February 28, 1978 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 5043

By Mr. MURPHY of New York (for H.J. Res. 759. Joint resolution to authorize Mr. JOHN L. BURTON, Mr. BADHAM, himself, Mr. BREAUX, Mr. MURPHY the President to issue a proclamation desig­ Mr. ROYBAL, Mr. RICHMOND, Mr. Of Illtnols, Mr. MURTHA, Mr. NEDZI, nating the week beginning on Aprll 10, CRANE, Mr. EVANS of Georgia, Mr. Mr. NICHOLS, Mr. NIX, Mr. PANETTA, through April 22, 1978, National Oceans RYAN, Mr. DODD, Mr. AMBRO, Mr. AN­ Mr. PEAsE, Mr. PEPPER, Mr. PucE, Mr. Week; to the Committee on Post Office and DREWS of North Carolina, Mr. AN­ RisENHOOVER, Mr. RoBERTs, Mr. Civil Service. NUNZIO, Mr. ARCHER, and Mr. BAFA• RoBINSON, Mr. RoSE, Mr. ROSEN· By Mr. MURPHY of New York (for LIS): THAL, Mr. Russo, Mr. SHARP, Mr. himself, Mr. BREAUX, Mr. BROWN Of H.J. Res. 762. Joint resolution to authorize SIKES, Mr. STARK, Mr. STEERS, Mr. California, Mr. FISH, Mr. FLOOD, Mr. the President to issue a proclamation desig­ STOKES, Mr. STRATTON, Mr. STUMP, CARNEY, Mr. PICKLE, Mr. GORE, Mr. nating the week beginning on April 16, and Mr. TEAGUE): WINN, Mr. PEPPER, Mr. CORRADA, Mr. through April 22, 1978, National Oceans H.J. Res. 757. Joint resolution to authorize LOTT, Mr. LAGOMARSINO, Mr. LLOYD Week; to the Committee on Post Office and the President to issue a proclamation desig­ of California, Mrs. LLOYD of Tennes­ Civil Service. nating the week beginning on Aprll 16, see, Mr. CUNNINGHAM, Mr. PRICE, By Mr. MURPHY of New York (for through April 22, 1978, National Oceans Mr. BEVILL, Mr. PHILLIP BURTON, Mr. himself, Mr. BREAUX, Mr. MATHIS, Week; to the Committee on Post Office and YOUNG of Missouri, Mr. McHUGH, Ms. CHISHOLM, Mr. STGERMAIN, Mr. Civil Service. Mr. LE FANTE, Mr. KETCHUM, and JEFFORDS, Mr. FuQuA, Mr. FREY, Mr. By Mr. MURPHY of New York (for Mr. KAZEN): CARR, Mr. CARTER, Mr. ANDREWS of himself, Mr. BREAUX, Mr. THOMPSON, H.J. Res. 760. Joint resolution to authorize North Dakota, Mr. BROWN of Ohio, Mr. TsoNGAs, Mr. UDALL, Mr. WAG­ the President to issue a proclamation des­ and Mr. DEL CLAWSON): GONNER, Mr. WALGREN, Mr. WHALEN, ignating the week beginning on April 16 H.J. Res. 763. Joint resolution to authorize Mr. WHITLEY, Mr. WIGGINS, Mr. BoB through Aprll 22, 1978, National Oceans the President to issue a proclamation desig­ WILSON, Mr. CHARLES WILSON Of Week; to the Committee on Post Office and nating the week beginning on April 16, Texas, Mr. CHARLES H. WILSON of Clvll Service. through April 22, 1978, National Oceans ()allfornia, Mr. WIRTH, Mr. WOLFF, By Mr. MURPHY of New York (for Week; to the Committee on Post Office and Mr. WON PAT, Mr. WRIGHT, Mr. Civil Service. WYDLER, Mr. YOUNG of Missouri, Mr. himself, Mr. BREAUX, Mr. RUPPE, Mr. By Mr. ASHLEY: DoWNEY, Mr. HARKIN, Mr. MOFFETT, PRITCHARD, Mr. LEGGETT, Mr. FOR· Mr. ScHEUER, and Mr. SMITH Of SYTHE, Mr. BIAGGI, Mr. METCALFE, H. Res. 1051. Resolution providing funds Iowa): Mr. STUDDS, Mr. AsHLEY, Mr. DIN­ for the ad hoc Committee on Energy; to the H.J. Res. 758. Joint resolution to authorize GELL, Mr. RoGERS, Mr. JoNES of North Committee on House Administration. the President to issue a proclamation desig­ Carolina, Mr. ANDERSON of Cali­ By Mr. LEVITAS: nating the week beginning Aprll 16, fornia, Mr. DE LA GARZA, Mr. ROONEY, H. Res. 1052. Resolution commending the through April 22, 1978, National Oceans Mr. GINN, Mr. BOWEN, Mr. EILBERG, veterans of the Armed Forces of the United Week; to the Committee on Post Office and Mr. DE LUGO, Mr. HUBBARD, Mr. States who enlisted prior to Armistice Day, Civll Service. BoNKER, Mr. AuCoiN, Mr. D'AMoURs, November 11, 1918, but began their service By Mr. MURPHY of New York (for and Mr. PATTERSON Of California): after that date; to the Committee on Vet­ himself, Mr. BREAUX, Mr. ZEFERETTI, H.J. Res. 761. Joint resolution to authorize erans• Affairs. Mr. 0BERSTAR, Mr. HUGHES, Ms. the President to issue a proclamation des­ MIKULSKI, Mr. BONIOR, Mr. AKAKA, ignating the week beginning on April 16, Mr. McCLOSKEY, Mr. SNYDER, Mr. through April 22, 1978, National Oceans PRIVATE BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS TREEN, Mr. YOUNG of Alaska, Mr. Week; to the Committee on Post Office and BAUMAN, Mr. LENT, Mr. EMERY, Mr. Civil Service. Under clause 1 of rule XXII, private DORNAN, Mr. EvANS of Delaware, Mr. By Mr. MURPHY of New York (for bills and resolutions were introduced and TRIBLE, Mr. LEDERER, Mr. MOAKLEY, himself, Mr. BREAUX, Mr. BEDELL, Mr. severally referred as follows: Mr. ADDABBO, Mr. McCORMACK, Mr. RODINO, Mr. ALEXANDER, Mr. ALLEN, Mr. MIKVA introduced a blll (H.R. 11211) SIMON, Mr. FisHER, and Mr. SAN­ Mr. DAVIS, Mr. EDWARDS Of Alabama, for the relief of Soon Hee Han, which was TINI): Mr. DICKINSON, Mr. DON H. CLAUSEN, referred to the Committee on the Judiciary.

EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS ENGLISH COMPOSITION SKILLS him from what he wanted most of all: the derhandedness. No president could have had presidency. When he did run for that office, a send-off marked by such regard and ad­ he lost by only half a million votes, which miration among the politicians of his time. shows how close he came to his goal and how Earlier, I used the word "grace" in refer­ HON. ANDREW JACOBS, JR. convincing he was to the people. OF INDIANA ring to Hubert Humphrey. Grace, I think, I'm convinced that Humphrey really be­ has been described as admirable conduct IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES lieved in giving the poor and the "outsiders" under severe pressure. That he had, as did Tuesday, February 28, 1978 a chance. Of course, he came from Minnesota, his wife. Muriel. They won gracefully; they for generations a bastion of avant garde went down to defeat gracefully-no bitter­ Mr. JACOBS. Mr. Speaker, in this social legislation. Indeed, Minneapolis has a ness, recrimination, blame to others, no day of questionable English composition history of socialist mayors, where he began hatreds. It comprised some sort of inner skills on the part of students, I insert his career. Perhaps, among the Northern strength I find tremendously satisfying in the following with pride: Europeans-the Swedes, Danes, Norwegians, people I know. I wish I, and everyone I know, Germans, Finns and others-who settled the had more of it. DEAR DAD: I just watched the funeral of area as refugees from repressive politics in Hubert Humphrey and hope you might have Humphrey, it appears, arranged his funeral the Old Country-he was inspired by reli­ arra"'gements, himself. He said he wanted his seen lt, too. He came back to Washington the gious views and work ethics not so prevalent last time to say goodbye to forty years of departure to be a celebration rather than a in other parts of the nation. However, he time of grief. And so, I'm sure, he had his friends and foes as he was dying and he made was totally in the mold of those politicians that journey with the greatest of grace. To funeral ended with the singing of "Amer­ from that part of the country who foretold ica, the Beautiful" because that song, in me, lt was a performance rarely seen. a new era in the course of our national events Humphrey was, to my mind, that curious itself, is a celebration-not of what the na­ that would include all citizens, which is, I tion actually is, but what lt should be. It cast of American who really combined the believe, what the Founding Fathers had in old American Virtue with forward-looking seems to me that H.H.H. always worlced on mind when they hammered together the Con­ that principle: what the nation should be, Idealism. He knew, long ago, that unless stitution. At the bottom, he was a true Con­ at its best. If that was foolicoh ide~llsm, let there could truly be equality among us, the stitutionalist. I think that there can be no nation was doomed to destruction from with­ us all be more foolish. And the tears I shed higher accolade to any politician than th.\t. while all those powerful people sang the ln. I think his human rights legislation, Obviously, Humphrey was a practical poli­ whether one concurred with it or not, evolved chorus the second time. together, were not tician-a pragmatist. a "dealer", a shrewd for the loss of the man. personally, but for without cynicism, although he was certainly bargainer, a man of immense personal ambi­ a moving force ln the cynical world of na­ the passing ot a verve. an energ•T. a ho!'le and tion and, most of all, a compromiser of the a human sort of patriotism that, alone, can tional politics. I also belleve that, had he not first water. But then, the definition of a save us when the best of wh"~t we think hewed so faithfully and carefully to what he politician is that person who lives by com­ sincerely believed, that he might have been promise; that is also the definition of poll­ and do and strive to accomplish is threatened elected Instead of John Kennedy or Lyndon tics. He did it brllllantly. What is impressive from whatever quRl'ter, from within the na­ Johnson. Ironically, he bucked both of them ls that, among his peers, he carried such tion and from without. in his own way but his party loyalty and his weight, such respect and such affection in a Love, commitment to his own ideals helped keep game noted for viciousness, emnity and un- 5044 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS February 28, 1978 PROPOSED SALE OF AIRCRAFT TO surprise no one. King Khalid told the tions more difficult, in that the Israelis EGYPT AND SAUDI ARABIA New York Times in May 1976: might rightfully be reluctant to make THREATENS PROSPECTS FOR When we build up our m111tary strength we certain concessions based upon the dan­ PEACE IN THE MIDDLE EAST have no aims against anyone except those gerous introduction of F-15's into the who took by force our land and our shrines Arab arsenal. Neither is the sale in the in Jerusalem-and we know who that is. We interests of the Saudis. Large numbers HON. ROBERT F. ORIN AN also believe that the strength of Saudi of F-15's at an air base near Israel's bor­ Arabia is a strength for the whole Arab and OF MASSACHUSETTS der might be a presence unacceptably Islamic world. We always intended to make IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES use of all mllltary equipment that might dangerous to Israel should war break Tuesday, February 28, 1978 help build up our m111tary strength. out. Thus, Saudi Arabia might be dragged into another Middle East war Mr. DRINAN. Mr. Speaker, the admin­ Crown Prince Fahd told the New York even if it does not want to. Not only the istration's proposal to sell 60 F-15 Times in April of 1976: legitimate security interests of Israel, fighter-bombers to Saudi Arabia and 50 All of our nation's armed forces are a but also the interests of Saudi Arabia F-5E fighter-bombers to Egypt repre­ force in the defense of the Arab nations and itself and the search for peace will be sents a serious departure from existing the Arab cause. damaged by the proposed sale of 60 U.S. policy regarding arms tra:tsfers to The Christian Science Monitor quoted F-15's to Saudi Arabia. It is the clear the Middle East. This proposal in my Defense Minister Sultan as follows: responsibility of Congress to exercise its judgment jeopardizes both the security All our weapons are at the disposal of legal mandate to disapprove this ill of Israel and the prospects for a peace the Arab nations and wlll be used in the timed and unwise arms transfer. agreement. The present delicate state of battle against the common enemy. Congress should also reject the admin- peace negotiations between Israel and Finally, Foreign Minister Saud, in a - istration's proposal to sell 50 F-5E's to Egypt renders this proposed arms trans­ Egypt. This provision of a very effective fer particularly unwise. recent Newsweek interview, said: In times of war when the interests of offensive military weapon to Israel's The F-15 is the most sophisticated our brother Arab countries are involved, principal military adversary is unprec­ military aircraft in the world. Saudi Ara­ nothing is too expensive to use .... We edented. Contrary to some reports, the bia, which faces no credible external wlll use whatever resources we have to hurt F-5E is neither wholly defensive in char­ threat, has absolutely no need for this our enemy. acter nor outmoded in design and per­ plane, the most deadly fighter-bomber These statements by four of the high­ formance. Air Force tests have recently in the world. Reports indicate that the est oflicials of the Saudi Government, in­ confirmed the continuing effectiveness of Saudis wanted this remarkably large cluding King Khalid, refute the admin­ the F-5E, finding that in some contexts number of F-15's as a symbol of u.s.­ istration's contention that Saudi Arabia it out performs the newer F-16 and can Saudi friendship and of their own status will honor those terms of the sales con­ even hold its own with the F-15. The as a budding world power. Veiled threats tract which prohibit transfer of the introduction of 50 of these aircraft into of an increa,se in the price of oil in the weapons purchased, and also the con­ the Egyptian arsenal constitutes a seri­ event the sale was not consummated tention that the weapons are for defense ous threat to Israel. have also been widely reported. No won­ against "threats" from Iraq, Iran, or the Egypt does not need these aircraft. der an Israeli oflicial, upon learning of Soviet Union. the President's decision, noted: "Now the Their defense expenditures continue to Saudi acquisition of the F-15's would exceed those of Israel by a wide margin. has joined Western Eu­ be particularly disturbing in light of the rope in basing its Middle East policy on While the Israelis can purchase arms ongoing expansion of their air bases, es­ only from the United States, Egypt has oil." pecially their principal air base at Tabuk, The principal danger inherent in this which is only 200 miles from Israel. the whole world in which to shop. While unprecedented sale of highly sophisti­ Moreover, possible purchase of the F-15 Mr. Sadat has made many noble and cated offensive weaponry to Saudi Arabia must be viewed as part of a continuing, courageous gestures and some significant is its potential deployment against Israel massive Saudi military buildup across concessions, we must remember that should hostilities resume. The F-15's the board. This ominous expansion is in­ more concessions must be forthcoming. could be used against Israel either by the dicated by the Saudi Government's de­ To reward Mr. Sadat with this unprece­ Saudis themselves or by their allies, via fense expenditures since 1972 nger on the Red Cross, Community Chest, Com­ donkeys. Progress was rapid in the Pacific its way up from prlmltive beginnings. The munity Welfare Council, Sainte Claire Northwest because Its settlement and de­ dreams of the original settlers have been Club, YMCA, California Pioneers So­ velopment coincided with the industrial largely realized. It is mature. But it does not ciety, and the California Historical revolution-the age of mechanization and feel like resting. technical innovation that began in the 1880s In 1978 and beyond we can continue re­ Society st111 goes on. fining what has been done. But it is a process Throughout his entire career, Judge During most of this time life in the North­ that wm leave many restless. Is it not more Hall has worked hard to make our com­ west was directed and largely dominated by fun to hunt than to find? More satisfying to munity a better place in which to live. the overriding need to build and improve. build than to reach completion? Better to Mr. Speaker, I ask you and my col­ The waters, the timber and the soil were do than to have done? leagues to join me in honoring Judge there to be used. Nature had provided them. Restless years lie ahead, we believe, and Hall and to say thank you for his many The use of them provided opp9rtunlties for they hold forth a hazard, Restless people years of dedication and community attaining desirable things, including wealth. became overly eager and are inclined to push No one lacked a purpose in life. Purpose was what remains to be done-refinement--too service. apparent enough. So much needed to be far and too fast. If we were guilty of exces­ done. Everyone was expected to get out and ses in the rush to develop the Northwest, do his share. let us not be guilty of more excesses as we NORTHWEST ENTERS NEW ERA Earning and working weren't all. Basic pause to take stock and put our house in cultural necessities also had to be met. order. Schools, churches and Grange and lodge HON. DON BONKER halls were built. In time a little leisure began OF WASHINGTON to creep into people's lives. The timber in­ A GRAVE DISSERVICE TO THE IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES dustry conceded the eight-hour day in 1917, although the work week remained six days. UNITED FARM WORKERS Tuesday, February 28, 1978 But there was too little leisure time for any­ Mr. BONKER. Mr. Speaker, the North-· one to be much concerned about ways to use it. HON. WILLIAM M. KETCHUM west has been in fact and fiction a land The process of developing and growing OF CALIFORNIA of tall trees, cascading rivers and a continued through the last half of the 19th IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES people equal to Paul Bunyan in spirit if century and through most of the first three­ Tuesday, February 28, 1978 not in size in meeting the challenges and quarters of the 20th century. Then a sur­ reaping the bounty of so rich a land. prising realization occurred. At last there was Mr. KETCHUM. Mr. Speaker, one of had long since been finished. Even the back­ impersonal and unaccountable. Carefully The publisher of several newspapers roads were paved. coordinated scrutiny is more easily in my district recently penned some Air terminals had been expanded to meet thrown to the winds, and the people trenchent thoughts about the transition needs. So many schools had been built that whom that bureaucracy should be serv­ of the Northwest from a rough and many districts had a surplus of classrooms. ing are caused a grave disservice. ready frontier to a newer, but equally So many hospitals had been built that un­ No example more clearly illustrates used bed capacity created economical prob­ this trend than a $500,000 grant allocat­ challenging, era. He notes that the new lems. So much farm land had been developed challenge facing northwesterners is re­ that crop surpluses were common. So much ed by the Department of Labor in De­ finement and protection of what we timber has been cut that old mills were cember to the United Farm Workers. gained from the era of unrestrained closed and new ones able to handle only The ostensible purpose of awarding this growth. small logs were built. grant primarily was to teach English as I commend his thoughts to all my The realization that In some areas at a second language to migrant and sea­ colleagues, and ask that his essay be re­ least, enough was enough, brought on the sonal farmworkers. Despite mv persist­ need for a changing sense of purpose in the ent efforts to determine the facts sur­ printed in the RECORD at this point: Northwest. If we were through or nearly [From the Longview Dally News] rounding the grant from the Department through growing, expanding and developing, of Labor and despite the Department's WITH GROWTH SLOWING, WILL RESTLESSNESS what was left to do? to FOLLOW The answer was not long in coming. It was failure date to comply with my re­ (By J. M. McClelland, Jr.) refinement. The growth era was rough. Not quest, I have attempted since the con­ In the beginning the Pacific Northwest much time for polishing and refining. vening of the second session to get to the was an untouched corner of the continent, Now that there were enough miles of roads, bottom of this discretionary award. It rich in water, timber and fertile soil. That make them wider and safer. Now that schools is now my intention in the coming days 5046 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS February 28, 1978 to share with my colleagues my findings his desk with only a staff of some 26 to U.S. permit still be considered as the into this entire matter. determine how well CETA's money is be­ agent of the accused vessel owner? If My first knowledge of the grant came ing spent. How then, he reasoned, can an arbitration award is secured against on January 12 when I learned about the his office truly be a watchdog? a foreign vessel which is no longer op­ $500,000 grant through a news account On February 4 I received a response erating in the U.S. zone and the vessel in the Bakersfield Californian. At no from the Secretary telling me that he owner refuses to pay the award, what time did I learn from the Labor Depart­ had referred my letter to Mr. Lamond action will be taken to insure payment? ment directly that the award had been Godwin, the very man who could not In addition to these issues, there are made in my district to teach the Eng­ answer my questions in the first place. several other matters which are of deep lish language to seasonal and migrant I immediately wrote to both Secretary concern to me. The regulations require farm workers. Marshall and President Carter to refrain that arbitration proceedings be con­ Consequently, I wrote to Secretary Ray from charging their assistants to direct­ ducted in accordance with the rules of Marshall to determine the facts sur­ ly respond to my questions. the American Arbitration Association. rounding the grant. Quite frankly, I was Mter continued calls to find out from Pursuant to section 15 of the Commer­ concerned then as I am concerned now, the Secretary the status of the matter, cial Arbitration rules, if the parties to that the Department of Labor has du­ my assistant was contacted by Mr. God­ the proceeding are not citizens of the plicated services currently available in win on February 14. Not surprisingly it same nation, either party may demand the State of California to teach adult was my aide who told Mr. Godwin that that the arbitrator be from a third coun­ classes in the English language. The Kern the Secretary had referred my four-page try. Thus, it is entirely likely that in High School district last year, for exam­ letter to him for a response over 10 days each U.S. claim the arbitrator will be ple, taught some 685 adults in primary ago. a citizen of a third nation and not a U.S. and advanced English training at a cost Since that last call I have attempted national. Further, the U.S. fisherman, if of $90,570. In addition seasonal and mi­ to contact Mr. Godwin; my calls are he requests a stenographer or an inter­ grant farmworkers were afforded the op­ simply never returned. The National preter, will be required to pay the costs portunity to learn specialized skills in Programs Office is undoubtedly tired of associated with those services. Finally, such areas as pruning, pesticide control, telling me and my staff that it will re­ the U.S. fisherman will be forced to pay and safety. No one was turned down in spond to my questions "when they get an arbitration fee which may substan­ any of the six locations, and with con­ around to it." This affront to a Member tially reduce the amount of the final tinued Federal assistance the district's of Congress in whose district a half mil­ award. schoolteachers are again providing this lion dollar grant was awarded 2 months Mr. Speaker, it was not the intent of same professional assistance to anyone ago is inexcusable and an outright dis­ the Congress that U.S. fishermen be who applies. grace. More importantly, concerned citi­ forced to submit to arbitration by third My concern has also been compounded zens throughout California and the party nationals and have to pay the costs by the fact that the United Farm Work­ country are crying for answers to an un­ of such proceedings. It was intended that ers is receiving a half million dollar grant responsive and offensive bureaucracy. the U.S. Government would provide an to teach English in its role as a labor or­ administrative mechanism which would ganization. This is the first such grant be available to U.S. fishermen. In view which establishes the UFW as an educa­ of the fact that the Fisherv Conserva­ tional entity. Why attempt to duplicate FISHING GEAR DAMAGE tion and Management Act has not been resources when the Federal Govern­ COMPENSATION implemented in the manner in which it ment in conjunction with the educa­ was intended by the Congress. I believe tional system of the State of California HON. EDWIN B. FORSYTHE it is necessary to enact new legislation is already offering an outstanding Eng­ to provide for the compensation of U.S. lish program? Furthermore, those wish­ OF NEW JERSEY fishermen whose vessels and gear have ing to learn the English language would IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES been damaged by foreign fishermen. be paid to do so. Tuesday, February 28, 1978 In developing a gear compensation Having too many questions on my Mr. FORSYTHE. Mr. Speaker, prior · system, however, it is time that we recog­ mind which needed immediate answers, to the enactment of the Fishery Conser­ nize that any such svstem will fail to I instructed my legislative assistant to vation and Management Act

phase in a. higher retirement age and fund Superior in quality, and able to command doors for Shelton trees in areas that were Medicare separately. But congressional con­ a superior price, these plantation trees are iormer1y inaccessible. Given the superior sciences have not been stricken so forefully often reared from transplanted seealings ··stamina." (or shipping tolerance) of Shelton that they'd be willing to repeal their benefit (especially on the valley fl:>ors) . Brush and trees, there has been some excited speculation boost. No, the shell game goes on. We apolo­ other competing vegetation is annually about the future growth of the market for gize to our readers. We've been had again. cleared from around them with long, wicked­ the area's trees in the years to come, but be­ looking knives, and they are usually fertil­ cause most of the county's big growers­ ized several times during the course of their Kirk, Hofert, Reed-own considerable growth. More than any other factor though, amounts of land in the Midwest, East and SHELTON'S CHRISTMAS GIFT what sets these trees apart from their wild Canada which can more economically serve brothers is the "shearing'• and "scarring" distant markets, it is likely that Shelton will they receive. Bob Lenning of the J. Hofert see a steady but not overly dramatic growth HON. DON HONKER Co. explains shearing: "We try to contour in its Christmas tree industry, mostly tied OF WASHINGTON the tree at about a 45 degree angle, and to the growth of its principal market, Cali­ each year we cut off a certain percentage IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES fornia, which currently consumes almost 75 of the upward growth factor to help the percent of the trees grown in the county. Tuesday, February 28, 1978 tree attain greater fullness." Scarring in­ For Shelton, "Christmas town, U.S.A.," this volves cutting a. long slash in the trunk is no doubt healthy. Like the Simpson Co.'s Mr. BONKER. Mr. Speaker, for most of the young tree, and has a. similar effect people, Christmas trees are forgotten 100 year sustained yield program with the of retarding growth and prcmoting fullness. federal government, a. stable and steadily with the new year. In parts of the Third All of this attention is expensive (Hofert growing Christmas tree industry gives the District of Washington, however, they estimates that it spends $63,000 annually area a. dependable foundation from which receive careful attention all year long. on shearing just one parcel of its 5,000 planning, both personal and corporate, can While my horne district is known as one acres of Christmas tree lands in Mason proceed with a reasonable amount of cer­ of the most beautiful areas in the coun­ County), but there seems to be a. growing tainty. This is all too rare in a one or two try, it also has the distinction of includ­ market preference for this type of tree, and industry economy, and it is probably this ing Shelton, Wash.-the "Christmas the productivity of the land is multiplied more than anything else that constitutes the Tree Capital of the World." Some of the significantly where the techniques are ap­ Christmas tree industry's real gift to this plied. Under the old methcds, for instance, city of 6,600. 2 million Christmas trees harvested this 10 to 14 years were required to produce a year in Mason County, located on the mature, seven foot tall tree. Now this has west slope _of the Cascades, were even been cut nearly in half, to six to se-ven distributed to points on the east coast. In years. The yield per acre under the planta­ fact, one area resident, located at 1600 tion approach has also improved dramati­ THE UDALL RECORD-III Pennsylvania Avenue, received a 21-foot cally, with an acre of land now producing noble fir from Mason County. The White an average of 220 trees where no more than 60 trees could have been produce:! under HON. MORRIS K. UDALL House Christmas tree was donated by the old methods. OF ARIZONA the J. Hofert Co. of Shelton. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES The following article from Argus by Technological innovations, such as the more and more common use of helicopters Tuesday, February 28, 1978 Bruce Brown details the progress that to lift the trees out of the forests, have has been made in the fine art of Christ­ also helped avoid expensive delays resulting Mr. UDALL. Mr. Speaker, I am con­ mas tree growing: from buried equipment and other chronic tinuing here a list of my votes for the ANOTHER GREEN CHRISTMAS FOR SHELTON'S headaches of the business, but the new 95th Congress, 1st session. If any of my TREE FARMS methods have introduced their own problems constituents wish further information on (By Bruce Brown) as well. Increased dependence on manual labor has swelled the industry's seasonal these matters, as I am sure they will, I SHELTON.-Except for a. few formalities like employment, and this has led to problems invite them to visit my district office, hanging up stockings and exchanging pres­ for the communities in the area. Shelton where I have a more detailed description ents, Christmas ended here in "Christmas Undersheriff Jack Hauge recently told the of each vote. as well as back copies of town, U.S.A." late last week. Shelton Mason County Journal that "we've Congressional Quarterly. After six weeks of intense, backbreaking come to more or less anticipate the prob­ The list is arranged as follows: The work in the rain and snow, the Mason County lem with them (the mostly Mexican mi­ Christmas tree industry gave its final, hur­ grant lab:>rers) yearly." Hauge also noted votes are listed by rollcall nwnber, and a ried instructions to the long-haul truckers, that during " the last several years the im­ short description of the measure under and dispatched the last of an estimated 2 migration authorities have taken quite an consideration is given; my vote is indi­ million trees to waiting markets around the interest (in the matter).'' and in fact, cated

( 409) Defense: To adopt conference re­ $20.7 million for Jupiter Orbiter Probe. (462) To bar use of food stamps to buy port, $36.1 blllion for Military Procurement N(0-4-0) Failed, 131-280. foods designated by Secretary of Agriculture and Research and Development. Y(4-0-0) ( 435) HUD: To insist on House language as having negligible nutritional value, such Passed, 350-40. prohibiting use of VA funds to adjudicate as chewing gum, ice cubes, carbonated bev­ (410) To prohibit subsidies for shipment claims or pay benefits to individuals receiv­ erages, etc. Y(3-1-0) Failed, 18S-227. of grain to the Soviet Union in U.S. ships. ing upgraded discharges under President's (463) To limit food stamp expenditures in Y(3-1-0) Failed, 143-251. program. N(3-1-0) Passed, 251-160. 1978 to $56 blllion. Y(3-1-0) Failed, 168-248. (411) To authorize $553.6 million for mari­ (436) Conference report authorizing $4 (464) To set limit of food stamp program time programs, including subsidies for ves­ billion for National Aeronautics and Space expenditures at $5.85 b1llion for FY 1978; sel construction and operation. Y(4-0-0) Administration. Y(4-0-0) Passed, 379-29. $6.16 billion for FY 1979; $6.19 b1llion for FY Passed, 355-40. ( 437) Conference report authorizing $3.7 1980; and $6.24 blllion for FY 1981. Y(4-0-0) (412) To consider (adopt rule) National billion for m111tary construction and family Passed, 242-173. Consumer Cooperative Bank Act. Y(2-2-0) housing. Y(4-0-0) Passed, 370-34. ( 465) To exempt strikers from Kelly Passed, 339-55. ( 438) Conference report establishing a amendment (barring food stamps for strik­ (413) Consumer Bank: To resolve into Young Adult Conservation Corps. Y(2-2-0) ers) if they had households with children Committee of the Whole. Y(4-0-0) Passed, Passed, 356-58. under age 16. N(0-4-0) Failed, 152-266. 349-1. (439) To consider (adopt rule) Agricul­ (466) To exclude strikers' households from • (414) Consumer Bank: Substitute to es­ tural Act of 1977. Y(4-0-0) Passed, 367-38. Kelly Amendment if they contained children tab!lsh a two-year pilot. N(2-2-0) Falled, (440) To approve journal of July 19, 1977. under 16 or disabled or elderly dependents. 170-228. Y(4-0-0) Passed, 386-12. N ( 2-2-0) Failed, 190-227. (415) Consumer Bank: To terminate the (441) Conference report to authorize funds • ( 467) To bar strikers from food stamp Act on Dec. 31, 1982, transfering loans and ($61.9 m1llion) for water resources research program unless the household was eligible contracts to another agency. Y(4-0-0) and saline water conversion. Y(3-0-1) before strike. N(3-1-0) Failed, 170-249. Passed, 203-196. Passed, 401-1. ( 468) To restore to the bill the purchase •(416) Consumer Bank: To establish a (442) Conference report, extending and au­ requirements provisions of the current food National Consumer Cooperative Bank to thorizing $3.4 billion for federal health serv­ stamp program. N(3-1-0) Failed, 102-317. make loans at market interest rates to con­ ices, biomedical research, and health plan­ (469) To provide for government recovery sumer cooperatives. Y(1-3-0) Passed, 199- ning and resources development programs. of excess allocation of food stamps. N(3-1-0) 198. Y(3-0-1) Passed, 401--6. Failed, 149-262. ( 417) To establish a permanent Select (444) To set the payment limitation for (470) To resolve into Committee of the Committee on IntelUgence. Y(3-1-0) Passed, wheat, feed grains, rice and cotton at $20,000. Whole to consider Agricultural Act. NV 227-171. N(0-4-0) Failed, 183-230. ( 3-0-1) Passed, 386-4. (418) To consider (adopt rule) Federal (445) To prohibit non-farm corporations • (472) To require USDA to implement any Mine Safety and Health Act. Y(4-0-0) Passed, from receiving payments on farm produc­ additional work/workfare projects which 359-11. tion. Y(1-3-0) Failed, 199-207. state agencies request. N(3-1-0) Failed, 159- (419) To resolve into Committee of the ( 446) Defense: To allow closed meetings 255. Whole to consider Mine Safety Act. NV on Defense Appropriations when classified (473) To eliminate purchase requirement (3--0-1) Passed, 298-3. information is under consideration. Y(4-0-0) and tighten eligibillty standards for food (420) Mine Safety: To keep Interior Sec­ Passed, 376-0. stamps. Y(l-3-0) Passed, 320-91. retary as administrator of the Act and retain (447) Conference report authorizing $1.65 (474) To delete establishment of a wheat safety enforcement in Interior, instead of billion for international development and and wheat foods research and nutrition edu­ Labor, Department. N(3-1-0) Failed, 112-227. food assistance. Y(2-2-0) Passed, 254-158. cation program Y(4-0-0) Passed, 300-109. .. (421) Mine Safety: Substitute bill, (448) Conference report, authorizing $3.2 ( 475) To add sugar beets and sugarcane transferring to Labor Department, etc. blllion for international security assistance to list of commodities eligible for govern­ N(3-1-0) Failed, 151-188. and foreign mllltary sales. Y(2-2-Q) Passed, ment price supports. NV(3-0-1) Passed, (422) Mine Safety: To permit states to ad­ 262-147. 246-165. minister non-coal mine health and safety (449) To limit to $50,000 the annual pay­ (476) To provide price supports of up to programs. N(3-1-0) Failed, 16S-169. ment sugar producers could receive under 13.5 cents a pound for sugar beets and sugar­ ( 423) Mine Safety: Final passage, trans­ any farm program. N(0-4-0) Failed, 167-241. cane for 1977. NV(2-1-1) Failed, 173-238. ferring to Labor Department, combining coal (450) To establish e. federal-state pro­ (477) Motion to recommit Agricultural and non-coal standards, setting mandatory gram to regulate coal surface mining and Act with instructions to set payment limita­ dollar penalties for violations. Y(l-3-0) require the reclamation of mined lands. tion of $30,000 for wheat, feed grains, rice Passed, 244-88. Y(1-3-0) Passed, 325-68. and sugar. NV(0-3-1) Failed, 201-210. (424) To authorize $8.1 million for Federal (451) To resolve into Committee of the (478) Final passage, Agricultural Act ex­ Election Commission. Y(3-1-0) Passed, 383- Whole to consider Agricultural Act. Y(4-0-0) tending major commodity programs for four 22. Passed, 3!)2-4. years, etc. NV (0-3-1) Passed, 294-114. (425) To proclaim Thanksgiving week "Na­ (452) To establlsh standards for milk (479) To approve journal of July 28. tional Family Week." Y(4-0-0) Passed, 400-3. content or ice cream. NV(2-0-2) Passed, NV(3-l-O) Passed, 342-18. (426) To direct Department of Commerce 363-11. (480) To adjourn from Aug. 5 to Sept. 7. to determine the paperwork burden of the (453) To establish a mandatory grain re­ NV(3-Q-1) Passed, 320-54. 1974 agricultural census and take steps to serve of up to 35 m1111on tons. (1-0-3) Failed, ( 481) To establish two positions on Capi­ reduce it by 40 per cent. Y(4-0-0) Passed, 141-223. tol Police Force. Y(4-0-0) Passed, 383-2. 401-9. (454) Conference report, $10.3 blllion in ( 482) To extend several programs of ( 427) To increase salaries of director and public works and energy research appropri­ HUD, including Farmers Home Administra­ deputy director of Office of Management and ations. Y(3-0-1) Passed, 318-61. tion rural housing program. Y(4-0-0) Budget. Y(2-2-0) Passed, 253-158. (455) To consider (adopt rule) Black Lung Passed, 383-2. (428) To approve additional supergrade Benefits Reform Act. Y(2-1-1) Passed, (483) To bar amendments and close de­ positions for Administrative Office of the 306-83. bate on the rule on National Energy Act. U.S. Courts. Y(1-3-0) Failed, 189-224. (456) Conference report, $990 million for Y(2-2-0) Passed. 