee for the Olympic Winter Games of 2002, n. 1, Monday 29 January 2002, p. 3. ‒ “Le Village ouvre ses portes”, Olympic Record, Salt Lake Organizing Committee for the Olympic Winter Games of 2002, n. 1, Monday 29 January 2002, p. 6. ‒ Rapport d’avancement à l’usage des comités nationaux olympiques, Salt Lake Organizing Committee for the Olympic Winter Games of 2002, November 2000, p. 28. ‒ Salt Lake 2002: Guide des Athletes, Salt Lake Organizing Committee for the Olympic Winter Games of 2002, 2002, pp. 7-17, 27. ‒ Salt Lake 2002: Rapport officiel des XIXes Jeux Olympiques d’hiver, Salt Lake Organizing Committee for the Olympic Winter Games of 2002, 2002, pp. 140-144. ‒ Salt Lake 2002: XIXes Jeux Olympiques d’hiver, Dossier à l’usage des chefs de mission, Salt Lake Organizing Committee for the Olympic Winter Games of 2002, January 2001, pp. 17-39, 41.

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1) Exterior view of the athletes’ accommodation in the Turin Olympic Village. 2) Arrival of the delegation from Russia in the Turin Village. 3) View of the Turin village. 4) Retail zone of the Turin village, the newsagent. 5) View of the Olympic Village. 6) Official merchandising stall at the Turin village. 7) Exterior view of the athletes’ accommodation in the Turin village.

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TURIN 2006

The signature of Jacques Rogge on the Olympic Truce wall The fitness room

MAIN VILLAGES: TURIN, BARDONECCHIA AND SESTRIERE

Location: Turin: Via Giordano Bruno 206, Turin Bardonecchia: Viale Della Vittoria 46, Bardonecchia Sestriere: Via Sauze 14, Sestriere

Type of infrastructure: Turin: New and existing Bardonecchia: New and existing Sestriere: New and existing

Architects: Turin: B. Camerana, G. Rosenthal, A. Constantin, Steidle und Partner, Studio Derossi Associati Bardonecchia: F. De Berardinis Sestriere: G. Spinelli, P. Tagliabue, S. Trucco, F. Vallero

Capacity: Turin: 2,500 people Bardonecchia: 725 people Sestriere: 1,850 people

Surface area: Turin: 10 hectares Bardonecchia: 2.9 hectares Sestriere: 7.5 hectares

Athlete Turin: residence with 652 apartments accommodation: Bardonecchia: 310 bedrooms in hotel buildings Sestriere: 750 apartments and bedrooms in three buildings

Period of operation: 31.01.2006 – 28.02.2006

CONCEPT AND SERVICES The Olympic Village in Turin was located in the Mercati Generali (market), a historic part of the city from the 1930s. The area was totally revamped to give it its own identity, recognisable as an Olympic zone. This identification included building the 69-metre high Olympic Arch over the footbridge linking the Olympic Village to the Lingotto area, to symbolise the renewal the Games generated for the city. With regard to the environmental aspects, the Village used solar

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panels and cells, a standalone heating system and a solar powered ventilation system. More than half the surface area of the Village was taken up by the residential zone, with the services for the residents in the remaining area. The athletes in the curling, figure skating, ice hockey, short track speed skating and speed skating stayed at the Village in Turin.

Located 120 kilometres from Turin, the Village in Sestriere consisted of two towers owned by tourist companies and an additional building called the “Mariani”, which was built specially for the Olympic Games. The Village accommodated the athletes competing in Alpine skiing, bobsleigh, cross-country skiing, luge, Nordic combined, skeleton and ski jumping. A footbridge linked the Village to the ski runs of the Sestriere pass. Similar service levels to those in the Turin Village were provided.

The Olympic Village in Bardonecchia was created by renovating a former holiday camp, the Colonia Medail. Before the Village was created, the holiday camp subsequently turned into a hotel complex had been abandoned. A new building was added to the existing ones, which were renovated. Temporary facilities allowed the size of the 90-seat restaurant to be increased, with storage for the residents and a baggage checking area. This Village was used by the athletes competing in the biathlon, and snowboard events, who enjoyed a range of services such as a recreation and leisure area, a gym, a pool, a restaurant, a medical and massage centre, shops and a post office.