231-156. (429) To authorize 104 additional hearing activities of the Legislative Branch and re­ (484) To consider (adopt rule) National examiners (administrative law judges) lated agencies. Y(2-2-0) Passed, 252-152. Energy Act, permitting one day of debate. Y(3-1-0) Passed, 284-131. (457) Conference report, to recede from Y(2-2-0) Passed, 238-148. ( 430) To reduce time federal employee disagreement with Senate amendment pro­ (485) To affirm vote on the rule, National must serve to retain life and health insur­ viding $22'>,000 for Joint Committee on De­ Energy Act. Y(3-1-0) Passed, 254-120. ance benefits during retirement. Y(4-0-0) fense Production. Y(1-3-0) Failed, 160-250. (486) To consider (adopt rule) Fair Labor Passed, 373-37. (458) To reduce peanut price supports Standards Amendments. Y(2-2-0) Passed, 331-44. (431) To adopt conference report, $6.2 bil­ from Agricultural Act level of $420 per ton N(2-2-0) Failed, 207-210. (487) To resolve into Committee of the lion in new budget authority for Department Whole to consider National Energy Act. of Transportation. Y(4-0-0) Passed, 397-14. (459) To provide that Title I of the P .L. 480 program give priority to financing food NV(3-0-1) Passed, 365-12. (432) To adopt conference report, $7.7 bil­ and fiber commodities, restoring tobacco to (488) To adopt rule on conference report, lion in new budget authority for State-Jus­ the program. Y(3-1-0) Passed, 260-151. Department of Energy Organization Act. tice-Commerce-Judiciary. Y(1-3-Q) Passed, (460) Conference report appropriating NV(0-3-1) Passed, 294-115. 326-85. $12.7 billion for agricultural, rural develop­ (489) Energy: Motion to recoll1mit confer­ (433) Conference report, $69.5 blllion in ment, food stamp, domestic and interna­ ence report. N(2-2-0) Failed, !57-257. new budget authority for Department of tional food programs. Y(4-0-0) Passed, ( 490) Energy: Conference report, to estab­ Housing and Urban Development and inde­ 377-33. lish a cabinet-level Department of Energy. pendent agencies, including Veterans' Ad­ (461) To resolve into Committee of the Y( 1-2-1) Passed, 353-57. ministration. Y(2-2-0) Passed, 379-30. Whole to resume consideration of Agricul­ ( 491) Energy: To reconcile differing ver­ (434) To strike from HUD appropriations tural Act. Y(4-0-0) Passed, 410-4. sions of the utility weatherization program February 28, 1978 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 5059 reported by th.e Commerce and Banking • (518) Amendment to conference report to effects of increases in minimum wage, the committees. Y(1-3-Q) Passed, 217-205. delete $1.4 billion to build five B-1 bombers. indexing procedure, youth subminimum (492) Energy: To direct Department of Y (1-3-0) Passed, 202-199. wage, etc. Y( 1-3-0) Passed, 301-118. Transportation to study the fuel savings po­ (520) Budget Resolution: To reduce out­ (548) Minimum Wage: To reinsert into tential of off-highway recreational vehicles lays ceiling by $52 billion and increase reve­ blll the indexing provision. Y(1-3-0) Failed, and recommend efficiency standards. nue floor by $8 billion to achieve a balanced 189-227. Y(1-3-0) Passed, 212-210. budget. Y(4-0-0) Failed, 169-230. *(549) Minimum Wage: To retain 50 % tip ( 493) Energy: To direct DOT to study en­ (522) Budget: To reduce revenue floor by credit. Y (4-0-0) Passed, 264-161. ergy saving potential of increased bicycle $175 million to provide tax credit for tuition (550) Minimum Wage: To continue exemp­ use. y ( 1-3-0) Passed, 252-166. of full-time college and vocational school tion for seasonal, recreational and theme • (494) Energy: To extend Davis-Bacon Act students. Y(3-1-0) Passed, 311-76. parks. Y (4--0-0) Passed, 241-183. to construction work funded by grants for (523) Budget: To reduce budget authority • (551) Minimum Wage: To allow employers energy conservation in municipal buildings. celling by $109 million and outlays ceillng by to pay 85% of minimum wage to youths un­ Y(1-3-0) Passed, 265-161. $108 million to reduce U.S. food commodity der 19 for first six months. N(3-1--0) Failed, (495) Energy: To authorize $65 million in support programs for South Korea. Y(2-2-0) 210-211. grants to state and local governments for im­ Failed, 181-205. (552) Minimum Wage: To allow Secretary plementing energy-saving maintenance. (524) Budget: To reduce budget celling of Labor to waive minimum wage between Y(2-2-0) Passed, 317-105. $144 million and outlays celllng $110 million June 1 and October 15 for children under (496) Labor, HEW: Conference report, to in order to reduce U.S. military and economic age 12 in hand harvested agriculture, under appropriate $60.2 billion for Labor-HEW-Re­ aid to South Korea. Y( 1-3-0) Failed, 120-268. certain protect! ve condi tlons. Y ( 4-0--0) lated Agencies Y(1-2-1) Passed, 337-82. ( 525) Budget: Adoption of the Second FY Passed, 282-132. ( 497) Labor-HEW: Amendment to confer­ 1978 Budget Resolution setting outlay ceiling (553) Minimum Wage: To increase enter­ ence report stating that none of the bill's at $459.5 billion and a projected deficit of prise threshold and expand definition of small funds shall be used to perform abortions ex­ $61.6 billion. Y ( 1-3-0) Passed, 199-188. businesses to include all businesses. N(2- cept where the life of the mother would be (526) To consider (adopt rule) ERDA Na­ 1-1) Failed, 118-289. endangered, etc. N ( 2-1-1) Passed, 238-182. tional Security Authorization for FY 1978. (498) Energy: To resolve into Committee • (554) Minimum Wage: To increase enter­ Y(4-0-0) Passed, 348-0. prise coverage threshold to $500,000, but re­ of the Whole. Y(4-0-0) Passed, 404-5. ( 527) To consider (adopt rule) ERDA • (499) Energy: To remove price controls tain existing definition of small business. Oivlllan R&D Authorization for FY 1978. N(2-1-1) Passed, 221-183. from new on-shore natural gas as of April Y(4-0- 0) Passed, 338-14. 30, 1978. N(3-1--0) Failed, 199-227. (555) Minimum Wage: Final passage, in­ (528) To consider (adopt rule) Federal creasing minimum wage to $2.65 in 1978; (500) Energy: To delete provision extend­ Banking Agency Audit Act. Y (3- 1-0) Passed, ing federal antitrust jurisdiction to the sit­ $2.85 in 1979, and $3.05 in 1980. Y(1-3-0) 312-47. Passed, 309-96. ing of fossil fuel electric generating plants. (529) To consider (adopt rule) Age dis­ N(3-1-0) Passed, 257-160. (557) To adopt conference report on Food crimination in Employment Act Amend­ and Agriculture Act. extending food stamp ( 501) Energy: To delete the vanpooling ments. Y(4--0-0) Passed, 362-Q. program for federal employees. N(3-1--0) and Food for Peace Programs for four years, (530) To consider (adopt rule) Earth­ new payment limits for commodities, new Passed, 232-184. quake Hazards Reduction Act. Y(4-0-0) (502) Energy: To resolve into Commit­ target prices and loan levels, revising allot­ Passed, 350-3. ment, set-aside and disaster payments. Y tee of the Whole. Y(4--0-0) Passed, 378-3. (531) To consider (adopt rule) National (503) Energy: To impose additional 5- (1-3-0) Passed, 283-107. Climate Program Act. Y(3-1-Q) Passed, (558) Conference report, to increase U.S. cent-a-gallon gasoline tax-half going for 348-2. mass transportation, half for improving participation in International Banking (532) To authorize $210 mlllion for na­ Agencies. Y(2-2--0) Failed, 153-230. bridges, roads and highways. Y(l-3--0) tional earthquake hazards reduction . pro­ Failed, 82-339. (559) To provide $323.5 mlllion in federal gram. Y(2-1-1) Passed, 229-125. payments and $1.4 billion from D.C. treasury • ( 504) Energy: To increase gasoline tax by (533) To establish a federal National Cli­ four cents a gallon in two stages. Y(1-3-0) for the District of Columbia government for mate Program Office to develop a climate pre­ FY 1978. N(2-2-0) Passed, 298-64. Failed. 52-370. diction program. Y(3-1-0) Passed, 282-60. ( 561) To permit filing for black lung bene­ • ( 505) Energy: To permit oil and gas pro­ (535) To authorize $302 million for sal­ ducers to recover part of their oil equali­ fits with Labor Department for only one aries and expenses of Nuclear Regulatory year after the bill took effect. N(2-2--0) zation taxes if they invested more than Commission. Y(4-0-0) Passed, 396-2. 25 % of gross production in exploration and Failed, 108-268. (536) To designate 16 areas containing 1.2 (562) To prohibit miners from collecting production. N(3-1-0) Failed, 198-223. million acres in western U.S. for inclusion in (506) Energy: To transfer all revenue from compensation on other disabilities while the National WilderneEs Preservation Sys­ they are receiving total disabllity payments crude oil equalization tax in 1978 to Social tem. Y ( 2-2-0) Passed. Security Trust Fund. N(2-2--0) Failed, 190- for black lung disease. (2-2--0) Failed, (537) To require VA to review any dis­ 106-268. 226. charge upgraded under President's Special (507) To provide $302,499 for investiga­ (563) To permit mine operations toques­ Discharge Review Program before extending tion a black lung claim based solely on tions and studies by the permanent Select benefits to the veteran. Y(4--0-0) Passed, Committee on Intelligence. Y(3--0-1) Passed, x-rays by the claimant's physician. N(3-1--0) nt-75. Failed, 136-242. 342--10. (538) To increase educational assistance ( 508) Energy : To increase the earned in­ (564) Final passage, to establish an indus­ allowances for all veterans' educational pro­ try-financed Black Lung Disablllty Insurance come credit instead of providing rebates and grams by 6.6 percent. Y(4-0- 0) Passed, tax credits for the crude oil equalization tax. Fund to pay all claims filed after June 30, 397-0. 1973. Y(l-3-0) Passed, 283-100. N(3-1-0) Failed, 175--232. (539) To authorize special incentive pay ( 509) Enerp.:y: To delete exemptions from ( 565) To consider (adopt rule) Increasing for VA physicians and dentists. Y(4-0-0) the Temporary Debt Limit. Y(2-2--0) Passed, the oil and ~as users tax that were provided Passed, 397-1. 284-96. for new plants which are exempt from the (540) To repeal requirement that VA make coal conversion program. Y(1-2-1) Passed, random inspections of mobile homes pur­ ( 566) To increase the debt limit to $775 221-198. blllion from $700 billion. Y(2-2-0) Failed, chased with VA loans. Y(4-0-0) Passed, 180-201. (510) Energy: Anderson substitute for Na­ 394-1. tional Energv Act N(3-1--0) Failed. 147-273. (541) To increase liablllty of persons who (567) To approve journal of Sept. 19 pro­ (511) Amendment to strike the federal cause oil spllls and establish $200 million ceedings. Y(4-0-0) Passed, 383-17. van-pooling program. NV(2-0-2) Passed, fund to pay for clean-up and damages ( 568) To increase district office space al­ 239-180. caused by oil pollution. Y(3-1-0) Passed, lowance from 1,500 to 2,500 square feet. • (512) Energy: To recommit National En­ 332-59. Y(1-3-0) Passed, 215-193. ergy Act with instructions to delete crude oil (542) To authorize cost-of-living increases • (569) To cut ERDA funds for Clinch River equalization tax. N(3-1-Q) Failed, 203-219. under the Retired Servicemen's Family Pro­ Project from $150 mlllion to $17 million to (513) Energy: Final passage, National En­ tection Plan. Y(4-0-0) Passed, 391-0. close out the project. Y(l-3-0) Failed, 162- ergy Act, providing tax credits for converting ( 545) To adopt conference report on Sec­ 246. boilers to coal and weatherizing homes. It one'. FY 1978 Budget Resolution setting an (570) To cut ERDA funds for Clinch River also increased the price of natural gas, ~et a outlay celling of $458.3 billion and project­ Project to $17 mlllion and delay project for national policy for regulating electric utili­ ing a deficit of $61.3 billion. Y(1-3-0) Passed, one year. N(0-4-0) Failed, 129-277. ties, required efficiency labeling of appliances ( 571) To consider (adopt rule) Medicare­ and cars, and set a program for fuel con­ 215-187. Medicaid Antifraud and Abuse Amendments. servation in federal facllities. Y ( 1-2-1) • ( 546) Minimum Wage: To delete indexing Passed, 244-177. minimum wage to the average production Y(4-0-Q) Passed, 374-6. (516) To adopt conference report on de­ worker's wage. N (3-1-Q) Passed, 223-193. (572) To consider (adopt rule) Nuclear fense appropriations ($109 billion in new (547) Minimum Wage: To establish Mini­ Antiproliferation Act. Y(4-0-0) Passed, budget authority). Y(4-0-o) Passed, 361-36. mum Wage Study Commission to study the 388--0. 5060 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS February 28, 1978 (573) To consider (adopt rule) Federal In­ effects of changes in world population of U.S. ever union representatives present their secticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act. options on global population policies. views. Y(4-0-0) Passed, 408-8. Y(4-{}-0) Passed, 383-10. Y(2-2-0) Passed, 259-147. (629) Labor Reform: To permit judi­ (574) To resolve into Committee of the (602) To give Select Committee on Assas­ cial review of NLRB's failure to implement or Whole House. Y(4-0-0) Passed, 390-1. sinaticns power to defend lawsuits and make promulgate regulations within a reasonable (575) To require private industry to pay certain applications to courts. Y(1-3-0) period of time. N(3-l-~) Pa~sed, 246-174 part of construction costs of Clinch River Passed, 290--112. (630) Labor Reform: To increase time Breeder Reactor demonstration project. ( 603) To consider (adopt rule) on Increas­ limit for holding representational elections Y(1-3- 0) Failed, 196-206. ing Temporary Debt Limit. Y(2-2-{)) Passed, from 15 days to 28 days. Y(1-3-0) Failed, ( 576) To earmark $28 million to purchase 312-96. 185-229. four megawatts of solar photovoltaic equip­ (604) To increase the temporary debt limit {631) Labor Reform: To increase, under ment for the federal government and to pro­ to $700 billion. Y(2-2-0) Passed, 213-202. certain conditions, the time limit for rep­ vide $10 million to develop mass production (605) To establish safeguards against U.S. resentational elections from 15 days to techniques for photovoltaic equipment. nuclear fuel exports being diverted and used 25 da--s. Y f4-0--I)) Pas<-Mi, 41P- O. Y(2-2-Q) Passed, 227- 179. in nuclear weapons or explosive device. Y(4- (632) Labor Reform: To strike provision (577) To approve journal of Sept. 21 pro­ 0-{)) Passed, 411-<> . permitting the Labor Secretary to prohibit ceedings. Y(4-o-Q) Passed, 283-6. (607) To resolve into Committee of the government contracts for three years with (579) To approve journal of Sept. 22 pro­ Whole to consider H .R . 6566. Y (4-0-0) companies or unions that willfully violate ceedings. Y(3-Q-1) Passed, 332-14. Passed, 361-7. NLRB orders. N(3-1-{)) Failed, 111-301. (580) To authorize $6.6 billion for ERDA • (608) To prohibit use of any funds in (633) Labor Reform: To grant Labor Sec­ civilian research and development programs, Energy Research and Development Admin­ retary authority to remove or reduce the including $150 million for Clinch River proj­ istration National Security Authorizations for _period of time a company or union is barred ect. Y(3-0-1) Passed, 317-47. production or deployment of neutron weap­ from receiving federal contracts because of (581) To amend Medicare and Medicaid to ons. Y (1-3-{)) Failed, 109-297. violations or NLRB orders. Y(3-1-0) Passed, establish stricter penalties for fraud and (609) To authorize $2.67 billion for ERDA's 394-8. abuse, etc. Y(3-Q-1) Passed, 362-5. national security nuclear energy programs. ( 634) To approve journal of Oct. 5 pro­ ( 582) To raise the mandatory retirement Y (4-<>-o) Passed, 330--78. ceedings. N(3-0--1) Passed, 364- 16. age for private workers to 70. Y(3-0--1) (610) To approve rescissions of $21.09 mil­ ( 635) To consider (adopt rule) Marine Passed, 359-4. lion in appropriations for foreign military Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Au­ ( 583) To establish separate retirement credit sales and $75 m1llion for Federal Build­ thorization. Y(4-0-Q) Passed, 388-2. funds for D.C. police. firefighters, teachers ings Fund. Y (4-o-{)) Passed, 403-1. (636) To close debate. bar amendments and judges, etc. Y(3-1-<>) Passed, 348-21. ( 611) To resolve into Committee of the to the rule on Navigation Development Act. ( 584) To restate the charter of George Whol:! to consider H.R. 7010, Victims of Crime N(1-3-0) Passed, 241-163. Washington University. Y(4-0-{)) Passed, Act. Y (3-1-0) Passed, 377-17. • (637) Labor Reform: To delete pro­ 363-4. (612) To compensate only victims of crime vision which would authorize NLRB to (585) To appropriate funds for sewer serv­ older than age 62. N (3-1-{)) Failed, 133-253. award employees compensation for lost pay ice in D.C. NV(3-0--1) Passed, 375-1. ( 613) To approve journal of Sept. 29 pro­ due to an employer's refusal to bargain on (586) To prohibit use of any loans in D.C. ceedings. Y (4-<>-0) Passed, 317-11. the first contract. N(3-1-0) Failed, 162-250. Borrowing Authority for acquisition of land (614) To reduce to 25 '/c from 50 % the (638) Labor Reform: To recommit La­ or beginning construction of a convention amount the Federal Government would con­ bor Reform Act with instructions to change center without prior congressional approval. tribute to State programs for victims of election set-aside provisions. N (3-1-{)) N(2-2-0) Failed, 187-196. crime. Y(4-0-0) Passed, 216-144. Failed, 139-279. (587) To extend until October, 1979, the (615) To require eligible states to insure • ( 639) Labor Reform: Final passage, D.C. interim authority to borrow funds from that proceeds from articles, interviews or National Labor Reform Act, setting limits the U.S. Treasury to finance capital improve­ statements by an individual formally accused within which elections must be held, ments. Y(2-2-<>) Passed, 266-119. or convicted of a crime be put into an escrow strengthening penalties for ignoring NLRB (588) D.C. Pretrial Detention Amend­ fund for benefit of the victim or survivors if orders or violating labor laws, and authoriz­ ments: To include armed robbery as a crime the accused is found guilty. Y (4-0-0) Passed, ing NLRB to summarily affirm Administra­ for which defendants could be denied bail 245-113. tive L:'lw Judge decisions in unfair labor and be detained pending trial Y ( 4-0-{)) (616) Final passage, to provide Federal practice cases. Y(1-3-0) Passed, 257-163. Passed, 346-43. assistance to State victim compensation pro­ • (641) To recommit conference report ap­ (589) To extend Child Abuse Prevention grams and Federal compensation to victims propriating $6.8 billion for foreign economic and Treatment Act and strengthen protective of violent crimes in Federal enclaves to cover and military assistance programs. Y(2-2-{)) and treatment services. Y(3-1-{)) Passed, medical bills and lost wages. Y ( 1-3-0) Passed, 273-126. 375-12. Passed, 192-173. (642) To table request for a conference on ( 590) To express the sense of Congress (617) To increase staff allowance for for­ Fair Labor Standards Act amendments. that the Postal Service should not reduce the mer presidents from $96,000 a year to N(3-1-0) Failed, 138-266. frequency of mail delivery service. Y(4-o-O) $150,000. Y (3-1-0) Passed, 262~95. • (643) To consider (adopt rule) House Passed, 377-9. (619) To require President to present a Administrative Reorganization. Y ( 1-3-0) ( 592) Second on a motion to pass Black plan for transferring the functions of Coun­ Failed, 160--252. Hllls Claim. Y(4-o-O) Passed, 376-19. cil on Wage and Price Stabillty to other (644) To recede from the abortion Ian­ (594) To reject Senate language on abor­ federal agencies. N(2-2-3) Failed, 178- 215. gauge House had adopted in the conference tion (exemptions to the ban on federal fund­ ( 620) To extend Council o.n Wage and Price report on Labor-HEW Appropriations. Y(1- ing or abortions in cases of rape, incest, Stability for two years. Y(2-2-{)) Passed, 3-<>) Passed,209-206. where mother's life is endangered, and certi­ 251-145. (645) To add to Hyde amendment abor­ fied as "medically necessary") . Y ( 1-3-{)) (622) To adopt amended Senate bill in­ tion language, which prohibited federal Failed, 164-252. creasing the temporary debt limit to $752 funding for abortions except when mother's (59'5) To consider (adopt rule) Status of billion. Y(1- 3-0) Passed, 223-194. life was endangered, a second exception for Indochina refugees. Y(2-2-Q) Passed, 390-22. • (623) To close debate and bar amend­ medical procedures necessary !or prompt (596) To increase the authorization for ments to National Labor Reform Act. treatment of forced rape or incest. N(3-1-0) staff allowances of former presidents from Y( 1-3-<>) Passed, 267-152. Passed, 263-142. $96,000 to $150,000 per year for 30 months (624) To consider (adopt rule) H.R. 8410, (646) To authorize $561 million for re­ following termination of funds under Presi­ National Labor Reform Act. Y(1-3-0) search and development of cruise missile dential Transition Act. (2/3 required). Passed, 291-128. program and $151.6 million for F-14A air­ Y(3-1-Q) Failed, 211-203. (625) Conference report, reauthorizing craft and parts. Y(4-<>-0) Passed, 347-37. (597) To allow Court of Claims to deter­ Community Block Grants, etc. Y(1-3-{)) (648) To adopt conference report estab­ mine the merits of the Sioux claim that the Passed, 384-26. lishing stricter penalties for Medicare and U.S. took the Black Hills in violation of the Medicaid fraud. Y(4-{)-{)) Passed, 402-5. Fifth amendment. Y(2-2-<>) Failed, 173.::239. (626) To resolve into Committee of the • (649·) Amendment to strike from Federal (598) To direct a five-year study of nine Whole to con!'lider Labor Reform Act. Trade Commission Amendments the section areas in Montana for possible inclusion in Y ( 3-{}-1) Passed, 384-5. authorizing class action suits. NV(3-0--1) the National Wilderness Preservation Sys­ • (627) Labor Reform: To delete pro­ Passed. 281-125. tem. (2/ 3 required). Y(1-3-0) Failed. 256- vision which directed NLRB to promulgate • (650) Motion to recommit FTC Amend­ 155. regulations to insure that employees have ments with inc;tructions to provide for con­ (599) To direct GAO audits of Internal equal opportunity to obtain information per­ gressional review and veto of FTC regula­ Revenue Service and the Bureau of Alcohol, taining to unionization from orga"'i?ers and tions. NV(3-{}-1) Passed. 272-139. Tobacco and Firearms. Y(4-0-o) Passed, employers. N(3-1-Q) Failed, 168-247. (651) To authorize $133 milion for FTC 402-5. (628) Labor Reform: To insure em­ and make certain changes in its enforce­ (601) To establish a 16-member Select ployers the right to present their side of a ment of rules and orders. Y(l-3-0) Passed, Committee on Population to study causes and unionization argument whenever and wher- 279-131. February 28, 1978 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 5061 (652) To authorize replacement of locks (677) To authorize $6.2 billion for civUlan (703) Social Security: To resolve into Com­ and dam 26 on Mississippi River. Y(~) energy research and development programs. mittee of the Whole House for consideration Passed, 331-70. Y ( 4-0-0) Passed, 366-52. of H.R. 9346. Y(4-0-0) Passed, 405-3. (653) To approve Senate compromise abor­ (678) To· increase supplemental appropria­ • (704) Social Security: To phase out out­ tion language which dropped the "medically tions for Small Business Administration dis­ side earnings ce111ng (the maximum annual necessary" exception. Instead, would have aster loans by $675 million. (3-1-0) Passed, wage that a. beneficiary age 65 to 72 may prohibited federal funding of abortions ex­ 318-102. earn without losing any benefits) by 1982. cept in cases where the mother's llfe is en­ (679) To end debate on adding $1.4 billion N(3-1-0) Passed, 268-149. dangered, in cases of rape or incest, and in for B-1 bomber in Supplemental Appropri­ • ( 705) Social Security: Motion to recom­ cases where "the mother or fetus would suf­ ations bill. Y(~) Passed, 212-187. mit with instructions to mandate social se­ fer serious health damage." Y(l-3-0) Failed, (680) Motion that the Committee rise from curity coverage for federal employees. N(3-1- 163-234. consideration of Supplemental Appropria­ 0) Failed, 57-363. (654) To adopt conference report on Ex­ tions. Y(1-3-0) Failed, 190-215. • (706) Social Security: Final passage, to port-Import Bank Amendments (Neal bill). (681) To add $1.4 billion to supplemental raise social security payroll taxes by increas­ Y(3-0--1) Passed, 281-62. appropriations for production of five B-1 ing the taxable wage base for employers and (655) Resolution to disapprove President bombers. N(3-1-0) Failed, 194-204. employees, beginning in 1978, and increasing Carter's proposal for reorganization of the (682) Motion that the Committee rise from employer and employee tax rates, beginning Executive Office of the President. N(0--4-0) consideration of Supplemental Appropria­ in 1981. Y(1-3-0) Passed, 275-146. Failed, 20-350. tions bill. N(3-0-1) Failed, 69-205. (707) To adopt conference report to trans­ (656) To ·authorize General Accounting ( 684) To order a second to a motion to fP.r administration of coal and non-coal min­ Office to audit the Office of the Comptroller suspend the rules and pass H.R. 7442, Utility ing health and safety programs from Interior of the Currency, the Federal Deposit Insur­ Pole Attachments. Y(4-0-0) Passed, 389-7. Department to the Labor Department. Y(1- ance Corp., and non-monetary policy func­ (685) To permit expenditure of up to $30 3-0) Passed, 376-35. tions of the Federal Reserve System Y ( 4-0- m1111on per year for three years to acquire (708) To adopt conference report, extend­ 0) Passed, 336-24. more land for the Appalachian Trail. Y(2- ing the Summer Focd Program through FY (657) To authorize $11.8 mllion for ma­ 2-0) Passed, 409-12. 1982 and revising it in order to control fraud rine protection programs. Y ( 4-0-0) Passed, ( 686) To make it a federal offense to use and abuse. Y(4-0-0) Passed, 386-17. 359-1. children under age 16 in the production of (709) To authorize the Speaker of the (659) To prohibit HEW from implementing pornographic materials, with penalties up to House to devise and implement a system for for 18 months, the FDA's proposed ban on 10 years in prison, a $10,000 fine, or both. clcsed circuit broadcasting of House floor saccharin. Y(3-0-1), Passed, 375-23. Y(~) Passed, 420-0. proceedings to offices and committees. Y(3- (660) To revise law governing customs (687) To permit accredited law school li­ 1-0) Passed, 342-44. prccedures and penalties for customs viola­ braries to serve as deposi tortes of government (710) To consider (adopt rule) Bankruptcy tions. Y(3-0-1), Passed, 386-11. publications. Y(2-2-0) Passed, 397-20. Law Revision. (4-Q-0) Passed, 358-11. • (B61) To make numerous clarifying, con­ • (688) To extend the effective date of sev­ (711) To resolve into Committee of the forming, clerical and technical changes to eral provisions of the Tax Reform Act of Whole House to consider Bankruptcy Law provisions of the Tax Reform Act of 1976. 1976. Y(4-0-0) Passed, 411-5. Revision. ( 4-0-0) Passed, 329-2. Y(3-0--1), Passed, 268-128. (689) To authorize acquiring suitable U.S. (712) To delete provisions of Bankruptcy (662) To exempt disaster payments for built mariner-class vessels in exchange for Law Revision which would establish an in­ the 1977 wheat, feed grains, upland cotton vessels in the National Defense Reserve Fleet dependent bankruptcy court system. Y (2-2- and rice crops from the 1977 payment limita­ that are scheduled for scrapping. Y(4-0-0) 0) Passed, 183-158. tion ($20,000 per crop, $55,000 for rice). Passed, 412-3. (713) Motion that the committee rise from Y(3-0--1), Passed, 265-127. (690) To increase from 50% to 80% the consideratio"l of Bankruptcy Law Revision. (664) To provide for a five-year Agricul­ federal contribution for operating expenses Y ( 3-0-1) Passed, 268-62 ture Department study of nine areas in of commuter rail services that have been ad­ Montana for possible inclusion in the Na­ versely affected by the Regional Rail Reorga­ (716) To make domestic raisins subject tional Wilderness Preservation System. Y(1- nization Act. Y(2-2-0) Passed, 308-106. t:> the federal marketing order. Y(4-Q-O) 3-0), Passed, 315-103. (691) To implement treaties with Mexico Passed, 396-7. (665) To appropriate $6.8 billion for for­ and Canada to permit transfer of convicted (717) To extend Regulation Q through eign aid programs, international financial prisoners. Y(4-0-0) Passed, 400-15. Dec. 15, 1978, set guidelines of the Federal institutions, and State Department opera­ ( 692) To instruct House conferees to agree Reserve Board to follow in determining tions (conference report). Y(1-3-0), Passed, with Senate orovisions that imposed criminal monetary policy, and so forth. Y(~) 229-19-5. penalties for the transportation, sale, or Passed, 395-3. (666) To allow the president to waive the distribution of pornographic material depict­ (718) To extend until April 30, 1978, Fed­ prohibition of direct aid to Mozambique and ing children. Y(4-0-0) Passed, 358-54. eral Reserve Bank authority to purchase Angola under certain conditions. Y(1-2-1) (693) To orovide $7.2 billion supplemental U.S. obligations of up to $5 billion directly Failed, 188-219. budget authority for various departments from the Treasury. Y(4-0-0) Passed, 388-14. (667) To strike .from a House-passed bill and programs, including $4.5 billion for EPA (719) To extend the Select Committee on restriction reducing aid to the Philippines. constructlon grants, $1.4 billion for SBA dis­ Ethics until the end of the 95th Congress, or N (2-1-1) Failed, 160-254. aster loans, and $80 million for Clinch River completion of its official business. Y(~) (669) To consider (adopt rule) Energy Breeder Reactor. Y(3-1-0) Passed, 313-98. Passed, 385-22. Transportation Security Act. N(0-4-Q) (694) To authorize $253.6 million for En­ (720) To express the sense of the House Passed, 249-167. vironmental Protection Agency research and that the Government of Korea should ex­ (670) To define as "fair and reasonable development programs. Y(2-2-0) Passed, 343- tend full and unlimited cooperation to the rates" in Cargo Preference Bill as those no 19. House investigation of whether Members of more than 50% higher than world market ( 696) To consider ( adoot rule) Social Se­ the House accepted anything of value from rates for carrying oil. Y(4-0-0) Passed, 253- curity Financing Amendments. Y(2-2-0) the Korean Government or its agents. Y(4- 167. Passed, 265-153. 0-0) Passed, 407-0. • (671) Final passage, Cargo Preference Bill. • ( 697) Social Security: To delete pro­ vision requiring mandatory social security (721) To denounce acts by the Govern­ which would require that U.S.-fiag ships carrv ment of South Africa which suppress expres­ 9.5% of imported on by 1982. N(0-4-0) coverage of federal, state, and local govern­ Failed, 165-257. ment employees, etc. and instead require a sion and violate individual human rights. Y(2-2-0) Passed, 347-54. (672) To provide $9.1 million to build feasibility study of universal coverage. Y(3- model intercultural centers at Georgetown 1-0) Passed, 386-38. (722) To recommit conference report on and Tufts universities. Y(1-3-0) Passed, 215- (698) Social Security: To affirm the action Maritime Authorization with instructions to 202. taken on the previous vote. Y (3-1-0) Passed, tnsist that anti-rebate provisions take effect 380-39. immediately instead of eight months after • ( 673) To delete language which would enactment. N(2-2-0) Failed, 166-231. prohibit spending appropriated funds for the • ( 69g) Social Security: To raise social se­ Clinch River Breeder Reactor project unless curity payroll tax rates faster than the bill (723) To expedite EPA's registration and authorization bill was enacted. N(3-1-0) required in order to permit more gradual in­ reregistration of pesticides. Y(~) Passed, Passed, 252-165. creases in the taxable wage base. N(1-3-0) 368-21. (674) To instruct conferees on Lellal Serv­ Failed, 136-281. ( 725) To second motion to suspend rules ices Corp. Act amendments to insist on oro­ • (700) Social Security: To delete provision and pass Congressional Salary Deferral. Y(1- hibiting LSC-paid lawyers from handling granting the Social Security System standby 3-0) Failed, 167-233. cases on the desegregation of any elementary authority to borrow from the federal general (726) To uphold religious right to refrain or secondary school or school system. N (3-1- ravenues whenever trust fund reserves drop from joining unions. Y(4-0-0) Passed, 4Q0-7. 0) Passed, 230-186. below 25 % of annual outgo. N(3-1-0) Failed, (727) To increase the interest rates • (676) Minimum Wage: To adopt confer­ 196-221. charged by Small Business Administration ence report to increase minimum wage in (701) Social Security: To eliminate the (SBA) from 3% to 5% on disaster loans steps to $3.35 by 1981. Y(1-3-0) Passed, 236- minimum benefit from the social security between $40,000 and $250,000. (Two-thirds 187. program. N(3-1-0) Failed, 131-271. required). Y(3-0--1) Failed, 234-170. 5062 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS February 28, 1978 (728) To make employees of House Beauty Services Administration's Crisis Interven­ Shop eligible for employee benefits. Y(1-2-1) tion Program. Y(1-3-0) Passed, 182-181. East, and I have grave doubts that this Passed, 273-131. (765) To concur in a Senate amendment sale would either promote that interest ( 729) To express the sense of the House to rescind $462 million for production of two or is necessary for the security of Saudi that the president should appoint a 15-mem­ B-1 bombers. Y(1-3-0) Failed, 166-191. Arabia. ber Commission on World Hunger. Y(1-2-1) (767) To adopt conference report on H.R. I would like today to insert into the Passed, 364-38. 9418, which repealed an existing require­ RECORD for the benefit of my colleagues (731) To permit the District of Columbia ment that medical schools had to reserve correspondence which I recently re­ government to disburse the proceeds of reve­ positions in their third year classes for ratioo ceived from the AFL-CIO Executive nue bonds to private colleges and universities of Americans study in medical schools in D.C. Y(4-0-0) Passed, 403-0. abroad. Y(4-0-0) Passed, 344-0. Council. I believe that this statement (732) To adopt conference report author­ (768) To extend Legal Services Corpora­ concisely sets forth the legitimate con­ izing $2.6 b11lion for ERDA's nuclear weapons tion for three years Y(2-2-0) Passed, 236- cerns about the warplane sale to Saudi programs. Y(4-0-0) Passed, 336-69. 110. Arabia and am hopeful that the Mem­ (734) To prohibit Overseas Private Invest­ (769) To consider (ado:>t rul~) Continu­ bers of the House will carefully consider ment Corp. from making any loans or guar­ ing Appropriations for FY 1978 Y(3-1-0) it as they review the request for the F-15 anteeing or insuring any borrowings of the Passed, 251-86. sale: ' National Finance Corp. of Panama without (770) To concur in Senate compromise prior congressional approval. N(3-1-0) Failed, language on abortion requiring that rape STATEMENT BY THE AFL-CIO EXECUTIVE 188-215. and incest be "reported promptly" to qualify COUNCIL ON ISRAEL AND THE MIDDLE EAST (736) To require that at least 50% of all as exception to prohibition of federal funds The AFL-CIO welcomes the recent peace Overseas Private Investment Corp. insurance, for abortion. Y(1-3-0) Failed, 171-178. initiatives in the Middle East precisely be­ reinsurance, guarantees and financing activi­ (771) To consider (adopt rule) ERDA cause they open the door to direct negotia­ ties go to U.S. small business. Passed, 285- Civilian Authorization for FY 1978. Y(4-0-0) tions between Israel and the Arab states 111. Passed, 329-18. without absolute preconditions. Only such (738) To adopt rule on Labor-HEW (772) To adopt conference report, author­ face-to-face negotiations offer the prospect Appropriations. Y(3-1-0) Passed, 361-9. izing $64 million fer operations of the Se­ of real and lasting peace in the region. (739) To concur in Senate compromise curiti€5 and Exchange Commission. Y(4-0-0) In our view, the proper role of the United abortion language. Y(1-2-1) Failed, 172-193. Passed, 348-2. States is to facllitate and encourage these (740) To consider (adopt rule) Continuing (773) To adopt conference report making direct exchanges, not to formulate the nego­ Appropriations for FY 1978. NV(2-0-2) it lllegal for a SEC-registered corporation tiating positions of either side or to take Passed, 344-5. or other domestic concern to bribe a foreign a stand on the substance of the issues to be (742) To approve journal of Nov. 3 pro­ official, etc. Y(4-0-0) Passed, 349-0. negotiated. It is as a mediator, not as a dis­ ceedings. NV(2-0-2) Passed, 284-14. (774) To consider (adopt rule) Continu­ putant, that the United States has been ac­ (747) To authorize $325 mlllion (5 years) ing Appropriations for FY 1978 Y(2-2-0) cepted by the concerned parties and can be to help state and local educational agencies Passed, 240-109. most effective. provide career education programs in ele­ (775) To amend compromise abortion lan­ It is not the proper role of the United mentary and secondary schools. Y(4-0-0) guage so the final version stipulated that States to pressure Israel, our long-time ally Passed, 372-20. exceptions permitted federally funded abor­ and still the only democratic state in the (748) To resolve into Committee of the tions only for cases where childbirth would Middle East. Unreciprocated bargaining con­ Whole House to consider H. Res. 827, Dis­ cause a woman "severe and long-lasting" cessions may jeopardize its national security. approving Reorganization Plan No.2. Y(4-0- health damage "when so determined by two Decisions affecting the very existence of the 0) Passed, 387-2. physicians," and for "medical procedures Israeli state can be made only by Israelis. (749) To disapprove plan to consolidate necessary for the victims of rape and incest, And we do well to remember that Israel is U.S. Information Agency and Bureau of Edu­ when such rape and incest have been re­ the only state in the Middle East whose cational and Cultural Affairs into a new In­ ported promptly to a law enforcement agency national existence has been threatened. ternational Communications Agency. N(0-4- or public health service." Y(1-3-0) Passed, The AFL-CIO calls upon the Administra­ 0) Failed, 34-357. 