AFTER THE GAMES Once the Games were over, the Olympic Village was handed back to the city of Turin. The aim was to convert it into housing as well as a space dedicated to research and technology. In Sestriere, the two blocks were returned to their original use, as accommodation for holidaymakers. For its part, the new Mariani building was converted into a residential complex. The town of Bardonecchia acquired a structure capable of satisfying the demand for accommodation throughout the year.

DID YOU KNOW? ‒ For the first time at the Winter Games, an Olympic Truce Wall was created. Each of the three Villages had its own wall, which the athletes and officials were invited to sign.

SOURCES ‒ Athletes and Officials Guide: Torino 2006, Organising Committee for the XX Olympic Winter Games, 2005, pp. 9-35. ‒ “Launch of the Olympic Truce Wall”, news, website of the International Olympic Committee, 6 February 2006. ‒ “Le village olympique de Bardonecchia”, sites de compétition – Bardonecchia, website of Turin 2006. ‒ “Le village olympique de Sestrières”, sites de compétition – Sestrière, website of Turin 2006. ‒ “Mister pin’s”, The Village lives here, Organising Committee for the XX Olympic Winter Games, 8 February 2006, pp. 2, 4. ‒ “Torino 2006”, Il Giornale Dell’ Architettura, n. 37, February 2006, pp. 28, 34. ‒ “Torino 2006: the Olympic Villages open as the Games approach”, news, website of the International Olympic Committee, 31 January 2006. ‒ “Village olympique de Torino”, sites de compétition – Torino, website of Turin 2006. ‒ XX Olympic Winter Games: Final Report, Organising Committee for the XX Olympic Winter Games, 2007, vol. 1, pp. 105-110.

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1) A building of the Vancouver Olympic Village. 2) Residences in the Vancouver Village with the national flags at the edge of the Plaza. 3) The athletes’ residences in Whistler with the Olympic rings. 4) Some athletes enjoy the sunshine. 5) A part of the Olympic Truce wall. 6) Athletes’ residences in Vancouver. 7) Two Korean athletes. 8) Some Russian athletes take a walk on the footbridge with the downtown in the background.

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VANCOUVER 2010

An artist A Canadian flag on the roof of a A Swedish athlete exercises at The Whistler village building the gym

MAIN VILLAGES: VANCOUVER, WHISTLER

Location: Vancouver: south-west of False Creek Whistler: at the entrance to the Cheakamus valley, 1498 Cheakamus Lake Rd, Whistler

Type of infrastructure: New

Architects11: Vancouver: Merrick Architecture for the Village, Nick Milkovich Architects and Walter Francl Architecture Ltd for the media centre (subsequently the Creekside Community Centre) Whistler: AKA Architecture + Design, Integra Architects (Lots 6 and 7), Burrowes Huggins (athlete’s lodge). The Athletic Centre was designed by Hotson, Bakker, Boniface and Haden.

Capacity: Vancouver: 2,720 people Whistler: 2,850 people

Surface area: Vancouver: 6 hectares Whistler: -

Athlete Vancouver: 1,100 apartments in residential buildings accommodation: Whistler: 554 housing units – apartments, houses and auberges

Period of operation: 04.02.2010 – 03.03.2010

CONCEPT AND SERVICES The Village in Vancouver was built on former industrial land, and the one in Whistler on the old municipal rubbish dump. Both were developed and built to the highest LEED environmental quality standards. Each of the sites included sustainable development initiatives: the creation of a habitat for local fauna and flora, restoration of coastal land, removal of pollutants from

11 Non-exhaustive lists

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land and water, green roofs, stormwater and waste water treatment programmes, a heating system using waste water treatment, improved accessibility and a programme highlighting the art and culture of the First Nations.

The Villages were designed to be compact and close to the competition venues, to reduce transport needs and energy use. The maximum transport time was 20 minutes (an average of 12 kilometres). It was also possible to reach the city centre and the entertainment and cultural areas on foot or by shuttle bus, as well as the “plazas” where the medal ceremonies were held.

The athletes competing in the following sports and disciplines stayed at the Village in Vancouver: curling, freestyle skiing, skating, ice hockey and snowboard. The Village in Whistler housed the athletes competing in Alpine skiing, bobsleigh, luge, skeleton and the Nordic and Alpine disciplines.

AFTER THE GAMES The Village in Vancouver was converted into a community area, with a market, 250 accommodation units sold or turned into social housing, offices, open spaces and shops. The Whistler Village was turned into accommodation units. The new zone, entitled Cheakamus Crossing, also has a high-performance centre, which includes a gym, offices, changing rooms and multifunctional meeting rooms.

DID YOU KNOW? ‒ The Truce Wall at the Village in Vancouver and its counterpart in Whistler made good use of indigenous art. The two pillars making up each wall represented an orca and a raven, respectively, both etched into stainless steel panels. They recreate in 3D form the artwork used for the winners’ medals.

‒ The catering services at the Olympic Village in Vancouver donated food to various subsidised grocery stores.

SOURCES ‒ Athletes and Officials Guide: Vancouver 2010, Vancouver Organising Committee for the 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games, 2009, pp. 10-19. ‒ “Olympic Truce Wall unveiled at Olympic Village”, news, website of the International Olympic Committee, 9 February 2010. ‒ “Quelle journée”, Le Village: Vancouver 2010, Vancouver Organising Committee for the 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games, 21 February 2010. ‒ Vancouver 2010: Rapport de durabilités 2009-2010, Vancouver Organising Committee for the 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games, September 2010, pp. 44, 55, 85, 114, 119. ‒ Websites of the following architecture firms: Nick Milkovitch Architects Inc, “Projects – Cultural Creekside Community Centre” section, Merrick Architecture, “Work – The Village on False Creek” section, Aka Architecture + Design Inc, “Projects – Multi-residential – Whistler Athletes’ Village” section, Integra Architecture Inc, “Portfolio – Apartments” section p. 3, Burrowes Huggins Architects, “Townhomes – Athlete’s Village Townhome” and “Resorts/Recreational/Hotels – Athlete’s Lodge” sections, Larigakis Architecture, “Portfolio – Recreation – Whistler High Performance Athletic Centre” section.

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1) Ban Ki-Moon signing the Olympic Truce wall. 2) Pavilion of the Nordic countries. 3) Post office, postcards. 4) Athletes playing the game of billiards. 5) The athletes’ accommodations. 6) A florist. 7) A street with national flags. 8) A volunteer holding an Irish flag.

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SOCHI 2014

An athlete is training Directions signs Welcome of the delegations An athlete at the hairdresser

MAIN VILLAGES: COAST (SOCHI) AND MOUNTAIN (ROSA KHUTOR)

Location: Sochi: next to the Bolshoy Ice Dome Rosa Khutor: next to the Extreme Park

Type of infrastructure: New

Architect: Sochi: - Rosa Khutor: Maxim Atayants

Capacity: Sochi: 2,000 people Rosa Khutor: 2,900 people

Surface area: Sochi: 72 hectares Rosa Khutor: -

Athlete Sochi: 47 accommodation buildings accommodation: Rosa Khutor: apartments and hotel rooms in around 50 mountain chalet-type houses

Period of operation: 30.01.2014 – 26.02.2014 (pre-opening on 24.01.2014)

CONCEPT AND SERVICES Each of the two Olympic Villages had its own theme and was recognisable by the main colour associated with this. The Villages also had a slogan, a motif, pictograms and souvenir items on their theme. The Village in Sochi, which housed the athletes taking part in the curling and skating competitions, had the theme of “Russian Pride”, with blue as the main colour. It celebrated Russian achievements in the fields of literature, music, the arts, science and classic dance. The Village in Rosa Khutor, for which the main colour was red, housed the athletes in the Alpine skiing, bobsleigh, skeleton, freestyle skiing, Nordic combined, ski jumping and snowboard competitions.

The streets in the two Villages were given the names of Russian and Soviet Olympic and Paralympic champions. Both Villages had the same service levels, as well as their own mayor,

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chosen from among a list of Russian sports champions. The athletes in The Sochi Village could access the competition venues on foot.