181-167. tion to reconsider the projected sale of sixty • (751) To concur in Senate compromise (776) To approve the journal of Dec. 7 F-15 fighters to Saudi Arabia and of fifty­ abortion language. Y(1-3-0) Failed, 183-205. proceedings. NV(3-0-1) Passed, 284-14. nine F-5E fighters to Egypt. We understand (753) To close debate and prohibit amend­ (777) To adopt rule conference report on the arguments of thoEe who hope that such ments on a motion to recommit Supplemen­ Clean Water Act. Y(4-0-0) Passed, 326-6. sales will increase our government's influ­ tal Appropriations blll to conference. NV (778) To adopt conference reoort on Clean ence on the Arabs and, hence, our ability to (3-0-1) Failed, 125-270. Water Act, authorizing $25.7 blllion, includ­ help sustain the present peace momentum. (754) To recommit Supplemental Appro­ ing $24.5 billion for sewage treatment con­ But we are not persuaded that in the long priations to conference with instructions to struction grants for FY 1978 through 1982. run the cause of peace will be advanced by increase funding for Amtrak to $18 million. NV(3-0-1) Passed, 346-2. supplving sophisticated arms to nations Y(1-3-0) Passed, 256-141. (780) To adopt rule on conference report, that have more than once launched attacks (755) To affirm the vote on Amtrak appro­ Social Security Financing Amendments. on Israel, seeking its destruction, except in priations. Y(1-3-0) Passed, 258-138. NV(0-3-1) Passed, 178-175. the context of a settlement which effectively (756) To order the- previous question, (782) To adopt conference report, Social secures the peace. Neither are we persuaded thereby closing debate and barring amend­ Security Financing Amendments. The bill that there is anything "even-handed" ments to a motion to instruct conferees on raised social security payroll taxes by in­ about withholding arms from Israel in an ef­ Social Security Financing Amendments. creasing the rates and taxable wage base for fort to force it into concessions. Y(2-2-0) Passed, 214-181. both employers and employees, beRinning in Of course, good faith negotiations will re­ 1979. It also stabilized the system's benefits quire mutual accommodations and conces­ (757) To instruct conferees to insist on sions to Fecure an enduring peace. But the phasing out the outside earning provisions structure, provided equal tre 'l tment for women, and increased the outside earnings history of past attacks and threats against of Social Security Financing Amendments by the survival of Israel argue strongly against 1982. N(2-2-0) Failed, 183-209. celling in steps to $6,000 by 1982. NV(0-3-1) Passed, 189-163. concessions that place Israel's security in (759) To provide an additional $10,000 in jeooardy. This is. after all. the heart of the FY 1977 for foreign travel on official business problem in the Middle East, and it ought relating to the investigation of Korean­ not be approached by coercive pressure on American relations. NV(3-0-1) Passed, 366-2. Israel through manipulative arms deals. (761) To express sense of Congress that any F-15 FIGHTER PLANES national health planning guidelines should reco~nize and take into account the special HON. LESTER L. WOLFF problems of rural health care, to assure TIM CLEARY AND THE DRIVE FOR quality health care for rural residents. Y(4- OF NEW YORK WORKER SAFETY 0-0) Passed, 357-77. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES (762) To consider (adopt rule) Continuing Appropriations for FY 1978. Passed, 331-21. Tuesday, February 28, 1978 (763) To further limit abortion language HON. ROBERT F. DRINAN Mr. WOLFF. Mr. Speaker, as many OF MASSACHUSETTS already voted on by limiting federal funds Members of the House are aware I in­ for abortions to only "forced rapes," and to tend to offer a resolution of disapproval IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES incest and rape which has been "promptly Tuesday, February 28, 1978 reported." Y(1-3-0) Failed, 170-200. to the proposed sale of the 60 F-15 (764) To concur to a Senate amendment fighter planes to Saudi Arabia. I believe Mr. DRINAN. Mr. Speaker. President to conference report, Supplemental Appro­ that our Nation has a primary interest Carter has made it abundantly clear that priations, to provide $200 million for the in preserving the peace in the Middle his administration is committed to pro- February _28, 1978 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 5063 viding on-the-job safety for American These memories, plus his own work experi­ end. Cleary notes that fewer than 18 percent working men and women. One example ence in hazardous jobs, make him "pro-safe­ of all cases ever reach the Commission. of that commitment was the President's ty and health," he admits. But he eschews A great number of cases-maybe as many labels such as "radical, liberal, and conserva­ as 50 percent-do not require a decision by appointment last August of Tim Cleary tive" as being, essentially, the easy way out­ the ALJ because they are settled at the initial as Chairman of the Occupational Safety a sort of civlllzed form of name calling. "Over hearing stage. This usually takes about 130 and Health Review Commission. I would the years I've learned that nothing's clearly days. like to share with my colleagues an ar­ black or white," he says. It is therefm:e advantageous, Cleary points ticle from the January 1978 issue of Job Cleary considers himself first and foremost out, for settlement at this stage if a.t all pos­ Safety and Health Magazine in which an objective jurist with a profound interest in sible. But for those cases where it is not, Mr. Cleary explains how he views his achieving a fair and just settlement of con­ these are some of the things the new chair­ tested citations that come before the Com­ man would like to do, in his own words, to new role and why we need vigorous work­ mission. Secondly, he considers himself a provide speedier and fair proceedings: er safety enforcement efforts. The ar­ strong advocate of upholding the spirit and "Formal procedures should not be followed ticle follows: letter of the OSHACT, which he describes as a in every case contested before the Commis­ [From Job Safety & Health Magazine, "revolutionary piece of legislation that was sion. By formal I mean the potpourri that we January 1978] long overdue to protect the American worker." now have combining the formal adjudication CHARTING NEW COURSES AT THE REVIEW If he brings a bias to his job it is a "legal requirements of the Administrative Proce­ COMMISSION bias," not a personal one, he explains. While dure Act, the Federal Rules of Civil Proce­ (By Don Barnes) he believes that the law should be interpreted dure, and the Federal Rules of Evidence. as broadly as possible so as to offer the "The Commission has for years now toyed Nobody can call Tim Cleary the new kid on greatest protection to imperiled workers, he with various means and pressures to reduce the block. The newly-appointed chairman of also is mindful of employers' rights under the the elapsed time in processing cases. These the Occupational Safety and Health Review law, he assures. have been laudable, but really do not go to Commission· nas -seniority on just about Critics of Cleary's record as a commissioner the nub of the problem. Due process does not everyone who's professionally associated with say he sided too often with employees, that he have to be excessively rigid. It is not a. form the agency that to date has ruled on more didn't consider as he should the economic of legal rigor mortis. There should have been than 22,000 contested citations-many of ramifications of his decisions. a. quicker resolution of the easy issues, and them precedent setting, almost all of them He answers that accusa tlon this way: "I've more time could have been given to the hard leaving someone unhappy. always tried to rule on the basis of the fa:::ts iSS''eS. The Commisc:ion, with its stormy history of before me, and that includes giving some "I believe that at least two procedures are finding some of the stickiest issues to pop up weight to the economic impact any decisions needed. First, a. procedure for the hard cases, under the osHACT, is familiar turf to Cleary. might have. But economic considerations requiring time for full discovery, extensive He was its first chief counsel, and in 1973 he were not-and should not be-guiding prin­ testimony of competing experts, and perhaps was appointed for a 6-year term to the a­ ciples of law in deciding ccutested citations." cooious documentary evidence. These may member, adjudicatory body. He was named "After all, the law· is designed to preted be cases involving noise control, carcinog-enic chairman in August, 1977, by President workers from hazards on the job," he says. "It agents or safety cases having complicated Carter. is not designed to save employers money-al­ fact situations. If anybody has explored an the little nooks though, as I have said, this is a secondary ob­ "The second, or simplified, informal proce­ and crannies of the commission's first 7 years, jective in our deliberations en the Commis­ dure is needed for simple cases in which the Cleary has. He knows, as they say, where all sion." issues are clearly defined and the operative the landmines are planted. But he hasn't On the broader issue of the country's cur­ facts are uncomplicated. These are some­ been averse to setting cff a bomb or two of his rent economic status, Cleary says "the worst times called the 'nickel and dime' cases even own. As a commissioner he established a thing that has happened to the osHACT is the in the age of infiatlon. reputation of independence and tough-mind­ economic condition of the country." But, he " ... In order to appreciate the new rules edness at a time when the Commission was stresses, "the Commission cannot overlook that I intend to propose for informal pro­ trying to weather considerable outside crit­ the purposes of the Act, no matter the eco­ ceedings, let me summarize our current rules icism and more than a few internal storms nomic conditions of the country." of dissent, including a lawsuit filed by one I would propose be continued for fully for­ Nonetheless, he believes there should be mal "roceedings. commissioner against the other two members. some type of tax incentive for employers who Cleary is also personally acquainted with "The commission's jurisdiction in a safety put out large amounts of money in an effort case is invt>ked when an employer contests an the on-the-job perils of several hazardous to make their workplaces safe and healthful. occupations. The son of Irish parents, he OSHA citation alleging violation of a. statu­ These are the larger, philosophical issues tory duty, usually a breach of a specific reg­ studied for the priesthood before deciding that have to be resolved outside the Commis­ to become a lawyer, working his way through ulation. All cases are handled by the rules sion. Cleary has some problems nearer at hand published in Part 2200 of Title 29 CFR. These college as a construction laborer, railroad that he wants to make a dent in. brakeman, and as a policeman. He received are formal adjudicative provisions of the his B.S. and law degrees from Fordham PROCEDURES Administrative Procedure Act (5 U.S.C. sec­ University. Chief among these is the problem of how to tions 556 and 557) with some additional The new commission chairman has strong find a. quicker and more efficient procedure tra.ppinf!S, such as most of the Federal Rules views about the legislation that occupies for hearing and deciding contested citations. of Civil Procedure. most of his time. He considers the OSHAct Cleary has a. plan in mind by which he hopes Upon receipt of an employer's notice of "the most advanced piece of remedial legis­ to streamline the procedures for processing contest, the Secretary of Labor immediately lation ever enacted on behalf of the working and adjudication. advises the Commission, which dockets the men and women of this country, because it Brlefiy, here's a. description of the Com­ case and notifies all parties. Within 20 days literally deals with life and death issues." mission and how a. contested citation reaches of receiving the notice, the Secretary must "It is remedial," he explains, "in the sense its members for full deliberation. file the complaint containing his allegations. that it represents an attempt to remedy a The Commission is a. quasi-Judicial agency, The employer then has 15 days to answer. social ill." Some of the critics of the Act entirely separate from the Occupational Safe­ Any allegations not denied are deemed ad­ don't seem to understand this, Cleary says, ty and Health Administration, which rules mitted. and as a result "spend too much time com­ on those cases where employees decide to "After the Commission dockets a case, the plaining about regulations rela.tin~ to split contest an OSHA citation. One of the Com­ parties wlll be notified of the time and place toilet seats and jiffy johns in the field." mission's 45 administrative law judges (ALJ) of a hearing before a Commission ALJ. A pre­ "I'd like to see more concern from these initially hears the case and makes a. ruling. hearing conference may or may not be held. critics," Cleary says, "about the cases that Then, any of the three commissioners, or There are usually some settlement efforts, come across my desk involving workers who any of the parties involved, may call the and there is a growing use of discovery, were crushed to death in trench cave-ins or ALJ's decision for review by the full Commis­ which may in part be attributable to some who were killed or maimed as the result of sion. The Commission's decision can be ap­ divided Commission decisions placing heavy falls from unguarded perimeters." pealed to one of the 10 U.S. Circuit Courts burdens of proof on the Secretary of Labor. As to charges that he is "labor's man" on of Appeals, and if the case is important "As for discovery, requests for admissions the Commission, Cleary says he pleads guilty enough it even could go to the Supreme can be filed as a matter of right. However, to a sensitivity to the plight of men and Court. discovery depositions and interrogatories are women who work in hazardous occupations, How long does a. case normally take? That not allowed except by an order of the ALJ but that he's his own man, nobody else's. depends on a number of factors. A case usual­ or Commission, but such an order is com­ He remembers that when he was a boy the ly takes about 285 days from start to finish monly issued. state in which he lived hired a man In a boat if it is resolved at the administrative law "The subpoenas may also be obtained sub­ to sit under bridge construction sites to fish judge's level, which is where the majority of ject to a motion to quash. After the filing of workers out of the river when they fell ln. the cases are settled. pleadings, the pre-hearing conferences, and "Most. of the time he was fishing out bodies," If, however, the case comes before the comoletion of discovery procedures, the ALJ Cleary recalls. "Not many of the workers sur­ Commission for a. full hearing, it usually assigned to hear the case issues a notice of vived such a fall." takes more than 600 days from beginning to hearing. 5064 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS February 28, 1978 "Any hearing is held as close as practical based upon an agreed statement of facts or noise standard and other standards that sim­ to the scene of the alleged violation. There is could agree to admit as evidence any in­ ilarly require "feasible" engineering con­ a. plain sense of venue. formation regardless of its form or the man­ trols? "Because of the trappings that I have men­ ner in which it is submitted. What are the powers, if any, of the Com­ tioned, the hearings resemble routine trials in "I envision that parties would cross-ex­ mission to review the validity of standards, the Federal District Courts. In fact, our hear­ amine and be given a. reasonable opportunity the adoption procedure, or constitutional ings are as close as you can get to a. civil trial to present oral arguments, unless the right vagueness? in a. Federal District Court. were waived. Upon agreement, the parties On what grounds should there be reversal "Upon conclusion of the hearings, the could accept a summary of the oral testi­ of an administrative law judge's credibility parties may, of course, submit proposed find­ mony that would be made by the ALJ. findings? ings of fact and conclusions of law and sup­ "I believe that these changes in the ad­ Nobody can foresee how these issues final­ porting briefs. judicative procedures under the Act can ly will be resolved, Cleary admits, adding "The judge then issues his decision, con­ hasten decisions that are crucial to the goal that he sees "little to be gained in specula­ sisting of his findings of fact, conclusions of of occupational safety and health. Adjudica­ tion on the outcome." law, and his order a.tnrming, modifying or va­ tion would also be less costly and therefore Cleary believes that the Commission has cating the citation or proposed civil penalty attractive to small employers and employees progressed from "adolescence to a. state of or directing other appropriate relief. The alike. I do not want OSHA adjudication to maturity." He certainly intends to make judge's decision must include the reasons or plod along in the same old way, tied to pro­ some changes, as might be expected from bases for his disposition and subsidiary find­ cedures that can take over a year to resolve any new appointee to a. regulatory agency, ings of fact must be made 1f they are crucial even a simple trench shoring violation. As but he assures that such changes will be to the resolution of broader factual issues. one Court of Appeals suggested, the Govern­ accompanied by "an adherence to concepts ment should also straighten its own trenches. of fundamental fairness for the litigants, ''ADJUDICATION The need for swifter rulings is too pressing to combined with a. good faith effort to carry "The procedures no doubt provide for a. be ignored any longer. 'Justice delayed is out the congressional purposes of the Occu­ fair and impartial hearing. But there is no justice denied' is the appropriate aphor­ pational Safety and Health Act.'' balance between the need for procedural due ism." The growth of the Commission is testimony process and the need for the swift adjudica­ The proposals described by Cleary do not to the important role it plays in resolving tion that Congress plainly contemplated. Too reflect his thinking alone. They are the complicated issues posed by contest ed cita­ often the work being done and alleged to be product of a. team effort, he explained. Sev­ tions. In its brief, lively history, the Com­ hazardous is completed, or almost completed, eral years ago an internal committee was mission staff has grown in proportion to its before the adjudication is completed. formed to study ways of speeding up the caseloa.d, which in 1976 numbered more than "Safety compliance must be timely. Safety Commission's procedures. According to 5,000. adjudication should be timely to be most ef­ Cleary, the recommendations he is making Now, more than 170 employees are assigned fective. We are not just paper-shuffling. We reflect the conclusions of a great number to the Commission, which by November, 1977, are deciding cases involving allegations in of people, as well as his own. The committee already had docketed almost 4,000 cases. which human beings just like us, maybe with was comprisect- -of· an administrative law Cleary remembers when the Commission families, may be electrocuted, crushed, judge, the executive secretary of the Commis­ existed largely on paper, when he and the burned, or diseased in some way, in the sion, and an attorney from each commis­ other early employees sat in unfurnished of­ course of the job. sioner's office. Much time and effort went fices waiting for the carpenters to put up "Simple cases, involving uncomplicated into development of these proposals, Cleary room dividers. facts such as in a. question of penalty assess­ adds. Now, he waits for the next hot potato to ment, should be handled more swiftly. I Proposed rule-making for the recommen­ be dropped in the Commission's lap. But he intend to revive a. proposal for informal ad­ dations for expedited procedure in certain wouldn't have it any other way. Cleary is a judication that I initiated which has lain cases will follow normal channels, explains man who obviously relishes being where the dormant for some 3-to-4 years. Section 10(c) Cleary. The first step will be an advance action is. of the Act provides, '. . . the Commission notice of proposed rule-making, which he shall afford an opportunity for a. hearing (in hopes to make as quickly as possible. accordance with Section 554 of Title 5, United But Cleary doesn't want to act on an Issue EULOGY OF DENTON FLY States Code . . .' Whether or not a contest­ as Important as expedited procedure until ing party desirec; a. formal proceeding pursu­ a. third member Is named to the Commission. ant to the Administrative Procedure Act is The Commission has been operating with HON. ED JONES discretionary. Under my proposal, the parties only two commissioners since April 28, 1977, would be encouraged to waive rights to a. full when the term of Robert Moran expired. OF TENNESSEE formal hearing. Under the proposal, the In­ Contrary to some popular Impressions, IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES formal procedure would differ from existing Cleary says, "this two-member commission Tuesday, February 28, 1978 procedure 1n the following ways : Is not always Janus-faced, with one face All pleadings would be oral rather than in front and the other at back." Mr. JONES of Tennessee. Mr. Speak­ written and would be stated at the begin­ Cleary says he and Commissioner Frank er. I recently attended a sad occasion in nin~ of conference-hearing. Barna.ko "usually look in the same direc­ my district. It was the funeral of a very The use of a verbatim transcript would be tion," estimating that they vote together close friend and dedicated human being. optional. A. summary of evidence, made by "at least two-thirds of the time." He was Mr. Denton Fly, a farmer and the judge, could be used in lieu of a trans­ "It is for this reason," Cleary says, "that cript. the appointment of any third member would civil leader in Gibson County, Tenn .. The judge's decision would be issued not result in anything like a. Jacobin Tri­ which is mv home county. I cannot begin promptly after the end of the proceedings. bunal ruling on K Street. Predominant v:::;t­ to do justice to all of the accomplish­ .The filing of proposed findings of fact and ing oa.tterns w111 probably continue.'' ments he achieved in his lifetime, be­ conclusions of law would be waived. Cleary explains that there are "significant cause those achievements were dedicated "I stress that informal hearing procedures gray areas" where he and Ba.rnako have been not to himself. but to others that he would apply only when all parties had waived divide:!. however. "These are the areas where their rights to o. hearing under Part 2200 29 came into contact with. However, the the voting of a. third member obvious!: best eulogv I have read or heard con­ CFR of the Commission's Rules of Procedure. would have the greatest Impact." Chief The contesting party would waive the right among such areas, Cleary says, are these: cerning this man was written in his to a. formal hearing either in the notice of Whether the Labor Secretary must shoul­ hometown newspaper, the Milan Mirror. contest or by later filing a. notice of waiver der the burden of proving knowledge in I want to ta.ke this ooportunity to share directly with the Commission's Executive both "nonserious" cases and "serious" cases. with mv colleagues the kind and beau­ Secretary. How much latitude should be allowed the tiful words written by the paper's editor, "If a. partv files a waiver notice, any other Secretary in the amendment of citations partv would be deemed to have waived the Bob Parkins: through pleadings or motions filed subse· EULOGY OF DENTON FLY ris the term "feasible" mean in the reap benefits for himself. but for others. February 28, 1978 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 5065 There were times when you wanted to get ADDITIONAL REMARKS IN SUPPORT of bank commitments would be jeop­ angry with him but more times when you OF THE CAVANAUGH AMEND­ ardized. appreciated him !or what he was and stood tor. We could doubt some of his decisions, MENT TO H.R. 9214--IMF SUPPLE­ Since it is the short-term private bank but we could never deny his good deeds nor MENTAL FINANCING FACILITY credits which appear to have created the his outstanding work. debt-service problem for Pakistan, the Denton Fly was a credit to God and hu­ banks should be required to undertake manity. We never told him that and !or our HON. JOHN J. CAVANAUGH their share in a rescheduling of Paki­ shortcomings, we are sorry. We never told OF NEBRASKA stan's debt. If they are not, the problem him because he was the kind of man that IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES will not be resolved--only postponed for would hardly give you the op-portunity to a year. If only Pakistan's public loans are heap praises upon him. He kept the door ajar Tuesday, February 28, 1978 just enough to command love and respect. rescheduled and its short-term bank That's as close as we could ever get. Mr. CAVANAUGH. Mr. Speaker, last debts paid off, it will borrow more short­ But without his deep understanding, pa­ Thursday the House accepted by voice term funds from private banks which tience, tolerance, and foresight, there never vote an amendment to H.R. 9214 which will need to be repaid the following year. would have been a MUan Mirror. He allowed seeks to assure an equitable treatment When these new bank loans come due, us to pursue it whUe continuing our duties to all creditors by those using the sup­ in 1979, Pakistan's public creditors will at the dairy. At times, we suggested giving it up, but he always said, "No, you have those plemental funds of the IMF. Today I be asked to extend new loans to pay off chUdren coming on, I wouldn't do that ..." would like to add the case of Pakistan the banks since rescheduling will no He always inst1lled in us the importance to the supportive material which ex­ longer be an option. The only option will of a man's shadow being worth the next plains the need for this amendment. be a default. best thing to a man's presence. He was a The Pakistan case is a telling illustra­ As the Pakistan case demonstrates, driver, but he didn't drive men. He led them. tion of the need for this amendment. this amendment will, if adopted, make During his ll!etime, he employed thou­ Because Pakistan is not regarded as one a major contribution to efforts to deal sands of people and the ma.torlty were influ­ of the more credit-worthy borrowers, enced by his llfestyle, his character, and his with the debt problems created by the success, both materially and spiritually. banks are reluctant to extend long-term sizable balance of payments deficits of A tree, a Cedar, has truly fallen, but its credits to the country and prefer, as in the last several years. Since these deficits "shadow" will continue to cast encourage­ many similar cases, to exend credits are likely to continue, any program de­ ment and hope !or generations to come. And through the local banks. The notion that signed to ease adjustment should take because of his foundation which he bunt by short-term credits are safer for the lend­ into consideration all relevant factors. digging it out of the dirt with his own hands, ing banks is false when, as in the case of The requirement to repay short-term we and others will press on, even harder. Pakistan, they create an insupportable A man's body dies, but his spirit lives on. commercial bank loans is such a factor. debt burden for the borrowing country in Extending the maturity of these short­ the near-term. term credits will benefit the country in­ Of course, the banks assume that, volved reduce pressure on its public INVESTMENT TAX CREDIT SHOULD given the small size of their public debt creditors and lessen its need for new BE APPLIED FAIRLY in relation to that of higher income de­ loans merely to stay in place. It will also veloping countries, the poorer countries benefit the private bank creditors since a can and will be taken care of by their rescheduling of their loans at the be­ HON. RICHARD KELLY public creditors. Thus, with respect to ginning of an adjustment effort is prefer­ OF FLORIDA the poorer countries, rescheduling by able to an increasing likelihood of de­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES public creditors is unquestionably a bail­ fault if loans continue to be rolled over out. Moreover, if such a country is per­ on a short-term basis. Tuesday, February 28, 1978 mitted to reschedule its debts only with Mr. KELLY. Mr. Speaker, the Inter­ public creditors, it is likely to pay off the nal Revenue Service has ruled recently private credits due this year, roll them that the investment tax credit is not over to the next year and, as they fall CONGRESSIONAL MINORITY IN available for the construction of green­ due again, seek to repeat the process. PARAGUAY houses for commercial plant propaga­ This pattern has already been estab­ tion. Everyone is committed to the prin­ lished. Of the 21 banks which the Fed­ ciple that the tax codes should be ap­ eral Reserve Board surveyed for the HON. JAMES M. COLLINS plied in a fair and reasonable way. But Senate Subcommittee on Multinational OF TEXAS greenhouse operators do not get the same Corporations and the House Banking lN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Committee, only the top six banks had tax treatment as other types of farm Tuesday, February 28, 1978 investments. outstanding loans to Pakistan. Between Today I am introducing legislation to December 1975 and September 1976 their Mr. COLLINS of Texas. Mr. Speaker, correct this obvious inequity. Investment loans dropped from $54 million to $6 Paraguay again provides a good example tax credits are available on the purchase million. Undoubtedly these were short­ . for the Americans in their system of of equipment that is part of the produc­ term loans repaid in 1976 and reextended, representation of the minority in Con­ tion process but not for structures that with additional credits in 1977. It is gress. In the election that was completed merely house the means of production. probable that the $60 million of credits this month, the minority party received Greenhouses constitute an essential and outstanding in June 1977 were loaned to only 14 percent of the total vote. Yet, in integral part of the production process. Pakistan by these same six banks--Bank Paraguay their constitution provides This view was upheld by the U.S. Circuit of America, , Chase Manhattan, that the minority be given 33 percent of Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit Manufacturers Hanover Trust, Morgan their congressional seats. Only 14 per­ in 1974. Guaranty and Chemical Bank-and that cent of the people vote for the minority The ms has ruled that similar facili­ they made the bulk of reported commit­ party. Yet, the Colorado party, which ties for raising chickens and hogs, and ments to lend $44 million to the Govern­ received the great majority of 86 per­ for aging liquor, qualify for the credit. ment of Pakistan and $158 million to cent, gives 33 percent of the congres­ There is no rational basis for distinction banks and other private borrowers in sional seats to representatives of the between these types of facilities and that country. It is also probable that minorities. Compare whst.t we do in the greenhouses. Pakistan is now unable to meet its short­ United States. The Republicans get 44 The purpose of the investment tax term obligations to these banks and, percent of the popular vote but they only credit is to increase the national produc­ rather than ask the banks to reschedule get 34 percent of the seats in Congress. tive capacity and to create jobs. Green­ their loans by lengthening their matu­ On my committee that has a staff of houses meet both these requirements. rity, has decided to ask for a reschedul­ 32, the Democrats have 30 members of Congress should not delay in enacting Ing by its public creditors rather than the staff and the Republicans are given this legislation. risk the possibility that the $200 million two members of the staff. 5066 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS February 28, 1978 In our great desire to develop human all last week), is Eugene Metzger, once a his career at the age of 5, making his rights for the representation for the lawyer for the comptroller of the currency. screen debut as the child that Marie minorities, we would do well to look to Judith MUler of the New York Times re­ ported last week that Metzger had recently Dressler clutched to her heart in "Tillie's the example of Paraguay. They go the offered a job to Robert Bloom, the job-seek­ Punctured Romance." He appeared in extra mile in seeing that the minorities ing Atlanta comptroller who suddenly re­ more than 50 films during that silent pic­ have fair and judicious representation moved embarrassing restraints from Bert ture era. By 1920 Milton had discovered in Paraguay's Halls of Congress. Lance just before Mr. Carter appointed him. his comedic ability and made his debut Bloom, who could be a witness against Lance, on the Broadway stage in a revival of may soon owe his livelihood to him. "Floradora," as a member of the baby LANCE RETAINS PRIVll..EGES But what of the SEC, and its fearsome en­ sextette. Since then his romance with forcement chief, Stanley Spokin-weren't its investigators swarming all over the Lance every branch of show business has never HON. BOB WILSON affairs? Well, you see, Bert is represented by ftagged. His appearance in vaudeville at OF CALIFORNIA Clark Clifford's law firm, which knows the the famous Palace Theater in New York IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES power levers; next month, Lance will consent in 1931 broke all records. He went on to to a cease-and-desist order, which amounts Earl Carroll's Vanities and the Ziegfeld Tuesday, February 28, 1978 to a light tap on the wrist. Like Victor Pos­ Follies, which, as some of us are old ner and David Begelman, he wlll have to pay enough to recall, represented the ne plus Mr. BOB WILSON. Mr. Speaker, I back what he took in tax-free perks. Bert herewith insert an article in the RECORD will agree only to refrain from taking a title, ultra for comedy performers. which was printed in the San Diego but he wm not be denied the fun and profit With the coming of commercial radio, Union February 24, 1978: of taking control of banks for his clients in however, audience perimeters expanded OUSTED LANCE MORE "IN" THAN EVER the Mideast. to encompass the whole world. His debut (By William Saflre) And that grand jury in Atlanta causes no with Rudy Vallee on "The Fleischmann On the inside front cover of every black fluttering at Butterfly Manna. The three Hour'' in 1928 and his subsequent ap­ diplomatic passport is this bold statement: Justice officials in charge of Lance case­ pearances on other national programs ."The bearer is abroad on a diplomatic as­ Cone Namarotto, John Kenny, and Richard led his own "Milton Berle Show." Beckler-have nobody to report to, and have to signment for the government of the United It was Milton Berle who was the first States of America." let key statutes of limitations run out. They cannot but be influenced by pictures of the to accept the challenge of television. He Of the 24,000 diplomatic passports issued became that medium's first giant when since the beginning of the Carter adminis­ President with his best friend at an Atlanta tration, only 151 are made out to Americans Democratic fundraiser. They have mouths to on June 8. 1948, he launched the "Texaco who are private citizens. The State Depart­ feed, and getting tough on Bert is no way to Star Theatre," became "Uncle Miltie" ment--untruthfully in my opinion-claims get ahead at Justice. and made the Tuesday night show ana­ that no list of these 151 non-government That's why Jack Stephens, Mr. Carter's tional institution. "diplomats" exists. Therefore, the public has biggest fundraiser and the near-billionaire It is impossible to list Mr. Berle's no way of finding out which friends of behind the attempt to take over the Wash­ ington banks for the Arab investors, has many programs, guest appearances, and President Carter and Secretary of State films which have followed, but we must Cyrus Vance get waved past the normal bar­ never been called to testify; nor have the riers and never have to suffer the indignity banktician Butcher brothers of Tennessee. record the Emmy nomination for his fine of having their baggage searched. The bank that financed the Carter campaign, dramatic performance in "Doyle Against The holder of special-privilege passport Atlanta's C and S, has skipped its dividend the House," and his lifetime NBC con­ X-000065 (in passperks as in license plates, (as predicted here in November); its officers tract, a most signal honor, presented to low numbers are coveted) is the President's are counting on Bert's influence in Washing­ him for "putting television on the map." best friend, Bert Lance. He also has been ton and Araby to bail them out of trouble. Milton is a songwriter, too, and a highly issued a regular passport, which he may use, Bert might just bring it off. Hail to thee X-000065-Piker thou never wert! Hang on to rated member of ASCAP, having had but the one that impresses his overseas con­ more than 400 songs published. His auto­ tacts in the Arab world is X-000065, a status that diplomatic passport, take care of those symbol that beats any private aircraft or prospective witnesses, use the President to biography, published last year, has re­ limousine perks. impress the grand jurors and intimidate the ceived excellent reviews. Shall we call In our last installment on the adventures prosecutor, tip off your banking cronies and him "Mr. Television?" "Mr. Entertain­ of the President's Best Friend, Bert was dollar speculators with the inside poop from ment?" "Mr. Showbusiness?" It does not busily telephoning bankers to give them ad­ the Oval office-as the bumper stickers in matter. Milton Berle has carved niches vance information about the Presidenrt;'s Georgia say, "Nobody Drowned At the Cal­ houn Bank." for himself everywhere in the entertain­ choice for chairman of the Federal Reserve. ment world, and we are all the happier The message was loud and clear: Bert was still "in," and the bank vice presidents tes­ for it. tifying before a grand jury about unlawful MILTON BERLE Mr. Berle, his wife, Ruth, and son, loans had better remember it. (J. Wi111am Billy, are now residents of Beverly Hills. Miller's nomination is now in doubt because His daughter, Vicki, has twice made him his testimony on overseas payoffs is being HON. HENRY A. WAXMAN a grandfatner. They will be joining us contradicted. Bert may have another chance OF CALIFORNIA and the rest of Milton Berle's millions of to call with a new name.) IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES admirers on Sunday, March 26, 1978. In today's installment, the man with two Tuesday, February 28, 1978 when the NBC television network will passports is more "in" than ever. He has present "A Tribute to Mr. Television." returned from London, Pakistan and the Mr. WAXMAN. Mr. Sneaker, we often Middle East with the go-ahead from Agha Many happy returns, Uncle Miltie. Hasan Abedi, whose Bank of Credit and have occasion to record the accomplish­ Commerce manages billions in Arab funds, ments of public-spirited citizens who to take control of Financial General Bank­ have benefited their communities with a SUNDESERT POWERPLANT shares, which owns a dozen banks in the wide variety of contributions. Now it is Washington, D.C., area. my privilege to ask the Members to join This is a much bigger deal than se111ng a me in honoring a true citizen of the HON. BOB WILSON Georgia bank to the Arabs. Financial Gen­ world-Milton Berle. Mr. Berle has OF CALIFORNIA eral is a $2.2 bil11on company, with banks shared with us great gifts of entertain­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES in a market that serves congressmen, gov­ ernment officials, the top mmtary and naval ment and laughter. His talents transcend Tuesday, February 28. 1978 the boundaries of language and country; personnel-a bonanza for those who might Mr. BOB WILSON. Mr. Speaker, I want to influence our nation's opinion he has bestowed upon us surcease from leaders and lawmakers. If I were a sheik, our worries. There is not a person any­ wish to insert in the RECORD at this the advantages of knowing the intimate where who has had access to a theater, point an editorial published February financial details of U.S. leaders' lives--and a radio, or a television set who has not 20, 1978, in the San Diego Evening the ab111ty to make loans or deny them­ been able to listen to or watch Milton Tribune: would impel me towards moving in on the Berle in at least one of the many facets SUNDESERT AND BROWN Washington banks. of his g€nius, whether it be drama, com­ In 1976, less than two years ago, the peo­ Old Bert--you have to give him credit, as ple or California voted by a 67 percent ma­ Henry likes to say-takes care of his old edy or his incomparable clowning. jority to defeat an initiative they believed friends. The local Washington agent Bert It takes long experience for an actor to would have shut down the nuclear power used to buy the stock (and who denied it polish his abilities. Milton Berle started industry in this state. February 28, 1978 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 5067