AFTER THE GAMES The accommodation in the mountain Village became apartments and hotels for the resort of Rosa Khutor. The Sochi Village was turned into apartments.

ADDITIONAL VILLAGES AND ACCOMMODATION SITES

SLOBODA ENDURANCE VILLAGE

Used by: The Village housed the participants in the biathlon and cross-country skiing events,

Capacity: 1,100 people

Description: The Village was close to the Nordic sports centre, around one kilometre from the centre of Rosa Khutor. It consisted of apartments with a hotel service and a hamlet of chalets. The term “Sloboda” (settlement) recalls Russian folk tales, and the Village was decorated with characters like Baba Yaga, the Firebird, Ivan the Fool and Grey Wolf. Its dominant colour was purple, and it had the same service levels as the two main Villages. The athlete accommodation has been used as apartments and hotels since the Games.

DID YOU KNOW? ‒ Because the mountain Village and the ski lifts were so close together, some athletes skied there directly instead of using the transport provided for them.

‒ The National Olympic Committees (NOCs) with athletes in the two main Villages could choose the Village where they wanted their team welcome ceremony to be held.

SOURCES ‒ “Athletes settle in to Village life”, news, website of the International Olympic Committee, 6 February 2014. ‒ “Distinguished architect Maxim Atayants visits TASIS”, website of The American School in Switzerland (TASIS), 4 June 2016. ‒ Guide de la famille olympique, Sochi Organising Committee for the 2014 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games, p. 96. ‒ Guide accommodation des CNO, Sochi Organising Committee for the 2014 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games, 2011, p. 22. ‒ “Olympic Village mayor caters to athletes’needs”, news, website of the International Olympic Committee, 17 February 2014. ‒ Rapport Officiel: Sochi 2014 Games Olympiques d’hiver, Sochi Organising Committee for the 2014 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games, 2015, vol. 3, pp. 36-38. ‒ Sochi 2014: Guide des athlètes et des officiels d’équipe, Sochi Organising Committee for the 2014 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games, January 2014, pp. 14-27.

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9 10 1) Residence blocks in the PyeongChang Village. 2) Volunteers and nations’ flags in the Gangneung Village. 3) Roald Bradstock and Lanny Barnes, Olympians and artists in residence as part of the “Olympic Art” project, pose with their works. 4) Three Bulgarian women wearing masks during the team welcome ceremony. 5) Actors in the team welcome ceremony. 6) Members of the Slovenian delegation try out the virtual reality headsets. 7) The Olympic Truce Wall. 8) A Korean athlete at the florist’s shop. 9) The gym. 10) A bedroom.

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PYEONGCHANG 2018

Women in traditional costumes The Gangneung Village The memorial The PyeongChang Village

MAIN VILLAGES IN PYEONGCHANG AND GANGNEUNG

Location: PyeongChang: Yongpyong winter sports resort, Daegwallyeong- myeon, PyeongChang district Gangneung: Yucheon neighbourhood in Gangneung-si

Type of infrastructure: New

Architect: PyeongChang: Brent Thompson Architects Gangneung: -

Capacity: PyeongChang: 3,894 people Gangneung: 2,900 people

Surface area: PyeongChang: 11.6 hectares Gangneung: 10.8 hectares

Athlete PyeongChang: 600 apartments with between three and five bedrooms accommodation: in eight 15-storey buildings Gangneung: 922 three-bedroom apartments in nine buildings with between 22 and 25 floors

Period of operation: 01.02. – 28.02.2018

CONCEPT AND SERVICES Construction of the two villages was approved by the mayors of PyeongChang and Gangneung to help contribute to the sustainable urban development of the two cities: in PyeongChang, building the village was aimed at meeting the need for additional accommodation, and in Gangneung, the new construction was intended to provide impetus for a less developed part of the city. Construction of the two villages began in 2015 and ended in December 2017. Numerous strategies were adopted to ensure “green” villages, minimise carbon emissions and promote the use of renewable energy during and after the Olympic Winter Games. For example, the organisers erected wind turbines on both sites and ensured

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that there was as much natural light as possible. In addition, one of the aims for the Gangneung site was to have vegetation covering at least 60 per cent of the surface area.

The villages, close to the competition venues, were divided into two zones: a residential zone and the village plaza. The first of these included amongst other things the accommodation for the teams, a fitness centre, a polyclinic, a multi-faith centre which also offered meditation courses, and a games and leisure area. The second zone, open to the residents’ guests, offered services including a bank, a tourist office, a post office, a café, a hairdresser, a florist, an official licensed products store and a Korean culture centre.

Three resident centres in PyeongChang and four in Gangneung offered the teams everyday services. Laundry rooms, television rooms, information offices, lost property offices and food dispensers were among the services offered. In each Village, one of the centres was open 24 hours a day. The main catering area offered a wide range of meals and snacks throughout the day, including a section with Korean culinary specialities. Everywhere in the villages, the athletes had wireless internet access.

The village residents had the chance to take part in numerous traditional Korean cultural events, such as trying on Korean clothing (hanboks) and an ancient mountain hunting demonstration. Activities were also organised to mark Seollal, the lunar new year, which fell during the Games: a tea ceremony, traditional games, puppet shows inspired by Korean fairy tales and a hangul (Korean alphabet) calligraphy workshop.

The athletes competing in the snow sports and bobsleigh, luge and skeleton stayed in PyeongChang, with the ice sports athletes in Gangneung.

A FTER THE GAMES The athlete accommodation in the Olympic villages in PyeongChang and Gangneung were turned into private apartments and sold.

D ID YOU KNOW? ‒ In the framework of the “Olympic Art” project, an artistic initiative by the IOC, three former Olympians who are also artists ran and supervised a project within the Gangneung village during the Games. More than 111 Olympians from 39 countries contributed their artistic talent to create 15 collective works, at the rate of one a day, representing the 15 disciplines on the Winter Games programme. These were laid out in five rows of three paintings to form a giant fresco, illustrating the Olympic values at the heart of this initiative.

‒ As had been done two years previously in the Olympic Village in Rio, a memorial and place of mourning were created for the athletes in the PyeongChang village.

‒ At the post office, athletes could create personalised stamps by inserting photos.

SOURCES ‒ 2018 POCOG Sustainability Framework, Creating a New Horizon for Sustainable 2018 PyeongChang Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games: Furthering Benefits to Human and Nature, The PyeongChang Organising Committee for the 2018 Olympic & Paralympic Winter Games, 2015, pp. 37, 58. ‒ “Art at the Village” section, website of the International Olympic Committee.

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‒ Athletes and Team Officials Guide: PyeongChang 2018, The PyeongChang Organising Committee for the 2018 Olympic & Paralympic Winter Games, February 2018, p. 10. ‒ “IOC President Bach previews PyeongChang Olympic Village a day before the official opening”, news, website of the International Olympic Committee, 31 January 2018. ‒ “Master Plan Architect – 2018 Winter Olympic Master Planner”, website of Brent Thompson Architects. ‒ NOC Chefs de Mission Manual: PyeongChang 2018, The PyeongChang Organising Committee for the 2018 Olympic & Paralympic Winter Games, December 2017, pp. 86-87, 112. ‒ “Olympic Villages” and “Olympic Villages Summary”, NOC Newsletter, The PyeongChang Organising Committee for the 2018 Olympic & Paralympic Winter Games, n. 1, September 2014, p. 10. ‒ Olympic Village Guide: PyeongChang 2018, The PyeongChang Organising Committee for the 2018 Olympic & Paralympic Winter Games, 2018, pp. 6, 9-21, 26-27. ‒ PyeongChang 2018: New Horizons, PyeongChang 2018 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games Bid Committee, volume 2, p. 88. ‒ “PyeongChang 2018 Olympic and Paralympic villages reach completion”, news, website of the International Olympic Committee, 15 December 2017. ‒ The Villager: PyeongChang 2018, The PyeongChang Organising Committee for the 2018 Olympic & Paralympic Winter Games, no. 2, 9 February 2018, p. 2 and no. 5, 12 February 2018, p. 3 and no. 9, 16 February 2018, p. 3 and no. 12, 19 February 2018, p. 3 and no. 13, 20 February 2018, p. 2 and no. 14, 21 February 2018, p. 2.

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