The majority against the measure (Propo­ not lived? It is now our turn to reasonably [From the Washington Post, Feb. 17, 1978] sition 15) was heavier in Southern Ca.lifor­ assure a life of freedom to all future Ameri­ CATHOLI::::, ORTHODOX LEADERS PROTEST TUR­ nia.-75 percent in San Diego County, 78 per­ cans, and possibly all earthlings as well. We KEY'S RESTRICTIONS ON CHRISTMAS cent in Orange County, 71 percent in Los alone are responsible for passing on the For 16 centuries, Istanbul (formerly Con­ Angeles County. tradition. stantinople) has been a major center of Yet Gov. Brown is acting as if the nuclear I, as a father, must raise my children with Christianity, at times rivaling Rome, and it shut-down measure carried. a love for their country and fellow country­ remains the principal see of worldwide East­ He is conducting an all-out campaign men, and with an appreciation for freedom. ern Orthodoxy. But now, trouble is reported. against the proposed Sundesert nuclear I must show them how lucky they are to be By a quirk of history, both Roman Catho­ power plant, using arguments that could Americans, and how not so fortunate others lic and Orthodox leaders--once opponents on apply to any new nuclear power plant pro­ in this world are. I must show them how this the question-recently raised their voices in ' posed anywhere in the state. great life of freedom was given to them, how behalf of the historic religious center, ap­ In fact, Sundesert is a. special case. they must continue to deserve and preserve pealing to President Carter for help. The project was already well into the it, and how they must pass it on to their They charged that restrictions by Turkish planning stage in 1976 when the Legislature children. I must teach them to be hard authorities against the Greek Orthodox com­ passed a package of three bills designed to workers, that nothing good comes easy. They munity, now a small minority tn the modern, head off approval of Proposition 15 at the must be honest, not deceiving, compassion­ predominanty Muslim city, threatens the polls. These bllls limited nuclear power de­ ate but not foolhardy, courageous not cow­ "very existence" of the spiritual hub of velopment without imposing a total ban on ardly. They must know that all men on this Orthodoxy. new nuclear power plants. earth are equal. Only when I have raised Sundesert was entirely exempted from one "We express our shock and outrage at pillars of strength that will do right by free­ these actions," said the joint statement by of them-a requirement that nuclear power dom is my job as a father finished. the Roman Catholic-Eastern Orthodox lead­ plants be built underground. The Legislature As a Navy man it is my job to honorably ers who are pledging common efforts against wrote that exemption into law. fulfill my obligated service for my country. I The second of the three bllls was worded must produce the best possible output in the restrictions. in such a way that it does not apply to support of our mission. I must respectfully Although Rome and Constantinople were Sundesert. carry out the orders of my superiors and I bitter antagonists for centuries, particularly after the break between eastern and western The third b111 is the roadblock. It requires must train my subordinates to do at least that the state Energy Commission and the ar. well a job as I, if not better. I must con­ branches of Christianity in 1054 A.D., the Legislature find that a nuclear waste mal'l­ stantly strive to do my best. I must be wlll­ present era has brought a new sense of mu­ agement method has been demonstrated and ing to lay my life on the line for my coun­ tuality. approve~ by the federal government. Such a. try and loved ones back home. To do any­ The renewed bond was reflected in the method has not been demonstrated and is thing less would be to disgrace the uniform joint protest, citing the "historic signlfi­ not likely to be until 1985. I wear. A Navy that is not made up of good cance" of the Orthodox see and its Ecumeni­ It is stlll possible for the Legislature and sailors is weak and powerless. And a nation cal Patriarchate in manifesting the con­ the governor to exempt Sundesert from the that has no control of the high seas also tinuity of Christianity. requirement of that 1976 b111. has little control over its destiny. The "oppression of the Greek Orthodox in As a citizen of the United States it is my Turkey and the threat to the very existence The state Senate has already voted to do duty to remain knowledgeable. I must keep of the ecumenical patriarch are all the more so. But the governor is doing everything he abreast of world affairs, as well as national serious in this period" of increasing religious can to prevent the Assembly from following and local, so that I may vote in a govern­ unity, the churchmen said. suit. ment that wlll keep this country free. Ig­ The present ecumenical patriarch, Deme­ The Assembly should consider the exemp­ norance may be bliss, but it is a detriment trios I, is spiritual leader of the world's 250 tion b111 on its merits and should not be to a nation made great by its educated peo­ million Eastern Orthodox Christians. He has swayed by partisan politics. ple. I must live by the golden rule and fight offices in the aged center, part of a. shrink­ If the governor feels so strongly against hatred and discrimination of all kinds. I ing Orthodox community amid a new nuclear power, he should be given a. chance must join the vigil against subversion. And largely Muslim population. to veto a Sundesert exemption blll. The issue I must help the old, sick and poor who can­ Although recurrent Turkish pressures on could then be fully debated in this year's not help themselves because they too are the Orthodox enclave have been reported election campaign in which the governor is Americans and deserve the right to enjoy in recent years, including closing of the expected to be a candidate for re-election. freedom. Freedom is a right that carries with it Orthodox Theological School of Halki, the many responsib111ties. Any American who re­ statement • charges further "injurious ac­ fuses to fulfill his responsib111ties to freedom tions" in recent months. GRAND BLANC AREA SAILOR WINS has no right calling himself an American. Among the new "discriminatory measures" charged were Turkish imposition of "mil­ FREEDOMS FOUNDATION AWARD lions of liras in taxes" on Orthodox schools and churches and refusal of the Turkish gov­ HON. DALE E. KILDEE PROTEST TURKEY'S RESTRICTIONS ernment to issue travel permits for Ortho­ ON CHRISTMAS dox churchmen and citizens. OF MICHIGAN Archbishop Iakovos, head of the 2-mlllion­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES member Greek Orthodox Church in the Tuesday, February 28, 1978 HON. MICHAEL HARRINGTON Americas, charged earlier that the Turkish OF MASSACHUSETTS government is trying to force ouster of the Mr. KILDEE. Mr. Speaker, I was very ancient Patriarchate. happy to learn that CTR3 Bradley S. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES The city has been the main Orthodox Forsyth, U.S. NavY of Grand Blanc, Tuesday, February 28, 1978 center since 325 A.D. when Emperor Con­ Mich., has been named the recipient of stantine I transferred his capital there, call­ Mr. HARRINGTON. Mr. Speaker, I ing it the "new Rome." Through it came a $50 U.S. savings bond and the George recommend the article reprinted below. ancient creeds common to all Christians. Washington Honor Medal for Armed which appeared in the Washington Post Recent Turkish actions have violated both Forces Letter by writing "My Responsi­ on February 17, to the attention of my religious rights and basic human rights and bilities in Keeping My Country Free." colleagues, as it highlights the issues in­ "have seriously interferred with the exercise This award is presented annually by the volved in the current controversy re­ of the world-wide religious responsib111ties Freedoms Foundation at Valley Forge, garding the violation of religious and of the Ecumenical Patriarchate," the joint Pa. basic human rights in Constantinople­ statement said. I want to take this opportunity to the spiritual center of Eastern Christi­ The statement was drafted mainly by share with my colleagues the very fine anity. Roman Catholics in the talks with Eastern Orthodox representatives and were trans­ letter written on September 26, 1977. by If our human rights policy is to be mitted to President Carter by William Cardi­ Bradley Forsyth: both credible and e1Iective, it must be nal Baum, Catholic archbishop of Washing­ MY RESPONSIBILITIES IN KEEPING MY applied consistently. As a prerequisite to ton, D.C. COUNTRY FREE such an equitable application, general The statement cited new fraternal ties be­ (By Bradley Forsyth) awareness of, and concern for, the pro­ tween all Christians fostered by eastern and The founding fore-fathers of this country tection of basic rights throughout the western churches. These included the his­ passed on something so great it is almost world must be fostered. This article is toric meeting in Jerusalem ln 1964 between beyond words. That is freedom. Where would submitted in an attempt to further raise Pope Paul VI, and the late ecumenical we be today, if anywhere at all, had they and broaden that consciousness: patriarch, Athenagoras I. 5068 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS February _gs, 1978 NO GAS LINES IN PLAINS by the states to fuel-starved farmers, emer­ and diesel fuel-perhaps in more discreet gency transportation services and individual amounts- from a Shell dealer in nearby consumers who could demonstrate a genuine Americus. HON. C. W. BILL YOUNG hardship. Sketchy records in the Georgia Energy Of­ OF FLORIDA The crisis-originated emergency program fice, which was reorganized as the Georgia in Georgia continued distributing "hardship" Office of Energy Resources, confirmed only IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES gasoline and other fuels long past the resto­ two emergency deliveries to the Plains sta­ Tuesday, February 28, 1978 ration of plentiful supplies. In 1976, Georgia tion-one in December 1976 and another in officials allocated more than 20-million gal­ April 1977-from the Shell wholesaler. Mr. YOUNG of Florida. Mr. Speaker, lons from the emergency reserve and almost However, B1lly Carter recalls receiving the while Americans all over the Nation 3 Y2 -million gallons in the first six months emergency fuels until "sometime last sum­ were lined up for miles at the pumps of 1977. mer ( 1977) ." Added Carter. "I was running during the gasoline crisis, Billy Carter In the face of a renewed federal investiga­ part of that gas through the station" for use was reaping windfall profits with energy tion, Georgia energy officials ended the hard­ in the family peanut business. allocations provided by his brother's po­ ship distribution completely in June 1977. Billy Carter publicly affirmed his debt to But control over the emergency gasoline Spruill at a November 1976 convention of the litical appointee. This amazing story was still exists in Georgia, though currently, it is GIOA. Said Cross, president of the oilmen's revealed by my hometown paper, the St. not being exercised. The current energy direc­ association: "Billy told 60 to 70 of us, 'If it Petersburg Times, in a copyrighted story tor, Omi Walden, says the state will not hadn't been for Lew Spruill, I'd be a gone on Sunday. The story tells a sordid tale relinquish control until there are assurances duck.'" of cronyism, favoritism, price gouging, that the federal government wm be more One oil jobber said Billy Carter was lured profiteering, and coverups which will responsive to hardship cases. to Atlanta as the convention's guest speaker take a lot more than 33 pages of White The ever-affable Billy Carter, who says with the promise of tickets for him and his House deposition to explain away. everything about his two-pump enterprise wife Sybil to the last tour concert of the late was "above board," also acknowledges some Elvis Presley. As interesting as the story itself is Mr. puzzlement about the good fortune with During that same month, the oilman who Carter's attitude about the legality of which he operated his station durin•J crisis supplied the tickets, William E. Corey of the whole affair. With typical Carter years when thousands of other "country Conyers, Ga., was the target of an aborted candor and confidence he says : dogs" were going out of business for lack of 1976 criminal prosecution by the Energy De­ Hell, if I've done anything illegal, I gas to sell. partment. Corey, who is still under federal in­ wouldn't try to hide it, I'd brag about it. But Carter added in an interview from vestigation, has been accused of setting up a his home 20 miles outside of Plains, "Hell. love-nest apartment and making it avail­ This story will undoubtedly bring back if I've done anything 1llegal, I wouldn't try able-along with free meals and gifts- to the memories of the pleading and beg­ to hide it, I'd brag about it." state and federal energy officials in Atlanta. ging that most of us had to go through An American Oil Co. spokesman acknowl­ Confidential Energy Department records for a few extra gallons of gasoline for edged last week that AMOCO, America.n's show Corey received more than 1-million gal­ our districts. In my own case, it took· a marketing division, --was ordered -- by Georgia lons of Georgia's emergency gasoltne during energy officials to supply a total of 84.000 gal­ Spruill's term as energy director. call to the President of the United States Ions of gasoline to Billy Carter between Jan. The Justice Department blocked the Corey and a meeting with the Vice President 7 and May 8, 1974. Jn both April and May, the prosecution and told Energy Department of­ and Secretary of the Treasury to wring allocation was 25 ,000 gallons. ficials that the investigation would not be a few extra gallons for my district, and I State officials in Atlanta could produce rec­ complete until it included a thorough review know of many similar cases among my ords to verify only one of AMOCO's ship­ of Sprulll's relationship with Georgia oilmen, colleagues. The complete text of the ments to Plains, but state gallonage figures especially Corey. Tin1es article follows, for the benefit of differed from those American Oil provided Despite the investigation, Billy Carter by H.OOO gallons. makes no attempt to hide his friendship with those who have not seen it or who have The absence of the required documenta­ both men. "The only reason they're after only seen the condensed version in yes­ tion for each shipment, along with an ex­ Billy (Corey) is because of me," said Carter. terday's Star. planation of the emerJ,tency or hardshio for Billy Carter's friendship with Spruill was [From the St. Petersburg Times, the Plains station could not be explained. sealed shortly after the Plains station began Feb. 26, 1978) Billy Carter says he recalls "filling out the receiving its steady supply of state gasoline. EMERGENCY GAS BOOSTED BILLY CARTER'S forms." "I met Lew for the first time when he was BUSINESS Moreover. even American Oil's records were looking for some creosote posts. I had some, challenged by an AMOCO fuel dealer who so he came down and got them," Carter said. (By Patrick Tyler and made deliveries to Carter. J. A. Wilson of Wilson, the AMOCO jobber who delivered Charles C. Thompson II) Preston. Ga .. said he suoplied Billy Carter to Carter, resisted questions about the sud­ ATLANTA.-While his brother stumped with 17,000 gallons a month of emergency den end to American Oil's commitment to political paths from the Georgia governor's gasoline from late 1973 to Marc~ 1976. the Plains station. "AMOCO is a company mansion to the White House, Billy Carter Further, Billy Carter said he later ob­ that doesn't like publicity," said Wilson. kept a two-pump gas station "alive"-and tained the state-controlled gasoline and Asked if the March 1976 cutoff had anything very profitable-with the help of up to 25.000 diesel fuel through a Shell dealer until the to do with Spruill's departure from the state gallons of emergency state gasoline a month, summer of 1977. office and the beginning of the federal inves­ oil company and Georgia Energy Office The Georgia Energy Office administered the tl>Jation, Wilson said, "You said it, I didn't. I records show. emergency program. The office is now the ain't going to tell you why (the gasoline) The 40-year-old brother of the President obiect of a renewed federal investigation­ stopped." paid for the emergency gasoline shipments, touched off initially in 1975 by oil-company American Oil Co. officials in Atlanta dis­ but the guaranteed volume allowed Carter complaints over alleged irregularities and pute Wilson's claim that he continued to de­ to turn his station-known as a "country favoritism in the state allocation of gas sup­ liver state gasoline to Carter during 1975 and dog" to Georgia fuel dealers-into a farm­ plies. 1976. belt gold mine whose earnings skyrocketed There is no evidence that Billy Carter is Fred Whitt, AMOCO's chief fuels agent in from a reported $100,000 a year after Carter­ under investigation. though the chief en­ Atlanta, said company records confirm only mania tourist traffic provided it with a six­ forcement officer for the U.S. Energy Depart­ that Carter received a total of 84,000 gallons fold increase in business. ment's southeastern region says. "We're tak­ during the five-month period in 1974. "This would be the only (rural) station in ing a look at every recipient" of state gaso­ the world that could make that kind of line. But both Carter and Wilson say the money," said Roy L. Cross, president of the The man whom Billy Carter credit.s for his AMOCO deliveries spanned 2 Y2 years. Indeed, Georgia Independent Oilmen's Association stea'iv stream of gasollne suoolies is Lewis c. Wilson said he and Carter once quarreled (GIOA) and one-time energy adviser to Spruill. who was apoointed to the too post about one shipment of state gasoline-which then-Gov. Jimmy Carter. in the state energy office bv then-Gov. Carter. both men claimed. "Me and Billy had a heap The federal energy regulations that created Billy Carter savs Sornill "lcept me alive" dur­ of yaw yawing about that," said Wilson. the emergency gasoline supplies in all 50 ing the gasoline shortage that swent the The arrangement through which Carter's states strictly forbade treating the "hard­ country in the wake of the October 1973 oil station was supplied appears to be a rare ship" fuel as a windfall stockpile for com­ embargo_ one. Robert Harvey, a. longtime case officer in mercial service stations. However. Wilson. the !'5-vear-old AMOCO the state program, was asked if a station Moreover, a U.S. Energy Department official _iobber who made deliveries to t.he Plain~ sta­ could be supplied month after month with­ in Atlanta said that retail service stations tion. savs the emergency l!ac:oline continued out being required to demonstrate the "hard­ did not qualify for emE:rgency gasoline, but to flow long oast t.he crisis-until March ship" as required by federal regulations. the official, Otis D. Phillips, acknowledged 1971'1-the month Sprum lost his job as "It could happen," said Harvey. Asked if that the federal guidelines were widely energy director. he knew of such instances in the state pro­ ignored in Georgia and elsewhere. But by the end of the year. after his gram, Harvey added, "Yeah, there were a. Federal regulations said the fuel was to be brother's prel"idential victory. B1lly Carter couple-the ones DOE (Energy Department) "set aside" by major refiners for distribution was again receiving state controlled gasoline is looking into." February 28, 1978 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 5069 Mrs. Walden, 31, the current director of tration posts at the expense of more quali­ tural legislation ever signed into law. It the Georgia Office of Energy Resources, has fied candidates from other regions. continues a market-oriented farm pol­ been nominated by President Carter to take Senate staffers are reportedly looking into icy, and it contains authorities which a $50,000 a year post overseeing solar energy Mrs. Walden's professional background, research and development for the govern­ which includes no formal training in science will help improve farm incomes. We need ment. and energy technology, but does include four to do more, and I hope we will. But in the But unanswered questions about the oper­ years of energy advisory work for Georgia interim farmers can help. ation of the Georgia program under Sprum governors. The Department of Agriculture should and during Mrs. Walden's first eight months Among the lingering questions about the have relayed the specifics of the new act of stewardship, already have delayed con­ operation of the Georgia Energy Office is to producers in a more expeditious man­ firmation hearings by a month. this: Why has the state's record keeping sys­ ner, but I would like now to commend the Mrs. Walden said the arrangement of the tem failed to provide an accurate account­ Secretary of Agriculture for recently sort under which B1lly Carter was supplied ing of the flow of publicly controlled gaso­ with state-controlled gasoline was "not line to a business that bears the name of writing over 300,000 grain producers and right" and "inappropriate." She said, "It was a prominent Georgia family? personally appealing for their participa­ not the policy of this office ... to do that." More complete reoords made available by tion in the farmer-held reserve and set­ In questions posed about the practice, Mrs. American Oil Co. after a mostly unsuccessful aside pograms. Secretary Bergland's let­ Walden was not told that the circumstances search of thousands of state documents give ter follows: applied to B1lly Carter. But in punctuating a conflicting account. FEBRUARY 10, 1978. her responses, the $25,000 a year energy di- The only state document found that ap­ DEAR GRAIN PRODUCER: The meetings that rector said, "I prefer not to know ... That's peared to corroborate the American Oil fig­ I've held with farmers the past few weeks incredible ... It's probably 1llegal ... I don't ures was an April 1974 state energy office lead me to belleve that we in the Depart­ want to hear the name ... Is it st111 going order that AMOCO supply 17,000 gallons to ment of Agriculture have not done our job on?" "Jennings s/ s, P.O. Box 278, Plains, Ga." in explaining the programs in the Food and B1lly Carter said in a telephone interview Two state energy case workers said they Agriculture Ac~ of 1977. They can help you that he was forced to take his supply prob­ were not aware that Jennings was the name get better prices and you should know more lem to state officials in late 1973 or early of the Plains widow who sold the ramshackle about them. Three very important programs 1974 after Federal Energy Administration station to Billy Carter six years ago. Carter can help increase your farm prices :.mbstan­ (FEA) employees in Atlanta refused to up­ said he operated the station under that busi­ tially and ease your cash-flow problem. grade his entitlement under the gasoline ness name for several years. The problems in agriculture today can allocation program. But the 17,000 gallons designated on the not be "instantly" solved, but there are solu­ As late as April 1977, confidential federal state document nonetheless clashes with tions. We are doin~ something about these energy files show in a handwritten note from American Oil's 25,000 gallon figure for April problems, both legislatively and by adminic;;­ Donald E. Allen, federal energy administrator 1974. trative action. for the Southeast, to Gorman Smith, former In the filing system of the state energy We're getting on top of the cash-flow situ­ deputy FEA administrator in Washington, office, the names of gasoline recipients was ation in several ways. You have made record that " ... B1lly Carter has applied for an a source of confusion on more than one use of price support loans, which has adjustment of his base period volume. The occasion. Case workers last week could not strengthened farm prices. More than $1 bil­ application does not fit under (FEA regula­ immediately locate the allocation files on lion in wheat deficiency payments have been tions) and we plan to deny the request in Carter's AMOCO supplier, Wilson, because distributed. Increases in grain sorghum antl the near future." from 1973 through 1975 Wilson's records were barley target prices were announced three Service stations whose business grew dur­ filed under "J" for "J. A. Wilson," but in weeks ago. Barley growers w111 receive just ing the 1973-74 national oil crisis were often subsequent years they were filed under over $200 m1llion and grain sorghum pro­ unable to increase their normal federal allot­ "W." ducers more than $300 million this spring. ment of gas, because the allotment was Billy Carter's source of gasoline supplies This w111 mean that almost $1.7 b1llion w111 based on sales during 1972, which was used might not be the only mystery confronting be paid to producers by late April 1978. as the base period. state and federal regulatory officials. Carter's In addition to deficiency payments and "Why would we supply new stations when friends in the Georgia oil business say he the loan program, there are two other vital stations everywhere were closing for lack of has an unusual pricing structure at his tools for your use in 1978--set-asides and product?" asked Phillips, the Energy Depart­ Plains station-one price for tourists and a grain reserves. ment's fuels director for the Southeast. discount price for locals. They work hand-in-hand to relieve the Said AMOCO's Wilson: "Billy would go The irrepressible Brother Billy denies the heavy pressure on prices caused by burden­ to the state and the state would go to two-tier pricing system, though he acknowl­ some supplies; they wm bring about in­ AMOCO (in Atlanta). I sent the (emergency) edged he gives end-of-the-month discounts creased prices. But they will only be effec­ gas to B11ly by transport from Macon, but to "bulk" customers. tive if enough farmers decide to use them. he got (permission) from the state. AMOCO "It's the biggest rip-off for a station in To increase market prices the farmer­ didn't have" surpluses in its nonemergency the country," said Cross of the oilmen's as­ held, farmer-controlled reserve should take gasoline from which to supply the Plains sociation. "He (B1lly) laughs about it. He 330 mill1on bushels of wheat and 670 mill1on station. hates tourists and has an automatic discount bushels of feed grains (corn equivalent) off Ph1llips, the federal fuels officer, said that for local people. He should be audited more the market. This is a very substantial part of the widespread practice in Georgia to allo­ than once; One time for his set-aside (state the expected carryover this year. cate state gasoline to stations under heavy gasoline) and once for his ce111ng price." We've already seen that record loan vol­ demands from tourist traffic was contrary to But if there are questions about the com­ ume has strengthened commodity prices. federal rules. pliance of Billy Carter's Plains station with But, a large quantity of 1976-crop wheat "Tourists don't have a right to an alloca­ federal regulations, no one has asked him. loans are maturing this month and w111 be tion level," Phillips said. And, no one has audited AMOCO's Wilson, eligible to come back into the marketplace. However, in responding to a questionnaire who led Carter's "country dog" to the trough. The question that the grain trader is ask­ from the state of Virginia in April 1975, "There are two reasons B1lly Carter wasn't ing is: "W111 this grain be sold or wm it go Georgia energy officials said one criterion into the reserve?" I wish I could say that it. for dispersing emergency gas supplies was audited," said Cross. "First, he was the gov­ ernor's brother; second, he wrote down his w111 go into the reserve-that it won't be established in Georgia for "those stations sold-but I don't know. So far about 140 whose allocation is insufficient when there charges on match book covers and there is no way you could audit that station-and million bushels of wheat are in the reserves. is a special event, i.e. Masters Golf Tourna­ This is just about one-fourth of what is ment.'' third, he wouldn't let them in there any­ way . . . they're afraid of him." needed 1f there's going to be market impact. Mrs. Walden, who inherited the state pro­ As I see it, the only possible way for prices gram, staunchly defends her record. But to improve in the coming months-without she acknowledges that it took eight months insulated reserve stocks-will be 1f there are following her August 1976 state appointment poor growing conditions or crop failures in to curtail the wholesale release of mill1ons THE 1977 FOOD AND AGRICULTURE the United States or other parts of the world. of gallons emergency fuel to retail stations. ACT Robinson returned to Washington with Since there is no way to predict the the incoming Carter Administration and weather, I do not hesitate to recommend holds a similar high-level post in the En­ that you make full use of the loan program, HON. FLOYD J. FITHIAN participate in the set-aside program to cut ergy Department. Robinson was not disci­ OF INDIANA plined, despite the inspector general's back production and lower input costs, and conclusion. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES put as much 1976 and 1977 grain into the reserve as you can to isolate it from the Senate confirmation hearings on Mrs. Wal­ Tuesday, February 28, 1978 den's pending federal appointment are likely marketplace. to rekindle congressional questions on Mr. FITHIAN. Mr. Speaker, the Food There have been some questions about the whether President Carter is relying too and Agriculture Act of 1977 is probably need for a domestic grain reserve program. heavily on Georgians to fill senior Adminis- the most comprehensive piece of agricul- I can understand this concern, because I too 5070 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS February 28, 1978 remember the government-owned and stored It is for this reason that I have written carts, if you will. These have been around, grain stocks of the past and the way those to you and set out the details and the op­ more or less, for the full life span of the stocks were released. The program that I tions in these programs, to help you make auto and proved themselves competitive even started last April, that was reaffirmed in the your decision. when gas sold for 25¢ per gallon, so the con­ new farm law, is substantially different. With best regards, cept itself is not revolutionary. We just need First of all, the Government can not re­ Sincerely, to explore some of its present-day potential. lease the stocks. Since they're farmer-owned BOB BERGLAND, Just this past year, you put a law on the and farmer-controlled, it's the individual Secretary. books providing for development of electric farmer's decision to sell or not to sell after and hybrid vehicles but we hear disquieting the initial release level is reached. On wheat rumors that appropriations to implement the the current release level is $3 .15 per bushel; law are drying up. Perhaps you are concerned on corn it's now $2.50 per bushel. A CONSTRUCTIVE CRITICISM OF that there wm not be enough electricity to As Secretary, the only time that I can tell THE NATIONAL ENERGY PRO- go around. Maybe so, but, if there is one you, as a producer, to repay your reserve source of under-ut1Uzed energy still remain­ loan is after three years or when the current GRAM ing to us, it is the electric power potential market price reaches $3.94 per bushel for at off-peak periods, and that is where we wheat or $2.80 per bushel of corn. HON. JOHN J. RHODES propose to st:ut. Sure, our ut111ties are often We wlll not allow government-owned grain hard put to it to take care of customer de­ to be sold, unless prices exceed the recall OF ARIZONA mand during periods of peak use but we are levels. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES constantly being reminded that there is But even though the loan wlll come due, Tuesday, February 28, 1978 abundant power available to the one who wUl you don't have to sell. So these upper levels use it at off-peak periods. They'll offer bar­ will not put a celllng over farm prices, be­ Mr. RHODES. Mr. Speaker, recently, gain rates, too. Let's see how we can best use cause the decision to sell is stlll yours. a constituent of mine, Mr. James 0 . that in this instance and maybe pick up a This reserve wlll do four things: Martin, wrote a very thought-provoking bargain along the way! It wlll take away much of the pressure of Present-day electric cars, trucks and vans, current excess stocks on the market and article on the electric automobile. Be­ cause of the national concern over our for the most part, recharge their batteries by strengthen prices. parking the vehicle and connecting up for It wlll provide you with 25 cents per bushel energy crisis, I wanted to share Mr. Mar­ a few hours at standard commercial or resi­ per year, to help pay storage costs while the tin's remarks with the House: dential outlets. Depending on the time of grain is in reserve. AN OPEN LETTER TO OUR PRESIDENT AND MEM­ day and speed of recharging, this can cause It wlll give you a new marketing tool so BERS OF CONGRESS FROM THEIR ELDER CON­ considerable upsetting of the load curve. A that you will still own the crops you raised STITUENTS-THE RETmEES few thousand plugged in at the wrong time when prices improve, instead of the govern­ Although we have little to bring to your c-ould cause brownouts and worse. Now, sup­ ment or the grain trade owning them. attention that you do not already know, we posing you help the ut111ties by giving them It wlll insure world customers that the do believe that we should do what we can control over periods for recharging? Think U.S. wlll be a reliable supplier of grains, to help in putting it all together. When a about it! regardless of the weather. We will have a few of us are relaxing at pinochle, bingo or hedge against embargoes, because of crop Electric cars would observe the 55-mile golf, we are apt to discuss some startling speed limit. They have to! That's usually shortfalls such as those of recent years. concepts of what we would do if we were Last week, I announced two changes in their top speed. in Washington. This is your chance to listen Electric cars do not spew contaminants the reserve program to make this program ln. more attractive. Beginning March 1, the 1977 into the air breathed by all of us (the driving crops of barley, oats and wheat may go di­ No, we do not expect Uncle, through you, public most of all). Next to drunk driving rectly into the reserve without waiting for to do it all, just provide the atmosphere, and high speed, probably the greatest cause the loan to mature. In the near future, we the incentives and the guiding power to of highway fatalities is the drowsiness of will announce that 1977 corn and grain sor­ make positive action attractive to those who drivers, brought on for the most part by ghum will also be eligible for early entry into must act if our children and their progeny pollution from exhausts. the reserve. I also announced aq increase are to enjoy life in the style which they Then, of c-ourse, there is the din of auto in the capacity limit tm the farm storage deserve. We wlll do our best to delete all traffic. Electric vehicles would be a welcome facility loan program. Any existing storage but what we consider to be constructive relief to battered ear-drums. Once the de­ capacity, used for reserve storage, will not criticism. cision is made to go ahead full steam with count against the existing two-year pro­ The recent announcement that American production of electric vehicles to signifi­ duction limit. auto manufacturers expect to spend some cantly penetrate the auto market, use of I think you'll agree with me that Washing­ $45 biilion over the next ten years in re­ off-peak power (or any power declared by ton can't solve all your problems. But we building and modernizing plants has the ut111ties to be in surplus at the time) can provide you with programs that ytm prompted us to document this discussion. As will buy a little time in which new, better, many among us have a few shares of Gen­ can use to insure that you get a better price non-polluting power plants can be built­ for your commodities. These programs now eral Motors and other motor stocks, we don't solar, nuclear, hydro, geo-thermal, wind, exist. want them to waste their capital on changes ocean thermal gradients, the whole bit. Almost as important as the reserve, as a which have less than an optimum objec­ tive-not, at least, while there are such And now, how can we store this "off-peak" tool that only you can use to improve grain power for such opportune and beneficial prices, are the set-aside programs for wheat glamorous alternatives. The reasons given for this ambitious pro­ use? Not so simple, but, with your help, and feed grains. Of course, these are vol­ entirely feasible : Instead of the use of sev­ untary programs; no one can force you to gram: You, in government are asking that autos have better mileage and safer emis­ eral standard-size batteries tucked into out­ participate. But you must understand clearly of-the-way places around the car's frame as that, if you decide not t'o participate, you sions-both very commendable. Another is that foreign competition in automobiles is at present, batteries would be larger, fewer will not be eligible for price suoport loans, in number and grouped together in a sep­ you will not be eligible for deficiency pay­ forcing more economical manufacturing methods. Anyhow, we feel that they may be arate chamber where they are easily re­ ments if any are made, and you will not be movable and where temperature control and eligible for low-yield disaster protection. You applying this "too little too late" medicine to a very old and sick horse while the pasture is maintenance are simplified. While batteries have every right to gamble, but I have an are being serviced (recharged), the vehicle obligation to make it clear to you how big brimming with young mustangs who just this gamble is. need training and underst.,nding. After all, is free to m:ove ; out-of-service batteries can 10 years from now, who wants the country be recharged at E.V. recharging stations at Farmer participation in these programs times acceptable to the power supplier. will be, in effect, a "yes" or "no" referendum. filling with cars with excellent mileage po­ Look around! Retired people in New York If farmers do participate you wlll be saying tential but no fuel to make it mean any­ "Yes, I do want better grain prices and I do thing! Cleaner exhausts, but still "exhausts" (Roosevelt Island) and California (Long want to use our present marketing system which can only add to the problem of an Beach) observe electric vans of this type with a minimum of regulation." If you already cruelly deb1Iitating environment! quietly making pickups and deliveries at all do not participate, then, in effect, you wm While you are at it why not consider elim­ hours of the day and night with no notice­ be saying "No, I am satisfied with the current inating the problem entirely? No exhausts! able effect on the electric power avaUability system 'of wheat and feed grain pricing." You could hardly do better than that! No for other customers. These are the simple economic facts. They longer a question of the miles per gallon (of It seems that the 55-mile speed limit is are also the plain facts of life when it comes petroleum) by eliminating the "gallon" and increasingly being disregarded and once to the Congress, which wm most certainly any dependence on petroleum! "OK", you again highway fatalities are soaring. This construe your decision as a referendum. Your say. "Since you seem so full of suggestions, and the staggering burden of a balance-of­ decision will have a direct bearing on what what is your answer?" payments deficit which we have been suck­ the USDA and the Congress can and wm Let's just examine one alternative--elec­ ered into prompt us to paraphrase an old be able to do for farmers in the future. trically propelled vehicles-glorified golf poem- February 28, 1978 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 5071 How many more must die on the highway? I am including the following excerpts conserving soil is essential for a productive How many be battered and maimed? from an article entitled, "Land Degrada­ agriculture and a strong U.S. economy. The carnage goes, we look the other way tion: Effects on Food and Energy Re­ Our approach in this study was to analyze And no-one seems even ashamed! sources," for consideration by my col­ (i) patterns of arable land loss in the United It's so easy to say-"It's those other guys! States; (11) environmental consequences of "They're the ones who should be blamed" leagues. It appeared in Science, Octo­ cropland degradation; (111) alternatives for How much longer must we pay tribute? ber 8, 1976, and addresses the issue of the conservation and protection of arable How much deeper must we wallow in environmental degradation, particularly lands; and (iv) economic effects of erosion shame? soil degradation and its effects on our and conservation. Based on these analyses, The remedy is near! "We'd say that it's here! capability to produce needed food and projections are made for land, water, and Let's move now! We can win this game!! fiber. I hope my colleagues find this ar­ energy needs to feed a growing U.S. popula­ ticle of interest and will address this issue tion and to contribute to world food produc­ of the degradation of the vital resource tion. We recognize that many sectors of the FAMILY FARM DEVELOPMENT ACT U.S. besides agriculture have land needs. Be­ by supporting the Family Farm Develop­ cause food is a necessity, however, our analy­ ment Act: sis focuses on the need of conserving crop­ HON. GEORGE E. BROWN, JR. LAND DEGRADATION: EFFECTS ON FOOD AND land for food production. ENERGY RESOURCES OF CALIFORNIA SOIL EROSION AND LOST LAND IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Because land is absolutely essential to agriculture, the relationship of cropland During the last 200 years, at least a third Tuesday, February 28, 1978 degradation to food production and energy of the topsoil on the U.S. croplands has been lost. On the basis of erosion surveys and vari­ Mr. BROWN of California. Mr. conservation deserves appraisal. Agricultural production in the United States is vital to ous soil surveys, it was estimated in 1935 that Speaker. on February 2, 1978, Congress­ a rapidly growing world population as well erosion had already ruined approximately man NoLAN and I introduced the Family as to the domestic economy. The world's 100 million acres for practical cultivation. Farm Development Act, H.R. 10716. The population is now 4 bill1on and is pr-ojected On nearly 100 million additional acres, "from act is a comprehensive package of re­ to reach 6 billion to 7 billion in the next 25 one-half to all the topsoil" had been lost. forms aimed at supporting a small- and years. An estimated one-half billion humans Thus, about 200 million acres in the United moderate-sized family farm system of are already malnourished. At least a two-fold States were ruined or seriously impoverished increase in food will be needed to feed this for crop cultivation by soil erosion before efficient food production. This legislative 1940; some of this land has since been put effort arose out of a concern which many rapidly expanding world population by the year 2000. Increases of this magnitude have, into forests. The nation's land, however, con­ have for the continuing decline in the in the past, required major technical innova­ tinues to be eroded. number of farms, with a concomitant tions in agriculture, such as the development Soil is lost to erosion each year, but it is increase in farm size, the decline in the of hybrid corn and the new wheat and rice also continuously being formed. The rate of quality of rural life, the high cost in varieties of the "Green Revolution." soil formation is difficult to measure and both capital and resources of present Food is one of America's major exports. In depends on many factors such as climate, agriculture methods and degradation in 1974-75 the United States not only supplied vegetation, soil disturbances, and the nature the quality of our agricultural land and its own needs but also exported about $21.7 of the subsoil. Under ideal soil management our environment. billion worth of grains and other agricultural conditions soil may be formed at a rate of 1 products; U.S. agriculture in 1975 had a inch (2.54 em) in about 30 years and under The future of farming in America lies positive trade balance of about $12.7 billion, natural conditions at a rate of 1 inch in 300 in the hands of our farmers; therefore, according to current estimates. Thus, the to 1000 years. McCracken estimated that un­ they need our support. But, the Nation's fertile cropland of the United States is a der normal agricultural conditions soil is future, our future, also is dependent on major factor in helping the United States formed at a rate of 1 inch in 100 years. This how they maintain the soil. Our family maintain a heal thy overall trade balance. is about 1.5 tons of topsoil formed per acre farmers have the potential to be the U.S. agriculture has a significant impact per year. The average annual loss of topsoil maintainers and developers of good, fer­ on world trade policy. Increased world de­ from agricultural land is estimated l',t 12 tile soil capable of supplying our food mand for food has contributed in part to in­ tons per acre ( 1 acre = 0.4 hectare) . needs in both good and poor productive creasing food prices in the United States and Sediments carried by water runoff clearly years. In an effort to assist our farmers the world. Higher prices paid for energy have represent the "dominant form of soil loss in also contributed to increasing food prices. the United 'States, delivering approximately in this goal, and, therefore, all of us, With both food and energy being important 4 billion tons/ year of sediment to waterways title 1 of the bill includes a 90 percent of resources that are in short supply relative in the 48 contiguous states." Three-quarters parity commodity loan program which is to growing world populations, we can expect of the sediments come from agricultural tied to the application of soil conserva­ the prices of both to escalate. lands. tion practices. Under this new system the About three-quarters of all human food Soil erosion has a detrimental effect on res­ farmer would work with the Soil Con­ comes from the world's cropland. Only 11 ervoirs, rivers, and lakes. About 1 billion of servation Service in developing a best percent of the land surface is arable and the 4 billion tons of waterborne sediments management conservation plan on his/ naturally suitable for crop production. Com­ end up in the ocean, and the remaining 3 pared with the world, which has an average blllion tons settle in reservoirs, rivers, and her farm. Upon satisfactory beginning of 11 percent, the United States has a high application sing a major . .. we all felt as if we knew her." She was preservation has recently shifted its em­ opportunity. Instead of conshming historic an enthusiastic mediaevalist and nature­ phasis from restoring old mansions, muse­ preservation to an inappropriate niche, he lover. This love of the outdoors included ums and isolated landmarks to conserving should make it the core of his forthcoming birds, wild flowers, and of all sports for a inner cities and small towns. It has been urban policy. That is the way to save cities, tiny nun-mountain climbing! taken up by community groups across th£> save money, and also save the nation's urban Sister Madeleva was born Mary Evaline country with the encouragement of the Na­ and small-town heritage. Wolff on May 24, 1887, in Cumberland, the tional Trust for Historic Preservation and a island city in northwestern Wisconsin. Both new lobbying group, Preservation Action. her parents, Lucy and August, were chil­ Part of their effort has been to save inner­ dren of German pioneers in the Midwest. city areas without uprooting residents. In SISTER MARY MADELEVA, C.S.C., Lucy had been a teacher before she married, Savannah, Pittsburgh and Cincinnati, for and August. a man who had been self-sup­ example, preservationists have assembled SAINT MARY'S GRANDE DAME porting since 11 years of age, was a harness funds from a multitude of sources to recycle maker. He retired from his trade at age 90, houses of the poor-for the poor and with saying that harness making had been killed the poor-rather than resorting to the waste­ HON. JOHN BRADEMAS by gasoline! As a young girl, Eva's (so she ful, destructive tactics left over from urban OF INDIANA was called) parents had no inkling their only renewal. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES daughter was destined for the life of a nun. In Seattle, a city-run project in the Pike Tuesday, February 28, 1978 The only sign of asceticism the Wolffs ever Place Market Historic District has shown saw in Eva was on the eve of her first Holy that federal rent-subsidy programs, historic Mr. BRADEMAS. Mr. Speaker, Sister Communion when she declined her nightly preservation funds and private investment Mary Madeleva, of the Congregation of glass of beer ! 5078 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS February 28, 1978 In 1905 Eva. left the mllltown of Cumber­ college girls." She believed that women A WOMAN TO BE ADMmED land to attend the University of Wisconsin, should be educated as women, "with a.n ex­ Sister Madeleva was indeed a woman to be where she led life of the typical co-ed of istential ma.1or and minor in womanhood." admired. When she died in 1964 her death the time. When she returned home in the Sister Ma.deieva.· believed that the Catholic was mourned by people in every corner of summer of 1906, she stumbled across a.n college for women should educate on two the globe. She had done much in her 77 years. advertisement in McClures magazine that levels, the natural and the supernatural. It She held degrees from St. Mary's, Notre Dame, was to change the course of her life. The a.d should educate for "morality and immortal- Berkeley, and Oxford; she had many books read "St. Mary's College, Notre Dame, In­ ity, for time and eternity." · · published and publications appearing in more diana-A Liberal Arts College for Women­ She spent her adult life a.s a. teacher and than 20 magazines. It has been said that For information address the secretary." believed, as did St. Thomas Aquinas, that Sister Madeleva put St. Mary's on the map. Upon seeing this ad she wrote the secretary teaching was the noblest function a. creature She was liked, respected, and admired by a. "ridiculous" letter warning that she was can share in divine government. She was re­ thousanQs of people the world over, which is used to having her own way and a. fair spectfully listened· to in national educa­ perhaps the greatest award of all of those amount of social life, but nonetheless tional circles and was continually sought for she received during the course of her life. wanted to come to St. Mary's College. her counsel. Sister Ma.deleva. delivered hun­ Madeleva Hall, dedicated in 1968, the main August Wolff was proud of Eva's decision dreds of addresses on Oatholic education, educational building on the campus today, and Lucy was absolutely delighted that her education for women, and problems in the keeps the name of Sister Ma.deleva alive slightly "reckless" daughter had chosen a. field of educa. tio'n, speaking all across the among the present generation of St. Mary's convent school. That is how Eva. found St. country at colleges, universities, educational girls. Mary's and St. Mary's found its future conferences, and on radio and television. president. Perhaps her gl-ea.test accomplishment was AN "INVOLUNTARY NONCONFORMIST" the founding of the first Graduate School of Theology for women in the United States FACTS BENEATH THE RHETORIC OF At St. Mary's, Eva. found herself a. "con­ in 1943 at St. Mary's. Although she was told TAX REFORM fused and involuntary nonconformist," as she hadn't the curriculum, the graduate she was used to a. great deal of independence. library, or the faculty, she was convinced She believed that hours of truancy spent that the science of God should be the inte­ HON. JOHN H. ROUSSELOT outdoors were far more enlightening than grating subject a.t any college. She put her those spent confined within the walls of a. OF CALIFORNIA convictions to work, and the result was a IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES dull classroom. famous educational institution that became She put this belief into practice and the working model for the planning of Tuesday, February 28, 1978 wound up more than once in the office of Regina. Mundi, Rome's graduate school of the prefect. When questioned as to why she Theology for Sisters. Mr. ROUSSELOT. Mr. Speaker, the had difficulty obeying the established rules St. Mary's fine arts center, Moreau Hall, February 22 issue of the Wall Street she replied, "Sister, some of the rules, I was built during Sister Madeleva's adminis­ Journal quotes Dr. Michael Evans, presi­ think, are rather foolish." tration and as a result of her ca.pa.b111tles. dent of Chase Econometrics Associates, Her first two years a.t St. Mary's were Its wonderful auditorium has, in many ways, as saying that Federal taxes on personal spent getting in trouble for minor infrac­ brought the S.M.C. and South Bend com­ tions of the rules and soul-searching the income will increase $5.9 billion even if munities into closer contact. But the new Congress passe.c:; President Carter's so­ question "Why did God make me?" She was buildings and tripled enrollment at St. Mary's emotionally torn; she knew that nothing can in no way measure the enormity of Sis­ called tax cut. Next year, Federal taxes would make her happier than entering the ter Madeleva's accompli<~hments for S.M.C., will rise by $15.2 billion due to social Order of the Sisters of the Holy Cross, but the cause of Catholic education, and educa­ security tax increases, and inflation by didn't feel that someone who was so trouble­ tion in general. pushing incomes into higher tax brackets prone was meant to be a. nun. She thought adds another $9 billion. That comes to that "God did not make sisters out of girls FOUGHT FOR MANY CAUSES like me." Eva's soul-searching ended when Sister Madeleva fought for many causes, $24.2 billion, which is $5.9 billion greater she did indeed enter the Order and took the both the popular and the not so popular. She than the President's $18.~ bi11ion tax cut. name Sister Mary Ma.deleva.. opened the doors of St. Mary's to qualified The Journal auotes Prof. Gerard Bran­ She began teaching English a.t St. Mary's black students despite the protests of South­ non of Georgetown University as saying: in 1910, and by 1918 Sister Madeleva. had ern students, parents and alumnae. Sister We've had phony tax cuts for the last 15 received her M.A. degree from the University also initiated a. program of scholarships for years. We ought to stop letting the politi­ of Notre Dame. Her first teaching assign­ foreign students, making it possible for girls cians get away with the cheap talk. ment a.wa.y from St. Mary's was in Ogden, from six continents to attend St. Mary's. In Utah a.t the Sacred Heart Academy. One of 1958 she received a. Brotherhood Award from In an extraordinary article in the her first pupils there, Phyllis McGinly, was the Roundtable of Christians and Jews "in March 1978 issue of Harper's magazine. to become a. Pulitzer Prize winning poet. grateful tribute to Sister Madeleva.'s dedi­ Dr. Paul Craig Roberts, a distinguished Sister Ma.deleva. left Utah to go to the Uni­ cated work in the intellectual, spiritual, and economist, documents how taxes have versity of California. a.t Berkeley to do grad­ cultural development of women of all faiths." been raised over the years on all Ameri­ uate work in English. She had the distinc­ She could never have been called Victorian. cans. Reforms have been advocated on tion of being the first nun to receive a. Ph.D. She abolished the smoking ban a.t St. Mary's. believing that permitting smoking was noth­ the grounds that they will make the !rom that University. rich pay their fair share, but invariably In 1926, Sister became dean of St. Mary­ ing more than accepting a. widely popular of-the-Wasatch in Utah, where she was to custom, having nothing to do with the ques­ the result is to make everyone pay more spend the next seven years. She called those tion of morality. She did, however. remain in order to fund the spending constitu­ years seven of the best of her life, despite the firm in her prohibition of student drinking. encies of the Government. As. Dr. Rob­ fact tha. t they had often been cold, and Although more than 14 collections of her erts puts it: sometimes hungry. Further, she had suffered poetry have been published and widely From the standpoint of the government's through water shortages, had been snowed in anthologiz-ed, she never thought of herself interest, tax reform is a necessity. The rich each winter, and had had coyotes crying un­ as being a. poet. and was surprised when con­ are a depleted resource, and so it is inevitable der her window a.t night. sidered one. She said that her poems were that the government will come up with a merely her way of saying what she thought. new source of revenue in tax reform. From St. Ma.ry-of-the-Wa.sa.tch, Sister Jn 1938 she received a gold medal from the Ma.deleva. went on to do more graduate work National Poetry Center of the New York Dr. Roberts points out that the pur­ a.t Oxford University in England. While World's Fair for the best poem submitted pose of reform is to enlarge the tax base there, she became friends with such people by an Tndiana poet. It was entitled "Snow­ a.s Edith Wharton, Charles DuBas, Alice in order to raise taxes on the middle storm," a. subject many Hoosiers are all too and lower income brackets. "The Gov­ Meynell and Seamus McMa.nnus, all of whom familiar with! later came to St. Mary's to visit her. (Chris­ ernment is refashioning its tax net topher Dawson, Barbara. Ward, Jacques Sister Ma.deleva was greatly influenced by to catch those it pretends to protect." Dr. Ma.rita.in, Clare Booth Luce, Irene Dunne, Notre Dame's poet, Father Charles O'Donnell, Roberts describes how this occurred in Helen Hayes, and Tom Dooley all came to who gave her much encouragement. Her works began to be published early in her the past and, also how it will occur in S.M.C. to teach or lecture because they so the future. As one who has strongly op­ greatly admired and liked Sister Ma.deleva..) religious life. She was determined to write well enough to be accepted by the secular posed the Government's growth, higher PRESIDENT OF ST. MARY'S press or not write at all. Her first magazine levels of taxation. and spending deficits, In 1934 Sister returned from Oxford to be­ acceptance was, fittingly enough, in the Ave I am delighted that some professional come president of St. Mary's College. She Maria; later her works appeared in more than economists are blowing the whistle on said that upon becoming president her best 20 magazines, among them the New York these phony tax cuts. qualifications were her a.b111ty to dream and Times, Saturday Review of Literature, Po­ her capacity to work. As a. college adminis­ etry Review of London, and American Moreover, in the article by Dr. Rob­ trator she directed educational policies and Mercury. Her writings were by no means con­ erts, entitled "Disguising the Tax Bur­ practices so as best to develop "good, sen­ fined to poetry; she wrote extensively on den," he develops the point that we have sible women from a. group of thoroughly fine educational theory and practice. come a long way from the time three February 28, 1978 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 5079 decades ago when F. A. Hayek said some­ the poor don't pay any taxes. Therefore, income tax) and welfare checks, so that their thing about the road to serfdom, but it doesn't cost the government anything. real inccme exceeds that of many taxpayers. is In Look at the table prepared by the Tax Most people think that tax reform mt>ans there a parallel. feudal times, a serf, Foundation from data published by the In­ making the rich pay taxes. They do not re­ while not a slave, owed a certain amount ternal R-evenue Service in Statistics of In­ alize that the purpose of closing loopholes is of his working time to the feudal no­ come, and be amazed at the distribution of to enlarge the tax base by redefining personal bility-the state of that time-and Dr. the tax burden. incom~ to include fringe benefits and capital Roberts shows how the serf's position Half of the taxpayers, those whose ad­ gains and by reducing deductions. Enlarging provides a perspective whereby he can justed gross incomes place them in the bot­ the tax base will raise everyone's taxes, but it sum up the success of reactionary forces tom 50 percent, account for only 7 percent will have the most severe effect on middle­ in this century in these simple economic of the total personal-income-tax collections. income earners. The government is refashion­ terms: Taxpayers in the lowest 25 percent account ing its tax net to catch those it pretends to for less than half of 1 percent of the personal protect. Fringe benefits are a larger percent­ "In 1929 government in the U.S. had a income tax collected by the government. age of a $15,000 salary than they are of a claim to only 12 percent of the national in­ That's why the government likes to cut taxes $100,000 salary, and so are itemized deduc­ come. By 1960 government had a claim to for lower-income groups. It doesn't cost tions. The government, of course, will give 33 percent of the national income. By 1976 much to buy half the votes, and what guilt­ reassurances that it is only after the rich, guvernment had extended its share to 42 ridden upper-income taxpayer would com­ just as it did when it brought in the income percent. In relative terms our position today plain about compassionate government? tax in 1914. Initially the personal-income-tax is worse than that of a medieval serf who Besides, "everyone knows" that the bulk burden rested on only 357,515 people-less owed the state one-third of his working of the taxes is paid by lower-income earners, than one-half of 1 percent of the population. time." while the rich largely escape taxation. Public Only people with incomes much greater than Mr. Speaker, in view of the fact that citizens' tax-reform organizations, peoples' average were subject to the tax. The rates my colleagues in the ·House of Repre­ tax lobbies, and other sheltered spokesmen ranged from 1 percent to 7 percent. Only in­ for organized welfare groups have no difficul­ come in excess of $117,000 in today's dollars sentatives will soon be voting on tax encountered the first surtax bracket of 2 per­ measures, and because I am confident ty getting out their well-packaged, public­ spirited message. Meanwhile, the true facts cent. The top tax bracket of 7 percent was that they will earnestly seek genuine re­ pass unnoticed in the IRS's Statistics of In­ encountered only by income in excess of $2.9 forms to provide actual relief for the come. million in today's dollars. The personal in­ working taxpayers and that they will not come tax soon found its way into the lower The table shows that taxpayers with in­ brackets. The income thresholds wera low­ just engage in a display of razzle dazzle comes in the top 5 percent--those with ad­ to mislead the American people and give ered and the tax rates raised. The bottom justed gross incomes of $29,272 or more­ bracket today, an income level not subject to them false hope that they will be able paid over one-third of the total personal in­ taxation in 1914, is taxed at 14 percent-twice to keep the major portion of their hard­ come taxes collected by the federal govern­ 1914's top rate. The tax rate today on the first earned dollars. I commend the article by ment in 1975. The top 10 percent of tax­ $500 of taxable income is twice as great as the Dr. Paul Craig Roberts to their thought­ payers-those earning $23,420 or more-paid tax rate on a multim1llionaire's income in nearly half the total tax bill. In contrast, the 1914. This does not mean that things got ful review: lowest 10 percent of taxpayers paid only one­ [From Harper's magazine, March 1978] better for the millionaire. The rate in hl.s tenth of 1 percent of the total tax bill. Tax­ bracket today is ten times greater, and his DISGUISING THE TAX BURDEN payers earning $15,898 or more-those in average tax rate is 11.4 times greater. In 1914 (By Paul Craig Roberts) the top 25 percent--paid 72 percent of total the total tax en a million-dollar income was personal income taxes. Taxpayers whose in­ $60,000. Today it is $685,000. Since, as a result (NoTE: On January 21, 1978, President comes placed them in the top 1 percent paid Carter proposed $9 blllion in revenue-raising of inflation, the value of money today is only more than two and a half times the total about cne-sixth of what it was in 1914, to­ tax reforms (along with tax cuts, for lower­ taxes collected from the bottom 50 percent. and middle-income earners, that increase day's millionaire's after-tax income of $315,- the progressivity of tlie income tax). Under An income of $59,338 may qualify for the 000 is equivalent to a 1914 purchasing power the President's proposals, $6 billion in tax top 1 percent, but what about the really of $53.800. He has only one-seventeenth of rich? The latest Statistics of Income shows the purchasing power of his 1914 counterpart. revenues would be raised from the taxation the 1,149 taxpayers -earning $1 million or of unemployment benefits and the elimina­ During a period that has seen a rise in the more in 1975 paid an average tax of $1,011,- average standard of living, the millionaire';; tion of deductions for sales, gasoline, and 317. The total tax paid by these few high­ personal-property taxes and medical ex­ has declined drastically. income taxpayers added up to $1.15 blllion. It is an interesting story to trace the penses. The elimination of these deductions All of us might pause to ask what public will reduce the tax advantage of itemized growth of the personal income tax, but it can services a taxpayer receives for a million be summarized in the following way: Be­ deductions for homeowners. The President dollars in income taxes. also proposed replacing the $750 personal tween 1914 and 1975 the population grew 120 percent, but the number of individual-in­ exemption with a $240 tax credit. This PERCENT OF TOTAL TAXES PAID BY HIGH- AND LOW­ change would temporarily benefit lower­ INCOME TAXPAYERS, 1970 AND 1975 come-tax returns grew by 23,800 percent. income earners until inflation pushed their Hailed everywhere as loopholes for the rich, nominal incomes into the 33 percent bracket. deductions are the primary income shelter for Percent of those in the middle to lower tax br1ckets, All of these changes work to reinforce the Income level tax paid adverse affect that inflation has on the tax­ Adjusted aross where most of the income is. The percentage payer.) income class 1970 1975 1970 1975 difference between adjusted gross income and Even when they appear singly, major tax taxable income is greater the lower the in­ come bracket. For example, in the under­ increases have a way of slowing down the Highest 1 percent__ ___ t $43,249 1 $59,338 17.6 18.7 legislative process. It has to be worked out Highest 5 percent__ ___ 1 20,867 1 29,272 34.1 36. 6 $10,000 adjusted-gross-income class, deduc­ how to disguise the tax so everyone thinks Highest 10 percent__ __ 1 16,965 I 23,420 45.0 48.7 tions come to 48.9 percent of adjusted gross Highest 25 percent-. •. t 11,467 tiS, 898 68.3 72.0 income. In the $10,000-to-$24,999 class, de­ it is falling on s-omeone else. Then the Con­ Highest 50 percent._.. 1 6, 919 18,931 89.7 92.9 gress and the Administration have to work Lowest 50 percent.... '6, 918 , 8, 930 10.3 7.1 . ductions are 31.1 percent of adjusted gross Lowest 25 percent._._ ' 3, 857 , 4, 044 .9 • 4 income, and in the over-$25,000 class they out among themselves who gets to hand , 1, 527 out how much to which spending constitu­ Lowest 10 percent.... ' 1, 259 .1 .1 are only 22.8 percent. The higher the income, ency. This is what is known as politics, and the less it is sheltered by deductions. ordinarily the politicians can think of 1 Or more. According to the latest Treasury figures, enough new rhetoric to explain the levying of 'Or Jess. the upper-income groups benefited from new taxes. But by the end of his first year Source: Tax Foundation computations are based on Internal about $16 billion in deductions, exclusions, in office President Carter had proposed so Revenue Service, Statistics of Income. ~ . nd other privileges, about half of which re­ many tax increases (the energy tax, the sulted from recognizing the difference be­ The table reveals another interesting fact. Social Security tax, and the tax-reform tax) tween capital gains and ordinary income, that the system temporarily collapsed. Since 1970 the tax burden has shifted further Lower and middle-income groups benefited away from the lower brackets. In 1970 the from about $50 billion in deductions and ex­ It was more new taxes than could be nego­ bottom 50 percent paid 10.3 percent of total tiated, and the major tax-reform proposals clusions, such as the exclusion of unemploy­ income taxes, and the top 50 percent paid ment benefits, Socl&l security payments, of last September have been withdrawn but 89.7 percent. By 1975 the bottom's shara had not discarded. workers' compensation benefits, pension con­ declinEld to 7.1 percent, while the burden tributions and earnings, employer-paid med­ From the standpoint of the government's carried by the top had risen to 92.9 t:ercent. ical insurance premiums and medical care, interest, tax reform is a necessity. The rich In addition, the Tax Foundation reports that the deduction of interest on consumer credit are a depleted resource, and so it is inevitable "several million taxpayers disappeared from and home mortgages, property taxes, medical that the government wlll come up with a the tax rolls altogether as a result of legis­ expenses, and state and local taxes, and the new source of revenue in tax reform. As is lative changes benefiting those with lower in­ deferral of capital gains on the sale of a customary in these matters, tax reform will comes during the period 1970-75." Many of home plus credit for the purchase of a new be justified on the grounds of "equity," that the untaxed receive transfers in kind, such home. For every dollar of upper-bracket tax is, closing loopholes and helping the poor. as food stamps and housing subsidies, to­ savings, $3 went to the lower and middle Tax reform to help the poor is easy, because gether with earned-income credits (negative brackets. 5080 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS February 28, 1978

Dr. Roger Freeman, former White House So many major tax-increase proposals indi­ pared with the $2,261 per capita expenditure aide and Hoover Institution Fellow at Stan­ cate runaway greed in Washington. It's not on taxes, $1,048 was spent on food, $354 on ford University, summed up his book on t ax as if the government hasn•t had a raise. The clothing, and $780 on shelter. Added to­ loopholes (Tax Loopholes: The Legend and government gets an automatic increase in tax gether the three necessities are still $79 less the Reality) as follows: revenues every year as a result of inflation. than per capita taxes paid. "The literature of the tax reform drive Look at what happens to the real tax burden Taxes far outpace the growth in real in­ usually asserts that most of the loopholes one person whose income rises with the rate come. In 1976 federal taxes grew 20.8 per­ were designed for and work for the benefit of inflation over the course of his working cent. The entire economy grew 11.6 percent, of the rich, that poor and middle income life. To show that it is not just the upper­ and 5.3 percent of that growth was the result taxpayers are taxed on all of their income, income taxpayers who are harmed, let's take of inflation rather than an actual increase with no escape possibilities, and that most for an example someone who is today earning in the production of goods and services. of the income that avoids taxation is to be only $6,240 a year. In 1976 he would have The greatest loophole of all in our income­ found in the very high income brackets. The paid no taxes. Instead, he would have received tax system works for the benefit of govern­ facts, however, suggest the opposite: much a check from the Treasury for $155 as a result ment. It is the loophole that allows govern­ or most of the untaxed income is in the low of the earned-income credit. But after 45 ment to use inflation to increase taxes on and medium brackets." years of 5 percent inflation he would be earn­ constant and even declining levels of pur­ That neatly sums up why the government's ing $56,077 a year, on which he would have chasing power without having to legislate tax reformers are interested in reducing de­ to pay $17,019 in taxes (at present rates). higher tax rates. The central issue of tax ductions. You can't raise revenues for the His after-tax money income would have risen reform is closing this loophole. But in their government unless you go where the untaxed from $6,395 in 1976 to $38,058 in 2021, or by proposal to tax capital gains as ordinary in­ income is. substantially less than the rate of inflation. come, the tax reformers show every intention Untaxed income also means fringe bene­ His after-tax income in 2021 would have a of opening this loophole wider. The widen­ fits. The President says that taxing fringe purchasing power equal to only $4,345 in ing of this loophole allows government to benefits means "the three-martini lunch." 1976 dollars. In spite of his much larger establish a wealth tax in the guise of an But the unions are concerned rather than money income, this person would have ex­ income tax-wealth meaning asset. A wealth fooled. They know where the untaxed bene­ perienced a decline in his living standard of tax is not a tax only on the wealthy. Whereas fits are that would yield substantial tax nearly one-third. This is the result of pro­ a rich man owns more assets than one who revenue. Sen. Orrin G. Hatch (Rep.-Utah), gre"sive income taxation plus inflation, is not rich, the nonrich collectively own a member of the Joint Economic Commit­ which toge'ther cause taxes on the same many assets. tee, has calculated that taxing fringe ben­ amount of purchasing power-$6,240 in 1976 We have come a long way from the time efits as personal income "would mean an in­ dollars-to rise from a refund of 2.5 percent three decades ago when F. A. Hayek said crease in taxes of $240 on the average tax­ in 1976 to a tax of 30 percent in 2021. The something about the road to serfdom. A serf payer." With the 76 million tax returns filed higher the inflation, the worse it would be was a person who did not own his own labor. in 1975 that reported wage and salary in­ for him, because the faster he would reach Although he was not himself owned by come, that would come to $18.24 bill1on, a the hi a-her brackets. another-that is, he could not be bought tidy sum for government. That's why the Indexing the tax structure (adjul;ting it to and sold like a slave-the feudal nobility, unions are supporting the resolution intro­ offset infill.tion) would prevent this deteriora­ the state of that time, had rights over the duced by Senator Hatch and Rep. Jack tion in the livin~ standards of an Americans. serf's labor. When we say that a peasant was Kemp (Rep.-N.Y.) against the taxation of One might thinl<: that this would make in­ enserfed, we mean that he owed a certain fringe benefits. They know that taxing dexing an imoortant issue of tax reform. Yet, amount of his working time to the state. fringes is the same as raising tax rates on it is not part of the tax reformers' oroposa.ls. Over time and regions this obligation aver­ exitsing wage and salary levels. You can't The reformers argue that inflation causes aged about one-third of a serf's working life. pay the IRS with part of your parking place, government's coc:ts to rise, ~o it also needs The serf's position provides a perspective employer-subsidized meal, employee dis­ more revenues. However, the way it is now, thalt lets us sum up the success of reactionary count, or employer-paid health insurance the government's revenues don't simply rise forces in this century in simple economic and pension premiums. by tbe amount of the inflation, tbev rise by terms. In 1929 government in the U.S. had a 1.65 times the rate of inflation. A 10 percent claim to only 12 percent of the national in­ The third plank of the tax reform re­ c::me. By 1960 government had a claim to 33 defines assets as income, and in addition to rate of inflation means a 16.5 percent in­ crease in government revenue~. That is why percent of the national income. By 1976 gov­ taxing the income from the asset confiscates ernment had extended its share to 42 per­ part of the asset. Suppose you invest $10,000 governments prefer to fight unemployment. The claim that inflation hurts the lower cent. In relative terms our position today is in an income-producing asset, and inflation worse than that of a medieval serf who owed drives the price of that asset to $15,000. sup­ income brac"kets more than the upper income brackets is deceitful. What inflation really t b e s tate one-third of his working time. pose that family educational or medical ex­ Many may reject this parallel. They may penses force you to sell the asset. Even doec; is to PU!':h evervone into hi~her tax s::~.y that we have a democratic government br '~ ckets. As avera!!'e income<~ rise, more and though its replacement cost is $15,000--the controlled by the people, and that high taxes $15,000 you receive will not buy any more more peoole will exoerience the woes of be­ and big government merely reflect the voters' than the $10,000 you paid-the government ing nominally rich.-One of the woes is that the higher your nominal or money income, demands for public goods in the public inter­ will claim that you have a $5,000 capital est. Such an argument is reassuring but gain and tax it. Suppose you are in the 25 the harder it is to stav even with inflation. problematical. The income tax was voted in percent bracket. That means $1 ,250 of your biP"~"er As the ta'C bill e-ets on everv rai"e. your under one guise and retained under an­ assets will be confiscated by the government. income has to increac:e orogressivelv fa.,ter other. Furthermore, it was the action of a The greater the inflation, the longer you than the rate of infiqtion in orcier to stay past generation. For us it is an inherited ob­ hold the asset, and the higher your tax even. Thic:; i<~ ano't.her reac:on government pre­ bracket, the more will be confiscated. The ligation, as were feudal dues, and it is seen fers to renuce the tax r"tec; in the lower that way by the Internal Revenue Service. reformers are even talking about taxing the bracket<~ . Inflation soon moves the peonle out All of us have been born to the statist gos­ "capital gain" on an accrual basis whether of them and into the higher brackets that or not you sen the asset. pel that government is the instrument of were not cut. social progress. Any clamors for tax reduc­ The tax reformers showed how far they Dale W. Sommer in the Seotember 26, 1977, tion are translated into proposals for tax re­ want to go by proposing to tax homeowners issue of Industry Week presents some in­ form, which are further transformed into on the rental value of their homes. It's teresting statistics from the U.S. Department propcsals for securing more revenues for gov­ called taxing imputed rent. The reasoning is of Commerce's National Income and Prod­ ernment. As we hear the talk about tax re­ that owning a home provides income in kind ucts Accounts that illustrate the extent to form and "equity," we might pause to con­ (shelter). The value of that income is the which American incomes have been undone sider, if our cultivated progressive image rental value, so up goes your taxable income by tax-flation. Over the past ten years the will allow, that "equity" means more taxes by the rental value of your home--even average wage has risen 77.3 percent, whereas on the productive to provide the revenues though it is not rented and you are living the consumer price index has risen 75 .4 per­ that build the spending constituencies of in it. This reform is especially valuable to cent. So the average worker has ke,pt up with Congress and the federal bureaucracy. What the government as it pushes homeowners inflation. But the tax burden has risen 144 is operating is not equity, but the govern­ into higher tax brackets, which means they percent during the same period. On a per ment's self-interest. pay higher tax rates on the same money in­ capita basis, Americans paid $2,261 in taxes The advent of several major tax increases comes. It is valuable also because it estab­ in 1976 compared with $1,014 in 1966. The in tandem will destabilize the economy, but lishes a new principle of taxation that can 144 percent growth in the tax bite exceeded fr:lm the government's perspective that is be applied to home vegetable gardens and the 126.6 percent-growth in total produc­ desirable. There will have to be more gov­ to the services of housewives. Cooking serv­ tion of goods and services (GNP) and the ernment programs to deal with the conse­ ices, sexual services, cleaning services, child­ 119.2 percent growth in total national quences of instability. Every sophisticated rearing services, and laundry services are income. person is aware of how special interests use also income in kind. The imputed value of a Last year Americans paid $16.7 billion the legislaltive process for their own bene­ housewife who is good at all of these tasks more in taxes than they spent on the three fit, but the same sophisticate is badly would exceed the salaries and wages of many basic necessities of food, clothing, and hous­ schooled in how the legislative process fur­ husbands. The government could then take ing. The total tax bill came to $486.4 billion, thers the special interests of those in gov­ your house and make you hire out your wife whereas the total spent on food, clothing, ernment. Inflation leads to the imposition of to cover the unpaid taxes you couldn't pay. and housing came to $469.7 billion. Com- wage and price controls and credit allocation, February 28, 1978 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 5081 all of which increase the spoils, money, and department's plans for assuring the country forces are studying at least another influence divvied up in Washington. Un­ sufficient supplies of energy. Schlesinger re­ eight technology areas. In addition, the de­ employment means more CETA jobs and plied that his department would have some­ p&.rtment is looking at areas that cut across public works, and what member of the gov­ thing up to the committee within 90 days. technology lines, such as impacts on the en­ ernment class is hurt by that? Put simply, The secretary instructed his staff to pre­ virunment and economy. instability increases the demand for the pare a list of supply initiatives to be sent to The tentative proposals being considered services of bureaucrats and for pork-barrel the Science Committee in the form of a are outlined below. The information comes legislation that builds the spending constit­ 25-page memorandum. Assistant Secretary Al from a DOE memo summarizing a January uencies of both Congress and the Execu­ Aim's Policy and Evaluation office is orga­ 27 meeting with Schlesinger on the supply tive branch. It advances the careers of aca­ nizing the effort, which includes staff contri­ initiatives memo demics and technocrats who move back and butions from all quarters of the department. Many proposll.ls may be dropped or added forth from their think tanks and univer­ In a meeting with Schlesinger shortly after before this spring. At press time, however, sities and in and out of government. his promise to the Science Committee, Aim's knowledgeable department sources said it Perhaps all of tqis won't come to pass all staff drew up a "wish list" of supply initia­ still represents the rough outlines of cur­ at once. Government might so engorge itself tives. The list is heavily weighted toward rent thinking. with Social Security and energy taxes that varlous forms of federal subsidies for de­ Solvent Refined Coal it can't reach the tax-reform dish. Or per­ veloping synthetic oil and gas from coal and haps in a last-gasp effort the vested inter­ DOE would build one demonstration plant synthetic crude from oil shale. by 1982-1983 in the so-called SRC method, ests of old will flex their flabby biceps and However, so-called "soft" technologies, a hammer through a tax cut that will stave which produces a low sulfur solid or liquid term for renewable resources with decentral­ material from coal. The plant would produce off enserfment and economic stagnation for ized application such as solar and wind a while longer. about 20,000 barrels per day. energy, are on the list. Under consideration for a possible demon­ Energy conservation, which played no part stration plant is a proposal by Gulf Oil Corp. in the early department discussions of the to use the SRC method. However, Gulf's NATIONAL ENERGY PLAN-II: supply strategy, has since been added to the product may be too expensive, perhaps more BEWARE wish list. A task force has been assigned to concentrate on conservation initiatives that than $30 per barrel. could contribute to increased supplies. Synthetic Fuels HON. RICHARD L. OTTINGER How Congress will react to the upcoming According to the memo, regulatory meas­ OF NEW YORK proposal is uncertain. For one thing, it will ures could be used to require 5 to 10 per­ be somewhat limited in scope, containing cent of all petroleum products sold to be IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES only those ideas already studied by the from unconventional sources, such as syn­ Tuesday, February 28, 1978 Energy Department. Yet, some of these ideas thetic fuels and alcohol, by some target date will constitute major new, and potentially in the future. This method could save up Mr. OTTINGER. Mr. Speaker, there explosive, initiatives for Congress. For to 600.000 to 700,000 barrels of imported oil have been many rumors recently about another thing, the proposal will not be very per day by 1999, administration staff esti­ what the Department of Energy is plan­ specific and will not be in legislative form. mate ning as the next phase in national energy Still, members may seize on the proposal Issues raised by this cption would be how strategy. For many of us the rumors have to boost certain programs. And the adminis­ t:> handle imported products, how to guar­ been most disturbing, indeed. To move tration itself apparently is considering cer­ antee some form of equity among producers forward on a production effort, even be­ tain budget amendments, such as boosting and the time for phasing in the regulations. fossil energy R&D, to meet some of the initia­ One thought is to institute an entitle­ fore the National Energy Act is com­ tives in the upcoming proposal. Budget re­ ments program along the lines of the cur­ pleted-especially if that effort is empha­ programming proposals for fiscal 1978 and rent program that distributes nationwide the sizing capital-intensive, energy-intensive 1979 also may come out of the administra­ high ccst of foreign oil among domestic re­ and environmentally destructive tech­ tion. finers. For refiners dependent on expensive nologies which the Congress has rejected However, in view of the already heavy foreign oil, the current program gives a credit in the past-would be a grave disservice legislative workload and this fall's elections, for the price difference between lower priced to the Nation. Congre::s appears unlikely to start moving domestic oil and foreign oil. Those areas The Environmental Study Conference, any major new legislation this se::sion. that use mostly domestic oil must pay the Besides the Science Committee, DOE prob­ difference between the domestic and world through its staff writer Sarah Glazer, has ably will send its proposal to other House oil price. High-level officials are considering prepared an excellent fact sheet on the energy committees and the Senate Energy pluge-ing in hie-h-cost synthetics into the elements of Secretary Schlesinger's Committee. equation. The effect would be to average high moves toward phase II of the National Another aspect of the department's work cost synthetic liquids into the cost of all Energy Plan. I did not like what I on this spring's proposal is a study of how oil. learned, but did find the fact sheet much energy will be needed in different sec­ Oil Shale enormously informative. I commend it tors of the economy between now and 1990. The government would guarantee prices to to the attention of my colleagues. The department's computer is running oil shale companies. Competitive bids could through both orie-ina,l and secondary data ensure that the guaranteed price would be as FACT SHEET-PHASE TWO ENERGY PLAN­ to look at the problem. A SUPPLY STRATEGY low as possible. The goal of the supply strategy is to elimi­ Oil shale might also be included in the (By Sarah Glazer) nate domestic dependence on oil imports. propo.~ed 5 to 10 percent requirement for un­ The policy office of the Department of En­ The national energy plan called for a reduc­ conventional liquids in the petroleum sup­ ergy is in a frenzy of activity reminiscent of tion in oil imports to seven million barrels ply. the days when President Carter's national per day by 1985. The supply stratee-y sup­ Oil shale, a combination of "marlstone" energy plan was being pieced together. This posedly would reduce imports to close to rock and an organic material called kerogen, time the work is on a sequel: a supply strat­ zero. produces a crude oil product when heated egy. In its present very preliminary form, The department sees the scarcity of liquid to very high temperatures. The richest re- the strategy emphasizes federal subsidies for and gaseous fuels as the crucial problem aris­ 5erves are located in Colorado's Piceance development of synthetic oil and natural gas ing in 1985 to 1990 and thus proposes pro­ Creek Basin. below the western slope of the from coal and oil shale. grams to develop domestic oil and gas sources Rocky Mountains. The department originally had planned to by that period. Synthetic Gas introduce its so-called National Energy Sup­ ply Strategy (NESS) in the spring of 1979, The department's maln premise is that oil One proposal enviosions federal guarantees with a detailed study preceding it this fall. prices will probably double by 1985-up to of loans for five large plants totaling 250,000 The strategy will meet the legal requirement about $25 per barrel. This figure was origi­ barrels per dav in capacity. the administration has to update the na­ nally postulated by Deputy Energy Secretary Issues include whet.her to go with loan or tional energy plan. It also will provide a John O'Leary. If this price is reached, DOE price guarantees, the policy for liquefied comprehensive look at the nation's future asumes that synthetic fuels, which are now natural gas, and what regulatory authority needs for energy supplies and make proposals uneconomical, could be competitive by 1985. the administration has to take action in this for government action. If world oil reaches $25 by 1985, a January area. But by a fluke of history-and. congres­ DOE memo noted, "we should be willing to Unconventional Gas Sources sional pressure-Energy Secretary James guarantee up to 25 dollars/ barrel" for syn­ This would include expensive, exotic Schlesinger has pledged publicly to give Con­ thetic liquid fuels or $4.50 per thou!"and sources of natural gas such as geopressurized gress a first look at the supply strategy by cubic feet for gas from unconventional methane. Possible proposals include price May 1. sources. guarantees of up to $4.50 per million Btu The department had just started to or­ PROJECTS UNDER CONSIDERATION (British thermal units) by competitive bid ganize into supply task forces when The department has divided work on the for a set capacity and a government drilling Schlesinger was questioned Jan. 25 by mem­ supply initiatives into about a dozen task demonstration program. Unconventional gas bers of the House Science Committee on his forces. In addition to conservation, task could be included in a program like that 5082 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS February 28, 1978 suggested for synthetic fuels, where a per­ The conference is not expected to reconvene vironmentalists answer that if the projects centage of pipeline gas would have to be until conferees on the natural gas portion of are so risky, the government should not sub­ unconventional. the plan have reached agreement. Even if sidize them. Soft Technologies agreement is reached on natural gas, how­ There are numerous environmental prob­ ever, Long's staff is proclaiming the plan lems associated with oil shale and coal g~~Si­ Proposals under consideration would in­ politically dead. Congress is not likely to vote flcatlon, both of which are expected to lead to clude accelerated R & D programs and build­ for Carter's tax increases by the time they extensive strip mining in the West. In addi­ ing demonstration plants to turn waste­ reach the floor-close to campaign time. tion, the processes require vast amounts of such as wood chips-into energy and com­ There is some speculation that the admin­ water in areas where water is already scarce munity-scale heating plants. istration sees supply strategy as a lever to for agricultural and other uses. Among the options under most active get the Congress moving again on the energy At least some segments of the department consideration are alcohol from biomass (i.e. package. But the ploy probably w111 not work are pushing oil shale as the most economical waste products like grain), direct burning of unless the administration shows a willingnes~ contender to replace oil imports. The govern­ garbage for electricity, small-scale hydro­ to be more flexible than it was thP. last time ment controls 80 percent of the shale-bear­ electric plants and wind energy. around. The administration has continued to ing lands in the nation, and some govern­ Special concern is focused on which of insist that all five b11ls in its energy package ment estimates say oil shale can be produced these options would substitute most effec­ be passed together-or not at all-even at $10-17 per barrel. tively for scarce oll and gas. though three of the fl. ve b11ls are close to One DOE memo calls oil shale's environ­ Industrial Coal Program congressional approval. mental problems "difficult" but "not insur­ A number of incentives are under con­ THE REAL PHASE TWO mountable if the wectern region has the po­ sideration to promote three technologies to litical will to develop" the resource. The Energy Department is stlll planning Environmental groups would disagree with cut down air pollution from coal burning. to go ahead with its plans for developing Included is atmospheric fluidized bed com­ this assessment. Oil shale ranks as the least a comprehensive supply strategy, although favored synthetic fuel of the Environmental bustion, a process which eliminates through the sudden gearing up for the "eight-week a chemical process most of the sulfur from Polley Center, the environmental group that wonder" could throw off its original sched'Ule. has been most active in the synthetic fuels coal as it burns in a limestone bed. Another The policy office is shooting for the end of candidate is scrubbers, the prime technology debate. March to send a draft to Schlesinger. The richest oil shale lands are concen­ now used to cut emissions in the stack. The As part of this long-term process, the de­ third is coal-based gas with a low heat con­ trated in Colorado in what some consider the partment plans to rectify some of the mis­ most magnificent natural part of the state. tent, also known as low-Btu gas. Low-Btu takes of the past. In particular, it plans to gas is an industrial fuel. It is not practical Since it takes a lot of shale to produce a bar­ reach out to Congress and outside groups. By rel of oil, the technology would produce vast for use in pipelines because of its low heat May 1, administration staff promise, they wi11 content, but is useful for generating amounts of unused waste rock, which would have started a process for bringing in out· have to be disposed of in canyons or valleys. electricity. siders for suggestions. Incentives under consideration for these The promise has not proved reassuring to Contacts technologies include: the environmental community which is al­ DOE contact: Fred Hltz, 395-6197. NRDC A tax credit or fast write-off ready up in arms over the way phase two is contact: Tony Reisman, 737-5000. House Sci­ A regulatory program requiring either being handled. ence Committee contact: Rob Ketcham, direct burning of coal or a choice of the The Natural Resources Defense Council, x59117. above technologies an environmental law firm, has written to A Federal purchase subsidizing one third Schlesinger urging him to establish briefings or one half the cost of installing the above and meetings for public involvement imme­ WE CAN USE SOLAR ENERGY NOW technologies. diately. NRDC also is urging that the depart­ An Important Issue Is how such a pro­ ment prepare a draft environmental impact gram would relate to the national energy statement to accompany phase two through HON. RICHARD L. OTTINGER plan-particularly the portions requiring the decision-making process. OF NEW YORK industry to convert to coal and encouraging "One of the great failures of NEP (na­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES conversion through taxes. The regulatory tional energy plan) has been its hasty and conversion portion has been approved ten­ basically internal developmePt, resulting in Tuesday, February 28, 1978 tatively in conference. Additional legislation no discernible constituency which is pre­ Mr. OTTINGER. Mr. Speaker, in the may be needed. pared to work for its passage" NRDC de­ clared In its Feb. 17 letter. "It would be the Washington Post's "Outlook" section Medium-Btu Gas yesterday there appeared an excellent Also under consideration for federal sub­ height of folly to repeat those mistakes in sidles is synthetic gas from coal with inter­ developing phase two." article on the very real potential for mediate heat content (between the heat Even as members of Congress are urging using solar energy now. Denis Hayes, the content of natural gas and low-Btu gas). quick results on an energy supply strategy, author of the article, has put together Medium-Btu gas is considered unsuitable NRDC, the Sierra Club and other environ­ some extremely interesting materials on for pipeline transportation, but can be use­ mental groups also are pushing a go-slow ap­ current uses of solar energy in all parts ful for heating and for industry near the proach. They would prefer that the depart­ of the country. I would like to commend site of production. ment study long-term needs and intiatives to the attention of my colleagues Denis The proposal would pay 25 to 50 percent in an orderly fashion. Hayes' article. The piece will be useful of the cost of the flrst few years of projects A more deliberate pace would probably to all of us who will be working with Mr. for use in industrial complexes or in heating help the role of "soft technologies" such as plants on a community scale. Administra­ solar energy. A high-placed DOE official work­ Hayes and others on Sun Day, the na­ tion staff note that subsidies may be tricky ing on this section of the supply strategy tional celebration of solar energy sched­ for this proposal because community pro­ noted that there is less information right uled for May 3. grams are complicated. now on the contribution that renewable The article follows: THE CONGRESSIONAL OUTLOOK technologies can make to the nation's sup­ [From the Washington Post, Feb. 26, 1978) Perhaps the most frequently heard con­ ply than there Is on other energy sources. As WE CAN USE SOLAR ENERGY Now gressional criticism of President Carter's na­ a result it is hard to justify proposals for (By Denis Hayes) federal help in these areas with only eight tional energy plan was that it focused on We all live in solar homes. We think we energy conservation, without enough empha­ weeks of preparation. Environmental groups have expre"sed great heat our houses with oil, natural gas or elec­ sis on increasing new sources of supply. The tricity, but 95 per cent of their w-armth administration defended its approach by say­ concern over the short shrift that the supply comes from sunbeams. In a sunle~s world, ing conservation is a cheaper source of supply strategy seems to be giving to renewable our dwellings would be 400 degrees Fahren­ than actual production, but opponents never technologies. Some have termed the new pro­ heit below zero when we turned on our fur­ bought the argument. l"osal former Vice President Rockefeller's naces. The houses of solar pioneers simply Demands for supply initiatives, in fact, "Energy Independence Authority warmed squeeze a few more degrees from the sun than may spell the death of the pending energy over." do the conventional homes of their neigh­ package, which has languished since Christ­ In the past, environmental grouns have bors. mas. Sen. Long (D-La.), chairman of the fought federal subsidies for synthetic fuel Twenty years ago, virtually all Americans Senate Finance Committee, proposed to turn develonment. They have argued that federal hung up their weekly wash on "solar clothes the revenues from the administration-pro­ loan guarantees. for example, will divert in­ driers." Today, few do. If I hang my wash on posed crude oil tax into a trust fund for pro­ vestment in a capital-short market from a line and you put yours into an electric ducer incentives. Carter originally proposed more environmentally desirable energy drier, the solar energy I use will be ignored by to rebate those revenues to consumers. A sources. statisticians while the electricity you use will vigorous floor fight is expected if this issue Proponents of loan guarantees have argued be tabulated in next year's almanacs. _ever reaches the floor again. that federal backing is necessary to answer We ignore the sun for the same reasons Long is a key actor in the conference on investors' doubts about the viab111ty of coal that fish ignore water: It is abundant, free the tax portion of the national energy plan. gasification and oil shale development. En- and dependable. February 28, 1978 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 5083 The solar influx is so large that it defies drawn as needed. Solar self-sufficiency wUl larger the storage container, the less surface e!l.sy comprehension by students of conven­ usually dictate a combination of active and area (through which heat can leak) it has per tional energy sources. Every day, the world passive features in all but the southern rim unit of volume. Large storage tanks serving receives 10,000 times more energy from the of the United States. clusters of houses can be designed to have sun than humankind derives from all con­ Buildings can be cooled as well as heated such low leakage rates that seasonal storage ventional fuels combined. But the official by sunlight. Again, passive solar design is the becomes economically possible. Princeton 825-page United Nations Survey of World most important first step, but active solar physicist Theodore Taylor advocates solar Energy Supplies does not even mention the air conditioners are also now being marketed. "ponds" serving as many as 100 houses--col­ sun. Absorption solar air conditioners, which op­ lecting heat in July for use in February, and We know how to harness this solar influx erate on the same principle as gas refrigera­ producing ice in February for air condition­ directly as sunlight and indirectly through tors, reach peak cooling capacity when the ing in July. wind, green plants and running streams. sun burns brightest, which is when they are Eutectic salts, which melt at about 90 de­ Every essential technological ingredient for most needed. They therefore could reduce grees Fahrenheit, provide a much more com­ a commercial solar energy system has existed peak demands on many electrical power grids. pact storage medium than water. These for more than a decade, although most of As solar air conditioners penetrate the hous­ cheap, plentiful salts can hold prodigious these devices have not yet benefited mass ing market, the overall economics of active amounts of heat. In the past, salt caked on production. The issue today is whether we solar heating systems w111 improve, because the interior walls of the storage container, will make the necessary policy decisions to solar collectors wm begin providing a year­ interfering with efficient heat transfer. Gen­ develop these resources, or whether vested round benefit. eral Electric has overcome this problem by interests will coerce our continued reliance Solar technologies have industrial applica­ rotating the storage cylinder at 3 revolutions on sources that are dangerous, vulnerable tions as well. A study of the Australian food per minute. to disruption and ultimately unsustainable. processing industry, for example, found that Electricity can be stored directly in bat­ Unlike fossil and fissile fuels, sunlight is a heat comprised 90 per cent of the industry's teries. Existing batteries are expensive, but fiow and not a stock. Once a gallon of oil is energy needs. Almost all this heat was at new types may soon enter the market. For burned, it is gone forever; but the sun will under 150 degrees Centigrade and 80 per example, the "iron redox" batteries that wm cast its rays earthward billions of years from cent was below the boi11ng point of water. store 2,200 kilowatt hours of photovoltaic­ now, whether sunshine is harnessed for hu­ Such low-temperature heat can be easily pro­ ganerated electricity for an Arkansas com­ man needs or not. Technical improvements duced and stored using simple solar devices. munity college are expected to cost less than in the use of sunlight could lower prices In the United States, solar heating is now one-fifth as much as standard lead-acid permanently; similar improvements in the being applied to a soup-canning plant in batteries when mass produced. extraction of finite fuels could hasten their California, a fabric-drying fac111ty in Ala­ But nuclear reactors and large coal plants exhaustion. bama and a concrete block factory in Penn­ also require energy storage. These facilities SOLAR HEATING AND COOLING sylvania. Solar-powered laundries and car cannot be geared up and down to follow the Heating water with sunlight is simple. The washes are now operating in California, and peaks and valleys of electrical demand; they collector is, in essence, a box with a black a St. Louis brewery has turned to solar pas­ produce power at a steady rate, and surplus bottom and a glass top. Glass is transparent teurization. power from non-peak hours must be stored to sunlight but not to the radiation of SOLAR CELLS for the periods of heaviest demand. Because longer wavelengths given off by the hot col­ The most exciting solar electric prospect more energy is used during the day than at lector itself. Hence, heat is trapped inside. is the photovoltaic cell-now the principal night, the overall storage requirements for a When water is pumped through the hot col­ power source of space satellites and the main society based on renewable energy sources lector, its temperature rises. The hot water element in photographic light meters. Such may prove no greater than those of an all· is then piped to a very well insulated storage cells generate electricity directly when sun­ nuclear society. tank where it is kept until needed. light falls on them. They have no moving SOLAR COSTS Other countries are outpacing the United parts, consume no fuel, produce no pollution, Conventional wisdom holds that while so­ States in this field. About 30,000 American operate at environmental temperatures, have lar energy has many attractive characteris­ homes heat their water with sunlight. In long -lifetimes, require little maintenance tics, it is too expensive todl.y to see wide­ tiny Israel, 200,000 homes have solar water and can be fashioned from s111con, the sec­ spread application. As is so often the case heaters, and in Japan the figure is over 2 ond most abundant element in the earth's with conventional wisdom, yesterday's truth million. In remote northern Australia, where crust. has become today's misapprehensiqn. fuels are expensive, the law requires solar Photovoltaic cells are modular by nature, Five years ago, solar energy could not com­ water heaters on all new buildings. and little is to be gained by grouping large pete economically with low-priced fuels. Most There is some controversy over how rapidly masses of cells at a single collection site. On solar homes used materials th~t were hand­ we will catch up. The original goal of the the contrary, the technology is most sensibly crafted in small workshops. But since 1973, Carter administration's energy plan was 2.5 applied in a decentralized fashion-perhaps the cost of solar equipment has dropped million solar heaters by 1985. In subse­ incorporated in the roofs of buildings-to steadily while the costs of all competing quent congressional testimony, Energy Sec­ minimize transmission and storage problems. energy sources have skyrocketed. Today, with retary James Schlesinger trimmed this tar­ With decentralized use, solar cells can be factory production, a typical solar collector get to 1.3 million. combined with compatible technologies to costs about $25 a square foot; by 1981, mass Wilson Clark. energy adviser to Gov. Jerry use waste heat for space heating and cooling, production could bring average costs under Brown of California, finds the fedeml fig­ water heating, ang refrigeration at a thou­ $10. Solar technologies already can provide ures amusing. "We will, beyond a doubt, sand gallons per minute. energy for many purposes at no higher cost have more solar collectors installed in Cali­ The manufacture of photovoltaic cells is than conventional energy sources. _ fornia by 1985 than those guys are forecast­ currently a low-volume -business--only 750 Take, for example, solar heating. Through­ kilowatts of photovoltaic capacity were pro­ ing for the who1e country," says Clark. The out the lower 48 United States, solar house Solar Energy Industries Association, which duced in 1977-and the products are conse­ quently rather expensive. But a recent U.N. heating now makes economic sense at the represents most major solar manufacturers, margin. That is to say, if the energy is to considers 11 m1Ilion installations a reason­ report concluded that solar cells would be­ able 1985 goal. come cheaper than nuclear power if they re­ come from a new solar unit or a new nuclear power plant, the solar investment will be Sunshine can also be used to heat build­ ceived a total investment of $1 billion-less than the cost of just one large nuclear power cheapest. The homeowner, of course will not ings. "Passive systems store energy right be buying electricity just from the expensive where sunliflht strikes the building's walls plant. STORING SUNLIGHT new power phnt; the utility wm average and floor. Such systems are designed to the expensive new energy in with cheap en­ shield the structure from unwanted summer Solar energy is too diffuse, intermittent ergy from existing sources, so that the true heat while capturing and retaining the sun's and seasonally variable to harness directly to cost of new oower is hidden from the individ­ warmth during the colder months. Passive serve some human needs. Interruptions ual consumer (and borne, through rising solar architecture is, beyond doubt, the most plague all e!lergy systems, however. Electrical ut111ty bills, by all consumers). But for soci­ efficient and cost-effective way to heat and power lines snap, gas and oil pipelines crack, cool new buildings. Modest investments wm ety as a whole, the new energy could be most dams run low during droughts and nuclear cheaply harnessed with solar equipment. often provide 80 to 100 per cent of a build­ power plants frequently need repairs, refuel­ ing's space conditioning requirements. But ing and maintenance. Even where the homeowner must compare passive features cannot easily be added to ex­ Sometimes the intermittent nature of an the marginal costs of new solar equipment isting structures. energy source causes no problems. For ex­ with the average cost of competing energy "Active" solar heating systems are more ex­ ample, solar electric fac111ties with no storage sources, solar investments will generally pensive, but they can be bolted on to the capacity can be used to meet peak demands, make sense over the lifetime of the building. roofs or southern walls of existing buildings since virtually all areas have their highest The most important first step is to incor­ as a substitute for--or st~pplement to--con­ electrical demands during daylight hours. porate passive solar design into the build­ ventional furnaces. In active systems, fans Low-temperature heat can be temporarily ings' blueprints. Often this costs little or or pumps move supplement to--conventional stored in such substances as water or gravel; nothing. For example, it costs no more to furnaces. In active systems, fans or pumps in fact, substantial short-term heat storage place most windows in the southern wall move solar-heated air or liquid from collect­ capacity can be economically designed into than to place them facing north, but south­ ors to storage areas, from which heat is with- the structural mass of new buildings. The ern windows capture the sun's warmth while 5084 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS February 28, 1978 northern windows merely leak the building's kilowattt in the late 1950s, but by early 1975, rectly spent on nuclear fission. Renewable internal heat. Roof overhangs, masonry floors the costs had dropped to $31,000. By Septem­ energy res:mrces w111 receive $200 million less and working shutters are not expensive. Yet, ber, 1976-eight months before the Ford re­ than breeder reactors alone. In fact, after ad­ combined with tight construction and good port was issued-the costs had dropped to justing for inflation, the federal solar budget insulation, they can lower the heating load $15,500. is $40 mill1on'lower this year than it was last of the building by 75 percent and more. In Within months of the Ford report's re­ year. Arkans1s 200 well-designed houses con­ lease, the cost of solar cells fell to $11,750 a The current state of solar technology would structed under a grant from HUD cost no peak watt. And last December, the Depart­ justify e. budget in the $1 billion range. There more than neighboring houses built using ment of Energy awarded a grant for a solar would be little public opposition to this $5 conventional construction standards, but cell array that "tracks" the sun across the per capita investment in our most promising their fuel bllls are only one-fourth as high. sky and concentrates its rays into compara­ energy source. If our current energy crisis re­ More elaborate designs can lead to greater tively small photovoltaic cells. This system, quires "the moral equivalent of war," surely savings. In the relatively mild climate of which wlll be installed at the Arkansas com­ the solar, wind and biological answers to that Atascadero, Calif., Harold Hay's passive solar munity college, will generate 362 knowatts crlEis deserve at least the financial equivalent house was constructed with bags of water at a total installed cost of $6,000 per peak of one small weapons system. incorporated in its roof. These act like "ther­ knowatt. Of course, no one wants to see tax dollars mal flywheels," capturing energy on winter Making allowances for the average avail­ shoveled out stupidly. A good solar program days and ~toring it to meet nighttime heat­ ability of sunshine versus the average capac­ wlll require clear-eyed managers and suffi­ ing requirements. In the summer, the system ity factors of large nuclear power plants cient staff to handle the load. The current collects heat from the interior during the and considering demand patterns, transmis­ solar effort is deficient in both respects. Con­ day and radiates it outward at night. The sion and storage, solar cells are now probably sequently, research has emphasized small cost of the solar features was about $5,000. about 10 times as expensive as nuclear power numbers of huge projects. It is far easier for The solar system has provided 100 per cent in the most favorable regions of the United an understaffed office to manage a few big of the home's heating and cooling needs for States. Solar cells now cost about one-tenth projects than many small ones. several years. what they cost 5 years ago; nuclear power In addition to performing research and de­ In climates where passive solar design w111 now costs about twice as much as it cost 5 velopment, the federal government should ac­ not provide 100 per cent of heating require­ years ago. tively encourage the commercialization of ments, back-up fuels or active solar systems The United States now has about 48,000 solar technologies. Such proposals always are needed. In Princeton, N.J., architect megawatts of nuclear capacity and less than stick in the craw of people who would prefer Douglas Kelbaugh's passive solar home cap­ 1 megawatt of terrestial photovoltaic capac­ to see commercialization handled in the free tures energy through a. huge southern win­ ity. With mass production, solar cell costs are m!U"ketplace. Alas, the free marketplace for dow wall during the day and stores it in a expected to continue fall1ng dramatically. A energy disappeared lcng ago, when mineral concrete interior wall to meet nighttime 1977 report by the Federal Energy Adminis­ de"'Jletion allowances, investment tax credits, heating requirements. Like other passive tration contends that a $240 m1llion pur­ accelerated depreciation schedules, federal solar homes, the Kelbaugh residence em­ chase of 150 megawatts of solar cells, stag­ aESumption of nuclear liability, federal own­ ploys no pumps or fans-just careful design. gered over three years, would lead to a cost ership and subsidization of uranium enrich­ The solar features cost around $9,000, and ment facilities, federal underwriting of syn­ they provide virtually all of the home's re­ of just $500 per kilowatt for the 70 mega­ thetic fuel development, c.n and gas price quirements. In the unusually cold winter of watts produced the third year. controls, the rural electrification program, 1976-77, the year's heating b111 was just $75. Both solar-electric and wind-electric de­ and dozens of other financi!l.l and regulatory Financed with a conventional home mort­ vices produce direct current--not the alter­ actions were instituted. Without exception, gage, Kelbaugh's solar energy system would nating current we are used to. Hence, one these discriminated against decentralized require $1,800 cash a.t construction with occasionally hears the comment that the cost technologies. Today's need is for policies that monthly payments of $60--far less than his of a solar society should include the cost of will put solar energy on an even footing with neighbors' fuel bllls. replacing an our appliances with devices that its competitors. run on direct current (as do appliances in Many different solar collectors, pumps, HELPING THE BUYER fans and storage systems are now on the mar­ many motor homes today). Ignoring the pos­ ket. Prices frequently fluctuate severalfold. sible merits of converting to direct current, Because the initial investment is the prin­ For example, solar collectors can be bunt and the issue is trifling. Many things-from in­ cipal cost for solar technology, prospective installed for a materials cost of about $2 candescent light bulbs to stoves-can per­ consumers must have access to up-front per square foot. Prices of professionally in­ form well on direct current. Devices to con­ money. Different residential solar tax credits stalled solar collectors can range from under vert direct current into alternating current have now passed both houses of Congress; $10 per square foot to more than $70. The are on the market for $180 per kilowatt for the likeliest compromise will provide a credit prices of thermal storage containers range home-size units. For large orders, the price of 30 percent on the first $2,500 investment from about $10 per cubic meter for hand­ can fall to $50 per kilowatt. and 20 percent on the next $7,500. Businesses that install solar equipment will receive a built systems to as much as $35 per cubic WHAT NEXT? meter for commercial products. Hand-built 10 percent credit above the existing invest­ solar systems can hold marked advantages After four years of fumbling, the federal ment tax credit. over all competing energy sources. At the government appears to be on the verge of Unfortunately, this w111 not begin to coun­ lower end of the price range, commercial passing a National Energy Act. This legisla­ terbalance the higher tax credit allowed for solar systems also make economic sense. tive "cornerstone" of the Carter administra­ investments in nuclear and synthetic fuels Skeptics often point to the high-cost solar tion is-in essence-an attempt to squeak facilities in the Senate version of the Na­ equipment used in some federal solar through 1985 without having to grant Saudi tional Energy Act. Moreover, tax credits are demonstration projects and claim that the Arabia the mineral rights to Ft. Knox. What of limited usefulness for m1llions on fixed buildings could have been heated with on it lacks is what America most desperately incomes who are being ravaged by rising for a fraction of the cost. But such buildings wants: a vision of where we are going. fuel prices. Poor people will require some­ incorporate no cheap passive solar features The transition to a susta.inable, post-petro­ thing like a Treasury rebate as a down pay­ and they generally employ the most expen­ leum world wm require some decades to com­ ment before they will be able to afford solar sive solar hardware on the market. Moreover, plete. The National Energy Act--almost investments. the price of oil is an average price-not the totally dependent on the expansion of con­ A financing authority should be estab­ price of new oil-and even this average price ventional, centralized energy sources-is not lished to give the homeowner and small is kept artificially low through oil depletion even a step in the right direction. If solar businessman access to investment capital allowances, intangible dr1lling cost write­ energy is to play an important role in the on terms at least as attractive as those avail­ offs, foreign tax credits, unsafe tankers built future, several actions must be taken im­ able to utllities to invest in centralized en­ for accelerated depreciation, polluting refin­ mediately. ergy sources. This might take the form of the eries in the Caribbean and direct govern­ First, there is no substitute for money. national Solar Development Bank proposed mental price controls. Even in this loaded While competing energy sour::es have finan­ by Rep. Stephen Neal (D-N.C.), making 30- contest, solar energy compares fairly well. cially benefited from the diligent efforts of year loans at very low rates of interest. scores of high-paid lobbyists, solar energy States could supplement such a federal ef­ THE COST OF SOLAR CELLS has not. Since 1952, when the Paley Commis­ fort with state institutions funded with rev­ Even photovoltaic cells-the most expen­ sion recommended to President Truman that enues from tax-free bonds; several such pro­ sive technology now being used to harness solar energy be aggressively developed, solar posals are now before the California legisla­ solar energy-are much less expensive than technology has received less than 1 five-hun­ ture. is commonly believed. For example, a panel dredth of federal energy funding. Although Many homeowners are reluctant to pur­ of distinguished scientists assembled by the solar funding increased rapidly after the Arab chase solar equipment because such mer­ Ford Foundation incorrectly reported in 1977 on embargo of 1973, it has now remained chandise often carries an inadequate war­ that "current [photovoltaic) collector costs stalled for two years with less than 4 percent ranty. Warranties are considered important are about $200,000 per kilowatt of peak elec­ of the federal energy budget. because the ir.ltlal cost of solar technologies trical capacity." For solar enthusiasts, the new Carter budg­ is generally high. Solar investments make The most charitable thing to be said for et is a great disappointment. Solar, wind and economic sense only because they have no this figure is that it is 20 years out of date. biological energy sources combined will re­ fuel costs and low maintenance costs in fu­ Solar cells did cost about $200,000 a peak ceive less than one-fifth as much as is di- ture years. But if the performance of the March 1, 1978 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 5085 equipment is not guaranteed for several would amount to over $5 billion-a large While still hoping for leadership from years, the economics of solar technologies figure, but not too intimidating when com­ Washington, many Americans are no longer become more questionable. pared to annual Third World arms receipts waiting for it. With the sure instincts dis­ However, a warranty system can discrimi­ of nearly $28 billion. played by innumerable inventors, tinkerers nate against small manufacturers. In an Much of this foreign assistance would be and entrepreneurs throughout our history, ascent industry, warranties are meaningful spent here at home. As American manufac­ these citizens are in the vanguard of a na­ only if they are backed by performance turers begin to mass produce photovoltaic tion that, in the years ahead, must increas­ bonds. Otherwise, businesses can simply dis­ arrays, small wind turbines, etc., the domes­ ingly turn toward the sun. appear, leaving the consumer holding the tic prices of these items should plummet. bag. But setting aside scarce capital to guar­ This would be a boon to U.S. consumers, and antee the performance of equipment for a it would help American solar companies in LITHUANIA decade can pose an unbearable burden on the world solar market. As a way to incor­ small entrepreneurs. porate his concern for poverty, human rights California Energy Commissioner Ronald and nuclear proliferation in one package, a HON. JOSEPH P. ADDABBO Doctor has suggested a solar warranty fund, "Carter Plan" to bring solar technology to OF NEW YORK analogous to the oil spill liability fund. All the poor villages of the world may represent solar manufacturers meeting certain stand­ the President's most attractive opportunity. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ards would be allowed to contribute to the A final area where federal assistance Tuesday, February 21, 1978 ·fund; if anyone's equipment proved faulty, should aggressively harness renewable en­ the fund would guarantee remuneration. ergy sources is on the farm. U.S. farmers are Mr. ADDABBO. Mr. Speaker, the The state would be the warrantor of last upset with the low prices their crops are now State Legislature of New York has taken resort. bringing. U.S. consumers are unwilling to see steps to honor the men and women of The construction of a house or other build­ their food bills rise. One answer would be a Soviet-occupied Lithuania who celebrat­ ing involves a 30- to 50-year commitment to major national ·effort to make America's ed the occasion of the 60th anniversary energy usage levels. By 1981, it would be rea­ firms independent of high-priced fuels-thus sonable to require at least passive solar de­ separating food prices from fuel-induced in­ of the founding of that nation last Feb­ sign features in all new buildings. At the flation. Solar, wind and biological sources ruary 19. very least, new buildings should be required can be easily tapped to meet the energy de­ As we in the Congress have paid honor to meet vigorous regional weatherization mands of American agriculture. A solar to the fight for freedom throughout 700 standards, and to be built and oriented in equivalent of President Roosevelt's rural years in that tiny nation, so did the ways that facilitate eventual retrofitting with electrification program, which provided sub­ members of the New York State Legisla­ solar equipment. sidized loans at 2 per cent interest to ex­ ture pay homage to tho:,:;e who fought A more direct role can be played by the tend the nation's electrical lines to the farm, and died in a vain attempt to preserve federal government-the largest single pur­ could lead to energy self-sufficiency for the chaser of almost everything in the American nation's farms by 1990. freedom in that pillaged land. I wish to share with my colleagues the feelings ex­ economy-through its procurement policies. THE SOLAR SOCIETY If, for example, the Defense Department were pressed by the State legislators in seek­ to make a concerted effort to provide solar Energy transitions always bring fundamen­ ing that February 19 be declared a day heat where possible to its existing residences, tal social change. In the 18th century, the of honor to the Lithuanian people in New a market in excess of 50 million square feet substitution of coal for wood and for draft animals made possible the Industrial Revolu­ York. I submit the resolution passed by would open up. The total U.S. market for the legislature to be included in the solar collectors in 1977 was about 5 million tion. The later shift to petroleum made pos­ square feet. sible the jet plane and the automobile, RECORD: shrinking the world and reshaping its cities. If Defense were ·to purchase 150 mega­ Whereas, Lithuania, which had been a watts of photovoltaic capacity for $450 mil­ The coming energy transition, whatever di­ sovereign state since the year twelve hun­ lion (including storage batteries and power rection we take, will bring similarly far­ dred fifty-one, ha.<.l. her independence reestab­ conditioning equipment), it would save $1.5 reaching changes. lished on February sixteenth, nineteen hun­ billion net over the next 25 years in fuel Tapping some energy sources demands dren eighteen, subsequently becoming the and maintenance costs for displaced gaso­ ever-increasing centralization; solar resources modern Republic of Lithuania in nineteen line generators. A 1977 FEA report found are best used at dispersed locations. Some hundred twenty, only to again lose its iden­ that such a Pentagon purchase would reduce dangerous sources can be permitted wide­ tity as such a republic by the invasion of the the cost of commercial photovoltaics to $500 spread growth only under authoritarian Soviet hordes in nineteen hundred forty; and a kilowatt-a price that is competitive for regimes; solar energy can lead to nothing Whereas, The Soviet Union, despite the many purposes with conventionally gener­ more dangerous than a leaky roof. Some en- fa.ct that it is a signatory to the Final Act ated electricity. . ergy sources invite profiteering cartels; solar of the Conference on Security and Coopera­ sources would tend to narrow the gap be­ HELPING THE THIRD WORLD tion in Europe, continues to suppress the tween rich and poor-both within and among aforesaid basic human rights in Lithuania by One of the most dramatic solar efforts the countries. Some energy sources will tend to its relentless conduct of a vast program of federal government could undertake would reduce the size of the workforce; solar sources Sovietization and russification; and be in the realm of fOreign assistance. Solar promise large numbers of new jobs. Some Whereas, many Lithuanian patriots have energy makes even more sense today in the energy sources involve technologies that risked and sacrificed and are continuing to Third World than it does domestically. De­ baffie all but a few specialists; solar energy risk and sacrifice their lives in a continuing veloping countries tend to be richly endow­ can be harnessed by individual homeowners effort to regain their religious and political ed with sunlight. Their population patterns with simple devices built of local materials. freedOins and the rebirth of the sovereignty lend themselves to decentralized energy Of the possible futures we might choose, a of the Republic of Lithuania; a.nd sources: half the people in Latin America, 70 solar-powered one appears most inviting. But Whereas, unlike Colonial America, Soviet­ percent in South Asia and 85 percent in the transition will not be smooth and pain­ occupied Li"~huania does not possess the Africa still live in rural areas. And in remote less. Competing energy sources will be vig­ power and force of arms to throw off the Third World villages, the current high cost orously championed by powerful vested in­ yoke of Soviet oppression and occupation; of conventional energy, especially electricity, terests. Bureaucratic inertia, political timid­ and makes virtually all solar options economically ity, conflicting corporate designs and the Whereas, The United States does have the competitive today. simple, understandable reluctance of people diplomatic and economic stature and re­ Last May, President Carter eloquently pro­ to face up to far-reaching change will all claimed our national interest in improving discourage a solar transition from occurring sources in this current era of detente with the prospects of the world's poor. Energy is spontaneously. the Soviet Union to introduce into its dia­ vital to economic development. Since Carter If the solar transition is to be speedily un­ logue with the representatives of the Soviet is understandably cautious about the pro­ dertaken, the federal government will have Union a discussion of the ultimate disposi­ liferation of nuclear power around the world, to play a strongly promotional role. But thus tion of the Lithuanian situation with a view solar energy poses an obvious answer. far the influence of national policy makers to the restoration of the integrity and inde­ What would it cost to provide a minimum has probably been negative. For two years pendence of the Republic of Lithuania; and decent supply of energy to each of the they have caused homeowners to delay solar Whereas, The Congress of the United States world's 1 million rural villages before the end purchases by promising eventual tax credits­ should urge the President of the United of the century? Quite a bit. If the United and then failed to pass the necessary leg-is­ States to enjoin the Secretary of State and States were to shoulder the entire burden, lation. They have invested the lion's share the United States Ambassador to the United it might amount to one-half of 1 per cent of federal solar research in elephantine tech­ of our gross national product annually. Nations to raise the question of the plight of nologies to the detriment of the small-scale the Lithuanian people in the United Nations That would be a very substantial pledge, decentralized options best suited to solar but it must be placed in perspective. Ameri­ equioment. The:v have spared no pains to and in the agenda of such other international can aid to Europe under the post-World War involve electric and gas utilities in solar ap­ forums as they may be advised; and II Marshall Plan amounted to 2.8 per cent plications. ig-noring the fact that solar en­ Whereas, The Congress of the United States of GNP. By comparison, 0.5 per cent for ergy is a textbook case of an anti-monopo­ should enact legislation that would establish solar assistance is a pittance. Next year, it listic resource. a special commission to monitor and inform 5086 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS February 28, 1978 world opinion and bring it to bear upon the anything more threatening to the family ket. As of 1975, almost 40 percent of all Soviet Union to cease and desist its noncom­ than the shattering of marriages. Aside from married women with children under six years pliance with the principles of the aforesaid the feelings of deep personal failure and the of age, and more than hal! of all women Final Act; now, therefore, be it obvious financial disruption that a divorce with children aged six to 17 years, were in Resolved, That the Governor of the State is bound to generate, there are other-per­ the labor force. of New York be and hereby is respectfully haps more serious--consequences. We see a The problems faced by these fam111es have requested to issue a proclamation designating generation of "weekend parents" whose become all too fam111ar to us. We know: February ninteenth, nineteen hundrE:,d sev­ meager visitation time does not permit them That in recent years there has been an enty-eight as Lithuanian Independence Day, to guide their children properly. We see a extraordinary growth in the classification in commemoration of the sixtieth anniver­ generation of bewildered children whose that sociologists call "latchkey children," sary of the Establishment of the Republic of loyalties and affections are divided between childr·3n of otherwise normal fam111es who Lithuania; and be it further parents, and, in cases of remarriage, between come home from school to an empty house; Resolved, That a copy of this resolution, more than one family unit. If you add to That there is some confusion, alienation suitably engrossed, be forthwith transmitted these consequences the protracted court and resentment over the parental role, since to each member of the Congress of the United battles over alimony and child custody and just a generation ago fewer than one in States from the State of New York. the hatred and resentment that often linger three married women worked outside the on long after the d1 vorce has been finalized home; and legal arrangements have been made, you That working mothers must sometimes THE AMERICAN FAMILY have a situation that cannot fall to have overtax themselves as they try to manage adverse impact on everyone concerned. a home and a career; and Sociologists and others have written That some husbands do not know how HON. LEE H. HAMILTON volumes on the reasons for increasing di­ t::> cope with a wife who is financially inde­ OF INDIANA vorce rates. Many of the · reasons are well pendent and has her own social circle. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES understood while others are not. When we As is the case with divorce, there are many are confronted with the need for an explana­ reasons for the rapid increase in the number Tuesday, February 28, 1978 tion, we should consider: of working mothers: That marriage age has fallen sharply since Family finances are usually a considera­ Mr. HAMILTON. Mr. Speaker, I re­ tion, especially in low- and middle-income cently addressed members of the Trinity the post-war "baby boom," thereby increas­ ing the risk of divorce; groups where the husband's wages may be Methodist Church of New Albany, Ind., That changing attitudes have resulted in inadequate to meet the basic necessities or on the subject of the American family. more liberal divorce statutes, including the to get a few of the "finer things in life" (bear The text of my remarks is inserted into so-called "no-fault" divorce (now available in mind that it takes at least $10,000 per year the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD for the ben­ in au but three states) as well as the "do-it­ to support an urban family of four on a yourself" divorce; and "bare bones" budget, according to the De­ eftt and use of my colleagues. partment of Labor); THE AMERICAN FAMILY That, according to the noted anthropolo­ gist Margaret Mead, "we are a terribly over­ As more housewives seek outside employ­ I am very pleased to be here with you married society" in which too many people ment, those who remain in the home feel a this evening. It gives me great pleasure to who should not be married are opting for tremendous "peer pressure" to do likewise; address your College of Life on a matter of matrimony nonetheless. Many mothers seek to develop careers be­ fundamental importance to us all: the fore confronting the anguish and pain they American family. THE SINGLE-PARENT FAMU.Y believe they wm experience when their chil­ In my work as a public official I find Divorce must take a prominent place in dren grow up and leave the home; that my constituents and my colleagues in any discussion of the beleaguered American Some women believe that whatever the the Congress are deeply concerned about family, but the experts caution us not to satisfactions of child bearing, the sacrifices the moral climate and the weakening of neglect the phenomenon of the single-parent are borne principally by them; they may re­ values in America today. There are many family. By most estimates: sent this state of affairs and look for out­ reasons for the disquieting trends, but the There are approximately five million such side work as a remedy; reason cited most often is the change that families, with 11 million children all told; Some mothers just feel isolated and "out is apparently taking place in the traditional The vast majority are headed by women, of it" at home; they believe that they will family. Scarcely a. day passes without my but some (about 500,000) are headed by men; become more interesting people if they work receiving a. letter or having a. conversation The number of households headed by on the outside; on this problem or an issue related to it. wcmen has risen 30 percent in a decade and Many women feel cheated by a society that does not place sufficient value on the con­ WHAT THE EXPERTS ARE SAYING fiO percent in a generation; · Two out of every five children born in tributions of the homemaker; t.o them, out­ If you turn to the experts, you wm see the last ten years will spend part of their side employment means recognition and that their perceptions of the problem of youth with one parent; and status. the American family divide fatrly clearly About one of every three schoolchildren There can be no doubt that mothers will into two categories. They all agree that the livelj in a single-parent family. These are continue to enter the labor force in the years family is being challenged as never before­ the disadvantaged fam111es that have been ahead. Their presence there represents both both from within and without-but they broken up by death, divorce or separation, an advantage and a disadvantage. The so­ tend to disagree about the social implica­ or families that were never really formed ciety wUl benefit considerably from their tions of the challenge. Some are deeply dis­ at all. Rising divorce and illegitimacy rates skills on the job, but the family w111 suffer turbed and argue that the family is rushing account for most of them, but desertion and acutely their absence from the home. headlong into extinction. They foresee dire inform!l.l S3paration make their contribution THE LIFE STYLE OF SELF·FULFU.LMENT consequences for all of us and for society too. at large. Others take a more upbeat view and There is another phenomenon that has The difficulties of the single-parent family gone unnoticed by many commentators but claim that the family is merely adapting to are e3pecially acute. Consider: a changing world. They believe not only which nonetheless has serious consequences That over 50 percent of all households for family life. For lack of a better descrip­ that the family wm survive, but that it wm headed by women live on poverty-level be a. much more vibrant institution in the tive term, we may call the phenomenon "the incomes; life style of self-fulfillment." It is no exag­ future. That the likelihood of unemployment or geration to say that we live in an age of self­ So the family is in transition. The question welfare dependence among single-parent fam­ fulfillment. The best seller lists are loaded before us is this: Transition to what? To mes is V•ery high; down with titles that indicate our think• extinction--or to better days ahead? Before That single parents must ra.l.se their chil­ ing: we decide which group of experts we should dren without the physical or emotional as­ How to be your own best friend (never believe, let us take a look at the dimensions sistance of a partner; and mind others) ; of the challenge facing today's family. That good day care fac111tles are often How to expand your consciousness (never Divorce unavailable and are in any case inadequate mind at what price); substitute3 for parental ~uidance. As con­ How to get power and use it (never mind In just a decade or so, the frightening cerns the children of such fammes, psycholo­ phenomenon of divorce has burst onto the for what). The radio and television bom­ gisw agree that having one parent is better bard us with self-centered propaganda: do American scene. A brief glance at the sta­ than having none. However, the ultimate ef­ tistics is enough to convince anyone that yourself a favor; this product costs more, fects on these children-the effects of a child­ but you are worth it; do your own thing. We divorce has reached epidemic proportions hood that is deprived by any standard­ among us: see advertisements for singles' communities, can only be guessed at. singles' vacations and singles' clubs. The divorce rate has doubled in the past THE TWO-PARENT WORKING FAMn.Y In such an atmosphere, the traditional ten years and trebled in the past 20 years; Beyond the large number of mothers who values of charity, self-sacrifice, community and must work to sustain their families because and respect for others get played down or 40 percent of American marriages (over of marital disruption, more and more moth­ suppressed. Of course, the family is one o:t one million in 1976) now end in dissolution. ers in two-parent families ar·3 moving out the first casualties of the trend since it, It is hard for me to believe that there is of the home and into the employment mar- more than any other institution, demands February 28, 1978 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 5087 that we honor the values of human relation­ may be far from their own. Husbands brought overcome and that every desire or whim ships. up in rural Indiana end up in Los Angeles, should be satisfied immediately; I a.m certainly no authority on the origin New York or Washington where life is much It inhibits natural inqmstttveness ~:~.nu in­ of this common life style. It may stem from more chaotic and disorienting. dependent thought in children by feeding the material blessings of our society or from It is plain that new climates, new cultures, them a steady stream of images and stimuli the permissive atmosphere in which we have new standards and new people cannot be that they need not exert themselves to receive raised our children. Perhaps our children easily assimilated by the normal person. and have not yet learned one of life's lessons: Some people require years to put down roots It interrupts conversation, meals and other That no man is a.n island unto himself. The and to gain a feeling of equi11brium. Human kinds of family interaction at the flip of a. profound effects of this lifestyle, however, beings are not like parts of a machine, to be switch. are obvious to us all. We see in the eyes of taken off the shelf and inserted anywhere. Do not get me wrong on this score. Tele­ the latchkey child. We see them in a. col­ The moblllty of the family today would vision is not all bad. Some of its program­ lege savings account that was spent on some surely be enough to shock our ancestors. ming-! am reminded of the new generation unnecessary luxury item. There can be no doubt of its desta.bi11zing of children's shows-must marvel and delight influence. a. young mind. However, television viewing is THE GROWING PRESSURES OF LIFE IN AMERICA not a matter which should be left to the dis­ Another part of the challenge to the fam­ UNEMPLOYMENT No sensitive observer of the contemporary cretion of children. I know many parents who ily is as easy to understand as it is difficult carefully monitor their children's viewing to cope with. Everybody here knows that the scene can be band to the devastating impact of unemployment on the family. If too much choices. For these parents, television is a. everyday pressures of modern life-for ex­ valued helper. Others would like to do this ample, just earning a. living-take their toll work is a bane to family life, no work at all is more cruel still. for their children, but regrettably it takes on the family. time. Government service, the corporations and When the head of a. household is out of In many cases where toda.y's parents have the professions (such as medicine, law and work, the entire family suffers-not just in an economic sense. There is a loss of dignity, retreated, the public schools have advanced. journalism) absorb all the hours the ambi­ Whether in the area of disci~line and punish­ tious and dedicated worker is willing to give pride and self-respect. Unemployment can ment for wrongdoing, family and sex educa­ them. Unfortunately, there is little left over bring on a personal and family tragedy of unprecedented proportions. This point was tion or supervision of free time, schools have for the family. A recent survey showed tha.t been appropriating to themselves--sometimes in families with annual incomes over $22,000, brought home to me a while ago--with a actively but sometimes by default-the au­ fathers are absent from the home a.s much a.s vengeance. At a. recent congressional hearing thority and prerogatives of parents. the absentee fathers of the innercity_. a labor leader testified that when the unem­ Where the actions of school officials supple­ How is a. conscientious person to dea.l with ployment rate reached 20 percent in Flint, ment or support those of the parents, there this basic dilemma? How does one work ha.rd Michigan, the city also attained the highest can be good results. But where the actions of on the job while working hard a.t being a. incidence of alcoholism in America. To make school officials supersede or replace those of parent? Is a. weak family a.n inevitable con­ things worse, its drug abuse problem doubled the parents, something is wrong. We should sequence of the work ethic? Part of the prob­ and cases of family violence soared. We can bear very much in mind what the basic mis­ lem must be laid a.t society's door. Work add to this graphic example our general sion of the public school system is. It is: patterns, such a.s the rigid nine-to-five day knowledge that wife beating and child abuse First, to teach children through formal in­ five days a. week, penalize mothers and fa­ run high in the jobless inner city. The very struction to read, write and think; and thers who have strong family instincts. Part­ fiber of the American family was strained to Second, to teach children through example time work, work on a. flexible schedule or the breaking point in the last recession. In what good citizenship and decent social rela­ "work sharing" schemes almost always mean pockets of high unemployment, it continues tions are. When the school is made to replace less pay, fewer benefits and diminished op­ to be strained. the parent in any significant area of the portunities for advancement. Constructive In recent months the nation's jobless rate child's life, we cannot count on unmitigated attitudes on the part of employers are be­ has declined steadily from seven percent in success. What can be said of schools can coming more common, but so far there has August to 6.4 percent in December, the low­ also be said of many public agencies, espe­ not been enough change. I for one know that est monthly rate in three years. The Decem­ cially those designed to provide social services work patterns can be altered substantially ber unemployment figure is heartening, but of one kind or another. without ill effect. In my congressional offices it nevertheless tells only one part of the un­ employment story. Extreme joblessness is JUVENILE TURMOIL we have a limited "fiexitime" schedule My final observation on the challenge to coupled with liberal leave policies in special still the scourge of many a. region. Black un­ th•~ family is one that is most unpleasant. To circumstances. Work output has increased employment, especially among young adults, is very high. We cannot claim to cherish the put it bluntly, our children have more prob­ and my employees and I are very pleased lems--serious problems-than the children with the results. American family and its values if we do not do our best to bring joblessness under con­ of any previous generation have had. Drug THE EXTENDED FAMILY trol. abuse, alcoholism, violent crime, suicide and Some experts believe that the demise of the THE INTRUDERS FROM OUTSIDE teenage pregnancy are some of the most per­ extended family is a. major part of our trou­ No discussion of the challenge to the fam­ plexing. The tendency toward premarital co­ bles. We should consider this matter carefully ily would be complete without mention of ha.bita.tion-''living together"-is also dis­ because the extended family is indeed on its what might be. picturesquely called the "in­ turbing to some in our geno:~ration. Let me "last legs." truders from the outside." These intruders­ touch on each of these things briefly. According to one study, a. full 50 percent in one way or another, directly or indirectly, Teenage drug abuse and alcoholism have of all urban households in Boston a.t the noisily or silently-undercut the authority become very real concerns of many parents turn of the century included parents, chil­ and prerogatives of parents. There are many today. dren and a.t least one relative. Today, the of them, but I shall bring up just two; tele­ According to FBI statistics, drug-related comparable figure in Boston is four percent. vision and schools. arrests in the 14- to 24-year age group have A similar change has doubtless taken place skyrocketed over 4,400 percent in the past in other cities. The experts agree that the American children today grow up on tele­ 15 years. Headlines tell a. grim story of a drug place of the grandpa.ren t in the home is now vision. Although the estimates vary, I have problem that has "graduated in reverse" in determined by the respect that other fam­ seen renorts that children spend as much the past few years, seeping down from the ily members have for the elderly person. Of a.s one-fifth of their young lives viewing it. college campus to the high school to the course, the grandparent's place used to be So much have children become "television­ elementary school. Unfortunately, we have automatic-a question of right. dependent" that some observers have dubbed witnessed a. growth in the number of drugs television the "surrogate parent." And why subject to abuse. Marijuana. has given way Many are convinced that the extended fam­ not? It teaches, scolds, rewards, tempts, ily is already a. relic of earlier times. More frightens and influences youngsters just as to more p3rnicious substances: hallucino­ and more Americans live far from relatives gens, sleeping pills, pep pills, cocaine a.nd their parents do. There is one problem, even heroin. Recent studies have also re­ and do not expend much time or effort to though. It may not be the kind of parent keep in touch. Elderly relatives are increas­ vealed a.n alarming rise in alcohol con.sump­ that we would want our children to have. tion among youth, particularly among ado­ ingly consigned to retirement communities A number of criticisms can be made of and rest homes. It remains to be seen what lescents. By one estimate, one teenager in American television: every 20 has a. serious drinking problem. We will ultimately come of this change. It does It shows people who are happy, beautiful, seem to be permanent and irreversible. should not be so surprised when we read or wealthy and successful almost without excep­ h•~a.r about the prevalence of alcoholism RESIDENTIAL MOBILITY tion, giving the child no inkling that life also among adults: today's youthful drinkers are In any discussion of the challenge to the harbors the unhappy, the homely, the poor tomorrow's adult alcoholics. family the matter of residential mob11ity and the unsuccessful; Violent crime has literally exploded among should not be left out. Its so-called "action adventures" (the big our youth. Given the mob111ty of modern life, individ­ drawing cards) are filled with instance after About 45 percent of the arrests for serious ual spouses often change and develop at dif­ instance of violence, immoral conduct or foul crimes are of young people under 18 years of ferent rates, in d11ferent directions or to dif­ language; age, and thousands of children sent to cor­ ferent depths. Wives brought up in small It suggests to children, especially through rectional institutions last year were found towns end up in sprawling suburbs among unscrupulous advertising aimed directly at guilty of offenses which cannot just be virtual strangers whose life styles a.nd values them, that any problem or difficulty can be shrugged off. According to FBI data., arrests 5088 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS February 28, 1978 of young people for serious crimes-murder, ization, however, the family continued to be 1960 and 1975 the proportion of young assault, rape and robbery-have jumped over the primary unit of employment and train­ women who remained single until their 200 percent in the last 15 years, as have ar­ ing. Farming and other trades continued to early twenties increased by one-third. Other rests for the less serious crime of larceny, draw upon the family for labor. The black­ important trends have been noticed, but burglary, auto theft and forgery. This growth smith's son was trained to be a blacksmith, they are well-known and need not be men­ in youthful violence has not confined itself as was the farmer's son to be a farmer. Con­ tioned here. to actions against other persons and prop­ trary to what might have been expected, spe­ WHAT THE FAMILY SHOULD BE erty. In the last 20 years the suicide rate cialization added to family strength: father we know what the family has been and among persons aged 15 to 19 years has more and son-mother and daughter-shared an what it has become, but what should it be? than doubled, and recent surveys suggest interest. This is a difficult question to answer, but that suicide among young children is spread­ It was another factor that began to trans­ let me make a tentative effort. ing. Currently, suicide is the second leading form the family unit. The breakup of the 1. The family should be the primary cause of death of persons in the 15- to 24- extended family and the development of the "agency" for the socialization of children. year age group. nuclear family had its antecedents in the No other institution ever envisioned by man Despite relatively easy access to contra­ early American families who left their homes can teach human beings to be intelligent, ception and the legalization of abortion, in the East and set out to conquer the West. honest, generous and moral as efficiently and births outside wedlock are growing, partic­ The elderly often remained behind, or else with as much resourcefulness as the ularly among teenagers. Recent statistics in­ perished in the arduous passage to the fron­ family. Not e,·en the most competent social dicate that one in every eight births now tier. worker believes that child care professionals takes place outside of wedlock, as opposed Many historians believe that the Indus­ could ever be paid enough to make them to one in every 20 in 1960. Aside from the fi­ trial Revolution created the first great equal to mothers and fathers as parents. nancial burdens of starting a family in this hazard for the American family. It is cer­ certainly no one believes that the state, way, teenagers are more likely to have health tainly true that it had just as great an im­ the public school system or the television complications related to pregnancy and pact on the family as did the Westward are rellable in the rearing of children. children born to teenage mothers face sub­ Migration. New towns sprang · up around 2. The family should be knowledgeable in stantial health risks. Sometimes a premature industrial sites and the populations of those the things that will help it to succeed. In marriage is not a good way to resolve the towns grew rapidly. The demand for cheap the old days, parents hardly knew all the problem of a teenage pregnancy. Such mar­ labor was satisfied by a fresh flow of immi­ responsib11ities they bore. In simple terms, riages are very prone to divorce, wife beating grants from abroad. American families found they fed, clothed and instructed their chil­ and child abuse. themselves being forced to accept very low dren. They hardly worried about the impact While there are probably scores of unclear wages in order to compete with the immi­ that a mother or father might have on a reasons for it, one fact is very clear: Younger grants for jobs. The dangers to the family child's unconscious. They did not know people are shying away from early marriage that grew out of this situation began to about vitamins, balanced diets and the intri­ and are often choosing to live together un­ disturb many people. "Family activists"­ cate relations between nutrition and develop­ married. many of whom were women-spoke out in ment. They did not know that they could Since 1960, the rate of premarital co-habi­ an attempt to set things right. Our fair affect the child's intelligence. They did not tation has nearly doubled to an estimated labor laws are their continuing legacy. know exactly how parental examples affected total of 960,000 couples. These statistics may The final major historical shock to the -affect the child's intelligence. They did not be surprising to the more traditional among family was the Great Depression. As hun­ have the time, the knowledge or the inclina­ us. Equally surprising may be the fact that dreds of thousands of people lost their tion to treat each son or daughter as sensi­ acceptance of this social phenomenon has homes and livelihoods in the course of a tively as many modern parents do. Today•s risen dramatically among all age groups in few years and had to fight desperately just family can-and should-know a little bit the nation, even among those aged 65 years to survive, it became apparent that the fam­ about each of these things. Such knowledge or more. ily was more vulnerable than had previ­ is a tool that can be used to make family ously been thought. The Great Depression life richer and more complete. SOME GENERAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE FAMILY eventually brought about what is regarded 3. The family should realize just how We have taken a fairly comprehensive look by most as the principal piece of social leg­ important it is to its individual members. at the dimensions of the challenge to Ameri­ islation passed by the Congress: the Social As parents have fewer children, they tend can families today. Is this enough on which Security Act. The act was intende::l. to pro­ to have greater attachment to each. Their to base a judgment about the accuracy of tect a family unit that was no longer self­ hopes and expectations have narrower chan­ the conflicting scenarios of the family's fu­ sustaining. nels. They treat each child as a unique indi­ ture? I think not. In addition to the cl}al­ THE ROLE AND COMPOSITION OF TH:S: FAMILY vidual. Never before has the individual child lenge, we need to understand what the family There is no question but that the family represented so great an emotional commit­ has been, what it has become and what its ment. Of course, it goes without saying that role should be. Let us turn to these matters has been overshadowed by outside agencies in the performance of some earlier func­ the parent is extremely important to the now, beginning with the history of the child. It has always been so, and so it will family. tions. No longer must individual fam111es provide their own production, employment, continue to be. THE HISTORY OF THE FAMILY protection and education. We now have Finally, a word for the parents. Parents In the early years of our history, the family police forces whose responsibiUty it is to should be aware that matrimony and the was the sole provider of production, employ­ protect us, schools to provide our young with raising of children are not the easiest of ment, protection and education. Its impor­ the knowledge and skills they will need in tasks. They are trying tasks and we must be tance could really not be overestimated. If a the future and an integrated economic sys­ disciplined if we are to carry them through. family failed in its responsibility, it endan­ tem which is not dependent upon the family How can it be surprising that so many fami­ gered not only itself but also an entire settle­ for its labor. lies break up in divorce, when divorce is often the path of least resistance? Far more ment. S<1ch failure obviously could not be WHAT, THEN, REMAINS FOR THE FA:\IILY TO DO? tolerated. surprising is the fact that more than the Most sociologists a.gree that despite ap­ majority of marriages continue throughout Prior to the Industrial Revolution, this parent change in function, the American life. country could not have survived economically family remains essentially the same, at least FEDERAL POLICY AND THE FAMILY without the family. Children were not only as concerns its role as the primary cus­ heirs of the future: they were an economic We know that actions taken by the gov­ todian of the character of future genera­ ernment affect the people being governed. necessity for the creation of the future. Edu­ tions. While it is true that the family's re­ cation was geared toward the development of sponsib111ties have been lessened in some What is difficult to measure is the actual skills essential for survival in a hostile en­ areas, it is st111 the family which provides impact that government actions has on the vironment. Families banded together to pro­ the young with the basic skills required to various segments of the population. Legisla­ tect themselves against the dangers common benefit from a formal education, the ability tion to promote the welfare of one group to early colonial settlers. Crop production to socialize and the capacity to distinguish w111 affect not only the segment of the popu­ meant the difference between living and between right and wrong. And it is still lation to which it is directed, but will also dying, and services such as blacksmithing the family which bears the full responsibility create a "chain reaction" of consequences and home construction were handled entirely to provide the young with the love and for all segments of society. within the family unit. emotional security necessary to life. Gauging the impact of federal policy on the family is an enormous undertaking be­ As time went on and the population grew, As the responsibilities of fam111es have cause it involves every member of society and the early settlers were able to take advantage changed, so too has their composition. In the various subgroups to which a federal of specialization. Trade grew as fammes with 1975 there were 55.7 m1llion families with initiative is normally directed. In addition, a special talent for producing certain ~terns an average of 3.4 persons per family living what benefits there are for one group may be exchanged their goods for the specially pro­ in the United States. However, familles are offset by harm done to another group. Also, duced goods of other people. This meant being started later than in past years, and a program developed to meet a certain need more goods of better quality. It also freed the number of children in families is going at a certain time may outlive its usefulness our early families to pursue interests beyond down. Many young people are choosing not and cause problems once the initial need has those necessary to stay alive. Despite special- to marry at the traditional age. Between been addressed. February 28, 1978 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 5089 In spite of the difficulty of assessing effects, !erred every few years. One need not. be an perhaps we can help the family through our we can readily discern a number of areas in expert to guess the results that such constant private example. which federal policy has hit the family hard. relocation may have. The increasec;l rates of WHAT THE FUTURE HOLDS Consider just a few. alcoholism, drug abuse and divorce among So we return full circle to the question I As I noted before, the Social Security Act service families may be due in no small part was probably the most important piece of posed at the beginning of my talk: Where to such policies. is the American family headed-to extinc­ social legislation ever passed by the Congress. WHAT SHOULD FEDERAL FAMILY POLICY BE? However, it has not been an unqualified suc­ tion, or to better days ahead? The time has cess from the point of view of the family. It is apparent that most federal policy come for me to hazard an answer. For my Its income guarantees have brought with specifically directed toward the family has part, I believe that the family is a tough, them a reduced interaction between elderly been intended to help families which have tenacious and adaptable institution, and parents and children which may have con­ not been able to meet their own needs. The that it can-and will-survive. With a bit tributed to the lessening concern of the welfare program has been designed to provide of luck, it may even prosper. younger generation for the elderly. In addi­ a m~nimum level of economic assistance to My faith in the family is not blind. I have tion, the Medicare system has encouraged families unable to provide for themselves. reasons for believing as I do. Let me sketch the young to place their aged parents in in­ Related services to these families have been those reasons ~or you. stitutions. Also, heavy payroll taxes to sup­ designed with the same eud in mind. Hous­ HISTORY IS FAVORABLE port the growing population of social security ing policies have been designed to put a roof The family has withstood the challengers pensioners have led to some resentment on over families that cannot afford adequate of a changing environment since the West­ the part of younger workers who are fighting shelter. Education policies have been de­ ward Migration and the Industrial Revolu­ to keep ahead of inflation. signed to ensure decent .:ducational oppor­ tunities for all children. Alternative care tion first broke up the extended family and The Internal Revenue Code is riddled with took people away from the splendid, self­ anti-family provisions. Almost everyone will systems, such as foster care, have been de­ signed to provide viable options for families sufficient isolation of the farm. It will no agree that high personal income taxes are doubt survive again, and indeed some schol­ making life exceedingly dUHcult for fam111es unable to care for their own members. There is a major school of thought, how­ ars believe that it has already begun to in low- and middle-income brackets. There revive. The divorce rate, after spiraling up­ is also the matter of the "marriage tax." You ever, which maintains that families will assume less responsibility for themselves as ward, is levelling off. Young women seem to are probably aware that married couples who be having more doubts about the wisdom work often pay far higher taxes than they the government assumes more responsibility for them. There may be something to this of further delay in their family plans. would were they merely living together. Some ATTITUDES ARE FAVORABLE couples have even obtained pro forma di­ line of reasoning. President Carter himself vorces to avoid the added tax. Finally, con­ has said that if we want less government Some recent studies on family life in sider the deductions for interest paid on a (and we do), then we should have stronger America have shown that the family is get­ mortgage loan. Although this deduction is families, for the government steps in by ting "rave reviews" lately. One study noted widely regarded as a tax break for families, necessity when families have failed. that some 95 percent of all Americans will many experts believe that it is a principal In determining what federal family policy marry some day, and of those who divorce cause of soaring interest rates on home loans. should be, I think that we should kaep in about 80 percent will rewed. Another study Families may have gone along with high mind the following principles: indicated that: interest rates simply because of the deduc­ First, we should see that there is an ele­ Three-quarters of all the parents surveyed tion. Of course, it is no secret that younger ment in the family that is almost always believe that a good job is being done by the families--even those with good incomes­ missing in the government. That element is average family in the raising of its children; have been priced out of the housing market personal caring, and it is absolutely essen­ Younger "new breed" parents, who as stu­ in many cities. tial to human happiness. dents and teenagers might have been chal­ As President Carter has pointed out, the Second we should realize that Washing­ lenging every tenet of the customary code of present welfare system works openly against ton is n~t at the root of all the family's ethics, are making certain that their chil­ problems, and Washington cannot be ex­ the family. Welfare policies in more than dren are aware of traditional views; half the states deny payments under Aid to pected to solve all of them. We should ask There has been .a marked decrease in the Fam111es with Dependent Chilrlren unless ourselves, for example, whether government number of women who say that they will and until the father abandons the home. By policy can redirect the father who spends a never have children; and the same inverted logic, unmarried fathers 60-hour week at his business but only The frenetic search for self-fulfillment is minutes a week with his children, or cooling down, with growing numbers of are discouraged from facing the responsl­ whether government policy can educate the b111ty of creating a home for their offspring. Americans saying that the family should be middle-income parent who risks his chil­ the focus of life. Marriage will reduce or eliminate the AFDC dren's health by allowing them to eat dis­ benefits that the unmarried mother receives. proportionate amounts of sweets and "junk EDUCATION IS FAVORABLE Federal assistance for the foster care of foods." A recent survey showed a strong connec­ children has been linked to the breakup of Third, in areas where government action tion between college education and positive families. Critics argue that the federal will have an obvious influence on the fam­ views .about the family. There is apparently assistance is not accompanied by efforts to ily, we should take care to examine all legis­ a new factor here for the equation of those obviate the need for foster care, to lation and every proposed program so that who decry the value of college. The survey rehabilitate fam1lies from which children we may better understand whether we are revealed that college-educated people: are removed or to facilitate the adoption of fortifying or destroying the milieu in which Tend to have smaller, stronger families; children when return to the natural home is the family must exist. Many public officials not possible. Over the years foster care has Maintain a strong interest in religion; have championed the concept of the "fam­ Have strongly positive attitudes about provided an adequate means to care for ily impact statement." They believe that we abused, neglected and abandoned children, their own parents and are not so disturbed could use it to protect the family much as by the "generation gap;" and but studies indicate that countless children we use the environmental impact statement have remained in permanent foster care to protect the environment. This idea is Delay the age of marriage and invest much without ever returning to their families or worth looking at. more time and higher percentage of income being made available for adoption. In addi­ Fourth, we should strive to achieve the in their children. tion, it has been shown that foster care has ideal situation in which both the govern­ Because the college-educated segment of failed to establish anything permanent for ment and the family contribute to family our population has been expanding, this sur­ other children, causing them to be shuffled· success. In this ideal situation, the role of vey is very good news for those of us who from one foster home to another as many as the government might best be a passive one. worry about the future of the family. ten times. Contact with natural families and This means: services to help such families are often TIME IS FAVORABLE That, on the one hand, the government Many experts believe that a generally un­ pitif'llly inadequate. would help the family to help itself; and We have urban renewal programs that noticed trend-the gradual aging of our That, on the other band, the government population-may work to make family life shatter homes, families and entire neighbor­ would refrain from passing laws or re­ hoods. You rarely see an interstate highway more stable. Because people will live longer authorizing programs that are injurious to and will be in better health, more children go through a golf course, but it is not the family. uncommon to see one directed ri~ht through may know their grandparents more inti­ an old neighborhood where people have lived Fifth-and finally-those of us in public mately. In addition, more people in their life must be made to see that family life: for generations. By some stran~e paradox, middle years, the 40s and 50s, will have par­ many of our most heavily funded efforts to Is the best way for men and women to be ents or grandparents to turn to in times of revitalize distressed cities are dealing death all that they are capable of being; trouble. blows to those cities. Provides the best atmosphere in which CHILDREN ARE FAVORABLE Finally, we have assignment and transfer to raise children; and No matter how much we fear the con­ policies in our armed services that do not Is the only solid foundation on which to sequences of today's family strife, our own take account of the families of servicemen. build a strong and free nation. If we have children hold out to us the best hope for Some servicemen are reassigned and trans- hurt the family through our public action, the future. Surprisingly enough, researchers CXXIV--320-Part 4 5090 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS February 28, 1978 have found that contemporary American That the American people have not from the start. The questions concerning children are traditionalists at heart. When been persuaded after being bombarded the symbolic importance of the Canal to asked questions about family life, they con­ with this high-level barrage of misinfor­ Panama or to us; its place in American his­ sistently gave researchers pro-family answers. tory; how we first bought it; and whether or For instance, they said that parents should mation, speaks volumes for their basic not Panama is capable and wllling to war not leave children behind at vacation time good sense and the weakness of the ad­ against us are important questions. But they and should not separate even if they are not ministration's arguments. But it is also have been debated to death, and they are getting along. I find these results the most a good reflection of the quality of the unllkely to be resolved in time to have any uplifting of any I have seen. · antirati:fication arguments and of the genuine value in the current Senate debate. CONCLUSION private American citizens who are pre­ Yet there is a far more immediate ques­ I am optimistic about the future of the senting them in forums across the tion. It is one which is instinctively asked family, but at the same time I do not walt country. by every American listening to either side of for any miracles or "quick-fix" solutions. The One such presentation was made to the the debate. It is a question I have asked my­ family problexns I detailed at the beginning Young Men's Business Club of New Or­ self before making my own decision. And it of my talk wlll not disappear overnight. Since leans and Greater Louisiana by Mr. Ron is simply, What's in it for us? they have been with us for some time now, it What's in it for us individually as Ameri­ is not realistic to expect that they would. Docksai, chairman of the Council for cans? If we leave things as they are or if However, if each one of us gives our own Inter-American Security, in February we allow these treaties to be adopted, what family our very best and does what he or she 1978. I ask that it be included today as effects if any wlll they have on our econ­ can to help other fam111es, I am convinced part of my remarks and I urge my col­ omy? On our l"ecurity? How do we gain or that-sometime in the not-too-distant fu­ leagues in both Houses to read it care­ lose by them? How do they concretely affect ture-the American family wlll see the dawn­ fully. It exposes the paucity of the our lives? ing of a brighter day. administration's arguments clearly and I thought about these common sense questions a lot during my time as a senior thoroughly and shows the wisdom of the staff aid to Congresman Robert Bauman of American people who, by an overwhelm­ Maryland who served on the Panama Canal ing majority, agree with its conclusion: COMMONSENSE AND THE PANAMA Subcommittee which first reviewed these CANAL "COMMON SENSE AND THE PANAMA CANAL" treaties. I have read them. Digested them. I The late Edward R. Murrow described the have culled through the supporting docu­ discussion of any great and controversial ments and heard testimony given by Am­ HON. ROBERT K. DORNAN issue by likening it to a spider's web. It is bassadors Bunker and Linowltz in f~vor of an emotional web, he said. It is one in ~-hlch ratification. OF CALIFORNIA any reasonable person soon becomes en­ After all of this, I cannot help but con­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES tangled. The two sides of such an entangling clude that the treaties are a. mistake. And if Tuesday, February 28, 1978 issue become reduced to simple articles of the U.S. Senate ratifies them in the form faith by a group of 'Nays• against an equally President Carter envisions, they wlll be our Mr. DORNAN. Mr. Speaker, the Senate passionate group of 'Yeas.' Reason is the mistake. The Panama. Canal is vital to is now engaged in a historical debate victim. American defense and commercial require­ to decide the fate of the Panama Canal. The debate over whether or not to ac­ ments. Jf we lose control of it, we lose the The debate is momentous. In the bal­ cept the Carter-Torrijos proposal for a new security in the a<;surance that the Canal wlll Panama Canal agreement is such a question. be kept open The initial impact of a. canal ance lies nothing less than the future of It is one being passionately debated on the closing would mean that a 20 knot ship in­ our hemispheric security. Floor of the U.S. Senate as we meet here stead of sa111ng from New York to San Diego Even the Carter administration re­ this evening. Final Senate action is expected through the Canal and making the passage gards the ratification struggle as its most by the end of this month if not in early of 4,800 miles in 10 days, would instead be important legislative battle-but for a March. President Carter addressed the nation forced to cruise around the South American far different reason. In the adm:nistra­ in a fireside chat and press conference while Cape Horn on a. voyage of 12,600 mlles and tion's eye, it is not our hemispheric se­ a group of senators and congressmen oppos­ in 24 days at a. substantial sacrifice in time ing the treaties have held their own press and in money to the shippers. curity which raises this debate to olym­ conferences and all of this has been done in Our nation's merchant marine fleet can­ pian heights, but the political repercus­ the name of Teddy Roosevelt. Certainly, the not afford this, explaining why American sions if the administration fails to force debate wlll intensify on this highly charged merchant marine a.s"ociations and labor its foreign policy objectives on th"- Amer­ issue. Too many have already become en­ unions have led the attack against the Car­ ican people. It has said as much to its tangled in the temper's red flare. ter-Torrijos treaties. The American fleet is friends in the Senate: "If we don't suc­ We see one group opposing the ratification in fact fighting for its survival, a fight the ceed in this, our political power will of the new treaty, because it constitutes a desperation of which was recently revealed in crumble." And it is probably right. The give-away. "We bought it, we paid fer it," the Cargo-Preference debate on CapitQl Hlll. etc., is all true. Yet this question is not the This is one of several economic facts to be American people will simply not let them central focus of the Senatf. debate, and it kept in mind in the context of the present have a second chance to give aw~y their is not now the crucial question to be de­ debate, because the economic facts are too canal. Those who support the treaties cided. At the same time, another group made often ignored or misunderstood. Ambassa­ and fail, can be pretty darned sure of up mostly of President Carter's supporters dor Sol Linowitz te!'ltlfied before the Senate being turned out of ofllce. predict guerilla warfare and possibly even Foreign Relat!'lnc; Committee last Fall, say­ For this reason, the lobbying ih the a Latin American version of-Vietnam unless ing that the Canal "has become economically Senate for ratification is second in in­ we ratify the new treaty and do so quickly. obsolescent." Other Carter White House tensity only to that the administration The press release writers in our State De­ spokesmen also contend that the Canal is partment are especially guilty of this, por­ no longer important, that it is no longer of is conducting across the United States. traying to us a scare scenario of Caribbean significant economic value to the nation. The administration's plan is to "educate" war and diplomatic holocaust unless we sign One might just as well simllarly describe the poor, ignorant American voter who on the dotted line. New York, New Orleans or th~ Port of Bal­ wants to keep what is his. He must be But in fact, those who assert that guerrllla timore. Jn 1975, 14,000 ships transited the taught that he is wrong and the admin­ warfare wlll break out in Panama if we do Canal. Of these. almost half originated in istration is right. not ratify the pending treaties are wrong. the United States whlle another 23% Panama is not Vietnam, neither in size nor In were bound for our shores. The growing eco­ keeping with the political priority resources. Panama has no big spending, in­ nomic importance of the Canal to our na­ the administration has placed on ratifi­ dustrial neighbor ready and wllling to fi­ tion's economy becomes more dramatically cation, the extent of the "education" nance a war or insurgency against a super­ lllu•trated when considering the impact the campaign is something to behold. The power, especially the United States. Panama, Alaskan all pipeline will have on it when it White House has been so busy at ''edu­ which is 65 % dependent on the revenues reaches full ca!)acity. The offRhore and un­ cating" that it hardly knew that there generated by the Canal's operation, would dersea deposits of gas and oil have become was a coal strike until last week. The have little interest in blowing up that which our era's speculative commodity, !'amething State Department has sent hoards of its e~onomically sustains her. And assuming more precious than gold. These liquid re­ employees all over the country, like bat­ that Panama could do it--a proposition sources require !Oecurity for their develop­ which nearly every leading active m111tary ment. and one of the plans fer tranc;porting talions of religious zealots, to proselytize authority refutes--blowing up the Canal or the all of Alaska's North Slope to the hungry at gatherings and convert local opinion hindering its operation by Panama is against markets of the "lower forty-eight" would leaders.